Drawing on Social Cognitive Theory and the cognitive bias perspective, this study examined the effect of self-assessment bias on pilots’ safe operational behavior and further tested the mediating role of risk perception and the moderating role of crew climate. Data were collected from 379 active pilots employed by a large passenger airline in China. The questionnaires were administered on site immediately after the flight-training task, whereas pilots’ safe operational behavior was rated by their direct supervisors. Correlation analysis, structural equation modeling, and the Bootstrap method were employed to test the mediating effect, and hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine the moderating effect. The results showed that self-assessment bias significantly and negatively predicted both risk perception and safe operational behavior, whereas risk perception significantly and positively predicted safe operational behavior. Risk perception partially mediated the relationship between self-assessment bias and safe operational behavior. In addition, crew climate significantly buffered the negative effect of self-assessment bias on safe operational behavior. These findings suggest that self-assessment bias undermines safe operational behavior by weakening risk perception, whereas a positive crew climate can attenuate this adverse effect, thereby offering practical implications for cognitive calibration, risk education, and crew coordination management in flight training.

To understand human-machine interactions, we adopted a framework that distinguishes between stable individual differences (enduring personality/interpersonal traits), initial trust (pre-interaction expectations), and situational trust (dynamic calibration via gaze and behavior). A driving simulator experiment was conducted with 30 male participants to investigate trust calibration across three levels: manual (Level 0), semi-automated (Level 2, requiring monitoring), and fully automated (Level 4, system handles tasks). We combined eye tracking (pupillometry/fixations) with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and Interpersonal Trust Scale (ITS). Results indicated that semi-automation yielded a higher hazard detection sensitivity (d' = 0.81) but induced greater physiological costs (pupil diameter, ηp2 = 0.445) compared to manual driving. A mediation analysis confirmed that neuroticism was associated with initial trust specifically through interpersonal trust. Critically, despite lower initial trust, young male individuals with high interpersonal trust exhibited slower reaction times in the semi-automation model (B = 0.60, p = 0.035), revealing a "social complacency" effect where social faith paradoxically predicted lower behavioral readiness. Based on these findings, we propose that situational trust is a multi-layer calibration process involving dissociated attentional and behavioral mechanisms, suggesting that such "wary but complacent" drivers require adaptive HMI interventions.

In intelligent mining monitoring operations, operators are often required to perform multiple tasks, either simultaneously or sequentially, within a short time frame. However, the limits of individuals’ cognitive resources may lead to delayed responses on the second and subsequent tasks, also known as the psychological refractory period (PRP) effect. This study investigates the impacts of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), spatial presentation layout, and task load on the PRP effect in a simulated intelligent mining monitoring task. Across three experiments, a clear PRP effect was consistently observed in the secondary task (T2), with reaction times decreasing as SOA increased. Although the spatial presentation layout of the tasks did not directly alter the PRP effect for T2, it did significantly affect reaction times for both tasks, with faster responses observed when tasks were presented in the right visual hemifield. In addition, manipulating cognitive load revealed that high load conditions for T1 led to a noticeable PRP effect on T2, while both high and low load conditions for T2 similarly produced the PRP effect on T2. These findings underscore the necessity of applying ergonomic principles to the design of monitoring systems, specifically for optimizing task layout and managing task load to reduce cognitive bottlenecks in high-demand environments like intelligent mining.

Air technicians' safety behavior is crucial to aviation safety, and thus it is important to identify factors that may enhance such behavior and explore its mechanisms. By incorporating Safety-Specific Transformational Leadership (SSTL), safety climate, and neuroticism, this study examines whether, how, and when SSTL predicts air technicians' safety behaviors from the perspective of both organizational and individual factors. Correlation, mediation, and moderation analyses were conducted on data from a sample of 995 air technicians from six aviation enterprises in China. The results indicate that SSTL was positively related to air technicians' safety behavior and that this relationship was partially mediated by safety climate. Moreover, neuroticism moderated this effect, such that the positive relationship between SSTL and safety behavior was stronger in air technicians with a higher level of neuroticism. Theoretically, this study combines leadership and personality in a unified framework, enriching understanding of their joint role in predicting safety behaviors. Practically, it guides aviation enterprises to strengthen SSTL and adopt personality-sensitive management to enhance technicians’ safety behaviors.

