As one of the most representative hydropower project areas in China and globally, the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) has attracted significant attention due to its complex geological setting and frequent geological hazards. This study provides a systematic review of recent advances in landslide assessment within the TGRA, outlining the technological evolution from traditional limit equilibrium methods, numerical simulations, and physical model tests to the integration of big data and machine learning approaches. The theoretical foundations, application effectiveness, and limitations of each method are analyzed in detail. The findings indicate that the deep integration of machine learning and remote sensing technologies has significantly improved the spatial and temporal resolution of landslide prediction. Frontier approaches, such as ensemble models (e.g., Stacking, XGBoost) and physics-informed neural networks (PINN), have demonstrated considerable potential. However, challenges persist, including limited data quality, insufficient model generalization, lag in dynamic assessment, and inadequate quantification of climate change impacts. In response, this paper proposes a four-tier theoretical framework encompassing stability–susceptibility–hazard–risk, which elucidates the technical linkages and integration pathways for multi-scale assessments. Future research directions are proposed with a focus on dynamic monitoring, mechanism-informed modeling, and climate adaptation. These findings aim to provide a scientific basis for landslide disaster mitigation and risk management in the TGRA and offer theoretical support for regional geological hazard control and sustainable development.

In July 2023, under the combined influence of the residual circulation of Typhoon Doksuri and orographic uplift in North China, the region experienced an unprecedented extreme rainstorm that triggered widespread, clustered landslide disasters. Based on remote sensing imagery and human–computer interactive interpretation, a total of 104,555 landslides were identified, with a cumulative area of approximately 113.11 km2. Using this complete landslide inventory, we analyzed their spatial distribution and mobility. In addition, we examined the distribution patterns and influencing factors in relation to topography, geology, soil types, and rainfall. The results show that the inventory is dominated by small- to medium-sized landslides with areas ranging from 100 to 3,000 m2, and their frequency–area distribution follows a power-law relationship. Landslides are highly concentrated in the northeastern and east-central parts of the study area, closely matching the typhoon rainfall path and zones of orographic uplift. Since the ratio of landslide height drop to runout distance is generally less than 1, the landslides exhibit strong mobility. Overall, landslides preferentially occur in zones characterized by the coupling of low- to moderate-relief terrain, weak geological conditions, and intense rainfall. These findings provide a scientific basis for typhoon-induced landslide risk assessment and disaster mitigation in North China, and also offer valuable reference for studies of rainfall-induced clustered landslides under global climate change.

The Sichuan-Xizang transportation corridor (SXTC) traverses a geologically active region with complex topography and high landslide susceptibility. However, the sparse ground-based monitoring network constrains comprehensive landslide inventory mapping across this extensive and challenging terrain. To address this limitation, this study integrates Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) with spatial clustering to automatically detect active landslides along the SXTC using Sentinel-1 ascending and descending data. The methodology first applies Stacking InSAR to generate robust deformation velocity fields through temporal averaging of multiple interferograms. High-velocity pixels are then extracted and clustered using a spatial density-based algorithm to delineate coherent deformation zones indicative of potential landslide activity. The analysis identifies 741 potential landslides from ascending orbit data and 705 from descending orbit acquisitions, with 128 landslides consistently detected in both viewing geometries. In the Jinsha River section, comparison with existing inventories indicates that approximately 70

As an essential part of earthquake disasters, earthquake-triggered landslides significantly threaten human life and property safety. Conducting a bibliometric analysis of earthquake-triggered landslides literature can systematically sort out the knowledge structure and evolutionary patterns in this field, identify research hotspots and development trends. Based on 2137 research documents on earthquake-triggered landslides retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database, this study uses CiteSpace and VOSviewer software to systematically analyse the research hotspots, technical pathways, and development trends in this field. The results reveal that research hotspots exhibit dual characteristics of event-driven and technological innovation: (1) The annual number of publications on earthquake-triggered landslides has shown a significant upward trend, with major earthquake events serving as the key driver of research development. Among these, literature related to the Wenchuan earthquake accounted for 547 papers, representing 25.6% of the total; (2) Research is concentrated in 290 journals and 1106 institutions, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the United States Geological Survey standing out in this field; (3) Research hotspots have shifted from early-stage specific earthquake events to triggering mechanisms and probability assessment, with new technologies such as machine learning emerging as research frontiers; (4) A total of 2137 papers involve 200 earthquake events, primarily distributed along the Circum-Pacific seismic belt and the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt; (5) Research on triggering mechanisms mainly focused on seismic motion (122 papers) and geological conditions (107 papers). The findings provide a scientific basis for the systematic development of earthquake-induced landslide research and future research directions.

