Si de nombreux travaux se sont intéressés aux politiques sportives locales, assez peu se sont penchés sur les échelons des Départements et des Régions et encore moins ont analysé spécifiquement l’allocation des subventions accordées aux clubs (semi) professionnels. Cet article exploratoire entend éclairer les logiques de subventionnement de ces organisations sportives d’élite en convoquant un cadre théorique pluridisciplinaire mêlant économie, management public et sociologie. L’analyse repose sur l’accès à des données financières transmises par les organismes de contrôle de plusieurs championnats (semi)professionnels et des entretiens avec différentes collectivités territoriales. Le croisement de ces données quantitatives et qualitatives permet d’identifier différentes logiques influençant l’allocation des subventions. Les résultats permettent notamment de comprendre les tensions entre les paramètres économiques, sportifs et politiques qui orientent les soutiens par les collectivités aux clubs (semi)professionnels français.

The article sketches the context in which economic planning has drawn Malinvaud's attention. His modelling of decentralised planning takes place in the wake of Oskar Lange's model of market socialism and all the research in optimal planning based on the Walrasian t & acirc;tonnement. Malinvaud published two models of decentralised planning, one for production planning, the other one for planning the distribution of goods and services. Being theoretical models, they have not influenced either the French planning process or economic reforms of the planning system in the USSR and Eastern Europe. The article ends up with drawing a parallel between Malinvaud and Janos Kornai, both disappointed with the collapse of planning in their countries. The two authors have simultaneously given up their research on planning for dwelling upon two variants of disequilibrium economics.

This paper investigates the impact of local government financial support on strategic decision-making and resource allocation in stadium construction and renovation. Through 14 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in developing eight football stadiums for the 2016 UEFA Euro in France, the study identifies an inverse relationship between public support and the level of resources and competencies invested by club management in these projects. Clubs receiving more substantial public support generally invest less in stadium resources and competencies. The findings indicate that public financial assistance may adversely affect football club management's strategic decisions and resource allocation, especially concerning stadium assets. This research demonstrates that public support, fostering soft budget constraints, can curtail a club manager's engagement in stadium projects. This study is the first to analyse how public funding for stadium projects impacts the resources and competencies that football clubs dedicate to their new stadiums.

Si de nombreux travaux se sont intéressés aux politiques sportives locales, assez peu se sont penchés sur les échelons des Départements et des Régions et encore moins ont analysé spécifiquement l’allocation des subventions accordées aux clubs (semi)professionnels. Cet article exploratoire entend éclairer les logiques de subventionnement de ces organisations sportives d’élite en convoquant un cadre théorique pluridisciplinaire mêlant économie, management public et sociologie. L’analyse repose sur l’accès à des données financières transmises par les organismes de contrôle de plusieurs championnats (semi)professionnels et des entretiens avec différentes collectivités territoriales. Le croisement de ces données quantitatives et qualitatives permet d’identifier différentes logiques influençant l’allocation des subventions. Les résultats permettent notamment de comprendre les tensions entre les paramètres économiques, sportifs et politiques qui orientent les soutiens par les collectivités aux clubs (semi)professionnels français.

Les objectifs de résultats assignés, par le pouvoir politique, à l’équipe de France pour les Jeux olympiques (JO) de Paris 2024 sont comparés aux prévisions obtenues avec un modèle macroéconométrique déjà éprouvé puisqu’il a prévu 95 % des résultats des JO de Tokyo 2021. Ses variables sont pour chaque pays : population, PIB par habitant, nombre d’athlètes alignés et nombre de médailles remportées aux JO précédents net des disqualifications pour dopage ainsi que des indicatrices pour le pays hôte, le régime politique, la spécialisation sportive, le fait d’être le pays hôte des prochains Jeux, et le fait d’avoir été l’hôte des JO précédents. Dans toutes les variantes du modèle, estimées en Tobit et en Hurdle, les quatre nations récoltant le plus de médailles sont dans l’ordre : États-Unis, Chine, athlètes russes, Grande-Bretagne. Le résultat le plus probable de la France est 47-48 médailles dans des intervalles de confiance allant, aux extrêmes, de 43 à 60 médailles. L’équipe de France se classe 5 e ou 6 e au nombre de médailles selon les variantes. Ce qui nous écarte de l’objectif politique initial de 70 à 80 médailles. Selon le modèle de prédiction, l’objectif initial en nombre de médailles est hors d’atteinte et statistiquement improbable mais l’objectif révisé de la 5 e place est atteignable.