In dynamic and complex flight environments, pilots must integrate multiple sources of information and make timely judgments about interacting operational factors. The approach and landing phase of an aircraft represents the stage with the highest frequency of flight accidents. When confronted with urgent events, individuals exhibit acute stress responses that may lead to deviations from rational judgment and increase risk-seeking tendencies, thereby threatening aviation safety. The study investigated the effects of acute stress and human-machine collaboration on landing decision-making, and the cognitive mechanism of rewards. A total of 75 participants took part in the experiment. Heart rate was recorded as an objective measure of physiological arousal, and subjective negative affect was assessed. Results showed that both heart rate and negative affect demonstrate significant interaction effects with time. In the single-decision, acute stress promoted risky landing decisions. Under financial incentive, this risk-taking tendency manifested as a bias toward reward pursuit at the expense of loss avoidance. Furthermore, a three-way interaction emerged among stress, collaboration mode, and incentive. Machine assistance significantly attenuated the impact of stress on risk-taking propensity. However, both acute stress and human-machine collaboration also increased the tendency toward automation complacency.

Change blindness typically refers to the phenomenon where observers fail to realize and detect changes in objects or scenes when there is a brief visual interruption, restriction, or disturbance in the visual environment. This phenomenon is considered a significant contributor to driver human factors errors, posing a serious threat to public safety. Prior research has often relied on static masking paradigms, which may not adequately reflect change detection during natural, full-field observation. Furthermore, by focusing on variables tied to a single cognitive mechanism, prior studies have struggled to examine the roles of attention and memory representations within a unified framework in complex traffic scenarios. This study aimed to examine how attention and memory representations affect change blindness in response to sudden shifts in the motion path of traffic-scene images. The method of global motion direction transients was adopted to induce change blindness, employing images of real traffic scenes with different change types as experimental stimuli. The image moved along a certain path and changed instantaneously either at the moment of turning or at the midpoint of the straight line. In Experiment 1, a within-participants design was conducted with 2 (movement speed: fast, slow) & times; 2 (movement path: turning motion, straight motion) & times; 3 (change type: deletion, addition, location change). Forty participants were asked to detect the target changes. The results showed that fast motion significantly exacerbated change blindness solely under turning conditions, but had no significant effect during straight motion. In Experiment 2, the fast movement speed from Experiment 1 was used, a within-participants design was adopted, featuring 2 (movement time: long, short) & times; 2 (movement path: turning motion, straight motion) & times; 3 (change type: deletion, addition, location change). Thirty participants were requested to detect the target changes. The results indicated that longer encoding time for memory representations could mitigate change blindness within a limited scope. In Experiment 3, the fast movement speed was also used, a within-participants design with 3 (movement path: high-expectation turning motion, low-expectation turning motion, straight motion) & times; 3 (change type: deletion, addition, location change) was employed. Thirty-six participants were required to detect the target changes. The results suggested that individuals exhibited better detection performance for target changes under high-expectation conditions. The main findings are as follows. (1) Increased movement speed exacerbated change blindness, likely because it intensified competition for attentional resources when the direction of movement suddenly changed. However, movement speed needed to interact with other basic visual feature changes to induce change blindness. 2) Prolonging movement time, which refers to increasing encoding duration, could alleviate change blindness. Visual processing time might enhance change detection by improving the precision of scene memory representations during encoding; however, this effect appeared to be limited. (3) Heightened expectancy levels reduced change blindness. Individuals' spatial anticipation of the turning direction likely introduced a response bias, endogenously modulating the pre-allocation of attention and the effective encoding of memory representations, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of change detection. In summary, change blindness in traffic-scene images during global motion direction transients arises from the interaction between competition for attentional resources and the limited capacity of memory representations. Expectations may endogenously modulate attentional allocation and the effective encoding of these representations, thereby influencing the likelihood of change blindness. These findings provide empirical support for and extend the attention-representation account of change blindness

As indispensable members of the flight crew for passenger transport on large aircraft, flight attendants are responsible for cabin safety, security, passenger services, and emergency response during flights. As the primary interface between passengers and airlines, their delivery of high-quality service is critical to maintaining passenger loyalty and supporting airlines' sustained prosperity. Enhancing flight attendants' in-flight service performance thus represents a key focus in airline management. This cross-sectional study examined the relationships among spiritual leadership, meaningful work, work engagement, and service performance using a sample of 313 Chinese flight attendants from Tibet Airlines and its branches. Psychological questionnaire surveys and correlation analyses revealed significant positive correlations among all four variables. Bootstrap analyses demonstrated that meaningful work and work engagement not only exert independent mediating effects on the relationship between spiritual leadership and service performance, but also jointly form a sequential mediating chain. Theoretical implications of these findings and practical recommendations for enhancing flight attendants' service performance in airline management are discussed.

