.Mac MobileMe (formerly .Mac and iTools ), until June 30, 2012, was a subscription-based collection of online services and software offered by Apple Inc. All services were being gradually transitioned and replaced by iCloud and the service ceased as of June 30, 2012, with transfers to iCloud available until July 31, 2012. After that date, all data was deleted, and the email addresses of accounts not transferred to iCloud were marked as unused. An early attempt by Apple with online services was eWorld , which ran from June 1994 until March 1996. Originally launched on January 5, 2000, as iTools , a free collection of Internet-based services for users of Mac OS 9 , Apple relaunched it as .Mac on July 17, 2002, when it became a paid subscription service primarily designed for users of Mac OS X . Apple relaunched the service again as MobileMe on July 9, 2008 at WWDC 2008 , now targeting Mac OS X , Windows , iPhone , iPod Touch users, and following its April 2010 release, also iPad users. On February 24, 2011, Apple discontinued offering MobileMe at its retail stores, with MobileMe retail boxes eventually removed from resellers as well. [ 2 ] Additionally, Apple no longer accepted new subscribers for MobileMe. On June 6, 2011, Apple announced that a new service called iCloud was to replace MobileMe, sometime in the fall. At the iPhone special event on October 4, 2011, Apple announced it would finally launch iCloud on October 12, 2011, to replace MobileMe for new users, with current users having access until June 30, 2012, when the service would cease. MobileMe was shut down on June 30, 2012, but data was still able to be retrieved for an advertised "limited time", until July 31, 2012, when the site finally closed completely. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;ICloud;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Web_application;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Subscription_business_model;Subscription_business_model;Apple_Inc.;ICloud;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;ICloud;ICloud;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;ICal;Microsoft_Outlook;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPhone;ICal;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Windows;Web_browser;IPhoto;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPhoto;IMovie;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPhoto;IPhoto;IMovie;IDisk;ILife;ILife;IWeb;IWeb;IWeb;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Firefox;Linux;AOL_Instant_Messenger;IChat;IDevices;AOL_Instant_Messenger;AOL;ITunes;Microsoft_Outlook;Canada;Canadian_dollar;United_Kingdom;Eurozone;Europe;Switzerland;Singapore;Japan;Australia;ILife;IDisk;ICal;File_synchronization;IWeb;IPhoto;ICal;IDisk;IMovie;IPhoto;GarageBand;ITunes;IDevices;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;ICal;Contact_list;Macworld_Expo;San_Francisco;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;IMAP;Post_Office_Protocol;IDisk;Email;Steve_Jobs;Flickr;YouTube;License_agreement;WWDC;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Steve_Jobs;IPhone;IOS_version_history;ICloud;ICloud;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Cloud_computing;OS_X;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Appleinsider.com;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;Microsoft_Windows;AirPort_Utility;AppleWorks;ITunes;QuickTime;Apple_Software_Update;MobileMe;MobileMe; .NET_Framework The .NET Framework (pronounced dot net ) is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows . It includes a large library and provides language interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages) across several programming languages . Programs written for the .NET Framework execute in a software environment (as contrasted to hardware environment), known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR), an application virtual machine that provides important services such as security, memory management , and exception handling . The class library and the CLR together constitute the .NET Framework. The .NET Framework's Base Class Library provides user interface , data access , database connectivity , cryptography , web application development, numeric algorithms , and network communications . Programmers produce software by combining their own source code with the .NET Framework and other libraries. The .NET Framework is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. Microsoft also produces a popular integrated development environment largely for .NET software called Visual Studio . Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Programming_language;Software;User_interface;Web_application;Algorithm;Source_code;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Embedded_system;Smartphones;Visual_Studio;Component_Object_Model;Database;XML;Silverlight;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Metadata;API;Recursion;Microsoft;Intel;Source_code;Visual_Studio;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;ARM_architecture;Microsoft_Windows;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Free_software;Microsoft;Free_Software_Foundation;DirectX;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;Microsoft_Gadgets;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework; .NET_framework The .NET Framework (pronounced dot net ) is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows . It includes a large library and provides language interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages) across several programming languages . Programs written for the .NET Framework execute in a software environment (as contrasted to hardware environment), known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR), an application virtual machine that provides important services such as security, memory management , and exception handling . The class library and the CLR together constitute the .NET Framework. The .NET Framework's Base Class Library provides user interface , data access , database connectivity , cryptography , web application development, numeric algorithms , and network communications . Programmers produce software by combining their own source code with the .NET Framework and other libraries. The .NET Framework is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. Microsoft also produces a popular integrated development environment largely for .NET software called Visual Studio . Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Programming_language;Software;User_interface;Web_application;Algorithm;Source_code;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Embedded_system;Smartphones;Visual_Studio;Component_Object_Model;Database;XML;Silverlight;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Metadata;API;Recursion;Microsoft;Intel;Source_code;Visual_Studio;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;ARM_architecture;Microsoft_Windows;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Free_software;Microsoft;Free_Software_Foundation;DirectX;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;Microsoft_Gadgets;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework; .ipg An iPod click wheel game or iPod game is a video game playable on the various versions of the Apple portable media player, the iPod . The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak ) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games in addition to Brick : Parachute , Solitaire , and Music Quiz . These games should not be confused with games for the iPod Touch , which require iOS and are only available on Apple's App Store on iTunes . Video_game;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Steve_Wozniak;Firmware;Solitaire;IPod_Touch;IOS;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;Bejeweled;Mini_Golf;Tetris;United_States_dollar;Solitaire;Sega;Namco;Square_Enix;Electronic_Arts;Sega;Hudson_Soft;GamePro;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;Software_development_kit;IOS_SDK;IOS;IPhone;IPod_Touch;United_States_dollar;Apple_Inc.;Namco;Tetris;Electronic_Arts;Mini_Golf;Sega;Hudson_Soft;Disney;Bejeweled;Square_Enix;Square_Enix;Apple_Inc.;United_Kingdom;Australia;Software_development_kit;Digital_rights_management;Firmware;Rockbox;Engadget;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_game;IPod_game; .mts M2TS is a filename extension used for the Blu-ray Disc Audio-Video (BDAV) MPEG-2 Transport Stream (M2TS) container file format . It is used for multiplexing audio, video and other streams. It is based on the MPEG-2 transport stream container. