Abstract Background China experienced an overwhelming COVID-19 pandemic from middle December 2022 to middle January 2023 after lifting the zero-COVID-19 policy on December 7, 2022. However, the infection rate was less studied. We aimed to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate in children shortly after discontinuation of the zero-COVID-19 policy. Methods From February 20 to April 10, 2023, we included 393 children aged 8 months to less than 3 years who did not receive COVID-19 vaccination and 114 children aged 3 to 6 years who received inactivated COVID-19 vaccines based on the convenience sampling in this cross-sectional study. IgG and IgM antibodies against nucleocapsid (N) and subunit 1 of spike (S1) of SARS-CoV-2 (anti-N/S1) were measured with commercial kits (Shenzhen YHLO Biotech, China). Results Of the 393 unvaccinated children (1.5 ± 0.6 years; 52.2% boys), 369 (93.9%) were anti-N/S1 IgG positive. Of the 114 vaccinated children (5.3 ± 0.9 years; 48.2% boys), 112 (98.2%) were anti-N/S1 IgG positive. None of the unvaccinated or vaccinated children was anti-N/S1 IgM positive. The median IgG antibody titers in vaccinated children (344.91 AU/mL) were significantly higher than that in unvaccinated children (42.80 AU/mL) (P < 0.0001). The positive rates and titers of anti-N/S1 IgG had no significant difference between boys and girls respectively. Conclusion Vast majority of children were infected with SARS-CoV-2 shortly after ending zero-COVID-19 policy in China. Whether these unvaccinated infected children should receive COVID-19 vaccine merits further investigation.

Despite increasing vaccination rates, the incidence of breakthrough infections with COVID-19 has increased due to the continued emergence of new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Therefore, Non-pharmaceutical interventions remain the most effective measures for coping with the ever-changing pandemic. The lifting of compulsory interventions has made individuals primary responsibility for their own health, which highlights the importance of increasing awareness of the infection risk from the environment in which they live and their individual behaviors. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Scopus on April 17, 2023, for all studies reporting COVID-19 outbreaks in public indoor venues. The study outcome was the attack rate. A total of 42 studies, which included cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, and case studies, reporting data on 1951 confirmed cases in 64 COVID-19 outbreaks satisfied the meta-analysis and were included in the review. A random-effect model was used in the meta-analysis, and subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate factors affecting attack rates. We found a strong level of evidence (p < 0.01) supporting a higher pooled attack rate in recreation-related venues (0.44, 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.60) than in work-related venues (0.21, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.27). Compared to those outbreaks without that, outbreaks with high-intensity exercise, vocalization, contact behavior, or close body proximity had a higher attack rate of 0.51, 0.55, 0.33, and 0.39, respectively. Further studies suggest that different attack rates across different types of settings may be the result of heterogeneity in exposed people's behaviors. There were significant heterogeneities that may limit the interpretation of connections between influencing factors and outbreak outcomes. The identification of key behaviors that may contribute to transmission risk, and their correlation with venue type, has important implications for the development of future public health interventions and individual prevention strategies for respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19.

In Beijing, the capital of China, routine measles mass vaccination has been in place for decades with high coverage; and since the 2000s, catch-up vaccination programmes have been implemented for migrant workers coming to the city. However, measles epidemics in Beijing persisted. Here, we explored the contributing factors of persistent measles transmission in Beijing using an epidemic model in conjunction with a particle filter. Model inputs included data on birth, death, migration, and vaccination. We formulated a series of hypotheses covering the impact of migrant influx, early waning of maternal immunity, and increased mixing among infants; we compared the plausibility of the hypotheses based on model fit to age-grouped, weekly measles incidence data from January 2005 to December 2014, and out-of-fit prediction during 2015-2019. Our best models showed close agreement with the data, and the out-of-fit prediction generally captured the trend of measles incidence from 2015 to 2019. We found that large influx of migrants with considerably higher susceptibility likely contributed to the persistent measles transmission in Beijing. Our findings suggest that stronger catch-up vaccination programmes for migrants may help eliminate measles transmission in Beijing.

