Rice is a crucial global crop of nutritional and economic importance. Burkholderia glumae, Burkholderia gladioli, and Burkholderia plantarii are the major phytopathogens that cause diseases in rice within the genus Burkholderia. These phytopathogenic Burkholderia spp. have an acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing (QS) system that regulates gene expression depending on the cell density. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between B. plantarii KACC 18965 wildtype and plaI deletion mutant were analyzed to understand the plaI-mediated QS system in B. plantarii, and transcriptome profiles were compared across three phytopathogenic Burkholderia spp. (B. glumae, B. gladioli, and B. plantarii) to investigate the impact of QS on their pathogenicity. Clusters of Orthologous Groups category and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses confirmed that diverse metabolic processes were regulated by QS in the three phytopathogenic Burkholderia spp. Additionally, characteristic differences in the regulation of gene expression across the three phytopathogenic Burkholderia spp. were observed in DEGs belonging to the bacterial secretion system (ko03070) pathway, using KEGG pathway analysis. The characterization and comparison of transcriptome profiles between phytopathogenic Burkholderia spp. in this study offers deeper insights into AHL-mediated QS systems in phytopathogenic Burkholderia spp. These results provide a foundation for future studies on the QS-based biology and pathogenicity of phytopathogenic Burkholderia spp.

Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) is a widely cultured and economically important abalone species in aquaculture yet improving growth performance remains a major challenge for stable production. To clarify the molecular architecture associated with growth performance in Pacific abalone, we integrated transcriptome and genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from high-growth and low-growth groups showing significant growth differences. Transcriptome profiles from hepatopancreas and mantle tissues were used to construct a co-expression network of 43,125 genes, summarized into 22 modules associated with tissue specificity and growth-related variation. In parallel, analysis of a custom 60K SNP array identified 67 significant growth-associated SNPs. Integration of these GWAS signals into the co-expression network revealed a core module most strongly correlated with growth index and enriched for SNP-derived candidate genes. Functional enrichment indicated that the core module was associated with proteostasis and growth-related signaling pathways, including insulin, Ras, and MAPK signaling. Protein-protein interaction analysis further identified 11 hub genes with high intramodular connectivity and direct interactions with SNP-derived genes, most of which participate in receptor-mediated and intracellular growth-regulatory functions. These findings provide an integrated molecular framework for growth performance in Pacific abalone and candidate targets for future molecular breeding strategies.

Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) is a transgene-free, biodegradable RNA-based approach for crop protection in which exogenously applied double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is taken up and processed by plants or susceptible pathogens to drive the sequence-specific silencing of essential or virulence-associated genes. This review synthesizes advancements in transitioning SIGS from proof-of-concept to field-relevant deployment. Here, we frame SIGS as a two-compartment process: (i) dsRNA deposition on foliage, access to cuticular/apoplastic microenvironments, processing into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), amplification, and systemic movement within plants; and (ii) pathogen acquisition of dsRNA/siRNAs at infection interfaces, followed by RNA interference (RNAi) execution, with outcomes strongly conditioned by pathogen RNA-uptake competence and, in some systems, cross-kingdom RNA trafficking. Because performance is often constrained by exposure rather than sequence potency, we evaluated the key determinants of delivery and persistence and compared carrier strategies that extend stability and bioavailability, including layered double hydroxide clays, vesicle-inspired lipid systems, polymer complexes, and carbon-based nanomaterials. We then consolidated the mechanism-informed design rules for target selection, within-transcript positioning, and dsRNA architecture, along with specificity, non-target risk, and durability/escape management. Finally, we defined the current scope boundaries, including the limited applicability to bacterial phytopathogens lacking canonical eukaryotic RNAi. We outline deployment-oriented priorities for achieving reliable SIGS performance under realistic agricultural conditions.