Conjugate strike-slip fault and normal fault systems in central Tibet play a critical role in accommodating the plateau's internal deformation. However, their late Quaternary tectonics and kinematic evolution remain poorly constrained. This study characterizes the late Quaternary activity and structural interaction between the NS-trending Xainza Rift (XZR) and the dextral Gyaring Co Fault (GCF) using a suite of near-global-cover digital topographical models and optical satellite imagery. We identified active fault traces and quantified their geomorphic offsets in both the Xainza Rift and the eastern Gyaring Co Fault. By correlating these offsets with published geochronological records of similar features in this region, we estimate the late-Quaternary vertical throw rate of 0.41 +/- 0.31 to 0.85 +/- 0.22 mm/yr and an average late-Quaternary extension rate of similar to 0.4 mm/yr for the Xainza Rift's master normal fault. The estimated dextral rate of the eastern Gyaring Co Fault is approximately 0.6 mm/yr, representing a significant rate reduction compared to the rate in central and western Gyaring Co Fault. This decrease confirms a kinematic transfer of slip from the Gyaring Co Fault into the Xainza Rift, and suggests an eastward propagation of faulting of the Gyaring Co Fault system beyond the rift graben. Our results also support a downward revision of the major active fault slip rate in central Tibet and highlight the importance of distributed deformation in Central Tibet's active rift systems and seismic hazards.

The Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) is a region highly prone to geological disasters, yet fragmented databases have limited a systematic understanding of landslide patterns. To address this, we established the most comprehensive spatial database of landslide relics in the TGRA through multi-source data fusion and targeted field validation. Investigations on representative relics in the high-density confirmed an interpretation accuracy of > 90%. Based on this, a total of 10,645 landslide relics were inventoried, covering 1,339.68 km & sup2;, with their size-frequency following a log-normal distribution. Through rigorous statistical analyses, including multicollinearity tests, kernel density estimation, and probability distribution fitting, this study reveals dominant controlling factors: the 400-800 m elevation zone, on slopes of 35 degrees-45 degrees, and on northwest-, west-, and north-facing aspects. The sandstone and mudstone interbedded with shale and coal seams (SMSC) formation is the most susceptible stratum (56.5%). Proximity to structures is key, with over 65% of landslides located within 2000 m of faults and rivers. Road networks also show a strong influence. These findings deepen the scientific understanding of long-term landslide development patterns and provide a reliable data foundation for regional susceptibility assessment, risk zoning, and disaster mitigation.

ABSTRACT In this study, a landslide triggered by a rainfall event in Fuling District of Chongqing was comprehensively investigated. Based on the high‐resolution remote sensing satellite image data and DEM data provided by GIS and Google Earth platform, and by comparing the image differences before and after the event, the landslide database triggered by this rainfall in Fuling District was constructed. Fuling District in Chongqing covers an area of about 2944 km2, and the total number of landslides is 791, with a total area of 818,418.1 m2, the smallest landslide area of 69 m2, the largest landslide area of 12,044.8 m2 and the average landslide area of 1034.7 m2. Most landslides were categorised as small to medium‐sized, with those less than 1000 m2 comprising over 70% of the total count. The landslides predominantly occurred in the northern and northeastern mountainous areas of Fuling District. This database not only provides detailed information on the location, size and distribution characteristics of landslides but also offers crucial data support for future research on rainfall‐induced landslide hazards. Researchers can utilise this data to further analyse patterns of landslide occurrence, identify influencing factors, and assess disaster risks, thereby providing a scientific basis for disaster prevention and mitigation strategies. Moreover, the collection and analysis of this data can serve as a significant reference for urban planning, land use management, and disaster risk management, fostering regional sustainable development and safe construction practices.