Enterobacter hormaechei is an opportunistic pathogen and is found in a large variety of food including animal -derived food. In recent years, bacteria present a severe clinical challenge due to their increasing resistance to antibiotics. Bacteriophages have gained attention as a new antibacterial strategy. In this study, we isolated a novel E. hormaechei bacteriophage IME278 from hospital sewage in Beijing, China. Bacteriophage IME278 had a double-stranded linear DNA genome with 40,164 bp and 51.99% GC content. Whole-genome alignments showed IME278 shared 87% homology with other phages in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. And phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that IME278 was highly similar to bacteriophages belonging to the genus Kayfunavirus, family Autographiviridae, indicating IME278 can be classified as a new member of the Autographiviridae family. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that IME278 had an icosahedral head 51.72 nm in diameter and a tail 151.28 nm in length. Bacteriophage IME278 was able to survive under high tem-perature (50 degrees C-70 degrees C) and its activity decreased significantly above 70 degrees C and almost completely inactivated at 80 degrees C. Bacteriophage IME278 could survive in a wide pH range (4.0-11.0) and it was stable in chloroform (up to 5%). The phage was sensitive to UV irradiation. Bacteriophage IME278 had a latent period of 40 min and reached a plateau stage at 150 min and its cleavage was approximately 8.21 x 108/3.66 x 108 = 2.24. The biocontrol potential of bacteriophage IME278 was evaluated in a model that artificially contaminated pork with E. hormaechei 529 and the result revealed that IME278 could effectively control bacterial contamination on pork. The in-depth analysis of the biological characteristics, whole genome sequencing, and bioinformatics of IME278 has laid the foundation for the biocontrol application and the treatment of bacteria using bacteriophages.

Background & Aims: Acute hepatitis, cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases, and liver cancer caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) are have imposed a sever burden at the global. The study aims to describe the burden and inequality analysis of HCV-related liver diseases at the global. Methods: Our study utilized data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019. Age-standardized rate of incidence (ASIR), prevalence (ASPR), death (ASDR), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were employed to describe the burden of HCV-related liver diseases across different populations and regions worldwide. Additionally, we conducted an inequality analysis using the slope index of inequality and concentration index to explore the global disparities associated with HCV-related liver diseases burden. Results: HCV-related diseases caused 542, 316 global deaths in 2019. China (17% of total infections) and India (10% of total infections) had the largest numbers of HCV-related disease, but the ASPR was highest in Mongolia (9, 673.92 per 100, 000) and Cambodia (5, 445.82 per 100, 000). The burden of Acute hepatitis C (AHC) was more common in low socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, while HCV-related liver cancer caused more large burden among the regions with higher SDI. Conclusions: The burden of HCV-related liver diseases was still at a relatively high level worldwide, and SDI was a significant factor for differential distribution of the disease. Countries in the world should take active parts in alleviating the burden of HCV-related liver diseases, and take targeted measures according to their specific circumstances.

Nearest neighbor search plays a fundamental role in many disciplines such as multimedia information retrieval, data-mining, and machine learning. The graph-based search approaches show supe-rior performance over other types of approaches in recent studies. In this paper, the graph-based NN search is revisited. We optimize two key components in the approach, namely the search procedure and the graph that supports the search. For the graph construction, a two-stage graph diversification scheme is proposed, which makes a good trade-off between the efficiency and reachability for the search procedure that builds upon it. Moreover, the proposed diversification scheme allows the search procedure to decide dynamically how many nodes should be visited in one node’s neighborhood. By this way, the computing power of the devices is fully utilized when the search is carried out under different circumstances. Furthermore, two NN search procedures are designed respectively for small and large batch queries on the GPU. The optimized NN search, when being supported by the two-stage diversified graph, outperforms all the state-of-the-art approaches on both the CPU and the GPU across all the considered large-scale datasets.

Since December 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus pneumonia (WHO named COVID-19) swept across China. In Shanxi Province, the cumulative confirmed cases finally reached 133 since the first confirmed case appeared on January 22 2020, and most of which were imported cases from Hubei Province. Reasons for this ongoing surge in Shanxi province, both imported and autochthonous infected cases, are currently unclear and demand urgent investigation. In this paper, we developed a SEIQR difference-equation model of COVID-19 that took into account the transmission with discrete time imported cases, to perform assessment and risk analysis. Our findings suggest that if the lock-down date in Wuhan is earlier, the infectious cases are fewer. Moreover, we reveal the effects of city lock-down date on the final scale of cases: if the date is advanced two days, the cases may decrease one half (67, 95% CI: 66–68); if the date is delayed for two days, the cases may reach about 196 (95% CI: 193–199). Our investigation model could be potentially helpful to study the transmission of COVID-19, in other provinces of China except Hubei. Especially, the method may also be used in countries with the first confirmed case is imported.