En situation de monopole (monopsone), les organisations sportives maximisent leur rente en imposant des enchères à leurs clients (fournisseurs). Ces derniers subissent la malédiction du vainqueur de l’enchère et paient trop cher. Ce processus est à l’œuvre lors de (1) l’attribution des grands événements sportifs internationaux en poussant les villes candidates à surenchérir, (2) la mise en concurrence, par les propriétaires d’équipe, des villes intéressées à accueillir une franchise dans les ligues nord-américaines, (3) l’attribution des droits de retransmission entre des chaînes de télévision concurrentes et (4) l’acquisition des joueurs superstars dans la course aux armements que se livrent les clubs les plus riches. Classification JEL :

The objective of the present paper is to put a milestone on the roadmap toward a global economic system of professional sport, at least as regards its financial dimension, i.e., its model of finance, its ownership, and some new trends in global sport finance. Professional sport went through a radical change during the 1990s when switching from gate receipts to TV rights revenues as its major source of finance and from local/domestic to internationalised/globalised sources of revenue. This change was more marked in European soccer (football) before spreading throughout other professional sport disciplines. In fact, the whole distribution of sport financing was restructured as shown in this paper. Starting from this evidence of the first stage of sport finance globalisation, it appears that new transformations have been at work in sport finance more recently. In particular, soccer moved from globalisation of flows (revenues, finance) to asset globalisation in terms of club ownership. At last, this paper discusses the emergence of new trends in global sport finance such as treating professional (soccer) players as financial assets and crypto-assets penetrating the sports business.

Major sporting events (MSEs) were used to be primarily hosted in developed market economies over the 1896-1989 period. Since then a partial relocation of such events is witnessed according to a test on a homogenous, though limited, sample of MSEs. The lion's share of relocated events goes to the BRICs until 2021, in particular gigantic events such as the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup. Other beneficiaries of the relocation process are New Wave Emerging Countries (NWECs) and, to some extent, Post-Communist Countries. Developing (less-developed) countries, namely in Africa, did benefit the least from relocation. Moreover, the relocation process goes alongside with awarding MSEs to more corrupt countries. Some MSE locations already fixed for 2024-2032 provide some signs of relocating MSEs back to developed market economies.

This article presents economic models at work in French amateur soccer clubs playing National 1 and National 2 tiers. Teams' sporting performance and clubs' financial results as well as their revenue and expenditure statistical distribution are analysed by means of Principal Component Analysis. Then a k-means methodology is implemented in view to defining archetypical clusters that characterise French amateur soccer clubs during the 2008-2020 period. The latter span of time opens a window of opportunity for understanding transformations in club economic models since the subprime crisis and up to current global economic recession triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic. Following the club taxonomy, a comparative static analysis shows that more amateur soccer clubs are in more satisficing financial shape at the dawn of the sanitary crisis than when they have been facing the subprime crisis. The so-called "virtuous modesty" cluster includes a greater number of clubs in 2019/20 than in 2008/09.

