杨治良教授重视人才培养,认为"吾生也有涯,而知也无涯",努力培养心理学研究的人才,期望心理学研究的事业能在他们的手中传承下去.他将自己的心理学研究与人才培养联系在一起,强调培养学生良好的文献阅读习惯,帮助学生形成广阔的视野;重视研究兴趣的培养和研究方法的教授;鼓励内隐学习和外显学习相结合,发挥二者的协同作用.他还认为在人才培养中应重视跨学科通识知识的传授,并且认为对于大学生的科学研究,应鼓励尝试和探究的过程,重视过程训练和科学素质培育.

People can implicitly learn a connection between linguistic forms and meanings, for example between specific determiners (e.g. this, that...) and the type of nouns to which they apply. Li et al (2013) recently found that transfer of form-meaning connections from a concrete domain (height) to an abstract domain (power) was achieved in a metaphor-consistent way without awareness, showing that unconscious knowledge can be abstract and flexibly deployed. The current study aims to determine whether people transfer knowledge of form-meaning connections not only from a concrete domain to an abstract one, but also vice versa, consistent with metaphor representation being bi-directional. With a similar paradigm as used by Li et al, participants learnt form- meaning connections of different domains (concrete vs. abstract) and then were tested on two kinds of generalizations (same and different domain generalization). As predicted, transfer of form-meaning connections occurred bidirectionally when structural knowledge was unconscious. Moreover, the present study also revealed that more transfer occurred between metaphorically related domains when judgment knowledge was conscious (intuition) rather than unconscious (guess). Conscious and unconscious judgment knowledge may have different functional properties.

Implicit knowledge is in contrast to explicit knowledge.It has individuality,priority,automaticity and situatedness.The method of subjective measurement is often adopted to make a research on implicit knowledge,that is,to test and grasp the structure of implicit knowledge by guessing or judging the unconscious state of implicit knowledge by zero correlation.ACT and dyads of triads are considered to be effective ways to decide the existence and properties of implicit knowledge.Then the nature of implicit knowledge is discussed.In terms of consciousness,implicit knowledge is lack of meta-knowledge;in terms of behavior,the use of implicit knowledge is separated from the control;in terms of understanding,implicit knowledge is difficult,even impossible to express.At last,the further development direction of implicit knowledge is pointed out from the view of epistemology and enhancing implicit cognition.

We demonstrated unconscious learning of task-irrelevant perceptual regularities in a Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task in both visual and auditory domains. Participants were required to respond to different letters ('F' or 'J', experiment 1) or syllables ('can' or 'you', experiment 2) which occurred in random order. Unbeknownst to participants, the color (red, green, blue or yellow) of the two letters or the tone (1-4) of the syllables varied according to certain rules. Reaction times indicated that people indeed learnt both the color and tonal regularities indicating that task-irrelevant sequence structure can be learned perceptually. In a subsequent prediction test of knowledge of the color or tonal cues using subjective measures, we showed that people could acquire task irrelevant knowledge unconsciously.

Behavioral studies revealed that people were less likely to endorse negative information as self-descriptive. Neuroimaging studies have tapped on the neural mechanism underlying intentional self-processing of negative information using self-reflection tasks. Given that human self-processing occurring in our daily life is more likely to be captured by tasks involving incidental self-processing (automatic associations between the self- and external stimuli), rather than tasks involving intentional self-processing, it could be presumed that the relationship between self- and negative emotion might be better reflected during incidental self-processing. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study aimed to explore incidental self-processing of negative information. To induce participants' incidental self-processing, we adopted negative and neutral words written by themselves or others as materials. They were scanned during judging whether the handwritten words were negative or neutral (additional non-self-task). Results revealed that incidental self-processing of negative information relied on the activation of left anterior insula, whereas medial prefrontal cortex activity was associated with incidental self-processing of neutral information.

Self-contribution to the income (individual achievement) was an important factor which needs to be taken into individual's fairness considerations. This study aimed at elucidating the modulation of self-contribution to the income, on recipient's responses to unfairness in the Ultimatum Game. Eighteen participants were scanned while they were playing an adapted version of the Ultimatum Game as responders. Before splitting money, the proposer and the participant (responder) played the ball-guessing game. The responder's contribution to the income was manipulated by both the participant's and the proposer's accuracy in the ball-guessing game. It turned out that the participants more often rejected unfair offers and gave lower fairness ratings when they played a more important part in the earnings. At the neural level, anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction showed greater activities to unfairness when self-contribution increased, whereas ventral striatum and medial orbitofrontal gyrus showed higher activations to fair (vs unfair) offers in the other-contributed condition relative to the other two. Besides, the activations of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during unfair offers showed positive correlation with rejection rates in the self-contributed condition. These findings shed light on the significance of self-contribution in fairness-related social decision-making processes.

