Our results demonstrate that very simple objects for environmental enrichment can initiate more types of behaviour in the group of gorillas or provoke the new or innovative behavioural patterns. There are three types of objects: plastic boxes and wooden baskets; wooden shaving; long tools, branches and toys. We observed the group of gorillas in Prague Zoo (2009-2018). All animals use these three types of objects daily and include them in the different types of behaviour (play, agonistic, sexual, social, comfort). Boxes and baskets used as a step-stools or seats, weapons, drums as drummers and for the increase effects during chest beating, for the sweeping garbage. Baskets are used for hiding. Wooden shaving used as a pads, making of a primitive slippers (and all youngsters learn this behaviour from their mother), as a neck protectors, as a cushion, use to a clean of the body, creating "Islands" during traveling through the new substrate place. Blocking the photocell on drinking by the wooden shaving enable the use water all the time. After making of primitive slippers gorillas used them for the moving on the wet or cold floor. Our study proves that gorillas are able sophisticated tool behaviour. They do not show much tool modifications, however, the degree in using innovations and active tool using is relatively very high. Some features of their tool activities indicate the origin of traditions, like using of plastic boxes or wooden-shaving slippers. These results show that environmental enrichment could reveal mechanisms of formation of early hominine tool behaviour and relations of using tools to the development of early hominine cognitive abilities.

Formy vlastnictví některých objektů a jejich význam mohou být velmi variabilní, a to jak v různých lidských společnostech, tak i u ostatních primátů, zejména u velkých lidoopů. Sociální organizace lidoopů se liší v mnoha ohledech od většiny lidských společností. Naše studie lidoopů v zajetí by nám mohla pomoci vyřešit, zda mají lidoopi tendenci vlastnit libovolný objekt, nebo ne. Pozorování byla provedena ve dvou zoologických zahradách v České republice - Zoo Dvůr Králové a v Zoo Praha. Všechna popsaná pozorování prokázala skutečnost, že tendence k vlastnění objektů nesouvisejících s potravou existuje nezávisle na sobě u šimpanzů, goril a orangutanů. Velmi podobné údaje pro lidoopy chované v zajetí i pro divoce žijící lidoopy potvrzují, že tento typ chování není náhodný. To bylo opakovaně prokázáno u všech tří pozorovaných druhů lidoopů. Naše studie prokázaly, že existuje možnost interpretovat dlouhodobé individuální vlastnictví objektů během nepotravních aktivit u lidoopů i jako způsob osobního vlastnění těchto objektů.

Paleogenetika se stává stále důležitější součástí paleoantropologie i evoluční antropologie. Výzkum starobylé DNA (a-DNA) nám umožňuje rekonstruovat genom našich nejbližších předků a příbuzných, starobylého Homo sapiens, neandrtálců, i nově objevené lidské skupiny – denisovanů. Pro rozvoj paleogenetiky a lepší využití jejích výsledků v antropologii byl důležitý rozvoj nových metodologií tzv. high-throughput (vysoce úplné, skrz naskrz) sekvenování. To umožnilo vytváření stále dokonalejších a úplnějších DNA knihoven a jejich další využití v paleogenetických studiích. Z hlediska paleoantropologie a evoluční antropologie jsou nejdůležitější tyto výsledky: kompletní zmapování genomu neandrtálců, denisovanů a anatomicky moderního člověka, které umožňuje porovnávání všech zkoumaných skupin z hlediska jejich hybridizace a sledování genetických příměsí (admixtures) u současných lidských populací. Nejstarobylejší genom byl popsán u původních obyvatel Austrálie, u kterých bylo zjištěno, že mají až 6 % příměsi genomu denisovanů. Naopak genom původních Afričanů nebyl ovlivněn žádnou jinou lidskou formou. Evropané a Asiaté mají prokazatelně některé geny neandrtálců, jihovýchodní Asiaté pak mohou mít i geny denisovanů. Zásadní význam má zmapování genomu archaického Homo sapiens, které prokazuje, že Homo sapiens jako druh vznikl před minimálně 750 tisíci lety.