The COVID-19 epidemic spread rapidly through China and subsequently proliferated globally leading to a pandemic situation around the globe. Human-to-human transmission, as well as asymptomatic transmission of the infection, have been confirmed. As of April 03, 2020, public health crisis in China due to COVID-19 was potentially under control. We compiled a daily dataset of case counts, mortality, recovery, temperature, population density, and demographic information for each prefecture during the period of January 11 to April 07, 2020. Understanding the characteristics of spatial clustering of the COVID-19 epidemic and R0 is critical in effectively preventing and controlling the ongoing global pandemic. Considering this, the prefectures were grouped based on several relevant features using unsupervised machine learning techniques. Subsequently, we performed a computational analysis utilizing the reported cases in China to estimate the revised R0 among different regions. Finally, our overall research indicates that the impact of temperature and demographic factors on virus transmission may be characterized using a stochastic transmission model. Such predictions will help in prevention planning in an ongoing global pandemic, prioritizing segments of a given community/region for action and providing a visual aid in designing prevention strategies for a specific geographic region. Furthermore, revised estimation and our methodology will aid in improving the human health consequences of COVID-19 elsewhere.

The crust of rock and ore bodies in the Earth’s magnetic field, since they are formed from it by its magnetization with varying degrees of magnetism, its magnetic anomaly is caused by differences in the surface [1]. Local aeromagnetic anomalies, generally considered likely to the three geological factors, namely related to the basement uplift or bedrock block; related to the distribution of igneous rocks; and related to the sedimentary cover of the magnetic layer. With the surface weathered, the magnetic susceptibility about rock or dikes of granite porphyry will within 100×10-5SI; with the surface fresh, the magnetic susceptibility about rock or dikes of granite porphyry will more than 1000×10-5SI. High magnetic rocks are mainly magmatic rock and wall rock alteration (skarn, hornfels, etc.), low magnetic rocks are mainly metamorphic sedimentary rocks, rock magnetic differences are significant, this difference in fresh lithologic section more prominent.

Objectives: Many studies have suggested the effectiveness of single control measures in the containment and mitigation of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009. The effects of combined interventions by multiple control measures in reducing the impact of an influenza A (H1N1) 2009 outbreak in a closed physical training camp in Beijing, China were evaluated.Methods: Oseltamivir was prescribed for the treatment of confirmed cases and possible cases and as prophylaxis for all other participants in this training camp. Public health control measures were applied simultaneously, including the isolation of patients and possible cases, personal protection and hygiene, and social distancing measures. Symptom surveillance of all participants was initiated, and the actual attack rate was calculated. For comparison, the theoretical attack rate for this outbreak was projected using the Newton-Raphson numerical method.Results: A total of 3256 persons were present at the physical training camp. During the outbreak, 405 (68.3%) possible cases and 26 (4.4%) confirmed cases were reported before the intervention and completed oseltamivir treatment; 162 (27.3%) possible cases were reported after the intervention and received part treatment and part prophylaxis. The other 2663 participants completed oseltamivir prophylaxis. Of the possible cases, 181 with fever >= 38.5 degrees C were isolated. The actual attack rate for this outbreak of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 was 18.2%, which is much lower than the theoretical attack rate of 80% projected.Conclusions: Combined interventions of large-scale antiviral ring prophylaxis and treatment and public health control measures could be applied to reduce the magnitude of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 outbreaks in closed settings. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