Burkholderia glumae, the causal agent of bacterial panicle blight in rice, is a major threat to global rice production. Although the NtrB-NtrC two-component system is a well-established regulator of nitrogen assimilation in many bacteria, its role in B. glumae has remained undefined. In this study, we constructed a ntrC deletion mutant of B. glumae BGR1 to investigate the contribution of NtrC to nitrogen metabolism and virulence. Under nitrogen-limited conditions in minimal medium supplemented with a single nitrogen source, the mutant exhibited markedly impaired growth, particularly when ammonium or glutamine served as the sole nitrogen source. Loss of ntrC also resulted in significant reductions in swimming motility, biofilm formation, and toxoflavin production, while extracellular protease activity was unaffected. In pathogenicity assays, the mutant caused substantially milder symptoms in both rice seedlings and flowering panicles, despite showing no difference in bacterial population levels in planta compared with the wild-type. These findings demonstrate that NtrC is essential for efficient nitrogen utilization and for full virulence expression in rice. This study provides evidence that the NtrB-NtrC system links nitrogen metabolism with virulence expression in B. glumae.

Post-harvest diseases significantly reduce fruit quality and storage longevity, necessitating sustainable management strategies. In this study, we identified Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis as the causative agent of black rot in bananas in South Korea, marking the first confirmed report in the region. Morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses were performed for precise species identification. Given the increasing need for biological control solutions, the antagonistic activity of Paraburkholderia busanensis P39 against L. brasiliensis was investigated through direct and volatile-mediated interactions. Dual-culture assays demonstrated strong antifungal activity of P39 against the pathogen, whereas mycophagy assays further revealed its ability to exploit fungal mycelia as a nutrient source. In addition to direct inhibition, P39 volatiles significantly suppressed black rot symptoms in bananas without physical contact and effectively extended the fruit shelf life. A microbiome analysis of banana peels treated with P39 volatiles was performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Metabarcoding of the bacterial and fungal communities revealed distinct microbial communities, including the enrichment of Paraburkholderia and suppression of spoilage-associated bacteria (Pseudomonas and Enterobacter). Fungal community analysis indicated a significant increase in the abundance of yeast-like fungi, suggesting a microbiome-mediated contribution to fruit preservation. Correlation analysis further supported the role of P39 volatiles in the restructuring of microbial interactions, leading to enhanced disease suppression and delayed ripening. These findings highlighted the dual functionality of P39 volatiles in pathogen inhibition and fruit preservation, positioning them as promising residue-free alternatives for post-harvest disease management. This study provides critical insights into the microbiome-driven mechanisms underlying biological control and offers a foundation for the development of microbial-based post-harvest preservation strategies.

Edible insect farming presents significant potential as a sustainable solution to meet the increasing demand for protein and biowaste recycling. However, microbial contamination in rearing substrates poses a serious threat to insect populations. This study investigates the pathogenicity of Serratia marcescens YSMM-S1, isolated from dead Protaetia brevitarsis larvae, and explores its interaction with Trichoderma xixiacum, a fungus co-isolated from the same rearing environment. The identified S. marcescens YSMM-S1 was confirmed as a highly virulent strain, causing 100 % larval mortality within 24 h. In addition, T. xixiacum identified via extensive molecular and morphological characterization, is reported here for the first time in Korea. Co-cultivation and mycophagy assays revealed a significant increase in S. marcescens proliferation in the presence of T. xixiacum, likely through fungal mycelium consumption. Moreover, preinoculation with T. xixiacum in oak-fermented sawdust significantly enhanced S. marcescens population growth and colonization. In vivo assays further demonstrated that co-inoculation of the substrate with both microorganisms resulted in significantly higher larval mortality compared to single inoculations. This study provides novel insights into the complex microbial dynamics in insect-rearing systems, emphasizing the role of T. xixiacum in facilitating bacterial pathogenicity. The findings highlight the need for careful microbial management to prevent outbreaks in mass-rearing environments. This work also contributes to the understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions in insect farming and offers new perspectives on the ecological roles of Trichoderma species in rearing substrates.