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] This container format is commonly used for high definition video on Blu-ray Disc and AVCHD . [ 6 ] Filename_extension;Media_container;AVCHD;MPEG_transport_stream;File_format;Multiplexing;MPEG_transport_stream;AVCHD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;AVCHD;DVD;Camcorder;Video_compression;Dolby_Digital;MPlayer;VLC_media_player;Codec;Sony_Vegas;AVS_Video_Editor;Pinnacle_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;MPEG_transport_stream;AVCHD;VOB;Enhanced_VOB;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM; .zip Zip is a file format used for data compression and archiving . A zip file contains one or more files that have been compressed, to reduce file size, or stored as is. The zip file format permits a number of compression algorithms . The format was originally created in 1989 by Phil Katz , and was first implemented in PKWARE 's PKZIP utility, [ 2 ] as a replacement for the previous ARC compression format by Thom Henderson . The zip format is now supported by many software utilities other than PKZIP. Microsoft has included built-in zip support (under the name "compressed folders") in versions of Microsoft Windows since 1998. Apple has included built-in zip support in Mac OS X 10.3 (via BOMArchiveHelper, now Archive Utility ) and later, along with other compression formats. Zip files generally use the file extensions ".zip" or ".ZIP" and the MIME media type application/zip . [ 1 ] Zip is used as a base file format by many programs, usually under a different name. Zip files are often represented by a document or other object prominently featuring a zipper . Filename_extension;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Software_release_life_cycle;Data_compression;File_format;Data_compression;PKZIP;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Archive_Utility;PKZIP;WavPack;WinZip;EPUB;Floppy_disk;File_Allocation_Table;WavPack;Data_compression;Encryption;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;WinZip;Encryption;WinZip;Proprietary_software;StuffIt;Gzip;Open_source;WinZip;WinRAR;PeaZip;Gzip;.NET_Framework;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;IZArc;Gzip;Rzip;Comparison_of_file_archivers;WinZip;WinZip;Sun_Microsystems;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Xz;Compress;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;Rzip;StuffIt;PAQ;EPUB;PAQ; A.I._Artificial_Intelligence A.I. Artificial Intelligence , also known as A.I. , is a 2001 science fiction drama film written, directed and produced by Steven Spielberg , and based on Brian Aldiss 's short story " Super-Toys Last All Summer Long ". The film stars Haley Joel Osment , Jude Law , Frances O'Connor , Sam Robards , Jake Thomas and William Hurt . Set sometime in the future, A.I. tells the story of David, a child-like android uniquely programmed with the ability to love. Development of A.I. originally began with director Stanley Kubrick in the early 1970s. Kubrick hired a series of writers up until the mid-1990s, including Brian Aldiss, Bob Shaw , Ian Watson and Sara Maitland . The film languished in development hell for years, partly because Kubrick felt computer-generated imagery was not advanced enough to create the David character, whom he believed no child actor would believably portray. In 1995, Kubrick handed A.I. to Steven Spielberg, but the film did not gain momentum until Kubrick's death in 1999. Spielberg remained close to Watson's film treatment for the screenplay. A.I. was greeted with generally favorable reviews from critics and grossed approximately $235 million. The film was dedicated to Kubrick's memory with a small credit after the end credits, saying "For Stanley Kubrick". Warner_Bros.;Soundtrack;Xbox;Video_game_console;Rotten_Tomatoes;Entertainment_Weekly;Rotten_Tomatoes;International_Standard_Book_Number;Rotten_Tomatoes;Cloverfield;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence; AA_batteries An AA battery is a standard size of battery . Batteries of this size are most commonly used in portable electronic devices . An AA battery is composed of a single electrochemical cell . The exact terminal voltage and capacity of an AA size battery depends on the cell chemistry. AA batteries account for over 50% of general battery sales. ANSI;ANSI;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Digital_camera;Rechargeable_battery;AA_battery;AA_battery; AA_battery An AA battery is a standard size of battery . Batteries of this size are most commonly used in portable electronic devices . An AA battery is composed of a single electrochemical cell . The exact terminal voltage and capacity of an AA size battery depends on the cell chemistry. AA batteries account for over 50% of general battery sales. ANSI;ANSI;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Digital_camera;Rechargeable_battery;AA_battery;AA_battery; ABC_Online ABC Online is the brand name in Australia for the online services of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation , managed by ABC Innovation . It covers a large network of websites including those for ABC News , television , radio , and video-on-demand through ABC iView . ABC Online is one of Australia's largest and most-visited web sites , according to Alexa the eleventh-most popular in the country. It currently contains over 5 million pages. [ 1 ] ABC_Online;ABC_Online; ACCESS.bus Universal_Serial_Bus;VGA;FireWire;Intel;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;ACCESS.bus;ACCESS.bus; ACID_Pro Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;Cakewalk_Sonar;Music_sequencer;DirectX;MIDI;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;Logic_Pro;LMMS;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Steinberg_Cubase;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;ACID_Pro;ACID_Pro; AC_power_plugs_and_sockets AC power plugs and sockets are devices that allow electrically operated devices to be connected to the primary alternating current (AC) power supply in a building. Electrical plugs and sockets differ in voltage and current rating, shape, size and type of connectors. The types used in each country are set by national standards. [ 1 ] Generally the plug is the movable connector attached to an electrically operated device's power cord , and the socket is fixed on equipment or a building structure. Plugs have male circuit contacts, while sockets have female contacts. The plug has protruding prongs, blades, or pins that fit into matching slots or holes in the socket. A socket is also called a receptacle, outlet, or power point. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is enclosed by a cover variously called a wall plate, face plate, outlet cover, [ 4 ] socket cover, or wall cover. To reduce the risk of electric shock , plug and socket systems have safety features. For example, sockets can be designed to accept only compatible plugs in the correct orientation, and reject all others. Plugs may have insulated sleeves on contact pins so that energized pins can never be touched during insertion of the plug. Some sockets have shutters to block insertion of objects other than compatible plugs. Sockets are designed to prevent exposure of bare live contacts. The exposed contacts present in some sockets are used exclusively for grounding (earthing). Personal_computer;Hertz;Argentina;Australia;New_Zealand;Fiji;Argentina;Papua_New_Guinea;Sri_Lanka;Nepal;Sri_Lanka;Nepal;Namibia;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Malaysia;United_Kingdom;Hong_Kong;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;Albania;Austria;Bulgaria;Chile;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Netherlands;Norway;Portugal;Romania;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Ukraine;German_language;France;Belgium;Poland;Czech_Republic;Slovakia;Denmark;Italy;Denmark;Italy;De_facto_standard;Switzerland;Brazil;NEMA_connector;North_America;Japan;NEMA_connector;PDF;European_Union;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;PDF;International_Standard_Book_Number;Hong_Kong;Photodetector;Cathode_ray_tube;Capacitor;AC_power_plugs_and_sockets;AC_power_plugs_and_sockets; ADLINK