Janos Kornai has achieved a wide- scope multifaceted theoretical analysis moving from Marx to Walras-Lange, then to post-Keynesian disequilibrium economics, and eventually, to Hayek and economic institutionalism. Such a travel is not without meeting dilemmas that Kornai has had to struggle with and opt to resolve them in some way. Such process is illustrated first with a planner's dilemma. On the one hand, Kornai has elaborated on - together with Tamas Liptak - a mathematically 'super' solution to finding the optimal plan through a two-level planning procedure. But once implemented the latter has appeared to be too slow, and Kornai has rejected Lange's ideas for Hayek's criticism against central planning. A second dilemma is about how to analyse a centrally-planned shortage (excess demand) economy in which those industries privileged in the planners' pecking order priorities were producing an excess supply of (useless) goods. Kornai did not find a solution in the current disequilibrium economics but, instead, in a 'lax' communist bureaucracy generating a soft budget constraint. The third dilemma is that Kornai's views about disequilibria have not converged with the Post-Keynesian disequilibrium models. The latter were unable to conceive a simultaneous excess demand and excess supply in a same market, due to their so-called shorter-side rule. Instead, Kornai has found a solution that fits with theorising the observed micro (or even infra-micro) disequilibria in a Debreu's book, some years after having published a hard criticism of neo-classical microeconomics. A final question is raised: is Kornai's theory a decisive contribution to the analysis of comparative economic systems - that no one denies - or has he added some value to a more general theory of economic disequilibrium?

The article addresses financial troubles in French amateur football clubs and their origins. Previous literature has demonstrated that - in particular in French football - club bankruptcies are triggered by demand shocks. The present research intends highlighting the determinants of demand shocks on those clubs playing French amateur football top two tiers with a longitudinal analysis (2009/2010-2019/2020). Various exogenous elements that influence club demand (i.e. revenues) are taken on board, namely, macroeconomic variables, such as the variation of GDP growth rate between two football seasons, a dummy for the Covid-19 sanitary crisis, and a sport dummy for the effect of the French national team winning the 2018 male football World Cup. The latter is used to check a potential trickle-down effect on amateur elite football. None of these variables do explain demand shocks except if the heterogeneity of clubs' economic models is taken into account. The determinants of shock demands appear to be clubs' strategic orientations (towards win maximization vs. a stable economic organization).

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the economic effects of Covid-19 on French men's professional basketball club championships. Three research questions are raised: What are the characteristics of the economic model of French men's professional basketball? Has this economic model changed over the 2008/2009 to 2018/2019 period? What are the economic effects of the Covid-19 crisis on the finance of French men's professional basketball clubs? Design/methodology/approach Relying on a privileged access to the financial data of professional clubs in the two top-tier divisions (456 observations: 222 in Pro A/Jeep Elite and 234 in Pro B), this research focuses on economic models of French men's professional basketball clubs. The breakdown of revenues, expenses and financial performance is examined over the 2008/2009 to 2018/2019 period. The short-term economic effects of Covid-19 are measured over the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. Findings The Covid-19 crisis, at least in the short term (2019/2020 season), has affected revenues and expenses. With the closedown of the championship, two out of three main revenue sources have significantly decreased, while two main expense sources have decreased as well. The net incomes of Jeep Elite and Pro B clubs are in the black contrasting with the 2018/2019 season (pre-Covid) owing to clubs having benefited from governmental and federal measures and a stronger support from local authorities and their shareholders. Practical implications Given the financial difficulties that clubs would have faced without governmental support, the federation and leagues would be well advised to develop a real crisis management competence within professional clubs. Owners of French professional men’s basketball clubs must increasingly adopt product diversification strategies to be better prepared for future crises. Originality/value Recent research on the economic effects of Covid-19 has focused on professional and amateur football. To the best of our knowledge, one does not avail detailed research on the potential effects of a health crisis fought with containment measures on professional basketball clubs. French professional basketball deserves to be studied because it has the third largest professional league revenue (behind football and rugby) and it is the second most practiced sport in France. Its sources of finance, which are different from those witnessed in football and rugby, also make it an appropriate subject for study.

The present article first delineates core sport economics and compares the content of the Journal of Sports Economics (JSE) in different periods of time, then with other core publications in sport economics. Finally, a comparison is undertaken with articles in sport economics which have been published in generalist economics journals over the past two decades. A major conclusion is that the JSE appears to be the mainstream journal in quantitative sport microeconomics. Other strengths and weaknesses are exhibited and tentatively explained, including a marginal attention paid to non-microeconomic issues in sport and some other unheeded topics. A final conclusion is geared toward options for the editorial policy in the decades to come.