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a devastating disease caused by the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Its substantial ecological disruption harms global forestry and poses serious economic challenges. Although previous research has demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis JCK-1398 has the potential to induce systemic resistance in pine trees, the ecological mechanisms underlying its biocontrol efficacy remain underexplored. This study investigated how JCK-1398 treatment influences rhizosphere- and nematode-associated microbial communities to mitigate PWD. Metabarcoding analyses revealed that JCK-1398 treatment increased the abundance of beneficial microbial taxa (e.g., Nocardioides and Mesorhizobium) in the rhizosphere microbiome. Concurrently, nematode-associated microbial communities became dominated by Pantoea, a genus with known nematicidal properties. Isolation and characterization of Pantoea dispersa BC11 confirmed that it significantly limits nematode viability. These findings highlight the multifaceted defense that JCK-1398 offers, not only inducing systemic resistance, but also orchestrating beneficial microbiome dynamics. This study emphasizes the potential of manipulating a microbial holobiont for eco-friendly and sustainable disease management. The ability of JCK-1398 to recruit and enhance microbial allies offers a novel framework for developing biocontrol agents, with implications for managing PWD and other plant-pathogen systems.

The accumulation of agricultural residues presents an environmental challenge. PBLs have emerged as effective agents for biodegrading such biomass, producing frass rich in HA with low phytotoxicity, positioning it as a potential biofertilizer. However, the influence of PBL bioconversion on HA yields and microbial communities across different substrates remains underexplored. In this research, PBL is fed on two Pleurotus SMSs and oak sawdust. The resulting frass was characterized and showed low phytotoxicity based on seed germination and plant growth. The extracted HA quantity and quality were significantly higher in frass than diet samples. Microbial profiling using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing revealed the enrichment of potential PGP genera, including Pseudoxanthomonas, Cellulomonas, Flavobacterium, and Mucilaginibacter. In addition, the actino-genera Cellulomonas, Demequina, Xylanimicrobium, Mycolicibacter, Nakamurella, and Glutamicibacter were positively correlated with HA content and quality parameters. This study highlights the potential of PBL systems in waste valorization and biofertilizer production as a novel approach for sustainable agriculture.

Bacterial panicle blight (BPB) is a serious rice disease that causes spikelet abortion and yield loss under high-temperature and humid conditions. To identify the genetic basis of BPB resistance, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 307 Korean rice cultivars. A significant quantitative trait locus (QTL), qBG6.1, was identified on chromosome 6, with a lead single nucleotide polymorphism surpassing the genome-wide significance threshold. Within this QTL, haplotype analysis based on whole-genome resequencing data from 157 accessions revealed two candidate genes significantly associated with the percentage of healthy seeds per panicle: Os06g0255900 and Os06g0259850. These genes encode proteins with functions related to exocyst-mediated vesicle trafficking (EXO70F5) and pathogen response (tobacco mosaic virus [TMV]-related protein), respectively, indicating their potential involvement in BPB resistance mechanisms. Our findings highlight the value of integrating GWAS and haplotype analysis to dissect complex traits such as disease resistance. Although the functional roles of these candidate genes require further validation, they represent promising targets for molecular breeding and future genetic studies aimed at developing BPB-resistant rice cultivars.

Rice (Oryza sativa), a staple crop worldwide, is severely threatened by bacterial panicle blight caused by Burkholderia glumae, leading to substantial yield losses. The lack of effective chemical treatments and resistant rice cultivars highlights the urgent need for alternative solutions. In this study, 1,134 plant extracts were screened for antibacterial activity against B. glumae using agar disc diffusion and liquid broth assays. Thirty-three extracts exhibited significant growth inhibition on agar plates. These 33 extracts were further tested in Luria- Bertani broth, where five showed notable activity, and two extracts—Trapa japonica (FBCC-EP312) and Rumex crispus (FBCC-EP487)—were selected for detailed analysis. Both extracts significantly reduced bacterial motility and disease severity in rice, while having no effect on non-target bacteria such as Escherichia coli. These findings highlight the potential of these plant-derived compounds as effective biocontrol agents, offering an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides and promising applications in sustainable agriculture.

