通过施引文献的全文引文分析,展示了高被引造假论文对学术界所造成的微观影响以及撤销前后的影响变化情况,揭示其在学术界造成较大影响的原因以及科学自我纠错机制的作用发挥情况.首先,构建了包括引用情感、引文功能、引用对象以及引文重要性等维度在内的全文引文分析框架.然后,在自然科学与社会科学领域分别选择一篇代表性的高被引撤销论文作为案例样本.基于构建的全文引文分析框架,对这两篇论文的施引文献进行各维度的人工标注和描述分析.高影响力造假论文对学术界的影响巨大,但需全面辩证地看待.其获得很高的被引频次,与造假论文本身价值和学术界的引用时尚均有关系.科学自我纠错机制作用的发挥呈现学科领域的差异性.自然科学领域存在识别问题的能力,论文撤销的净化效果也较好.社会科学领域则基本没有基于科学知识本身的内在纠错机制,论文撤销行为对其后续影响的净化也无显著作用.重复性研究机制很大程度上影响了二者在自我纠错方面的表现差异,包括重复性研究的动力和可行性.

钱学森的技术科学思想是着眼于国家科技政策、立足于工程教育、统筹科学技术整体知识体系,有着深邃意义的国家创新理论思想.但由于科技界和学术界对相关术语和概念的理解存在混淆,使得该思想没有发挥出其应有的创新政策指导功能.文章在试图厘清技术科学词源的基础上,明确技术科学的内涵及其在现代科学技术体系中的地位,阐释技术科学在建设科技强国中的作用,以呼吁社会各界弘扬钱老的技术科学思想,建设以技术科学为重点的现代科学技术体系,加强自然科学基础理论教育,启动技术科学建设科技强国的强大潜能.

2016年,当我见到贝尔纳(J.D.Bernal,1901-1971)的这篇英文原著时,不仅引起我们对贝尔纳科学学思想起源的思考,而且重新激发我们如何对待恩格斯(1820-1895)未完成的著作《自然辩证法》(Naturdialektik)的态度.2017年我们将《恩格斯与科学》译为中文后,一直搁置起来未能发表.在进入2020年之际,我们借鼠年新春期间将此文略加整理,献给伟大的恩格斯诞辰200周年.

基于论文的被引频次,从撤销论文本身和论文撤销行为两个方面,在宏观层面定量测度撤销论文对学术界的影响.从论文的绝对被引频次方面,尽管不少撤销论文为零被引和低被引,但也有近一半的论文被引频次不少于10次.不同撤销原因的论文对学术界的影响存在较为明显的差异.其中,伪造篡改类论文的被引频次最高.评审不端类论文的被引频次最低.选择被引不少于10次的撤销论文,与匹配的对照组论文做比较.除了研究存疑类论文外,撤销论文在撤销前的影响力多是高于未撤销论文的,只不过程度有所差异.撤销行为对各类撤销原因下的论文影响均有显著的净化作用,同样是不同原因下的净化程度有所差异.这说明,论文撤销机制总体上发挥了较好的净化效果.

[目的]从撤销论文本体和撤销论文行为两个方面,定量测度撤销论文对所在期刊的影响.[方法]在通过多个数据来源构建的撤销论文数据库中,遴选出撤销论文数量较多的99种期刊作为分析样本.基于论文被引频次对期刊影响因子的贡献值,揭示单篇撤销论文对所在期刊的影响.以期刊在特定年份的撤销论文数量为解释变量,以期刊在该年后的影响力变化值为被解释变量,测量撤销论文行为对所在期刊的影响.[结果]大多数撤销论文对所在期刊并没有造成重要的影响.半数以上的撤销论文对期刊的影响值低于所在期刊论文的平均影响值.但撤销论文对不同组别期刊的影响有所差异.撤销论文行为在总体层面对所在期刊也没有显著影响,但是单年撤销论文数量过多尤其是大规模、集中式的撤稿,会明显降低期刊的学术影响力.[结论]期刊可以完善内控机制,通过提高同行评审质量,过滤掉更多的有问题论文.大多数期刊不应也不必担心撤稿可能带来的负面影响而放宽对有问题论文的处理,同时避免大规模的撤销事件出现.管理部门应为期刊质量提升尤其评审过程的完善提供支持,对有问题的期刊实施预警.