As a prevalent form of geological hazard, landslides have been a key focus of numerical simulation research aimed at elucidating failure mechanisms, assessing slope stability, and supporting disaster prevention and mitigation. This study applies bibliometric analysis to systematically evaluate the evolution of landslide numerical simulation research from 1995 to 2024, using data from the Web of Science Core Collection. A total of 906 publications were identified, representing contributions from 56 countries, 921 institutions, and 3190 authors. The development of the field is characterized by three distinct phases: the embryonic stage, the exploratory stage, and the developmental stage. Research hotspots primarily center on triggering mechanisms, stability analysis, landslide dynamics, and simulation methodologies. The findings highlight China and Italy as leading contributors in both publication volume and academic impact. Core journals such as Landslides and Engineering Geology have served as principal platforms for disseminating key advances. This study provides a comprehensive theoretical and data-driven foundation to support future research and development in landslide numerical simulation.

On 28 March 2025, a major Mw 7.7 right-lateral strike-slip earthquake ruptured the Sagaing fault (SF) in Myanmar, causing significant casualties and infrastructure damage. The long-term stress evolution of the SF since 1897 has been strongly influenced by coseismic and postseismic Coulomb failure stress change (Delta CFS) associated with this event. These stress changes are evaluated using the PSGRN/PSCMP software combined with a multilayered viscoelastic model. Our results indicate that the earthquake significantly loaded the northern and southern tips of its rupture and several adjacent faults (e.g., the Kyaukme, Loi Kwi, Lancang, and southern Nantinghe faults), with Delta CFS increases exceeding the commonly used 10 kPa (0.1 bar) earthquake-triggering threshold in some areas. Postseismic viscoelastic relaxation is projected to further enhance stress accumulation in these regions over the coming decades. The exceptionally long coseismic rupture (similar to 500 km) observed in this event significantly exceeds predictions from empirical magnitude-scaling relationships, highlighting the unique propensity for long, narrow ruptures on structurally mature fault zones. Comparisons among multiple coseismic slip models further show that models with larger magnitudes provide systematically better fits to far-field Global Navigation Satellite System observations, whereas smaller magnitude models fail to reproduce the observed deformation field. Furthermore, analysis of the historical earthquake sequence reveals persistent Coulomb stress accumulation on the northern segment of the SF, indicating a potential for future large earthquakes (Mw similar to 7.3-7.7). This research provides critical insights into stress-triggering mechanisms and refines the seismic hazard assessment for central Myanmar.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), benefiting from global coverage, all-weather operation, high precision, and high temporal resolution, have progressively become a key technology in natural hazard monitoring and early warning systems. This paper adopts a hybrid review strategy that integrates scientometric analysis with a systematic review to examine the development trajectory, research hotspots, and technological evolution of GNSS applications in natural hazard studies based on the existing literature. From a technological perspective, three core capabilities of GNSS in hazard monitoring are identified: high-precision, multi-scale deformation sensing; multi-sphere environmental sensing based on signals of opportunity; and real-time monitoring supporting rapid early warning and emergency response. The paper further reviews the development of GNSS in conjunction with multi-sensor collaborative observation and its integration with data-driven methods such as machine learning. Representative applications of GNSS and its integrated techniques are summarized across major hazard types, including earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, land subsidence, hydrometeorological hazards, and volcanic activity, and further discussions are provided on methodological considerations, the commonalities and differences in GNSS applications across different hazards, and future development directions. The review demonstrates that GNSS applications in natural hazard research are evolving from single-source deformation monitoring toward multi-source integration, intelligent sensing, and operational early warning support systems. This work provides a reference for the further development of GNSS technologies in natural hazard monitoring and risk mitigation.

Isolating primary paleoclimate signals from the overprinting effects of sediment recycling and hydrodynamic sorting remains a persistent challenge in continental source-to-sink studies, particularly within tectonically active, carbonate-rich basins. In such setting, traditional weathering indices often yield ambiguous results due to the complex interplay of these processes. To overcome this, we present a continuous, high-resolution similar to 3.3-Myr geochemical and sedimentological record from the Beijing Sag, North China Plain. We developed and validated two proxies, the Decalcified Weathering Intensity (DWI) and the Hydro-Energy Sorting Index (HESI), to decouple intrinsic silicate weathering trends from carbonate dilution and physical fractionation. Coupling these indices with multivariate statistics reveals a distinct two-stage evolutionary framework. Initially, a major provenance shift at similar to 2.5 Ma marks the transition from localized tectonic unroofing to the establishment of the integrated Paleo-Bai River system, which homogenized the catchment-wide sediment flux. Subsequently, following the MidPleistocene Transition (similar to 1.2 Ma), sedimentary dynamics fundamentally shifted; physical transport energy replaced chemical weathering as the primary control on geochemical variability. Notably, our results demonstrate that the persistently high chemical maturity observed during Quaternary glacial cycles does not reflect intensified contemporaneous weathering, neither in the source area nor via post-depositional pedogenesis. Instead, it represents an inherited signals derived from the hydrodynamic sorting of pre-weathered loess and recycled sediments. These findings challenge conventional interpretations of weathering records in transportdominated icehouse regimes, emphasizing the critical role of drainage integration and hydrodynamics in modulating source-to-sink environmental signals propagation.