For plant diseases to become established, plant pathogens require not only virulence factors and susceptible hosts, but also optimal environmental conditions. The accumulation of high soil salinity can have serious impacts on agro-biological ecosystems. However, the interactions between plant pathogens and salinity have not been fully characterized. This study investigated the effects of salt stress on representative plant pathogens, such as Burkholderia gladioli, Burkholderia glumae, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc), Ralstonia solanacearum, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Phenotypic assays revealed that B. gladioli and R. solanacearum are highly sensitive to salt stress, exhibiting significant reductions in growth, motility, and enzyme production, whereas Pcc showed notable tolerance. Pan-genome-based comparative transcriptomics identified co-downregulated patterns in B. gladioli and R. solanacearum under stress conditions, indicating the suppression of bacterial chemotaxis and type III secretion systems. Uniquely upregulated patterns in Pcc were associated with enhanced survival under high salinity, such as protein quality control, osmotic equilibrium, and iron acquisition. Additionally, the application of salt stress combined with the beneficial bacterium Chryseobacterium salivictor significantly reduced tomato wilt caused by R. solanacearum, suggesting a potential management strategy. This study underscores practical implications for effectively understanding and controlling plant pathogens under future climate changes involving salt stress.

Lysobacter enzymogenes is well known for producing extracellular enzymes and bioactive molecules that suppress a wide range of plant pathogens, including fungi such as Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp. and oomycetes such as Phytophthora infestans. It also exhibits antagonistic effects against Gram-negative bacteria through the type IV secretion system. Interestingly, L. enzymogenes JCK1421, isolated from the rhizosphere of pine forests, showed neither antifungal nor antibacterial activity, in contrast to other L. enzymogenes strains. However, foliar application of JCK1421 significantly reduced disease symptoms in tomato seedlings challenged with Ralstonia solanacearum. To elucidate the underlying defense mechanisms, comparative transcriptome analysis integrated with network and pathway enrichment approaches was performed. Comparative transcriptome and network analyses identified signaling modules activated by JCK1421 in pathogen-free plants and further enhanced upon R. solanacearum challenge. In challenged plants, JCK1421 treatment strongly induced resistance-related genes, including those encoding Ca2+-dependent proteins and ion channels, hormone biosynthesis components, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades—hallmarks of plant immune responses. These findings demonstrate that JCK1421 provides an effective model for investigating microbe-associated defense activation in plants, highlighting its potential as an eco-friendly agent for sustainable crop protection.

Black rot is a significant postharvest disease that poses a major threat to garlic (Allium sativum L.) production globally. In Egypt, the disease has been frequently observed in garlic cultivars Balady and Sids-40. This study aimed to accurately identify the causal agent of black rot symptoms in marketed garlic and propose an effective control strategy. Several isolates of black aspergilli were obtained from symptomatic garlic bulbs, and the representative isolate, SHAMS-18, was subjected to detailed morphological and molecular characterization. Molecular identification using fungal DNA barcoding confirmed the pathogen as Aspergillus welwitschiae. Pathogenicity tests on healthy garlic bulbs validated the virulence of A. welwitschiae, and the pathogen was successfully re-isolated, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. This marks the first report of A. welwitschiae as a postharvest pathogen of garlic in Egypt. To mitigate this issue, we developed an eco-friendly control method involving chitosan and gum arabic coating, which significantly reduced the development of black rot symptoms on inoculated peeled garlic cloves. Our findings present the accurate identification and sustainable management of black rot in garlic, offering a viable solution for enhancing garlic storage and reducing postharvest losses.

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by pinewood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), poses a significant threat to forestry worldwide. This study introduces a novel biocontrol strategy using Bacillus subtilis JCK-1398, which was selected and identified for its resistance-induction potential after extensive screening of microbial strains from pine tissues. The bacterium was found to biostimulate resistance in Pinus densiflora. Comprehensive analyses, including transcriptomics, qPCR assays, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), revealed that B. subtilis JCK-1398 significantly upregulates defense-related genes and stimulates pinoresinol production, a compound linked to resistance against nematodes. Treatment with B. subtilis JCK-1398 suppressed nematode migration and reduced nematode populations within pine tissues, effects attributed to the enhanced tree defense response. Field trials corroborated these findings, demonstrating a 72 % decrease in PWD incidence with aerial application of JCK-1398, confirming its potential for large-scale forest application. This biocontrol strategy, leveraging the stimulation of plant defense by B. subtilis JCK-1398, presents a promising and scalable, eco-friendly solution for managing PWD. Overall, this study provides new insights into the interactions between the bioagent, the host tree, and the pest nematode, offering an effective and sustainable approach to mitigate pine wilt disease.