Objective:To investigate the effect of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction and postoperative analgesia situation after intercostal nerve block was applied on elderly patient received thoracic surgery.Methods: 105 elderly patients underwent thoracic surgeries were divided into observation group (35 patients received intercostal nerve block combined with general anesthesia), control A group (35 patients received epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia) and control B group (35 patients received routine general anesthesia). The cognitive function, postoperative pain, intraoperative mean artery pressure (MAP) and heart rate of the patients among different groups were respectively compared.Results: The cognitive function scores in postoperative 12h, 24h, 72h of observation group were significantly higher than that of control A group (t=20.917,t=27.780, t=74.081,P<0.05), respectively. And all of these data also were significantly higher than that of control B group (t=37.922,t=48.969,t=62.653,P<0.05), respectively. The differences of MAP, HR value between observation group and control A group were statistically significant (t=18.927,t=22.380,P<0.05), respectively. And the differences of them between observation group and control B group also were statistically significant (t=31.051, t=19.932, P<0.05), respectively. Besides, the differences of pain scores in postoperative 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h between observation group and control A group were not statistically significant, while all of pain scores of observation group were significantly lower than that of control B group (t=18.731,t=19.035, t=21.093,t=17.036;P<0.05).Conclusion:Intercostal nerve block combined with general anesthesia can ensure more stable intraoperative vital signs for elderly patients underwent thoracic surgeries, and it contributes to improve early cognitive function and possesses better postoperative analgesic effect for elderly patients.

The emergence of the plasmid-encoded colistin-resistance gene mcr-1 in Enterobacteriaceae represents a new threat to the treatment of infection in the clinical setting. A sensitive and rapid molecular method for detection of the mcr-1 gene in clinical isolates is needed to control the spread of this gene. In this study, we established a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid detection of the mcr-1 gene. This assay was applied to cultured bacteria and spiked human stools. Real-time monitoring of turbidity and chromogenic visualization were used to assess the reaction results. The specificity and sensitivity of the primers in the LAMP reactions for detection of the mcr-1 gene were determined. All 20 clinically resistant isolates without the mcr-1 gene tested negative, indicating the high specificity of the LAMP primers. The sensitivity of LAMP, with a detection limit of 0.2 pg/μL DNA, was 10-fold greater than that of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The assay was also conclusive when applied to human stools spiked with mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli. During clinical screening in a major hospital in Beijing, China, seven isolates were identified as positive from the 556 Enterobacteriaceae isolates. In conclusion, the LAMP assay we developed was useful for detection of the mcr-1 gene in the clinical setting.

Objective: To research the effect of dexmedetomidine on regional cerebral oxygen saturation(rSO2)and postoperative cognitive function in elder patients received prostatectomy by using laparoscope. Methods: 60 elderly patients received prostatectomy by using laparoscope were divided into observation group (30cases) and control group (30cases) as random number table. In observation group, the dexmedetomidine was injected by venous pump after endotracheal intubation of general anesthesia was implemented, while the equivalent normal saline (NS) was injected by venous pump in control group. The rSO2, PaCO2 and PaO2 of different time point between the two groups were observed and compared. The usages of propofol and remifentanil, the situation of postoperative restlessness, and situation of nausea and vomiting between the two groups were compared. Besides, the scores of MoCA of different time point between the two groups also were compared. Results: The usages of propofol and remifentanil of observation group were significantly lower than that of control group (t=3.449, t=9.466, P<0.05), respectively. The occurrence rate of postoperative restlessness and occurrence rate of nausea and vomiting were 10.0% and 6.7%, respectively, while they were 13.3% and 3.3%in control group, and the differences of them between the two groups were no significant (x2=0.162, x2=0.351, P>0.05). The score of MoCA of observation group was significant higher than that of control group (t=8.938, P<0.05) at postoperative 1d. Conclusion: In the elder patients received prostatectomy by using laparoscope, the dexmedetomidine doesn't affect the rSO2 level of patients, while it contributes to fast recover the postoperative cognitive function of patients.

Background: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is highly endemic in China, especially in Heilongjiang province (90% of all reported HFRS cases worldwide occur in China). The dynamic identification of high HFRS incidence spatiotemporal regions and the quantitative assessment of HFRS associations with climate change in Heilongjiang province can provide valuable guidance for HFRS monitoring, preventing and control. Yet, so far there exist very few and of limited scope quantitative studies of the spatiotemporal HFRS spread and its climatic associations in Heilongjiang province. Making up for this lack of quantitative studies is the reason for the development of the present work.Method: To address this need, the well-known Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) method of space-time modeling and mapping together with its recently proposed variant, the projected BME (P-BME) method, were employed in this work to perform a composite space-time analysis and mapping of HFRS incidence in Heilongjiang province during the years 2005–2013. Also, using multivariate El Niño-Southern Oscillation index as a proxy, we proposed a combination of Hilbert-Huang transform and wavelet analysis to study the “HFRS incidence-climate change” associations.Results: The main results of this work were two-fold: (1) three core areas were identified with high HFRS incidences that were spatially distributed and exhibited distinct biomodal temporal patterns in the eastern, western, and southern parts of Heilongjiang province; and (2) there exists a considerable association between HFRS incidence and climate change, particularly, an ~6 months period coherency was clearly detected.Conclusions: The combination of modern space-time modeling and mapping techniques (P-BME theory, Hilbert-Huang spectrum analysis, and wavelet analysis) used in this work led to valuable quantitative findings concerning the spatiotemporal spread of HFRS incidence in Heilongjiang province and its association with climate change. Our essential findings include the identification of three core areas with high HFRS incidences in Heilongjiang province, and considerable evidence that HFRS incidence is closely related to climate change.

