The global can be encapsulated as a geospatial sphere constituted by geological strata, landforms, sea, biotic life, the human species, and the surrounding biosphere. Globalization as a geospatial concept registers the world-spanning in-teractions of human migration, trade, war, conquest, transport, and communication over historical time. Its contemporary usage spread among academics and journalists once the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. Consequent Soviet Bloc disinte-gration ended fi rst, second and third world demarcations. This terminology was quickly replaced by a globalization nomenclature comprised of networks, vectors, hybridities, transnationality, and the space of fl ows. Left activist scholars advanced an oppositional discourse centered around the categories of global capitalism, transnational capitalism, empire, multitude, alter-globalization, and globalization from below. Globalization-related research coincided with the diffusion of spatial thinking across geography, architecture, urban/regional planning, economics, anthropology, cultural, and post-colonial studies. The underlying premise was that western metanarratives of economic and techno-logical progress along with the counter-narratives of Marxism and critical theory were losing intellectual purchase. research here there time as The process is subtle; the a necessary Time is plural, multifaceted, a constitutive of institutions, power structures, ideologies, civil social perspective, globality is not just a

Environmental issues in the coverage of the elections are usually framed in relation to voters’ attitudes towards the specific problems, for instance, water quality or land use. The environment is not given standing in these discussions, rather, it is an instrument or resource for voters. In this article we investigate the relationship between news and politics by looking at media coverage of the 2019 local body elections in New Zealand. We follow a call to put place at the centre of journalism research and to investigate the emerging forms of environmental citizenship. We focus on a media market at each end of New Zealand’s two main islands and relate analysis of the coverage of local body elections coverage to related social groups engaged in environmental issues. The objective of our article is to consider the extent to which age plays a role in media representation of environmental issues in the context of local body elections.

The political economy of communication tradition often draws upon Marx's account of commodity fetishism, whereby manifestations and mediations of commodity exchange obscure the social relations of labor exploitation. This central insight can be enriched by considering certain epistemes of time – epochality, temporality, time reckoning, and coevalness. Thus, commodity exchange and consumer culture ex-nominate the epochal demarcations of global capitalism, obfuscate just-in-time reckonings of worker productivity/exploitation, and reify a hyper-mediated global present. This elides the human temporalities of poverty, precarity, and dispossession. Commodity fetishism also obscures global capitalism's ecologically destructive dependence upon raw materials, industrially produced food, and carbon energy. The gravity of this dependence is expressed by critical conceptions of the Anthropocene. The planetary feedback loops associated with rising CO2 emissions and multiple greenhouse effects existentially threaten the future of humanity. Fossil fuels are extracted by corporations enabling electricity grids to power manufacturing plants, urban settlements and infrastructures, and international transport networks. Consumption of the goods and services that are produced and distributed worldwide contributes to a transnational carbon footprint unprecedented in human history. Within this earth-social totality, the structural dynamics of labor exploitation and irreversible ecological destruction are obscured by a 24/7 real-time world of global television, social media, cosmopolitan consumerism, and corporate image advertising. The elision of temporal and coeval understandings which this entails is exacerbated by the slow invisible violence of long-term ecological and biospheric damage. Against this background, I suggest new research directions for a political economy of communication informed by the interconnectedness of time, ecology, and commodity fetishism.

This article cross-relates four epistemes of time (epochality, time reckoning, temporality, and coevalness) with four materializations of time (hegemony, conflict, crisis, and rupture). Understanding the terms within this framework allows us to depict global capitalism as epochally distinctive, riven by time conflicts, prone to recurring financial crises, and vulnerable to collective opposition. Time conflicts materialize across the areas of financialization and capital realization, worker exploitation and transnational supply chains, and the political economies of national and transnational state governance. Initially, these critical insights about the historicity and instability of global capitalism were obscured by the perpetual now-ness of corporate brand culture, 24/7 global television, and digital communication networks. Worldwide structural exclusions of the poor and their experiences of time were also obscured, a process the article defines as a “denial of coevalness.” With the 2008 financial crisis, the time conflicts of financialized capitalism became obviously unmanageable. National and transnational attempts to resolve the crisis simply reproduced the time conflicts of financialization. And structural exclusions of the global poor were further entrenched. However, these developments triggered a confluence of occupation movements, riots, protests, strike activity, and anti-austerity activism, raising the prospect of a sustained collective challenge to global capitalism.