ADLINK Technology Inc. ( TAIEX 6166) designs and manufactures products for embedded computing, test measurement, and automation applications. ADLINK's product line includes computer-on-modules, industrial motherboards, data acquisition modules and complete systems. Headquartered in Taiwan , ADLINK has operations in San Jose, CA , Singapore , Tokyo , Seoul , Düsseldorf , Paris , Beijing , Shanghai , and Shenzhen . ADLINK products are available in over 40 countries worldwide, providing OEMs and Systems Integrators with Industrial Building Blocks and Application Platforms for Communications, Automation, Transportation, and Test Measurement markets. ADLINK acquired Ampro Computers, Inc. in April 2008, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and markets Ampro products under the brand Ampro by ADLINK. ADLINK Chief Technical Officer Jeff Munch is Chair of the PICMG 3.0 (AdvancedTCA) Technical Subcommittee [ 3 ] and PICMG COM Express Design Guide Subcommittee. [ 4 ] ADLINK is an Associate Member of the Intel Communications Alliance . [ 5 ] Taiwan;Taiwan;Singapore;Shenzhen;Original_equipment_manufacturer;CompactPCI;PXI;ADLINK;ADLINK; ADMB Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Software_license;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Gretl;GNU_Octave;Freeware;Retail_software;MATLAB;Mathematica;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Excel;ADMB;ADMB; AFNI Analysis of Functional NeuroImages (AFNI) is an open-source environment for processing and displaying functional MRI data—a technique for mapping human brain activity. AFNI is an agglomeration of programs that can be used interactively or flexibly assembled for batch processing using shell script . The term AFNI refers both to the entire suite and to a particular interactive program often used for visualization. AFNI is actively developed by the NIMH Scientific and Statistical Computing Core and its capabilities are continually expanding. AFNI runs under many Unix-like operating systems that provide X11 and Motif libraries, including SGI IRIX , Solaris , Linux , FreeBSD and Mac OS X . Precompiled binaries are available for some platforms. AFNI is available for research use under the GNU General Public License . AFNI now comprises over 300,000 lines of C source code , and a skilled C programmer can add interactive and batch functions to AFNI with relative ease. Software_design;Software_developer;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;IRIX;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;Free_software; AIFF Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Audio_file_format;Audio_file_format;Sound;Apple_Computer;Electronic_Arts;Apple_Macintosh;WAV;Mac_OS_X;ITunes;QuickTime;GarageBand;Logic_Audio;MIDI;QDesign;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;WAV;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;OSType;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format; ALZip ALZip is an archive and compression utility from ESTsoft for Microsoft Windows . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;Korean_language;Japanese_language;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Shareware;Data_compression;Microsoft_Windows;WinZip;Freeware;File_size;Operating_system;Freeware;Software_license;Shareware;Windows_Explorer;Reverse_engineering;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;ALZip;ALZip; AMESim LMS Imagine.Lab AMESim is a simulation software for the modeling and analysis of one-dimensional (1D) systems. The software package offers a 1D simulation suite to model and analyze multi-domain, intelligent systems and to predict their multi-disciplinary performance. Model components are described using validated analytical models that represent the system’s actual hydraulic, pneumatic, electric or mechanical behavior. To create a simulation model for a system, a set of validated libraries can be used, containing pre-defined components for different physical domains. The user can compose a physics-based model of a system, provided it can be adequately described in a one-dimensional geometry representation. The sub-models in the system are linked using sub-model ports, which can have several inputs and outputs. Causality is enforced by linking the inputs of one submodel to the outputs of another submodel (and vice-versa). This approach gives the capability of simulating the behavior of intelligent systems before detailed CAD geometry becomes available. The system runs on most UNIX platforms (particularly under Linux ) and on Windows . LMS Imagine.Lab AMESim Revision 11 [ 1 ] was released in 2011. Software_developer;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;Chinese_language;List_of_software_categories;Graphical_user_interface;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Belgium;Simulink;Compiler;Free_software;Microsoft;Intel;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft_Excel;MATLAB;Scilab;Control_engineering;Simulink;Compiler;Fortran;Source_code;Control_theory;Intellectual_property;General_Motors;Toyota;Renault;Control_theory;Visual_programming_language;Digital_object_identifier;AMESim;AMESim; AMSN aMSN [ 1 ] is a free Windows Live Messenger clone. aMSN attempts to emulate the look and feel of Windows Live Messenger, and supports many of its features. It has been downloaded approximately 40 million times as of January 2011, making it the 21st most downloaded project on SourceForge. [ 2 ] aMSN is available for any system that supports Tcl/Tk 8.5 or higher, including Microsoft Windows, Macintosh and any UNIX/Linux variant, including Maemo (Nokia's internet tablets) and OpenSolaris. [ 3 ] A portable version for Windows is available by PortableApps. [ 4 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Windows_Live_Messenger;Sourceforge;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;XMMS;Webcam;Emoticon;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;SourceForge;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;AMSN;AMSN; AMV_video_format AMV is a proprietary video file format , produced for MP4 players , as well as S1 MP3 players with video playback. There are now two different MTV formats: the older one for the Actions chip, and a newer one for ALi ’s M5661 chip. This format for ALi one was ALIAVI. AVI and Motion JPEG Proprietary_software;Filename_extension;Audio_Video_Interleave;Motion_JPEG;Audio_Video_Interleave;Motion_JPEG;Frame_rate;Reverse_engineering;FFmpeg;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;AMV_video_format;AMV_video_format; ANSI The American National Standards Institute ( ANSI , / ˈ æ n s iː / AN -see ) is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. For example, standards ensure that people who own cameras can find the film they need for that camera anywhere around the globe. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of standards developing organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards. [ 3 ] The organization's headquarters are in Washington, DC . ANSI's operations office is located in New York City . The ANSI annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications, membership dues and fees, accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international standards programs. English_language;United_States;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Microsoft_Windows;Programming_language;Fortran;ISO;Fortran;American_National_Standards_Institute;American_National_Standards_Institute; AOL AOL Inc. ( NYSE : AOL , previously known as America Online , written as AOL and stylized as " Aol. " but commonly pronounced as an initialism ) is an American global brand company that develops, grows, and invests in brands and web sites. [ 3 ] The Company’s business spans online content, products and services, which it offers to consumers, publishers and advertisers. Founded in 1983 as Control Video Corporation, AOL has franchised its services to companies in several nations around the world or set up international versions of its services. [ 4 ] AOL is headquartered at 770 Broadway in New York, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] but has many offices throughout cities in North America, such as Atlanta , Baltimore , Beverly Hills , Birmingham, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Dublin , Dulles , Lancaster , Nashville, Palo Alto, San Francisco, Toronto and Washington, D.C. Its foreign offices include Bangalore, Dreieich, Dublin, London and Tel Aviv. As of March 2012, it serves 3.1 million paid and free domestic (US) subscribers. [ 7 ] AOL is best known for its online software suite , also called AOL , that allowed customers to access the world's largest " walled garden " online community and eventually reach out to the Internet as a whole. At its prime, AOL's membership was over 30 million members worldwide, [ 8 ] most of whom accessed the AOL service through the AOL software suite. AOL was ranked fourth (behind the Web , email, and graphic user interfaces) in a 2007 USA TODAY retrospective on the 25 events that shaped the first 25 years of the Internet [ 9 ] and was named to the ".com 25" by a panel of Silicon Valley influencers on the occasion of the same anniversary. [ 10 ] In 2000, AOL and Time Warner merged under the name AOL Time Warner. The merger was not fruitful and on May 28, 2009, Time Warner announced that it would spin off AOL into a separate public company. The spinoff occurred on December 9, 2009, [ 11 ] ending the eight-year relationship between the two companies. [ 12 ] Since then, AOL has focused on reinventing itself as a brand company under the guidance of CEO Tim Armstrong, creating and acquiring a range of content properties. Major acquisitions include the purchase of technology news blog TechCrunch in September 2010, [ 13 ] and on February 7, 2011, the purchase of The Huffington Post. [ 14 ] Other AOL brands include Moviefone, Engadget, Patch, Stylelist, MapQuest, Cambio and about.me. [ 15 ] In April 2012, AOL took several steps to expand its ability to generate revenue through online video advertising. On April 16, 2012, AOL announced that it would offer gross rating point (GRP) guarantee for online video, guaranteeing audience delivery for online video advertising campaigns bought across its properties. [ 16 ] From April 19 through May 2, AOL, Google, Hulu, Microsoft, Vevo and Yahoo cohosted the Digital Content NewFronts (DCNF), a two-week event held to showcase the participating sites’ digital video offerings. The Digital Content NewFronts were conducted before the traditional television upfronts, where television channels present their upcoming programming to advertisers, in hopes of getting marketers to spend more advertising money in the digital space. [ 17 ] On April 24, at AOL’s NewFront presentation, the company introduced the AOL On Network, a curated hub for AOL’s video offerings, along with several original video program series. [ 18 ] On April 16, 2012, the Huffington Post won its first Pulitzer Prize, becoming the first online-only daily news website to do so. The prize for National Reporting was awarded to reporter David Wood for his 10-part series, "Beyond the Battlefield," exploring the lives of veterans who were severely injured while serving in Afghanistan and Iraq. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] On April 9, 2012, AOL announced plans to sell and license patents to Microsoft for $1.056 billion. The announcement of the deal caused AOL shares to rise 36 percent on the morning of the announcement. [ 21 ] On June 14, 2012, AOL won a proxy fight with activist investor Starboard Value when a majority of shareholders voted to reelect all eight of AOL’s current board members, rather than take on any of the candidates proposed by Starboard Value. [ 22 ] Time_Warner;Video_game_console;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Macintosh;Windows_NT;Video_game_console;Apple_Macintosh;Personal_computer;Proprietary_software;Graphical_user_interface;DOS;Time_Warner;Microsoft;Google;Microsoft;Google;Time_Warner;Google;TechCrunch;TechCrunch;The_Huffington_Post;Microsoft;Engadget;TechCrunch;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Time_Warner;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;New_York_Times;UK;Time_Warner;AOL_Explorer;AOL_Instant_Messenger;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Time_Warner;Canada;France;Germany;Republic_of_Ireland;Japan;United_Kingdom;United_States;Winamp;Engadget;TechCrunch;AOL_Instant_Messenger;The_Huffington_Post;TechCrunch;AOL_Explorer;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;AOL;AOL; AOL_Explorer AOL Explorer , previously known as AOL Browser , is a graphical web browser based on the Microsoft Trident layout engine and was released by AOL . In July 2005, AOL launched AOL Explorer as a free download and as an optional download with AIM version 5.9. AOL Explorer supports tabbed browsing . Software_developer;AOL;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Web_browser;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Web_browser;Microsoft;AOL;AOL_Instant_Messenger;RSS;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Firefox;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;PC_Magazine;AOL;Winamp;Engadget;TechCrunch;AOL_Instant_Messenger;The_Huffington_Post;TechCrunch;ICab;Camino;Maxthon;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;AOL_Explorer;AOL_Explorer; AOL_Instant_Messenger AOL Instant Messenger ( AIM ) is an instant messaging and presence computer program which uses the proprietary OSCAR instant messaging protocol and the TOC protocol to allow registered users to communicate in real time. It was released by AOL in May 1997. Stand-alone official AIM client software includes advertisements and is available for Microsoft Windows , Windows Mobile , Mac OS , Mac OS X , Android , iOS , BlackBerry OS . [ 1 ] The software, maintained by AOL, Inc., at one time had the largest share of the instant messaging market in North America, especially in the United States (with 52% of the total reported as of 2006). [ 2 ] This does not include other instant messaging software related to or developed by AOL, such as ICQ and iChat . As of June 2011, one reported market share had collapsed to 0.73%. [ 3 ] However, this number only reflects installed IM applications, and not active users. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Adobe_Flash;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;BlackBerry_OS;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Instant_messaging;Presence_information;Proprietary_software;OSCAR_protocol;TOC_protocol;AOL;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;BlackBerry_OS;United_States;ICQ;IChat;Microsoft_Windows;WildTangent;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Facebook;OSCAR_protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Apple_Inc.;IPhone_SDK;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPod_Touch;MobileMe;IOS;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Adobe_Flash;Macintosh;Universal_binary;Mac_OS_X;Voice_over_IP;Voice_over_IP;Open_Directory_Project;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;AOL;Winamp;Engadget;TechCrunch;The_Huffington_Post;TechCrunch;AOL_Explorer;AOL_Instant_Messenger;AOL_Instant_Messenger; API An application programming interface ( API ) is a specification intended to be used as an interface by software components to communicate with each other. An API may include specifications for routines , data structures , object classes , and variables. An API specification can take many forms, including an International Standard such as POSIX or vendor documentation such as the Microsoft Windows API , or the libraries of a programming language, e.g. Standard Template Library in C++ or Java API . An API differs from an application binary interface (ABI) in that an API is source code based while an ABI is a binary interface. For instance POSIX is an API, while the Linux Standard Base is an ABI. [ 1 ] Microsoft;Web_service;Procedural_programming;Unix;HTML;Microsoft;Visual_Studio;Web_service;XML;Web_service;Flickr;Facebook;Mac_OS_X;Compiler;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Linux;Sony;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Google;SCSI;Apple_Macintosh;DirectX;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows;OpenCL;International_Standard_Book_Number;Operating_system;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Graphical_user_interface;Application_programming_interface;Application_programming_interface; APNG The Animated Portable Network Graphics ( APNG ) file