In the first part of this paper, we shall discuss the historical context of Science of Science both in China and at world level. In the second part, we use the unsupervised combination of GNG clustering with feature maximization metrics and associated contrast graphs to present an analysis of the contents of selected academic journal papers in Science of Science in China and the construction of an overall map of the research topics' structure during the last 40 years. Furthermore, we highlight how the topics have evolved through analysis of publication dates and also use author information to clarify the topics' content. The results obtained have been reviewed and approved by 3 leading experts in this field and interestingly show that Chinese Science of Science has gradually become mature in the last 40 years, evolving from the general nature of the discipline itself to related disciplines and their potential interactions, from qualitative analysis to quantitative and visual analysis, and from general research on the social function of science to its more specific economic function and strategic function studies. Consequently, the proposed novel method can be used without supervision, parameters and help from any external knowledge to obtain very clear and precise insights about the development of a scientific domain. The output of the topic extraction part of the method (clustering + feature maximization) is finally compared with the output of the well-known LDA approach by experts in the domain which serves to highlight the very clear superiority of the proposed approach.

本文借鉴库恩科学范式的思想,界定了产业技术范式内涵,刻画了产业技术范式变革过程中技术标准的作用机理.运用专利计量方法定量化描述了传统汽车技术体系形成到新能源汽车技术范式变革的过程,研究表明,传统汽车技术已经经历了完整的范式周期,新能源汽车处于范式发展期且新的技术体系正在形成.进而展示了汽车产业技术变革期技术标准从技术规范到与知识产权相结合的标准体系的演进路径,揭示了技术标准在汽车产业范式演进过程中的规范、桥梁和转化作用,以期为我国新能源汽车产业尽快形成有竞争力的技术标准体系提供理论参考.

Recommended Citation Zhongkai, YANG; Yongxia, LIANG; and Zeyuan, LIU (2020) "Emphasis on Role of Technology Sciences in Supply Side Reform of Science and Technology Innovation," Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version): Vol. 35 : Iss. 5 , Article 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20190718001 Available at: https://bulletinofcas.researchcommons.org/journal/vol35/iss5/11

Retracted publications are the special literature carriers revealing scientific errors and misconduct. Based on Web of Science, this paper accessed the authoritative and plentiful retracted publications through heterogeneous multi-source data and effective retrieval strategies. Then, the informetric analysis was performed on the retracted publications with a focus on the timeline, geological locations, disciplines, journals, institutions, and authors. Current findings show that there is a growing number of retracted publications worldwide as well as in mainland China. Recidivist and large-scale centralized publication retractions have exerted numerous influences on the changes in the number of retracted publications. Countries with strong scientific research capabilities have more retracted publications. In addition, the number of retracted publications has significant differences corresponding to different disciplines. Specifically, life science is a typical field that the retraction of scientific publications frequently occurred, which can also be seen in partial interdisciplinary publications. In terms of journals, which are counted as small group but with a high ratio of retraction should be further investigated. The institutions with more publications retracted can be divided into three types: institutions with more and scattered disciplines, institutions with more but concentrated disciplines, and institutions with fewer and concentrated disciplines. Recidivists are the focus at the author level and have quite different specific behavioral patterns. The main findings from the research are of great informetric value for the theoretical research on scientific norms and the practices of scientific research integrity supervision.

本文以Web of Science数据库中收录的6种图书情报学期刊和5种机器人出版物中发表的arXiv自存档论文为研究对象,利用文献计量学方法从论文数量变化、发表时滞、引用优势和引用趋势4个方面对发表在同一本出版物中的arXiv论文和非arXiv论文进行对比,多视角地分析了arXiv自存档论文的学术影响力.研究结果表明:①arXiv论文发表数量逐年增多;②多数作者倾向于将论文提交在arXiv平台上的时间是在论文正式发表的前后两年之内;③同一本出版物中arXiv论文相比于非arXiv论文具有明显的引用优势;④论文提交到arXiv平台后的引用增长速度显著提高.