AIM:The ability of Acinetobacter baumannii to form biofilms and develop antibiotic resistance makes it difficult to control infections caused by this bacterium. In this study, we explored the potential of a lytic bacteriophage to disrupt A. baumannii biofilms.MATERIALS & METHODS:The potential of the lytic bacteriophage to disrupt A. baumannii biofilms was assessed by performing electron microscopy, live/dead bacterial staining, crystal violet staining and by determining adenosine triphosphate release.RESULTS:The bacteriophage inhibited the formation of and disrupted preformed A. baumannii biofilms. Results of disinfection assay showed that the lytic bacteriophage lysed A. baumannii cells suspended in blood or grown on metal surfaces.CONCLUSION:These results suggest the potential of the lytic bacteriophage to disrupt A. baumannii biofilms.

魏杰(陕西) 我们知道,篆刻艺术传统不出两大系统,即战国、秦、汉印系统和元、明、清以降的篆刻流派作品系统.就前者而言,学习篆刻则必须走过秦汉印阶段,所谓『印宗秦汉』正是这个意思.但是从秦汉印过来的印人往往在创作中又摆脱不了秦汉印的藩篱,即便是浙派的创始人丁敬、蒋仁在刀法上已有巨变,但大体上仍是汉印的框架并导致了印面的呆板和章法的单一,当然,这有历史的局限,但现今已少有人取法.

目的了解某部机关官兵鼾症发病情况及相关因素,为防治工作提供依据。方法调查了1 505名官兵的鼾症发病情况。采用问卷形式,测量颈围、体质量指数(BMI),并对日常工作状态及相关因素进行了分析。结果 1 505名官兵中有259例鼾症患者,发病率为17.2%。鼾症组的颈围、BMI明显大于正常对照组(P<0.01),超重和肥胖体型者的鼾症发生率明显高于正常体型者。结论某部机关官兵鼾症的发生与肥胖及上呼吸道阻塞性疾病有关,严重者对日常工作有一定的影响。

目的观察七氟醚吸入麻醉在小儿颈内静脉通路建立中应用效果。方法选择1～8岁的患儿30例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,全凭七氟醚吸入麻醉后建立颈内静脉通路,观察患儿睫毛反射消失时间、疼痛反射消失时间、穿刺时肢体反应、颈内静脉通路建立时间、一次穿刺成功率、苏醒时间、血流动力学变化以及不良反应等。结果睫毛反射消失时间为(40.2±3.1)s,疼痛反射消失时间(63.1±2.5)s,静脉通路建立时间为(7.5±1.5)min,一次穿刺成功率为96.7%;七氟醚麻醉后的、心率与麻醉前基础值比较有轻度下降(P<0.05),脉搏血氧饱和度为99%～100%;苏醒时间(5.2±1.4)min,未发生明显不良反应。结论全凭七氟醚吸入麻醉应用于小儿颈内静脉通路建立,血流动力学稳定,苏醒迅速,不良反应少,是一种安全有效的麻醉方法。

目的探讨前臂和手部手术安全有效的麻醉方法。方法将150例前臂和手部手术患者随机分为三组,各50例,采用单纯肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞(A组)、腋路臂丛阻滞(B组)和肌间沟臂丛-尺神经阻滞(C组)的方法,观察、记录麻醉效果。结果 A、B、C组的麻醉效果完善率分别为50%、70%、94%,C组的麻醉效果显著优于A、B组(P<0.05)。结论经肌间沟臂丛-尺神经联合阻滞应用于前臂和手部的手术效果满意,提高了麻醉质量。