Formy vlastnictvi některých objektů a jejich význam mohou být velmi variabilni, a to jak v různých lidských spolecnostech, tak i u ostatnich primatů, zejmena u velkých lidoopů. Socialni organizace lidoopů se lisi v mnoha ohledech od větsiny lidských spolecnosti. Nase studie lidoopů v zajeti by nam mohla pomoci vyřesit, zda maji lidoopi tendenci vlastnit libovolný objekt, nebo ne. Pozorovani byla provedena ve dvou zoologických zahradach v Ceske republice - Zoo Dvůr Kralove a v Zoo Praha. Vsechna popsana pozorovani prokazala skutecnost, že tendence k vlastněni objektů nesouvisejicich s potravou existuje nezavisle na sobě u simpanzů, goril a orangutanů. Velmi podobne udaje pro lidoopy chovane v zajeti i pro divoce žijici lidoopy potvrzuji, že tento typ chovani neni nahodný. To bylo opakovaně prokazano u vsech tři pozorovaných druhů lidoopů. Nase studie prokazaly, že existuje možnost interpretovat dlouhodobe individualni vlastnictvi objektů během nepotravnich aktivit u lidoopů i jako způsob osobniho vlastněni těchto objektů.

The studies on non-human primate growth and somatic development are still relatively rare, and there is no comprehensive longitudinal study. The methodical problems in this type ofprimate research seems to be the most important reason for this. Despite the effort to integrate research into anthropology and primatology, anthropological and primatological research is not suficiently interconnected. The persistence of marked differences in methods and methodology in both disciplines of ontogenetic research is probably the cause of this. Numerous anthropological, biomedical and evolutionary studies have compared man and primates, including their ontogeny. However, there is no consistent framework for such comparative studies. Both human and non-human primate ontogeny have numerous specific as well as common features, but they are not defined by comparable quantitative data. The research project entitled "Complex study of postnatal ontogeny of higher primates — basic adaptive processes, social structure, and sexual dimorphism ", co-ordinated by Våclav Vandata (GrantAgency of the Czech Republic — grant project No. 20693/ 1029), is the first part of a longitudinal study of higher primate ontogeny which should yield representative data on primate ontogeny. The main subject of the study is a captive group of Macaca mulatta living in the Primate Center of VÜFB Konårovice. Currently, there is a population of 169 macaques living in 8 groups with a semi-natural (aged) multimale social structure. New groups are created after weaning at approx. 4—8 months of life. Three groups of macaques (73 individuals) have been included in the longitudinal complex study to date. The measuring is done by Helena Zlämalovå, who is the author ofa modification of the standard anthropometric proceduresfor primates. Some modifications are very specific, and the technique of measuring is different from that of analogical anthropometric measurements in man. Standardisation of the position of the body and individual segments was thefirst and main task of using somatometry methods in primates. We have measured 48 metrical traits: body mass, body height, sitting height, 9 dimensions of the head, and 15 traits of the upper limbs, 12 of the lower limbs and 9 of the trunk. Body height has never been measured in non-human primates, but is very important for the description of the linearity of the primate body and also for comparison of the ontogeny of non-human primates and man. The cross-sectional shape of the chest has been described by kyrtometry. This study should create a basicframeworkforfuture comparative studies of monkeys and man. The main goal of this contribution is to demonstrate the methods and their use in practice, and 0 to indicate thefuture prospects of somatometry in research into primate ontogeny. Thefirst complete results of a pilot study on the somatic development of rhesus macaques up to the maturation period are analysed. At present we have suficiént data from a longitudinal study of three groups of Macaca mulatta, which enable us to describe the somatic development of macaques up to three years of age. We can analyse not only the development of body size but also of individual body segments. Thefirst results of an analysis of the ontogeny of the chest crossection will be presented. One Of the most important tasks of the pilot study, the application of the modified anthropometric method in primate research, has been fulfilled: modified somatometry of macaques seems to have great value for the description of growth and sexual differentiation. The sample group, measured up to 40 months of age, proves the methods to be reliable and confidently precise. Some specific measurements like body height appear to be very importantfor comparative studies of the ontogeny of body size and proportions in man and non-human primates. The period ofmeasurement seems to be suncient and representative.

The fifth nation-wide survey of children and adolescents (Czech Republic) was conducted in the fall of 1991 and comprised, similarly to thefourpreceding studies in 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, a representative sample of childrqn and adolescents obtained by the method of random selection. Cross-sectional studies have proved their extreme importance because the child organism reflects very sensitively environmental influences. The values of growth parameters and their changes also provide information about the nutritional status of children. Altogether seven anthropometric parameters were studied and a questionnaire included information on the family background of the child, dietary habits, and basic data from the family history. The positive impact of the secular trend on the increase of stature was confirmed by analysis of anthropometric data from more than 90 000 probands aged O to 18 years. The impact of this trend shifts to the lower age categories when compared with preceding surveys. This study also confirmed the trend towards a more slender stature in both sexes, more pronounce/ in girls, as well as a gradual shift of this trend to lower age categories.