Traditional Korean fermented soy paste (doenjang) has various health benefits; however, its intense umami flavor might interfere with global acceptance. Herbs-supplemented (HS) doenjang, coriander (CS), Korean mint (KMS), and peppermint (PMS), during fermentation was evaluated for its organoleptic properties. The levels of most free amino acids in HS doenjang, known to impart intense flavor, were decreased, including aspartic acid and glutamine. γ-Aminobutyric acid levels increased, whereas 2-pentylfuran levels significantly decreased in KMS and PMS doenjang ( p < 0.05). The decrease in the levels of total free sugars, especially glucose, acetic acid, and fumaric acid, and the increase in lactic acid levels reflected in the desirable sour taste. Sensory evaluation corresponded to these alterations, judged superior most of sensorial attributes both by the Korean and foreigner panel particularly in KMS doenjang. Changed amount of chemical components, e.g. asparagine and glutamine of HS doenjang decreased strong umami flavor, it further affected sensory properties.

This study presents a comprehensive genomic analysis of Burkholderia plantarii, a rice pathogen that causes blight and grain rot in seedlings. The entire genome of B. plantarii KACC 18964 was sequenced, followed by a comparative genomic analysis with other available genomes to gain insights into its virulence, fitness, and interactions with rice. Multiple secondary metabolite gene clusters were identified. Among these, 12 demonstrated varying similarity levels to known clusters linked to bioactive compounds, whereas eight exhibited no similarity, indicating B. plantarii as a source of potentially novel secondary metabolites. Notably, the genes responsible for tropolone and quorum sensing were conserved across the examined genomes. Additionally, B. plantarii was observed to possess three complete CRISPR systems and a range of secretion systems, exhibiting minor variations among the analyzed genomes. Genomic islands were analyzed across the four genomes, and a detailed study of the B. plantarii KACC 18964 genome revealed 59 unique islands. These islands were thoroughly investigated for their gene contents and potential roles in virulence. Particular attention has been devoted to the Type III secretion system (T3SS), a crucial virulence factor. An in silico analysis of potential T3SS effectors identified a conserved gene, aroA. Further mutational studies, in planta and in vitro analyses validated the association between aroA and virulence in rice. Overall, this study enriches our understanding of the genomic basis of B. plantarii pathogenicity and emphasizes the potential role of aroA in virulence. This understanding may guide the development of effective disease management strategies.

The conservation of the endangered Korean fir, Abies koreana, is of critical ecological importance. In our previous study, a yeast-like fungus identified as Aureobasidium pullulans AK10, was isolated and shown to enhance drought tolerance in A. koreana seedlings. In this study, the effectiveness of Au. pullulans AK10 treatment in enhancing drought tolerance in A. koreana was confirmed. Furthermore, using transcriptome analysis, we compared A. koreana seedlings treated with Au. pullulans AK10 to untreated controls under drought conditions to elucidate the molecular responses involved in increased drought tolerance. Our findings revealed a predominance of downregulated genes in the treated seedlings, suggesting a strategic reallocation of resources to enhance stress defense. Further exploration of enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and protein-protein interaction networks revealed significant alterations in functional systems known to fortify drought tolerance, including the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, calcium signaling pathway, pyruvate metabolism, brassinosteroid biosynthesis, and, crucially, flavonoid biosynthesis, renowned for enhancing plant drought resistance. These findings deepen our comprehension of how AK10 biostimulation enhances the resilience of A. koreana to drought stress, marking a substantial advancement in the effort to conserve this endangered tree species through environmentally sustainable treatment.

Quorum sensing (QS) is a mechanism by which bacteria detect and respond to cell density, regulating collective behaviors. Burkholderia plantarii, the causal agent of rice seedling blight, employs the LuxIR-type QS system, common among Gram-negative bacteria, where LuxI-type synthase produces QS signals recognized by LuxR-type regulators to control gene expression. This study aimed to elucidate the QS mechanism in B. plantarii KACC18965. Through whole-genome analysis and autoinducer assays, the plaI gene, responsible for QS signal production, was identified. Motility assays confirmed that C8-homoserine lactone (C8-HSL) serves as the QS signal. Physiological experiments revealed that the QS-defective mutant exhibited reduced virulence, impaired swarming motility, and delayed biofilm formation compared to the wild type. Additionally, the QS mutant demonstrated weakened antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and decreased phosphate solubilization. These findings indicate that QS in B. plantarii significantly influences various pathogenicity and survival traits, including motility, biofilm formation, antibacterial activity, and nutrient acquisition, highlighting the critical role of QS in pathogen virulence and adaptability.