Reinforced concrete frame structures (RCFSs) subjected to strong seismic excitation may enter a metastable semi-ruin state before global collapse, characterized by severe local damage, degraded stability, and high secondary collapse risk. However, systematic experimental investigations and quantitative identification techniques for this critical transitional state are still lacking in existing seismic engineering literature, forming a notable research gap for post-earthquake safety evaluation. To investigate this critical transition, a Digital Image Correlation (DIC)-assisted shaking table test was conducted on a 1/25-scale RCFS specimen derived from an earthquake-damaged exterior-corridor teaching building, using the Wolong ground motion recorded during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake as input. DIC was employed to track the full-field evolution of cracking, through-crack development, and concrete cover spalling under incremental seismic loading. Four local damage indices—crack line density (CLD), crack propagation rate (CPR), through-crack ratio (TCR), and concrete spalling ratio (CSR)—were extracted and evaluated with the inter-story drift ratio (IDR) to quantify local-to-global degradation. The results show that visible cracks initiated at PGA = 0.3 g, while accelerated crack propagation occurred at 0.7–0.8 g, with CPR peaks of 1187.5 and 1140 mm/g, respectively. At 0.5–1.0 g, the crack number increased from 13 to 26, total crack length reached 0.443 m, CLD increased to 3.9 × 10−4, and TCR reached 37.04%. At 1.1–1.5 g, crack development approached saturation, with total crack length of 0.552 m, maximum TCR of 63.6%, and CLD of 4.8 × 10−4. Under ultimate excitation of 1.6–1.8 g, the crack number stabilized at 33–34, TCR remained around 63%, cumulative spalling area reached 1026 mm2, CSR reached 0.015, and the third-floor IDR approached the 1/50 elastoplastic limit. Severe through-cracking, reinforcement exposure, concrete spalling, and residual inclination indicated the onset of the semi-ruin state. The proposed multi-index framework provides quantitative support for semi-ruin-state identification and post-earthquake secondary collapse risk assessment of RCFSs.

Burning histories derived from charcoal preserved in sediment archives offer scope to reconstruct past climate and landscape dynamics. The fault-bounded Aksay Pond in northwestern China preserves an 80-year sediment sequence spanning 1931 to 2012 that reveals undetected punctuated fire events within the last ca. 1000 years. We used Bayesian inferential modelling of 24 macrocharcoals that have been directly 14C Accelerated Mass Spectrometry dated to examine past phases of fire activity and compare these phases with other fire-proxy records from the Altai Ranges. That these charcoals formed, were stored in the landscape and subsequently mobilised into the pond suggests that fires occurred at these different times. This method for examining fire histories differs from more traditional techniques and has some inherent uncertainties that are discussed. Importantly, our charcoal record does not attempt to infer severity, intensity or number of fires but identifies undetected periods of burning. Charcoal was dated to three statistically distinct phases spanning 95% highest posterior density ranges of 1170 to 1290 CE (Phase 3), 1410 to 1650 CE (Phase 2) and 1720 to 1900 CE (Phase 1) with some post-1950 CE charcoal. Bayesian modelling also demonstrates that Phase 3 does not coincide with burning histories from elsewhere in the Altai Ranges suggesting localised fires during the early to middle stages of the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Phase 2 charcoals overlap with a significant period of burning from the western Altai Range during the early stages of the Little Ice Age (LIA) indicating a larger regional environment primed for fire. Phase 3 charcoals from Aksay Pond occurs during the transition from peak LIA to Recent Warming and likely reflects regional increases in anthropogenic burning. Our Bayesian analysis of the burning periods from the Aksay Pond with other fire records from the Altai Ranges demonstrates that burning in the region is spatio-temporally heterogeneous and that further sites need investigating to capture the true history of burning from the region. Our novel approach also demonstrates the utility of short-lived sedimentary archives as alternative proxy sources for long-term fire histories in data-scarce regions.