format is an unofficial extension to the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) specification. It allows for animated PNG files that work similarly to animated GIF files, while supporting 24-bit images and 8-bit transparency not available for GIFs. It also retains backward compatibility with non-animated PNG files. The first frame of an APNG file is stored as a normal PNG stream, so most old PNG decoders are able to display the first frame of an APNG file. The frame speed data and extra animation frames are stored in extra chunks (as provided for by the original PNG specification). APNG competes with Multiple-image Network Graphics (MNG), a comprehensive format for bitmapped animations created by the same team as PNG. APNG's advantage is the smaller library size and compatibility with older PNG implementations. Filename_extension;Raster_graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;File_format;Portable_Network_Graphics;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Backward_compatibility;Mozilla_Firefox;Image_processing;Adobe_Photoshop;GIMP;ImageJ;VirtualDub;Web_browser;Mozilla_Firefox;SeaMonkey;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;Google_Chrome;Maxthon;IOS;Hexadecimal;Web_browser;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Cascading_Style_Sheets;XML;CSS;JavaScript;Adobe_Flash;SourceForge;ImageJ;SourceForge;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Raster_graphics;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;APNG;APNG; ARIA_Charts The ARIA charts are the main Australian music sales charts , issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association . The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres in Australia . ARIA commenced compiling its own charts in-house from the week ending 26 June 1988. Prior to this, from April 1983, ARIA had licensed the ' Kent Music Report ' (which was later renamed as the 'Australian Music Report', until it stopped being published in 1999). The ARIA charts include: Weekly Top 100 highest selling singles Weekly Top 100 highest selling albums Weekly Top 100 highest selling digital tracks Weekly Top 100 highest selling digital albums Weekly Top 50 highest selling physical singles (ceased 4 April 2011 or ARIA report #1101) Weekly Top 50 highest selling physical albums Weekly Top 20 highest selling Australian singles Weekly Top 20 highest selling Australian albums Weekly Top 20 highest selling dance releases Weekly Top 20 highest selling country releases Weekly Top 20 highest selling compilation releases Weekly Top 50 highest selling catalogue albums Weekly Top 50 highest selling club releases Weekly Top 40 highest selling urban singles Weekly Top 40 highest selling urban albums Weekly Top 40 highest selling music DVDs Yearly Top 100 End of Year charts profiling the year in music End of Decade Top 100 charts profiling the decade in music [ 1 ] The top 5 singles and albums are firstly published in News Limited newspapers each Sunday. All charts, in full, are then published on the ARIA Chart website each Sunday night at 6:30 pm AEST , in order for printed release the next day. Each chart is dated according to the Monday of the given week. The website and printed lists are shortened versions of the full chart, with only the top 50 singles and albums shown as well as only the top 40 digital tracks. The ARIA Report lists the charts listed above in full and is available via paid e-mail subscription each week (the report transitioned from paper to pdf starting 9 October 2000 or issue #554). These reports are uploaded to the Pandora Archive periodically. Australia;Record_chart;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Album;Australia;ITunes_Store;ARIA_Music_Awards;Album;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Record_chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;ARIA_Charts;ARIA_Charts; ARIA_Music_Awards The Australian Recording Industry Association Music Awards (commonly known as ARIA Music Awards or ARIA Awards ) is an annual series of awards nights celebrating the Australian music industry, put on by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The event has been held annually since 1987 and encompasses the general genre-specific and popular awards (these are what is usually being referred to as "the ARIA awards") as well as Fine Arts Awards and Artisan Awards (held separately from 2004 ), Lifetime Achievement Awards and ARIA Hall of Fame (held separately from 2005 ). For 2010 , ARIA introduced public voted awards for the first time. [ 1 ] Winning, or even being nominated for, an ARIA award results in a lot of media attention on an artist, and usually increases recording sales several-fold (for example, in 2005 , after Ben Lee won three awards, his album Awake Is the New Sleep jumped from #31 to #5 in the ARIA Charts , [ 2 ] its highest position). Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;ARIA_Charts;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;EMI;Pop_music;Portable_Document_Format;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;ARIA_Charts;ARIA_Music_Awards;ARIA_Music_Awards; ARJ ARJ ( A rchived by R obert J ung) is a software tool designed by Robert K. Jung for creating high-efficiency compressed file archives. ARJ is currently on version 2.86 for DOS and 3.2 for Windows and supports 16-bit and 32-bit Intel architectures. ARJ was one of two mainstream archivers for DOS and Windows during the early and mid-90s, with PKZIP being its competition. Parts of ARJ were covered by U.S. Patent 5,140,321 . Generally ARJ was less popular than PKZIP, but it did enjoy a niche market during the BBS era and in the warez scene . This was largely due to ARJ's creation and handling of multi-volume archives (archives which are split into smaller files which are then suitable for dial-up transfers and floppy distribution) being more robust than PKZIP's. In recent times, other alternatives to the ZIP archive, such as RAR or 7zip have surpassed ARJ in market share; the lack of an official graphical version may have contributed to ARJ's decline. Filename_extension;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Data_compression;DOS;Microsoft_Windows;PKZIP;Floppy_disk;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Software;ARJ;ARJ; ARM_architecture Acorn_Computers;Personal_digital_assistant;Hard_drive;Apple_Inc.;Broadcom;Cirrus_Logic;Intel;LG;Microsoft;Nvidia;Sony;Renesas;Samsung;STMicroelectronics;System_on_a_chip;Random_access_memory;Graphics_processing_unit;Intel;XScale;Acorn_Computers;Direct_memory_access;Megabyte;Apple_Computer;NASDAQ;Central_processing_unit;Intel;CPU;Smartphone;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_device;XScale;Smartphone;IPad;IPhone;IPod;Assembly_language;XScale;Digital_signal_processing;Perl;GSM;Codec;Digital_rights_management;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Linux;Compiler;SDK;Logic_synthesis;Verilog;Broadcom;Cirrus_Logic;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;STMicroelectronics;QNX;VxWorks;Unix;IOS;Linux;QNX;WebOS;Linux_distribution;WebOS;IOS;Windows_Phone;Windows_NT;System_on_a_chip;Tablet_computer;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;ZDNet;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sun_Microsystems;SPARC;SuperH;ARM_architecture;ARM_architecture; ATAoE ATA over Ethernet ( AoE ) is a network protocol developed by the Brantley Coile Company, [ 1 ] designed for simple, high-performance access of SATA storage devices over Ethernet networks. It is used to build storage area networks (SANs) with low-cost, standard technologies. Serial_ATA;Ethernet;Ethernet;ISCSI;Ethernet;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;File_Allocation_Table;ISCSI;InfiniBand;Portable_Document_Format;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link; ATI_Technologies ATI Technologies Inc. was a semiconductor technology corporation based in Markham , Ontario, Canada, that specialized in the development of graphics processing units and chipsets . Founded in 1985 as Array Technologies Industry., the company was listed publicly in 1993 and was acquired by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) in 2006. As a major fabrication-less or fabless semiconductor company , ATI conducted research and development in-house and outsourced the manufacturing