What type of capitalism do we live in today? My answer to this question draws upon two interrelated lines of argument. Firstly, I will argue that we inhabit an epoch of global capitalism. The precursors of this kind of capitalism originated from the late nineteenth century when the development of telegraph networks, modern transport systems and world time zones provided a global template for industrialisation and Western imperialism. From about 1980 a confluence of global events and processes bought a fully-fledged global capitalism into being. These included the collapse of Fordist Keynesianism, national Keynesianism and Soviet Communism along with First, Second and Third World demarcations; the international proliferation of neo-liberal policy regimes; the growth of transnational corporations in all economic sectors; the predominance of financialisation and the reconstitution of global workforces. Secondly, I will argue that the shift from organic surface energy to underground fossil energy intertwined the time of the earth with the time of human history as nature was being instrumentalised as a resource for humanity. Understanding the capitalist relations of power involved here requires that we rethink the emergence of industrial capitalism in the historical context of a world system built upon unequal socio-ecological exchange between core and periphery. Today, global capitalism has intensified the anthropogenic feedback loops associated with CO2 emissions and climate change and universalised the organisational frameworks of profit extraction and socioecological destruction. I refer here to the transnational systems of fossil fuel capitalism along with their interlinkages with financialisation and advertising/commodity fetishism. From the preceding lines of argument I will briefly outline the intra-capitalist and planetary-ecological crises out of which transnational coalitions of opposition might emerge.

Amidst academic policy debates over the proposed Fairfax-NZME and Sky-Vodafone mergers, the historical patterns of media-communication ownership received little mention. The purpose of this article is to explain, firstly, how the very possibility of such mergers eventuated and, secondly, why associated epochal reconfigurations in the political economy of New Zealand capitalism eluded public depiction. Initially I examine the repercussions which arose from: the restructuring of Radio New Zealand and Television New Zealand into State-Owned Enterprises (1987); the arrival of TV3 (1989); the formation of pay-subscription Sky Television (1990); and the abolition of all legal restrictions on foreign media ownership (1991). Together these events signalled the hollowing out of New Zealand’s media-communication system and the unfolding ownership patterns of conglomeration, transnationalisation and financialisation. Behind this critical narrative, I explore how the simultaneous restructuring of the national political economy, mediated public life and the vocabulary of economics obfuscated the epochal shift that was taking place. An ongoing lack of public awareness about this shift has debilitated normatively-grounded critiques of the contemporary media landscape and the ownership patterns which came to prevail.

Repercussions from the 2008 global financial crisis continue to unfold. It is thus difficult to demarcate the passage from crisis to its aftermath and beyond. The difficulty arises from the fact that strategies to resolve the crisis have been problematic and counter-productive; the preconditions for a new financial crisis remain extant. This chapter begins with a short overview of the transition from financial crisis to global recession. I then identify the disparate interpretations of unfolding events. Was this a crisis of global capitalism or a sectoral crisis within it? After providing an answer to this question, I will argue that official counter-measures at national, international and transnational level effectively reinforced the time conflicts of global capitalism. Rescued, too-big-to-fail investment banks regained power, profitability and access to new technologies of financial arbitrage. The incommensurability between presentist, detemporalized profit-making and long-term rhythms of capital realization was not recognized. Political economies of time conflict were reinforced by the introduction of austerity policies in many countries. And, amidst the after-effects of financial crisis, the time conflicts of social exclusion and worker exploitation were reproduced.

In this book Wayne Hope analyzes the double relation between time and global capitalism. In order to do this, he cross-relates four epistemes of time - epochality, time reckoning, temporality and coev