Holocene slip rates of active faults are critical to understand the kinematics of crustal deformation interior of the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we quantitatively studied the sinistral strike-slip rate the northern Yadong-Gulu rift (YGR), the unique one that has left-lateral component among the main seven N-S treading rifts in southern Tibet. By detailed fieldwork, UAV topographic data and 10Be cosmogenic dating, we document 2.5-3.5 mm/yr (3.0±0.5 mm/yr) Holocene left-lateral slip rate along the northern YGR at two moraine sites. This rate is consistent with GPS results (4 mm/yr) of the conjugate strike-slip faults in central Tibet. Both of this fault and the northern Beng Co dextral strike-slip fault (4.2-5.4 mm/yr) probably comprise a conjugate fault system, contributing to the extension rate of Gulu rift (~6±1.8 mm/yr) and accommodating the eastward extrusion of central Tibet.

To clarify the occurrence patterns and risk characteristics of typhoon-induced rainfall landslides, this study assessed landslide susceptibility in Taishun County, Zhejiang Province, and surrounding areas affected by Typhoon Meranti in September 2016. Based on a detailed inventory of 4,102 landslides, a susceptibility framework incorporating key topographic and rainfall-related factors was established using an automated machine learning approach. The results show that landslides are predominantly distributed at elevations of 400 ~ 800 m and slope gradients of 25°~40°, with frequent occurrences associated with cumulative rainfall of 160 ~ 180 mm. The optimal ensemble model achieved high predictive performance and demonstrated strong spatial agreement between predicted high-risk zones and observed landslide distributions. Factor contribution analysis indicates that accumulated rainfall, elevation, and slope are the primary controlling factors, with their interactions playing a critical role in landslide susceptibility. Overall, this study provides an effective and interpretable framework for understanding typhoon-triggered landslide mechanisms and supporting regional early warning and disaster mitigation efforts.

Surface rupture displacement is a critical parameter controlling earthquake-related damage and fault-specific seismic hazard, yet its along-strike variability remains difficult to predict. Existing approaches commonly rely on empirical scaling relationships or prescribe heterogeneous stress and frictional conditions, leaving unresolved whether localized high-slip domains, or asperities, are fundamental consequences of earthquake physics or simply imposed model assumptions. Here we develop a physics-based framework in which asperity-like slip localization emerges naturally from the constraints imposed by seismic moment conservation and finite fault geometry. By coupling a moment-balanced truncated Gutenberg–Richter earthquake occurrence model with magnitude-dependent rupture scaling, we show that uniform slip distributions become unstable under a fixed moment budget, and localized slip domains arise as energetically preferred configurations without prescribing asperity locations or heterogeneous frictional patches. The framework reproduces the observed spatial organization of surface rupture displacement across 23 historical strike-slip earthquakes, capturing both segmented and throughgoing rupture patterns across diverse tectonic environments. Applications to the central San Andreas Fault and the Anninghe Fault further demonstrate that fault-specific displacement distributions can be predicted from fault geometry, slip rate, and seismic moment constraints alone. Our results reveal that asperity localization is not merely an inherited feature of fault heterogeneity, but an emergent property of finite fault systems. This provides a unified physical basis for predicting surface rupture displacement and improves the mechanistic understanding of earthquake rupture complexity and fault-specific seismic hazard.

Abstract Background In recent years, the frequency of extreme rainfall events has increased due to climate change, further raising the probability of landslide disasters. From June 6 to 9, 2020, the northern part of Huaiji County, Guangdong Province, and surrounding areas experienced extreme rainfall. By using high-resolution optical remote sensing images before and after the rainfall and interactive human–machine recognition technology, a detailed list of landslides from this extreme rainfall event was established and preliminarily analyzed. Results A total of 5173 landslides were triggered by this rainfall event, covering an area of 13.27 km2, mainly concentrated in the central part of the study area. The maximum point density and area density of the landslide list were 60.71 km−2 and 19.11%, showing a high degree of overlap. The relationship between landslide area and quantity, area and probability density showed a good power-law relationship, confirming the completeness of the landslide list. By combining common landslide abundance indicators, the correlation between landslides and five influencing factors including elevation, slope, aspect, strata, and cumulative rainfall was analyzed. Conclusion This study supplemented rainfall-induced landslide data in the southeastern coastal region of China, aiding in the analysis of landslide occurrence patterns, landslide risk assessment, and providing a basis for warning and emergency response for local governments and relevant departments.