Aggressiveness was a hot area in social cognition studies. Some literatures suggested that social prejudice was one of the factors that led to the emergence of aggressive behaviors (Parrott & Zeichner,2005; Thomsen ,Green,& Sidanius,2008) . These studies mainly included the relationship between sexual orientation bias and interpersonal aggressive behaviors (Franklin,2000; Vincent,Parrott,& Peterson,2011; Parrott,2008) and a small part of the relationship between racial prejudice and intergroup aggression. However,the majority of the results of the relations of the social prejudices received criticisms abroad,especially from the research institutions in the United States and Canada. The conclusion is not appropriate to explain the mechanism of other social prejudice forms that caused the indirect intergroup aggressive behaviors under the condition of domestic social harmony. Keeping in mind the existing research results and the domestic social phenomena,the present study aimed to investigate the effect of social prejudice and group threat as well as their cognitive processing mechanism on the intergroup conflict behavior conformation. Concretely,the present study operated with the implicit social prejudice and intergroup threat as the independent variables,and chose the index of Competitive Reaction Time task and Story Completion Protocol,the Doctors-Patients prejudice as the exemplars of social prejudice as the dependent variables. The present study found the following results: (1) For DOCTOR subjects,social prejudice had a significant main effect on the punished intensity and punished duration as well as the aggressive expression number. But for PATIENT subjects,social prejudice had a significant main effect only on the punished duration index. (2) Whether DOCTOR subjects or PATIENT subjects,group threat had a significant main effect on the punished intensity and punished duration as well as the aggressive expression number. The result suggested that for the conformation of the intergroup conflict,according to the forces comparison that both sides of conflict hold,social prejudices played an important role as a directional feature; and group threat had a more prominent and direct impact on the trigger of intergroup conflict. In addition,the present study also found that the "two-direction"may help reveal the nature of the relationship between social prejudices and aggressive behavior.

Unfairness plays an important role in economic decision making. This fMRI study sought to investigate how the loss and the gain contexts could modulate behavioral and brain responses to unfairness by focusing on participants' rejection behaviors during an Ultimatum Game paradigm. Participants were scanned while they were playing the Ultimatum Game as responders in both loss and gain contexts, i.e. receiving ¥50 as gains and paying for ¥50 as losses. At the behavioral level, lower fairness ratings and higher rejection rates were revealed for unfair losses than unfair gains. At the neural level, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex/anterior middle cingulate cortex and bilateral dorsal striatum were associated with rejection (vs. acceptance) in the loss context, but not in the gain context. Together, our data indicated that participants may experience more unfairness in UG and stronger desire to sanction social norm violations in the loss context than in the gain context, inducing more fairness-related neutral activities when rejecting (vs. accepting) unfair losses than unfair gains. These findings shed light on the significance of context (i.e. loss or gain) in fairness-related social decision-making processes.

Episodic memories are composed of various interrelated elements, including those specific to items of central interest and those pertaining to related features, such as the color, shape, size, spatial location, temporal order, and media or modalities of presentation. Memory about a core item (such as a word, object, or picture) is called item memory while memory about the context or related fea-tures of a core item is defined as source memory. What determines which sources within an episode are successfully remembered is of particular interest to researchers. Behavioral evidence suggests that the orientation of a memory task influences whether the related source of the item will be re-membered later. This study explored changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex while par-ticipants completed two tasks: an item-oriented task and a source-oriented task. We used functional MRI to investigate the neural mechanisms by which task orientation influences source encoding. We found that subsequent source memory effects in the right prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were modulated by task orientation, whereas task orientation modulated item memory effects in the prefrontal cortex. These findings highlight the possibility that the hippocampus contributes to the intentional encoding of item-source associations, whereas the prefrontal cortex is biased toward processing information to which attention is directed.

Schizophrenia is associated with an impairment of prospective memory (PM) which refers to the ability to remember to carry out an intended action in the future. However, most of these studies were limited to chronic samples. The current study examined the event-based PM and time-based PM using a dual-task paradigm in 22 drug-naïve, first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 23 healthy controls. Results indicated that FEP patients performed significantly poorer than healthy controls in both event-based and time-based PM. However, the significant difference in time-based PM disappeared after controlling for working memory. Correlation analysis indicated that both types of PM did not correlate with positive symptoms or negative symptoms, duration of illness, or duration of untreated psychosis. However, time-based PM was correlated with the general psychopathology subscale of the PANSS. Taken together, these findings suggest that PM deficits are present in drug-naïve FEP patients; impairment of event-based PM appears to occur independently, whereas time-based PM impairment may be, in part, a secondary consequence of a working memory deficit.