Nejstarsi přibuzni clověka vznikaji před 7 miliony lety. Australopiteci se vyvijeli ve dvou fazich archaicti australopiteci a pokrocili australopiteci. Evoluce rodu Homo zahrnuje tři zakladni faze: 1. Vznik raných forem rodu Homo, 2. Evoluce archaických druhů rodu Homo a vznik archaickeho Homo sapiens, 3. Diferenciace archaickeho Homo sapiens na neandrtalce a anatomicky moderniho clověka. Homo habilis a Homo erectus/ergaster vznikly paraleln, ale pouze Homo erectus/ergaster byl přimým předkem clověka. Neandrtalci a anatomicky moderni clověk (AMC) vznikli na konci Risskeho glacialu diferenciaci z afrických a evropských forem archaickeho Homo sapiens – neandrtalci na uzemi Evropy a zapadni Asie a AMC v Africe. Neandrtalci byli AMC geneticky velmi blizci a obě skupiny se mohly vzajemně křižit. Neandrtalci postupně vymiraji a AMC před 65 tisici lety zacina kolonizovat svět.

The objective of this paper is: to estimate the body mass of the skeletons with the mechanical method (femoral head body mass estimation method--FH) and non-mechanical method (stature/living bi-iliac breadth body mass estimation method--ST/LBIB); to compare the reliability and potential use of results obtained with both methods. The material (46 skeletons, 26 males, 20 females) used in the study came from the medieval burial ground in Cedynia, Poland. Body mass reconstruction according to non-mechanical method was made using equations proposed by Ruff et al. (2005). Body mass estimation based on the mechanical method was calculated using formulas proposed by Ruff et al. (1995). In the mechanical body mass reconstruction method, femoral superoinferior breadth was used. Reconstruction of body weight using the non-mechanical method was based on maximum pelvic breadth and reconstructed body height. The correlation between bi-iliac breadth and femoral head measurements and the correlation between femoral head and reconstructed body height were also calculated. The significance of differences between the body mass of male and female individuals was tested with the Mann-Whitney U-test. The significance of differences between body mass values obtained with the mechanical (FH) and the non-mechanical method (ST/ LBIB) was tested using Pearson's correlation. The same test was used for the calculation of the relationship between bi-iliac breadth and femoral head measurements and between femoral head and reconstructed body height. In contrast to females, in males there is no statistically significant correlation between body mass estimated with the mechanical method (FH) and the non-mechanical method (ST/LBIB). In both sexes there was not statistically significant correlation between bi-iliac breadth and femoral head measurements. Only in the females group the correlation between femoral head and reconstructed body height was statistically significant. It is worth to continue the research. The obtained results would be a valuable contribution to the knowledge on body mass reconstruction methods.

AimTo evaluate Y-chromosomal diversity of the Moravian Valachs of the Czech Republic and compare them with a Czech population sample and other samples from Central and South-Eastern Europe, and to evaluate the effects of genetic isolation and sampling.MethodsThe first sample set of the Valachs consisted of 94 unrelated male donors from the Valach region in northeastern Czech Republic border-area. The second sample set of the Valachs consisted of 79 men who originated from 7 paternal lineages defined by surname. No close relatives were sampled. The third sample set consisted of 273 unrelated men from the whole of the Czech Republic and was used for comparison, as well as published data for other 27 populations. The total number of samples was 3244. Y-short tandem repeat (STR) markers were typed by standard methods using PowerPlex® Y System (Promega) and Yfiler® Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystems) kits. Y-chromosomal haplogroups were estimated from the haplotype information. Haplotype diversity and other intra- and inter-population statistics were computed.ResultsThe Moravian Valachs showed a lower genetic variability of Y-STR markers than other Central European populations, resembling more to the isolated Balkan populations (Aromuns, Csango, Bulgarian, and Macedonian Roma) than the surrounding populations (Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Saxons). We illustrated the effect of sampling on Valach paternal lineages, which includes reduction of discrimination capacity and variability inside Y-chromosomal haplogroups. Valach modal haplotype belongs to R1a haplogroup and it was not detected in the Czech population.ConclusionThe Moravian Valachs display strong substructure and isolation in their Y chromosomal markers. They represent a unique Central European population model for population genetics.