[目的/意义]近年来,热点论文逐渐受到学术界重视,为数不多的研究成果已开始探索热点论文自身的特征,但在影响因素等规律方面的研究工作尚不充分.[方法/过程]本研究利用TF-IDF算法和负二项回归模型,试图探究热点论文的分布特征、影响因素、时间窗口差异和学科类型差异.[结果/结论]研究结果表明,热点论文的分布特征侧重于发达国家、知名研究机构、交叉学科和权威期刊;并且受到精炼的标题、国家间合作、研究型产出、开放获取、高影响因子期刊等因素影响;热点论文存在时间窗口效应,甚至改变了标题、摘要、开放获取等因素影响热点论文的具体轨迹;学科间差异对热点论文具有影响,在标题、摘要、科研合作、文献类型、开放获取、期刊影响因子方面均存在差异.

元素周期律是俄罗斯化学家门捷列夫的一项伟大发现.俄罗斯科学史家凯德洛夫的巨著《伟大发现的一天》(День О(б)ного Великого Омкрымия),用翔实的手稿和相关档案资料,令人信服地论证了门捷列夫是在1869年3月1日一天之内做出元素周期表这一伟大发现的.该书在30多年前由大连理工大学(原大连工学院)林永康、刘则渊、王续琨等11位教师集体翻译.2017年联合国大会宣布2019年为化学元素周期表国际年,在元素周期律发现150周年之际,该书手译稿历经艰难曲折,终于将由大连理工大学出版社正式出版.《伟大发现的一天》是一部科学史和科学方法论相结合的杰作,至今依然有诱人的学术魅力.译者的这篇撮要试图追踪原作者的思路,概述发现之日的史实,还原伟大发现的方法,澄清曲解发现的传说,以期为读者重走这一天神奇的发现之旅提供一幅简明的导游图.

从科学精神与人文精神交融的角度,考察著名科学家李四光人文素养的方方面面:从他的科学随笔论述他渗透于科学素养的哲学素养、艺术素养、文学素养、历史素养,并以地质力学的“构造控油论”为例,说明他的远见卓识和高尚人品.

以图书情报领域的550篇arXiv论文和5782篇non-arXiv论文(2005—2017年)为主要分析对象,运用文献计量学理论与方法,从引用度和关注度两个层面对论文的影响力进行比较分析.研究结果表明,arXiv论文在Web of Science(WoS)、Scopus和Google Scholar数据库中均具有显著的引用优势;关注度优势主要体现在Mendeley读者数上,其在WoS使用量和Twitter转载量上表现并不明显;补充计量指标的发展有利于推动学术资源的开放获取,预印本的Mendeley读者数和WoS使用量均与被引量显著相关,但前者的适用性和可靠性更高.本文的研究结果揭示了图书情报预印本在科学发展和交流中的作用和地位,为构建一个更加完善的、适用于当今不同交流模式和交流载体的"多指标"评价体系提供了启示.

The dissemination and communication of academic literatures on the Social Network Services (SNS) have changed the configuration of the academic communication.The SNS communication is the stretching of " informal scholarly communication" among scientists and the "informal scientific dissemination" among scientists and the public.This paper takes Evolutionary Biology as the research sample,downloaded 30290 literatures data of WoS from 2012 to 2017 about the field of Evolutionary Biology,and collected the tweeters data by Twitter on Altmetrics.com.And then we try to analyze the scientific communication about academic literatures on SNS.The conclusion as following:firstly,there is weak correlation between formal communication and informal communication,and the Altmetrics mainly stem from informal communication on SNS.Secondly,the communication favor to the informal scientific dissemination,forming a new " SNS & Scientific Dissemination" mode.Thirdly,the scientific communication on SNS has special characteristics,as communication time " easy come,easy go",and the scope of communication influenced by different country.