Past researches showed that empathy for pain not only triggers a resonance mechanism between other and self, but also is modulated by contextual factors. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the present study demonstrated that short-term media violence exposure reduced both pain ratings and also the activation of anterior insula and anterior mid-cingulate cortex to other's pain. Thus, violence exposure modulated empathic responses to other's pain based on a physiological desensitization.

Previous research has established that people can implicitly learn chunks, which (in terms of formal language theory) do not require a memory buffer to process. The present study explores the implicit learning of nonlocal dependencies generated by higher than finite-state grammars, specifically, Chinese tonal retrogrades (i.e. centre embeddings generated from a context-free grammar) and inversions (i.e. cross-serial dependencies generated from a mildly context-sensitive grammar), which do require buffers (for example, last in-first out and first in-first out, respectively). People were asked to listen to and memorize artificial poetry instantiating one of the two grammars; after this training phase, people were informed of the existence of rules and asked to classify new poems, while providing attributions of the basis of their judgments. People acquired unconscious structural knowledge of both tonal retrogrades and inversions. Moreover, inversions were implicitly learnt more easily than retrogrades constraining the nature of the memory buffer in computational models of implicit learning.

以排球队员和物理教师为实验对象，在三种外显提示条件下，测定对视角线索的判断及接球准确率的影响。实验表明：随外显提示线索的增加，排球队员仍然无法准确地报告视角线索情况，但物理教师对视角线索判断的准确率显著提高；物理教师与排球队员在外显提示增加的情况下接球的准确率无明显提高。这说明视角线索的外显提示对接球准确率无影响，接球者在接球过程中所使用的知识与报告如何使用知识的能力是分离的，能否准确报告视角线索对接球准确率无影响。

Objective To investigate the neural mechanism of prospective memory(PM) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Methods Fifteen healthy volunteers were enrolled,and all subjects were scanned with fMRI while performing the event-based PM tasks (double-task paradigm,including the ongoing task and PM task).And the image data were preprocessed and analyzed by using SPM8 software.Results ( 1 ) Compared to the control task,bilateral rostral prefrontal cortex ( x,y,z =6/- 2,54/42,- 8/- 12,t =3.71 ),right somatosensory association area ( x,y,z =14,- 62,64,t =4.64 ),superior temporal gyrus ( x,y,z =42,- 46,16,t =3.95 ) and right paracentral lobule (x,y,z =10,-22,76,t =4.01 ) were activated significantly by the ongoing task (P ＜ 0.001 ).(2) Bilateral rostral prefrontal cortex ( x,y,z =- 2/6,42/54,- 12/- 12,t =3.28) and paracentral lobule (x,y,z =- 30/10,- 22/- 22,72/76,t =4.25 ),left postcentral gyrus ( x,y,z =- 38,- 46,64,t=3.13) and middle occipital gyrus ( x,y,z =- 30,- 70,0,t =3.97 ) were activated significantly by the PM task (P ＜ 0.001 ).Conclusion Rostral prefrontal cortex (BA 10 area) is the major area of prospective memory,and medial BA10 area may be involved in the monitoring of external cues.The present study supports the gateway hypotheses of prospective memory.

The study aims to help characterize the sort of structures about which people can acquire unconscious knowledge. It is already well established that people can implicitly learn n-grams (chunks) and also repetition patterns. We explore the acquisition of unconscious structural knowledge of symmetry. Chinese Tang poetry uses a specific sort of mirror symmetry, an inversion rule with respect to the tones of characters in successive lines of verse. We show, using artificial poetry to control both n-gram structure and repetition patterns, that people can implicitly learn to discriminate inversions from non-inversions, presenting a challenge to existing models of implicit learning.

Although implicit knowledge has already a wide range of applications in the field of knowledge management,military,medicine,education,but these theoretical frameworks are different.This paper summary the core theories of implicit knowledge in eastern and western philosophy,cognitive and practice process: Zhuang Zi's way;Polanyi consider implicit knowledge as the important part of individual knowledge;Sternberg and his colleagues deem implicit knowledge as the form of practice intelligence;Zolten.Diense distinguishes explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge from the functional attributes of semantic and psychological representation.Review and comment these theories and get integration of comprehend implicit knowledge.The proposal is that the difference of explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge should based on dual-processing theory.

Previous researches related to envy have focused on self-reported measures.In this paper,we use direct measure and indirect measure to test envy(study 1),and then we also investigated the sensitivity(A′)and response bias(B″)in two conditions(study 2).The results indicate that subjects in indirect condition report higher envy than those in direct condition.The biases of subjects in two conditions have no significant differences,while the sensitivities of subjects in indirect condition are higher than subjects in direct condition.Moreover,subjects in two conditions are both more sensitive to the envious targets than to the envied targets.Discussions focus on the advantage of indirect measure and two structures of envy.