A group of six hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) from St. Petersburg Zoo (Russia) was introduced to an island for a short summer period. Quantitative and qualitative changes of behaviour and locomotion of all members of this group were recorded before and after introduction. We observed the frequency of locomotor behaviour after the group moved to the island remained at the same level, although the character of the locomotion changed. We observed more terrestrial locomotor patterns on the island than in the Zoo. Social behaviour on the island increased by two-three times in all adult animals. We recorded a change in hierarchical position between two adult males on the island. An alpha male who was dominant in the Zoo, lost his position during the first several days of his introduction to the more natural conditions on the island. In the Zoo, the young juvenile male spent a lot of time engaged in social contact and he frequently played with his aunt. The play behaviour frequency of this juvenile male and his aunt rapidly decreased after introduction to the island. This male spent significantly more time with his mother on the island than in the Zoo. We also recorded a decrease in the individual distance between animals on the island. It follows that all animals in the group can adapt very quickly to new conditions in the wild. Changes in group hierarchy in this situation seem to be evident. We found that the individual experience of baboons is very significant in adaptation to wild conditions. In our opinion, environmental change substantially influenced the social structure dynamics in this captive group. Environmental change caused an increase in the quality and quantity of contacts. According to our short-term observation, such a change probably caused a change in the social hierarchy to take place - that of the change of alpha male position in the group.

Celostni rozpěti antropologie odraži obsah Antropologickeho slovniku. Specifikou slovniku je jeho originalni koncepce, vymykajici se vsem obdobným pracim, ktere byly dosud na toto tema ve světě vydany. Slovnik byl programově budovan jako integralni databaze poznatků, jichž bylo v oblasti věd o clověku, spolecnosti a kultuře dosaženo v kontextu vývoje antropologie a jejich subdisciplin, výzkumných metod, paradigmat a teorii. Na rozdil od standardnich anglosaských slovniků vsak rozsiřuje tematický zaběr o oblast krasne literatury a uměni. Jeho soucasti se stala komplexni řada hesel věnovaných oblasti umělecke kultury, kterou tradicni antropologie do znacne miry opomijela, takže vydani tohoto slovniku lze oznacit za přispěvek k rozvoji dosud malo celosvětově zpracovane antropologie uměni.

The Neolithic transition in Europe was investigated. We have focused on the models of this transition already proposed in literature, and confronted them with our data. Our study is based on physical anthropology data that we have divided into five groups according to the economy and ecology of the human populations within. These groups are: huntergatherers, first farmers, late farmers, pastorial cultures and Bronze Age. We have documented a sharp dissimilarity between Mesolithic and Early Neolithic populations, but on the other hand a strong resemblance between hunter-gatherers, pastorial and Bronze Age cultures. This phenomenon was probably caused by migration of agricultural populations to Europe in the beginning of Neolithic and consequent absorption of these populations within the more numerous indigenous populations. We have also discovered a marked difference in the body stature between farmer males and females. Higher mobility of females' genes together with limited admixture of hunter-gatherers and first farmers' male part of population might possibly be responsible for this feature.

Series of reference outlines expressing variations of morphological features, mainly related to sexual dimorphism, are commonly used in anthropological practice. Usually, these are defined on the basis of observer experience and the degree of expression of the examined character is explained by a score. The level of objectivity in scoring morphological features can obviously vary depending on the observer's skilled eye and can be bound with difficulty to standardization criteria. Considering these exigencies, we explored the possibility of setting series of reference outlines of the incisura ischiadica major, associating each form in the series to a suitable probability value expressing its sexual dimorphism. This value is obtained by comparing the analytic numerical descriptors obtained by the outlines in the series to those obtained by studying the shape differences, by Fourier analysis, in a sample of incisurae taken from pelvises of known sex. Reference outlines validated in this way through analytic morphometry improve the quality of observation, reducing the level of subjectivity of traditional visual scoring.

Druhý dil dvoudilneho slovniku odborných pojmů z antropologie a přibuzných oborů. Antropologie v soucasnem pojeti je celostni, integralni vědni disciplina a Slovnik pro studenty antropologie je sestaven v tomto duchu. Nejen studentům antropologie poskytuje informace z siroce pojatých biologicko-socio-kulturnich okruhů soucasne antropologie a slouži nejen jako encyklopedický slovnik a zdroj informaci, ale pro hloubku rozpracovani některých hesel může být použit i jako ucebni text.