Living alone is a well-recognized risk factor in aging, associated with adverse psychological outcomes including depression and anxiety. However, the heterogeneity of depression-anxiety comorbidity patterns and inter-symptom relationships remain understudied in older adults living alone. A total of 11,632 adults aged ≥ 60 years were included from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), respectively. LPA identified symptom profiles among older adults living alone, and network analysis was conducted to identify core symptoms in each identified subgroup. Among older adults living alone, LPA identified a low-risk class and a high-risk class. In the high-risk network, sadness (CESD3), nervousness or anxiety (GAD1), and uncontrollable worry (GAD2) had the highest expected influence. Global strength and overall network structure did not differ significantly between classes, whereas six individual edges differed. This study deeply explores the comorbidity patterns of internal subgroups among older adults living alone, providing a theoretical basis and potential targets for intervention in the comorbidity of depression and anxiety symptoms in this population.

Automated vehicles controlled by artificial intelligence are becoming capable of making moral decisions independently. This study investigates the differences in participants’ perceptions of the moral decision-maker’s permissibility when viewing scenarios (pre-test) and after witnessing the outcomes of moral decisions (post-test). It also investigates how permissibility, ten typical moral emotions, and perceived moral agency fluctuate when AI and the human driver make deontological or utilitarian decisions in a pedestrian-sacrificing dilemma (Experiment 1, N = 254) and a driver-sacrificing dilemma (Experiment 2, N = 269) from a third-person perspective. Moreover, by conducting binary logistic regression, this study examined whether these factors could predict the non-decrease in permissibility ratings. In both experiments, participants preferred to delegate decisions to human drivers rather than to AI, and they generally preferred utilitarianism over deontology. The results of perceived moral emotions and moral agency provide evidence. Moreover, Experiment 2 elicited greater variations in permissibility, moral emotions, and perceived moral agency compared to Experiment 1. Moreover, deontology and gratitude could positively predict the non-decrease in permissibility ratings in Experiment 1, while contempt had a negative influence. In Experiment 2, the human driver and disgust were significant negative predictor factors, while perceived moral agency had a positive influence. These findings deepen the comprehension of the dynamic processes of autonomous driving’s moral decision-making and facilitate understanding of people’s attitudes toward moral machines and their underlying reasons, providing a reference for developing more sophisticated moral machines.

Objectives. Incident involvement among pilots has been a major human factor safety concern. Enhancing safety by reducing accidents and improving pilot behaviour is vital for aviation safety. Future time perspective (FTP) has been found to be a protective factor in safety behaviour. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of FTP on safe flight performance and the underlying mechanisms. Methods. The model was examined with 514 Chinese civil pilots; the participants completed measurements regarding FTP, vocational calling, perceived organizational support (POS) and incident involvement. Results. The correlation analyses indicated that FTP was significantly negatively associated with pilot incident involvement, and POS was significantly negatively associated with pilot incident involvement. Mediation analyses revealed that vocational calling partially mediated the link between FTP and pilot incident involvement. Moderated mediation further indicated that POS moderated the negative mediation path of FTP on pilot incident involvement. Conclusion. This study reveals the mechanism of FTP in the maintenance of flight safety, which enriches the research system of human error prevention research, and provides certain suggestions for aviation safety culture.