and assembly of its products. ATI and its chief rival Nvidia emerged as the two dominant players in the graphics processors industry, eventually forcing other manufacturers into niche roles. The acquisition of ATI in 2006 was important to AMD's strategic development of its Fusion generation of computer processors, which integrated general processing abilities with graphics processing functions within a single chip. The ATI brand name was removed from AMD's graphics processor products in 2010. [ 1 ] Toronto_Stock_Exchange;NASDAQ;Graphics_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit;Nvidia;Original_equipment_manufacturer;IBM;Graphical_user_interface;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;DirectX;Graphics_processing_unit;Microsoft;Graphics_processing_unit;Industry_Standard_Architecture;IBM;Video_Graphics_Array;Graphical_user_interface;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Liquid_crystal_display;GeForce;PCI_Express;SATA;DirectX;CPU;Intel;Intel;Intel;Pentium_M;Intel;Graphics_processing_unit;PAL;NTSC;Gigabytes;Microsoft;Tablet_computer;Megapixel;Broadcom;Nvidia;Multimedia;Video_game_console;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;ATI_Technologies;ATI_Technologies; AUD The Australian dollar ( sign : $ ; code : AUD ) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia , including Christmas Island , Cocos (Keeling) Islands , and Norfolk Island , as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati , Nauru and Tuvalu . Within Australia it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ), with A$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar -denominated currencies. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is subdivided into 100 cents . The Australian dollar is, as of 2012, the third-most-traded currency in the world. [ 3 ] In 2010 it was the fifth-most-traded currency in the world foreign exchange markets behind the US dollar , the euro , the yen and the pound sterling . [ 4 ] The Australian dollar is popular with currency traders, because of the comparatively high interest rates in Australia, the relative freedom of the foreign exchange market from government intervention, the general stability of Australia's economy and political system, and the prevailing view that the Australian dollar offers diversification benefits in a portfolio containing the major world currencies, especially because of its greater exposure to Asian economies and the commodities cycle. [ 5 ] The currency is commonly referred to by foreign-exchange traders as the "Aussie." Australia;Australia;Australia;Australia;Australia;Australia;Australia;United_States_dollar;United_States;United_States_dollar;European_Union;Japan;United_Kingdom;Australia;Switzerland;Swiss_franc;Canada;Canadian_dollar;Hong_Kong;Sweden;Swedish_krona;New_Zealand;Singapore;Norway;Norwegian_krone;Mexico;Switzerland;Brunei;Chile;Malaysia;Mexico;Nepal;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Romania;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;Vietnam;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Switzerland;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNN;Bloomberg_L.P.;Reuters;Switzerland;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Australia;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;United_States_dollar;Australia;Australia;Australian_English; AVCHD AVCHD ( A dvanced V ideo C oding H igh D efinition) [ 1 ] is a file-based format for the digital recording and playback of high-definition video . Developed jointly by Sony and Panasonic , the format was introduced in 2006 primarily for use in high definition consumer camcorders . [ 2 ] Favorable comparisons of AVCHD against HDV and XDCAM EX [ 3 ] [ 4 ] solidified perception of AVCHD as a format acceptable for professional usage. Panasonic released the first professional AVCHD camcorder in autumn of 2008, followed by Sony in the first quarter of 2010. In 2011 the AVCHD specification was amended to include 1080-line 50-frame/s and 60-frame/s modes (AVCHD Progressive) and stereoscopic video (AVCHD 3D). The new modes also allowed higher system data rate than existing modes. AVCHD and its logo are trademarks of Panasonic and Sony . [ 5 ] Sony;Camcorder;HDV;Sony;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Multiplexing;File_Allocation_Table;Microsoft;Universal_Serial_Bus;HDV;Progressive_scan;Secure_Digital;HDMI;Secure_Digital;VLC_media_player;DVD;Global_Positioning_System;Ffdshow;Codec;CoreAVC;GPU;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Final_Cut_Pro;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;IMovie;Apple_Intermediate_Codec;AVS_Video_Editor;FFmpeg;PowerDirector;Edius;Edius;Montage_Extreme;Pinnacle_Studio;Sony_Vegas;Sony_Vegas;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Kdenlive;Libavcodec;Dolby_Digital;Dolby_Digital;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Video;HDV;Video_CD;DVD;Digital_video;DV;AVCHD;AVCHD; AVCHD_Lite AVCHD ( A dvanced V ideo C oding H igh D efinition) [ 1 ] is a file-based format for the digital recording and playback of high-definition video . Developed jointly by Sony and Panasonic , the format was introduced in 2006 primarily for use in high definition consumer camcorders . [ 2 ] Favorable comparisons of AVCHD against HDV and XDCAM EX [ 3 ] [ 4 ] solidified perception of AVCHD as a format acceptable for professional usage. Panasonic released the first professional AVCHD camcorder in autumn of 2008, followed by Sony in the first quarter of 2010. In 2011 the AVCHD specification was amended to include 1080-line 50-frame/s and 60-frame/s modes (AVCHD Progressive) and stereoscopic video (AVCHD 3D). The new modes also allowed higher system data rate than existing modes. AVCHD and its logo are trademarks of Panasonic and Sony . [ 5 ] Sony;Camcorder;HDV;Sony;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Multiplexing;File_Allocation_Table;Microsoft;Universal_Serial_Bus;HDV;Progressive_scan;Secure_Digital;HDMI;Secure_Digital;VLC_media_player;DVD;Global_Positioning_System;Ffdshow;Codec;CoreAVC;GPU;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Final_Cut_Pro;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;IMovie;Apple_Intermediate_Codec;AVS_Video_Editor;FFmpeg;PowerDirector;Edius;Edius;Montage_Extreme;Pinnacle_Studio;Sony_Vegas;Sony_Vegas;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Kdenlive;Libavcodec;Dolby_Digital;Dolby_Digital;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Video;HDV;Video_CD;DVD;Digital_video;DV;AVCHD;AVCHD; AVS_Video_Editor AVS Video Editor is a shareware video editing software tool produced by Online Media Technologies Ltd., the direct vendor of multimedia video and audio solutions, UK. The program is intended for those who are new to video editing, [ 1 ] it is also a real-time , timeline-based video editing software application. In December 2007 Online Media Technologies launched a new version of the editor as part of their next generation AVS4YOU range of products. [ 2 ] Support for the earlier generation ceased soon afterwards. [ 3 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Shareware;Video_editing_software;Multimedia;Video_editing_software;AVCHD;Audio_Video_Interleave;Sony_PSP;IPod;Windows_Media_Video;QuickTime_File_Format;DVD;VOB;RealVideo;RMVB;Advanced_Systems_Format;Matroska;Flash_Video;MTV;.mts;AVCHD;Audio_Video_Interleave;Sony_PSP;IPod;Windows_Media_Video;QuickTime_File_Format;Flash_Video;DVD;RealVideo;RMVB;AVCHD;AVCHD;DVD;DVD;Microsoft_Windows;PDF;IMovie;CyberLink;PowerDirector;Windows_Movie_Maker;Video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;AVS_Video_Editor;AVS_Video_Editor; A_Logic_Named_Joe "A Logic Named Joe" is a science fiction short story by Murray Leinster that was first published in the March 1946 issue of Astounding Science Fiction . The story actually appeared under Leinster's real name, Will F. Jenkins, since that issue of Astounding also included a story under the Leinster pseudonym called "Adapter". The story is particularly noteworthy as a prediction of massively networked personal computers and their drawbacks, written at a time when computing was in its infancy. United_States;English_language;Personal_computer;A_Logic_Named_Joe;A_Logic_Named_Joe; Abbey_Road_Studios Abbey Road Studios is a recording studio located at 3 Abbey Road , St John's Wood , City of Westminster , London, England. [ 1 ] It was established in November 1931 by the Gramophone Company , a predecessor of British music company EMI , its present owner. It is most notable as being the venue in the 1960s for innovative recording techniques adopted by The Beatles , Pink Floyd , The Hollies , Badfinger , and others. Towards the end of 2009, the studio came under threat of sale to property developers. However, the British Government protected the site, granting it English Heritage Grade II listed status in 2010, thereby preventing the building from any major alterations. [ 2 ] United_Kingdom;EMI;The_Beatles;EMI;Record_producer;The_Beatles;Film;Microphone;Piano;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy;IMovie;EMI;Paul_McCartney;Daily_Mail;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Apple_Records;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;Abbey_Road_Studios;Abbey_Road_Studios; Ableton_Live Ableton Live is a loop -based software music sequencer and DAW for OS X and Windows by Ableton . The latest major release of Live, Version 8, was released in April 2009. In contrast to many other software sequencers , Live is designed to be an instrument for live performances as well as a tool for composing and arranging . It is also used for mixing of tracks by DJs , as it offers a suite of controls for beatmatching , crossfading , and other effects used by turntablists , and was one of the first music applications to automatically beat match songs. It does not support traditional musical notation . [ 1 ] Microsoft;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Music_sequencer;Digital_audio_workstation;OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Music_sequencer;Musical_instrument;Arrangement;Musical_notation;Guitar;Electric_piano;Digital_signal_processing;Disc_jockey;Audio_Units;Tempo;ACID_Pro;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;Logic_Pro;LMMS;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Steinberg_Cubase;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Ableton_Live;Ableton_Live; About.com About.com is an online source for original information and advice. It is written in English, and is aimed primarily at North Americans. It is owned by The New York Times Company . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] About.com is divided into topic sites, which are grouped into channels and cover diverse subjects such as home repair , pediatrics , model railroading , English grammar , and weather . The content is written by a paid [ 4 ] network of writers, referred to as Guides, who have experience [ citation needed ] in the subject they look after. Each Guide looks after one subject only, and is the exclusive writer for that subject. Content on the site can vary between articles, online courses, interactive quizzes, videos and so forth. The_New_York_Times_Company;The_New_York_Times_Company;The_New_York_Times_Company;Google;AOL;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;International_Herald_Tribune;The_New_York_Times;United_States_dollar;About.com;About.com; Accelerated_Graphics_Port The Accelerated Graphics Port (often shortened to AGP ) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer 's motherboard , primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics . Originally it was designed as a successor to PCI type connections. Since 2004 AGP has been progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express (PCIe). By mid-2009 PCIe cards dominated the market; AGP cards and motherboards were still produced, but OEM driver support was minimal. [ 1 ] Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Intel;PCI_Express;Megabyte;Computer;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;PCI_Express;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Address_bus;Nvidia;Linux;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Megahertz;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;PCI_Express;Backward_compatibility;Apple_Computer;Power_Macintosh;Firmware;Watt;DirectX;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;Accelerated_Graphics_Port; Accelerometer An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration , also called the four-acceleration . This proper acceleration is associated with the weight of a test mass. For example, an accelerometer on a rocket far from any gravitational influences (assume gravitation is zero) that is accelerating through space due to the force from its engine, will measure the rate of change of the velocity of the rocket relative to any inertial frame of reference , because such changes require application of a (rocket) force that can be felt (as weight), for any mass. However, the proper acceleration measured by an accelerometer is not necessarily the coordinate acceleration (rate of change of velocity), when gravity becomes involved. Instead, the accelerometer sees the acceleration associated with the phenomenon of weight experienced by any test mass at rest in the frame of reference of the accelerometer device. Gravitation may make these types of acceleration differ. For an example where these types of acceleration differ, an accelerometer will measure a value of g in the upward direction when remaining stationary on the ground, because masses on earth have weight m*g. Such weight is transmitted from the push of the ground, and is not directly caused by gravity, but rather by the mechanical force from the ground, in the same way as the push of the engine in the rocket example. However, there is no change in velocity in this example, as the push from the ground counteracts the acceleration of gravity, which is not felt. By contrast, an accelerometer in gravitational free fall toward the center of the Earth will measure a value of zero acceleration because, even though its velocity is increasing, it is at rest in a frame of reference in which objects are weightless . Like the human body, therefore, an accelerometer is not sensitive to the "acceleration of gravity" per se, and will read zero whenever gravitation provides the only acceleration that acts on the device (or the only "force" on the device). Accelerometers read "zero" on all inertial paths, including free-falls, orbits, and gravitationally directed motion. An accelerometer thus measures all accelerations, except those accelerations due to gravity. An accelerometer measures weight per unit of (test) mass , a quantity with dimensions of acceleration that is sometimes known as specific force , or g-force (although it is not a force). Another way of stating this is that by measuring weight, an accelerometer measures the acceleration of the free-fall reference frame ( inertial reference frame ) relative to itself (the accelerometer). Equivalently, accelerometers measure their own acceleration relative to free-fall at their location (since accelerations relative to free-fall must be provided by forces that are not gravitational forces). All of these measurable accelerations are not the ordinary acceleration of Newton (in three dimensions), but rather four-acceleration , which is acceleration away from a geodesic path in four-dimensional space-time. Most accelerometers do not display the value they measure, but supply it to other devices. Real accelerometers also have practical limitations in how quickly they respond to changes in acceleration , and cannot respond to changes above a certain frequency of change. Single- and multi-axis models of accelerometer are available to detect magnitude and direction of the proper acceleration (or g-force ), as a vector quantity, and can be used to sense orientation (because direction of weight changes), coordinate acceleration (so long as it produces g-force or a change in g-force), vibration, shock , and falling in a resistive medium (a case where the proper acceleration changes, since it starts at zero, then increases). Micromachined accelerometers are increasingly present in portable electronic devices and video game controllers, to detect the position of the device or provide for game input. Pairs of accelerometers extended over a region of space can be used to detect differences (gradients) in the proper accelerations of frames of references associated with those points. These devices are called gravity gradiometers , as they measure gradients in the gravitational