Meeting the demands of the growing population requires increased food and feed production, leading to higher levels of agri-food waste. As this type of waste seriously threatens public health and the environment, novel approaches to waste management should be developed. Insects have been proposed as efficient agents for biorefining waste, producing biomass that can be used for commercial products. However, challenges in achieving optimal outcomes and maximizing beneficial results remain. Microbial symbionts associated with insects are known to have a critical role in the development, fitness, and versatility of insects, and as such, they can be utilized as targets for the optimization of agri-food waste insect-based biorefinery systems. This review discusses insect-based biorefineries, focusing on the agricultural applications of edible insects, mainly as animal feed and organic fertilizers. We also describe the interplay between agri-food waste-utilizing insects and associated microbiota and the microbial contribution in enhancing insect growth, development, and involvement in organic waste bioconversion processes. The potential contribution of insect gut microbiota in eliminating pathogens, toxins, and pollutants and microbe-mediated approaches for enhancing insect growth and the bioconversion of organic waste are also discussed. The present review outlines the benefits of using insects in agri-food and organic waste biorefinery systems, describes the roles of insect-associated microbial symbionts in waste bioconversion processes, and highlights the potential of such biorefinery systems in addressing the current agri-food waste-related challenges.

ABSTRACT This study introduces a novel approach based on the taxonomy-guided selection of bacterial biocontrol agents from a known beneficial taxonomic group. Following 16S rRNA screening, we focused on the genus Paraburkholderia, which harbors strains with large genomes and versatile benefits to plants. A strain designated P39 was selected, identified, and characterized for its biocontrol activity against Colletotrichum scovillei. Strain P39 exhibited antagonism against C. scovillei by producing compounds, including volatiles, with antifungal activity, both in vitro and on pepper fruits. Genomic, physiological, and biochemical analyses revealed that the selected strain represents a novel species, named Paraburkholderia busanensis. Genomic analyses provided insights into the fitness and biocontrol activities of the selected strains. Moreover, P39 displays mycophagy, consuming fungal mycelia and transforming them into bacterial biomass, particularly in nutrient-poor media supplemented with fungal mycelia. The genome harbored chitin and N-acetylglucosamine utilization genes, suggesting a proposed pathway for the utilization of fungal cells as a nutrient source. Microscopic observations further supported the ability of this strain to rupture and damage fungal hyphae, depriving them of their cellular constituents. This study successfully demonstrated the implementation of a taxonomy-guided approach for the selection of bacterial strains for biocontrol. These findings contribute to our understanding of biocontrol strategies, bacteria-fungi interactions, and the identification of Paraburkholderia busanensis sp. nov. as a potential candidate for the biocontrol of pepper anthracnose. Additionally, this strain serves as a valuable resource for antifungal compounds and volatiles, and for the study of bacteria-fungal interactions and mycophagy. IMPORTANCE Traditional control methods for postharvest diseases rely on fungicides, which cause human health and environmental concerns. This study introduces a taxonomy-guided strategy for selecting biocontrol agents. By focusing on Paraburkholderia group, which harbors diverse plant-beneficial strains, the inadvertent selection of harmful strains was circumvented, thereby obviating the need for laborious in vitro screening assays. A highly promising candidate, strain P39, has been identified, exhibiting remarkable biocontrol activity against Colletotrichum scovillei. Through comprehensive genomic, physiological, and biochemical analyses, P39 was characterized as a novel species within the Paraburkholderia genus and designated Paraburkholderia busanensis. Moreover, these findings deepen our understanding of bacterial-fungal interactions, as they elucidate a potential pathway for the utilization of fungal chitin, thereby enhancing our understanding of bacterial mycophagy. P. busanensis is a promising source of antifungal volatiles and putative novel secondary metabolites.