Recently,the trend of parochialism is on the rise worldwide.Some countries,regions and organizations engage in parochial cooperation to seek their own short-term gains at the cost of long-term interests of other groups and even all humankind.How to reduce parochial cooperation has become a significant concern both in academia and in policy-making.Narrative information is defined as descriptions of a series of related events or experiences in words through a narrative.Numerous studies have found that narrative information can effectively mitigate parochial empathy and parochial altruism.Thus,this study predicts that narrative information would attenuate parochial cooperation,and further explores its mechanism in terms of perceived similarity.In addition,because groups are typically embedded within more complex relational networks,the context of intergroup relation is introduced to examine its possible moderating effects. In three studies utilizing behavioral experiments and questionnaire surveys based on the minimal group paradigm,narrative information was categorized as viewpoint-related narrative information,which depicts the mental state of the main character of the story,and event-related narrative information,which depicts the objective situations in which the event occurs.Study 1(N=37)examined the effects of narrative information on parochial cooperation behavior through the Public Goods Game(PGG).Study 2(N=40)adopted the Intergroup Parochial and Universal Cooperation game(IPUC)to investigate the effects of narrative information on three types of cooperation behavior:strong parochial cooperation,weak parochial cooperation and universal cooperation,and examined the mediating role of perceived similarity between narrative information and parochial cooperation behavior.Study 3(N=80)manipulated intergroup relation as cooperation versus competition to explore its moderating effect on the link between narrative information and parochial cooperation behavior. The results of the studies supported the following conclusions.(1)Viewpoint-related narrative information significantly reduces parochial cooperative behavior more than event-related narrative information.(2)Perceived similarity full mediated the link between narrative information and strong parochial cooperative behavior.Specifically,compared to event-related narrative information,viewpoint-related narrative information elicited a higher level of perceived similarity in participants,which consequently inhibited strong parochial cooperative behavior.(3)Intergroup relation played a moderating role in the causal link between narrative information and parochial cooperative behavior,and also played a moderating role between narrative information and strong parochial cooperative behavior.In particular,in the context of cooperation,narrative information exhibited no significant effect on parochial cooperation and strong parochial cooperation,whereas in competitive context,viewpoint-related narrative information conversely increased the level of strong parochial cooperation. This study is the first to explore paths to reduce parochial cooperation between groups from the perspective of daily social information exchanges.It provides a new theoretical approach to understanding and enriching the mechanism of parochial cooperation behavior.Moreover,against the backdrop of increasing intergroup conflicts and deglobalization,this study has important implications for promoting intergroup cooperation and boosting the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind.

Teachers' motivation, which pertains to the reasons to sustain teaching, plays a pivotal role in shaping students' learning motivation, school engagement, and academic achievement. However, the relationship between teachers' motivation and students' emotional well-being remains unclear. This study, grounded in self-determination theory and the prosocial classroom model, investigated the associations between teachers' autonomous motivation and controlled motivation with students' emotional well-being and examined the potential mediating role of students' perceived teacher-student relationships and teacher support in these associations. The current study involved 49 homeroom teachers and 1853 students, assessing teachers' autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, students' perception of teacher support, teacher-student relationships, and emotional well-being. The results of the multilevel analysis indicated that (1) teachers' autonomous motivation positively predicted students' emotional well-being, mediated by teacher support; (2) teachers' controlled motivation negatively predicted students' emotional well-being, mediated by both students' perception of the student-teacher relationship and teacher support. The findings underscore the significance of intervening in teachers' work motivation, particularly controlled motivation, in educational and teaching practices to improve students' mental health.

Auditory alarm deafness is a failure to notice a salient auditory signal in a high-load context, which is one of the major causes of flight accidents. Therefore, it is of great practical significance for aviation safety to explore ways to avoid auditory alarm deafness under a high-load scenario. One potential reason for its occurrence could be the fact that cognitive resources are limited. Working memory (WM) capacity is important for the availability of cognitive resources. The present study investigated the effects of different types of WM ability and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with WM training on auditory alarm sensitivity in a simulated high-load aeronautical decision-making task in two experiments, with participants who were not trained pilots. The results showed that different types of WM storage capacity did not predict auditory alarm deafness. However, individuals with high executive function of WM were more sensitive to the auditory alarm than those with low executive function. During WM training, tDCS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex not only improved WM executive function but also improved auditory alarm sensitivity under high-load conditions. These findings suggest that the storage and executive function of WM have different roles in auditory alarm sensitivity. WM training based on brain stimulation technology can provide empirical evidence for the enhancement of auditory alarm alertness and cognitive function in the human–machine context.