[目的]通过期刊公众账号对学术文献转载的计量分析,探究期刊公众账号在学术文献社会传播中发挥的作用.[方法]以48种进化生物学SCI收录期刊2010-2017年发表的学术文献为研究对象,抓取文献在Twitter平台的转载数据,采用数据计量分析方法探究期刊公众账号对文献转载的影响.[结果](1)具有公众账号的期刊所发表的文献被大量转载,高被转载文献也大多来自于设有公众账号的期刊,且该类期刊发文的被引和被转载之间的相关性更为显著.(2)“OfficialSMBE”“EcoEvoJournals”和“RSocPublishing”等期刊公众账号转载了大量文献,是转载群体共线网络中的高中心性节点;其次,“OfficialSMBE”“EcoEvoJournals”和“BehavEcolPapers”等期刊公众账号为文献的高频首次转载账号,在文献的转载中发挥了引领的作用.[结论]设有公众账号的期刊发文有较为显著的转载优势,期刊公众账号推动了学术文献的社会传播.

Industrial robot technologies are diverse enough to various fields.This kind of variety serves technology convergence and development.We explored the technology opportunity using TDS theory,combined with patent data from three aspects,including technology,competitors and potential markets.The technology convergence pattern and core technologies in industrial robot field are found by co-occurrence analysis.The technology competitive countries and institutions are identified by analyzing the patentees.The potential markets and strategy position are explored by analyzing the overseas distribution of patent families.China has been the most attractive robot market on the world.The results of our study are expected to contribute to discovering technology opportunities in the field of industrial robots to lead innovation and development.

撤销已出版的论文是以期刊为核心的科学共同体对有问题的研究进行揭露清理、维护科学规范的处置机制.而通过对被撤销的有问题论文及其撤销声明所包含的信息进行分析,可以反映科学不端和科学错误等失范现象.对国内外的被撤销论文信息计量研究相关文献进行梳理,展示该领域的“本体特征—生成影响—撤销原因”的主题结构和具体内容.撤销论文的本体特征信息计量主要涉及时间分布、地理分布、学科期刊、研究主体和撤销时滞五个维度.以论文被引为主导的生成影响信息计量涵盖被引状况描述、被引原因及影响因素、附加影响和抑制对策措施四个方面.基于撤销声明内容的撤销原因信息计量可归纳为撤销原因分类及统计、不同原因下的特征差异和专门原因分析三个主题.在对部分研究质疑撤销论文作为科学失范代理指标合理性做出回应后,总结了当前撤销论文信息计量研究存在的主要不足:理论认识有待深化、研究数据不够全面和方法指标尚需完善.最后,指出撤销论文信息计量需要深入、全面和系统的研究.

Chinese science of science is forty years old and is facing a new era.From the three levels of nations,institutions and authors,we compared the development of international influence of Chinese science of science during two different periods.Based on the representative international journals of science of science and its citing papers,we adopted the methods of bibliometric analysis and strategy coordinate diagram to show the international status of Chinese science of science.From the initial stage to the growth period,the international influence of Chinese science of science has been greatly improved from the low-output and low-influence quadrant to the high-output and high-influence quadrant.Moreover,several Chinese institutions and researchers become the world's top institutions and researchers.But we also noticed that,compared with European and American countries,the international influence of Chinese science of science has not yet reached the international leading position.Chinese scholars have not fully demonstrated the important research achievements of domestic science of science theories and science and technology policy and management on the international arena.

中国科学学的40年是与改革开放同俦,与科学春天同步的40年.以钱学森倡导在中国建设科学学为开端,它经历了兴起、学科化与建制化的最初10年;然后经历了科学学研究拓展到“技术创新”领域的第二个10年;随后又经历了与多门新兴学科交叉而复兴的第三个10年,尤其是在知识经济、循环经济和科技政策方面的理论拓展研究;在最后一个10年,科学学又回归到自身的方法研究,掀起了科学计量学本身及其与信息可视化结合的科学知识图谱发展高潮.这四个10年的发展,揭示了中国科学学遵循着由上至下,由实践到理论,由理论到方法,由方法再到实践的螺旋式与时俱进的发展模式.随着科技政策战略性地位的日益提升,信息技术的日益发达,中国科学学正经历着新一轮的上升期,即科学学的又一春.