Surface ruptures associated with large historical earthquakes provide critical insights into earthquake magnitudes and the kinematics of their seismogenic faults. In 1955, a major earthquake occurred along the Zheduotang fault, a segment of the southern Xianshuihe fault zone in eastern Tibet. The magnitude of this earthquake has been a subject of debate, with estimates ranging from M6.6 to M7.5, primarily due to conflicting interpretations of its associated surface ruptures. This study reviews previous research on the surface ruptures of the 1955 Zheduotang earthquake and presents new field data, including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based topographic surveys, trench excavations, and lichenometry in the epicentral region. Evidence from the freshness of ground ruptures, dating of faulting events from trenching, and lichen size measurements supports a ~55 km long surface rupture zone, corresponding to a moment magnitude (Mw) of ~7.1 for the 1955 earthquake. Analysis of offset glacial interfluves reveals a late Quaternary left-lateral slip rate of ~2.5–3.0 mm/yr in the southern segment of the Zheduotang fault, lower than ~3.4–4.8 mm/yr previously observed in the northern section. Deformed landforms and surface ruptures indicate that the fault trends NWN and exhibits predominantly left-lateral strike-slip motion in its northern section, while the southern segment trends NW and includes a notable normal faulting component. Our findings suggest that the Zheduotang fault delineates the southwestern boundary of the Bamei-Kangding releasing stepover zone within the southern Xianshuihe left-lateral strike-slip fault zone. These results enhance understanding of seismic hazards and the tectonic kinematics along the eastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau.

Clustered landslide events often cause significant losses, making comprehensive analysis and evaluation of such events crucial. This process includes three steps: establishing a landslide database, analyzing distribution patterns, and constructing a landslide real-probability hazard assessment map. In this study, comprehensive analysis and evaluation were conducted based on clustered landslides induced by extreme rainfall in June 2020 in southern Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province, China. A total of 6,660 landslides with a total area of 12.79 km2 were identified in the 6,989.73 km2 study area. Landslides were densely distributed in the central, southwestern, and northeastern parts of the study area. Twelve influencing factors were integrated, including geomorphology, geological hydrology, accumulated rainfall, etc. Distribution patterns and triggering mechanisms were analyzed in detail. A real-probability hazard map was developed using the Fast and Lightweight AutoML (FLAML) framework and Random Forest (RF) model. The predicted landslide occurrence probabilities showed strong alignment between moderate-to-high risk areas and actual landslide distributions. The hazard map was classified into five levels, with "Extremely high" and "High" zones containing the majority of landslides. Through 100 different sampling analyses of factor weights, it was found that Accumulated rainfall, Elevation, Strata, Topographic relief, and Slope were the main influencing factors in this landslide event.

The northwestern Yunnan region, located on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, is characterized by a combination of ductile flow of the lower crust with low shear-wave velocity and gravitational collapse, giving rise to a complex network of active faults. This presents significant seismic hazards, particularly due to the potential for multi-segment ruptures and resulting landslides. This article presents a new seismic hazard model for the northwestern Yunnan region, incorporating recent findings on fault geometry and slip rates along with historical seismicity rates to assess multi-segment rupturing risks. Among the four potential multi-segment rupture combination models examined, Model 1, characterized by multi-segment rupture combinations on single faults, particularly fracturing the Zhongdian fault, is proposed as the most suitable for the northwestern Yunnan region, given that the non-mainshock slip ratios on fault segments are all below the 30 %–40 % threshold, as supported by the agreement of modeled seismicity rates with fault slip rates. Our analysis demonstrates that the peak ground acceleration (PGA) for a mean return period of 475 years, which is calculated with the developed probabilistic seismic hazard model, has a strong correlation with the spatial distribution of the faults. On average, these values are higher than the PGA given by the China Seismic Ground Motion Parameters Zonation Map. Furthermore, we utilized PGA values with the Bayesian probability method and a machine learning model to predict landslide occurrence probabilities as a function of our PGA distribution map. Our findings underscore that the observed combinations of multi-segment ruptures and their associated behaviors were in alignment with the small block rotation triggered by the gravitational collapse of the Tibetan Plateau. This result highlights the intricate interplay between multi-segment rupturing hazards and regional geological dynamics while also providing valuable guidance for disaster preparedness efforts.