The self has long been regarded as a unique cognitive structure by virtue of its superior mnemonic abilities. Two separate effects result from this self memory facilitation: self‐reference effect and self‐descriptiveness effect in memory. Self‐reference effect denotes that information processed with reference to the self is better remembered than information processed with reference to others, whereas self‐descriptiveness effect indicates that items judged to be self‐relevant is remembered better than items judged not to be relevant to self during self‐reference task. Although there is a compelling connection between self‐reference effect in memory and self mentalization processes indexed by the medial prefrontal activity, the underlying mechanisms of the self‐descriptiveness effect in memory have remained underspecified. In the present fMRI study, we used a subsequent memory paradigm to examine the neural correlates of self‐descriptiveness and self‐reference effect in memory. Participants encoded personality traits while performing self‐reference and other‐reference task (judged the descriptiveness of the traits to themselves or a famous person “Bruce Lee”), and then were given a test of recognition memory outside the scanner. It is revealed that the hippocampal activity corresponded with self‐descriptiveness effect in memory, but the activity of the medial prefrontal cortex and perirhinal cortex related to self‐reference effect in memory. These findings suggested that the memory boost for self‐relevant items relies on the enhanced relational binding mechanisms employed during self‐relevant items. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Objective To investigate the event-based prospective memory deficit in patients with acute and drug-free schizophrenia. MethodsForty-nine healthy controls(healthy control group) and 51 patients with acute and drug-free schizophrenia(schizophrenia group) were enrolled,and the latter were further divided into first-episode schizophrenia subgroup(n=23) and chronic schizophrenia subgroup(n=28).Prospective memory was assessed with event-based prospective memory pattern,retrospective memory was determined with recognition test,visuo-spatial working memory was examined with spatial span test,and the severity of psychotic symptoms was evaluated with Positive and Negative Symptom Scale(PANSS). ResultsThe prospective memory,retrospective memory and visuo-spatial working memory in schizophrenia group were significantly lower than those in healthy control group(P=0.008,P=0.016 and P=0.001 respectively).After controlling for retrospective memory and visuo-spatial working memory,the prospective memory in schizophrenia group was still lower than that in healthy control group(P0.05).In schizophrenia group,prospective memory was positively correlated with education(r=0.405,P0.05),and was negatively correlated with age,disease duration,PANSS total score and negative symptom score(r=-0.41,r=-0.5,r=-0.345 and r=-0.486 respectively,P0.05 for all).There was no significant difference in prospective memory,retrospective memory and visuo-spatial working memory between first-episode schizophrenia subgroup and chronic schizophrenia subgroup(P0.05 for all). ConclusionThere exists significant prospective memory deficit during acute phase schizophrenia,and the prospective memory deficit in first-episode patients is similar to that of the chronic patients.The prospective memory deficit in patients with schizophrenia is a kind of primary cognitive deficit.

The research studies the effect of middle school students' different cognition styles in solving high and low similarity geometry problems.The materials used to test the cognition style are from EFT,revised by East China Normal University with three of them pre-tested and standardized.The test includes 2 types of problems,4 geometry problems in all.The tests are in Latin square order and uses a 2×2 factors within-subject design.The subjects in the research are selected from junior middle school students,whose middle and final term results are on grade average level.The cognition styles of the subjects result from the average achievement of all the participants taking part in the EFT.The templates of the geometry drawings are executive routines written by C language.The design completes by slightly changing the templates source procedures and using VC to rewrite them.Data analyze software can replay and analyze the testing results easily.There are two stages in the research: under the regular teaching situation and under application situation.The eye movement data used in the research are from EyeLink Ⅱ was developed by SR Research Company in Canada. The result shows that the similarity between the target geometry problems and the taught ones affects the result and the speed to find the solution.Material variables affect the speed of solving problems(t=4.68,P<.01).Fixation significant differences(t=2.193,p<.05) occur under different transmission levels in the course of solving geometry problems.Fixations of the same participant under high similarity geometry problems are less than those under low similarity problems.Moreover,the fixation time on the low similarity fixation points is longer than the high similarity fixation points.Different material variables(t=3.973,p<.01) result in different fixation time.Fixation time in low similarity problems is longer than that in low similarity problems.Different cognition style groups show different fixation frequency(t=1.993,p<.05).The transmission level in field-dependent group is higher than that of field-independent group when the problems are in high similarity.the similarity between new problems and the acquired knowledge affect the speed and achievement.There are outstanding eye movement discrepancies in two sorts of geometric problems.Cognitive styles have different influence on geometric problem solving on different study transfer level.Based on other researches,this research records the different eye movement orbits of the students with different cognition styles when they characterize and reason the graphic problems.By analyzing every eye movement data,the research discuses the different data between different cognition styles in processing graphic information.