Auditory verbal working memory (AVWM) is a crucial cognitive process that allows individuals to store and manipulate auditory information. This study investigates the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on AVWM performance using nonsense auditory syllables and examines the role of different stimulation montages. Thirty healthy participants received tDCS with three stimulation montages: anode-left auditory cortex/cathode-left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anode-left auditory cortex/cathode-right cheek, and sham stimulation. Results showed that anodal tDCS over the left auditory cortex with concurrent cathodal stimulation over the left DLPFC improved 1-back task performance, while anodal tDCS over the left auditory cortex with cathodal stimulation over the right cheek improved both 1-back and 2-back task performance. These findings suggest that the left auditory cortex plays a critical role in AVWM and highlight the importance of considering stimulation montage in tDCS studies.

Time-to-contact (TTC) estimation is critical for daily activities, assessing when a moving object will reach a location. TTC tasks are used to study motion processing. In the TTC tasks, time structure ( T ) refers to the ratio of the durations of the motions in two phases: (a) one in which the stimulus is visible before it reaches occlusion point and (b) one in which it is invisible after it reaches occlusion point. The condition of T = 1.0, which indicates that the time spent moving is the same across the two segments, is called an equal time structure; otherwise, it is called an unequal time structure condition ( T ≠ 1.0). The present study investigated the effect of cognitive load on TTC estimation across different time structures using a dual-task paradigm across two experiments. Experiment 1 showed that when visual velocity was available, high cognitive load enhanced participants performance in T ≠ 1.0, but had no effect on T = 1.0. Experiment 2, isolating visual velocity information, showed no significant differences in performance across different cognitive loads. These findings indicated that cognitive load could have a differential effect on TTC estimation in relation to visual velocity cues and time structure, offering insights into optimizing cognitive processes associated with time judgments.

The capacity to precisely estimate the arrival time of a moving object at a designated point plays a crucial role in numerous daily activities, including catching a thrown ball or avoiding obstacles during driving. This process, referred to as a prediction motion (PM) task, requires estimating the moment at which a moving stimulus reaches a specific target. The present research explores the influence of time structure on performance within the interruption paradigm of PM tasks, focusing on the effect of timing patterns on the accuracy of motion prediction. Experiment 1 employed a continuous test to explore the influence of time structure on performance in PM tasks. 25 university students participated in a task where a blue square moved from an initial location toward a target, became temporarily hidden at an interception point, and then reappeared at the designated target. Participants were instructed to determine whether the square arrived earlier or later than expected. Findings indicated that task accuracy significantly improved under a uniform time structure (T = 1.0) compared to variable structures (T not equal 1.0). These results imply that a stable time structure provides a reliable reference, enhancing the precision of motion prediction. Experiment 2 was designed to separate the effect of visual speed on PM task performance by incorporating a flicker condition, wherein the moving stimulus became occluded before reaching the interception point. This setup eliminated access to visual speed cues, allowing for an examination of the predictive role of time structure alone. Results were consistent with those of Experiment 1, demonstrating that a stable time structure enhanced task accuracy even when visual speed data was unavailable. These outcomes indicate the significant influence of time structure on PM task performance, regardless of the availability of visual speed information. Experiment 3 extended the investigation into the stability of the time structure effect by implementing random interference conditions. In this setup, the moving stimulus flickered unpredictably between the starting point and the interception point, thereby interrupting the formation of a stable time structure. Despite these disruptions, findings revealed that performance remained superior under a consistent time structure (T = 1.0), demonstrating the stability of this effect. These results indicate that, even in the presence of distractions or irregularities, the regularity of time structure continues to play a critical role in enhancing predictive accuracy. In summary, the three experiments presented in this study consistently revealed that maintaining a uniform time structure enhances performance in prediction motion tasks. This improvement is robust across varying experimental conditions, demonstrating a notable level of stability. The results provide empirical evidence for the influence of cognitive processes in such tasks, indicating that individuals may rely on temporal rhythm to form expectations and improve accuracy. Further neuroimaging investigations may help uncover the neural processes involved, exploring how the brain incorporates temporal cues to anticipate motion and regulate behavior.

Despite extensive research on the relationship between adolescents’ prosocial behavior and well-being, few studies have examined the relationships between prosocial acts towards different targets (family, friends, and strangers) and both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being over time, especially within the cultural context of China, where relational closeness are highly emphasized. To address this research gap, the present study conducted a longitudinal investigation involving 514 Chinese adolescents (M = 13.75 years, SD = 1.46; 57.2