field. Such pairs of accelerometers in theory may also be able to detect gravitational waves . Gyroscope;Smartphone;Personal_digital_assistant;Page_orientation;Apple_Computer;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;IPad;Nokia;Page_orientation;Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Digital_camera;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPod_Nano;BlackBerry_Storm;Image_stabilization;Hard_disk_drive;Signal_processing;Gyroscope;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Accelerometer;Accelerometer; Accessibility Accessibility is the degree to which a product, device, service, or environment is available to as many people as possible. Accessibility can be viewed as the "ability to access" and benefit from some system or entity. The concept is often used to focus on people with disabilities or special needs (such as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ) and their right of access to entities, often through use of assistive technology . Accessibility is not to be confused with usability which is the extent to which a product (e.g., device, service, environment) can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use. Accessibility is strongly related to universal design when the approach involves "direct access." This is about making things accessible to all people (whether they have a disability or not). An alternative is to provide "indirect access" by having the entity support the use of a person's assistive technology to achieve access (e.g., screen readers ). Brazil;Screen_reader;Brazil;Brazil;United_Kingdom;Speech_recognition;Telecommunications_device_for_the_deaf;HTML;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Accessibility;Accessibility; Acetophenazine InChI=1S/C23H29N3O2S/c1-18(28)19-7-8-23-21(17-19)26(20-5-2-3-6-22(20)29-23)10-4-9-24-11-13-25(14-12-24)15-16-27/h2-3,5-8,17,27H,4,9-16H2,1H3 Y Key:WNTYBHLDCKXEOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Acetophenazine ( Tindal ) is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine class. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Acetophenazine;Acetophenazine; Acorn_Computers Computer;United_Kingdom;Operating_system;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;ZDNet;Liquid_crystal_display;Apple_Computer;Central_processing_unit;Floppy_disk;Megahertz;ITV;Unix;Apple_Lisa;ARM_architecture;Apple_Computer;ARM_architecture;Megabyte;IBM;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;Apple_Computer;Apple_Computer;Video;Sun_Microsystems;Digital_signal_processing;STMicroelectronics;Broadcom;Belgium;IPTV;Broadcom;France;France;France;France;ZDNet;The_Register;ZDNet;Digital_object_identifier;New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;CNET;The_Register;ZDNet;The_Register;EE_Times;EE_Times;EE_Times;Personal_computer;Acorn_Computers;Acorn_Computers; Acoustic_guitar An acoustic guitar is a guitar that uses only an acoustic sound board to help transmitting the strings' vibrational energy to the air in order to produce a sound. The initial timbre and harmonics of the sound in an acoustic guitar are produced by the plucking of the string. The frequencies produced depend on string length, mass, and tension. The soundboard will add various resonant modes due to its own mix of bracing, damping, and undamped resonance. The acoustic guitar's soundboard also has a strong effect on the loudness of the guitar. No amplification actually occurs in this process, in the sense that no energy is externally added to increase the loudness of the sound (as would be the case with an electronic amplifier). All the energy is provided by the plucking of the string. But without a soundboard, the string would just "cut" through the air without actually moving it much. The soundboard increases the surface of the vibrating area (initially just the strings), in a process called impedance matching . The soundboard has a much easier task to move the air than the string alone, because it is large - it can "push" the air better because the impedance of the soundboard is a little closer to the impedance of the air than the impedance of the strings. This process increases the entire system's transfer efficiency and the energy initially confined to the string now moves much more air: a much louder sound is being emitted. In addition, the acoustic guitar is a hollow body and an additional coupling and resonance effect increases the efficiency of energy transmission in lower frequencies. The air in a guitar's cavity resonates with the vibrational modes of the string and soundboard. At low frequencies, which depend on the size of the box, the chamber acts like a Helmholtz resonator , increasing or decreasing the volume of the sound again depending on whether the air in the box is moving in phase or out of phase with the strings. When in phase, the sound is increased by about 3 decibels and when in opposing phase, it is decreased about 3 decibels. As a Helmholtz resonator, the air at the opening is vibrating in or out of phase with the air in the box and in or out of phase with the strings. These resonance interactions attenuate or amplify the sound at different frequencies, boosting or damping various harmonic tones. Ultimately, the cavity air vibrations couple to the outside air through the sound hole [ 1 ] (some variants of the acoustic guitar omit this hole, or have holes, like a violin family instrument). This coupling is most efficient because here the impedance matching is perfect: it is air pushing air. There are therefore several sound coupling modes in an acoustic guitar: string to soundboard, soundboard to cavity air, and both soundboard and cavity air, to outside air. The back of the guitar will also vibrate to a lesser extent, driven by the air in the cavity. The function of the entire acoustic system is twofold: to color the sound through the generation and amplification of harmonics, and to maximize the coupling of this energy to the surrounding air - which is ultimately what we perceive as loudness of the produced sound. Improved coupling, however, comes at the expense of decay time, since now the string's energy is more efficiently transmitted. An unamplified guitar (one with no soundboard at all) would have a low volume, but the strings would vibrate much longer, like a tuning fork. All these complex air coupling interactions, along with the resonant properties of the panels themselves, are a key reason that different guitars will have different tonal qualities. The sound is a complex mixture of harmonics that give the guitar its distinctive sound. Acoustic Guitar Sample An example of the sounds which an acoustic guitar can create through vibration of its strings. This guitar uses steel strings. Problems listening to this file? See media help . Guitar;Guitar;Guitar;Electric_guitar;Acoustic_guitar;Acoustic_guitar; Acridine n1c3c(cc2c1cccc2)cccc3 c1ccc2c(c1)cc3ccccc3n2 InChI=1S/C13H9N/c1-3-7-12-10(5-1)9-11-6-2-4-8-13(11)14-12/h1-9H Y Key: DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C13H9N/c1-3-7-12-10(5-1)9-11-6-2-4-8-13(11)14-12/h1-9H Key: DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYAF Y (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Acridine , C 13 H 9 N, is an organic compound and a nitrogen heterocycle . Acridine is also used to describe compounds containing the C 13 N tricycle. Acridine is structurally related to anthracene with one of the central CH groups is replaced by nitrogen. Acridine, a colorless solid, was first isolated from coal tar . It is a raw material used for the production of dyes and some valuable drugs. Many acridines, such as proflavine , also have antiseptic properties. Acridine and related derivatives bind to DNA and RNA due to their abilities to intercalate . Acridine orange (3,6-dimethylaminoacridine) is a nucleic acid -selective metachromatic stain useful for cell cycle determination. Acridarsine is formally derived from acridine by replacing the nitrogen atom with one of arsenic , and acridophosphine by replacing it with one of phosphorus . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Anthracene;Nitrogen;PubMed_Identifier;Open_source;Wikisource;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Acridine;Acridine; Acrivastine InChI=1S/C22H24N2O2/c1-17-7-9-18(10-8-17)20(13-16-24-14-2-3-15-24)21-6-4-5-19(23-21)11-12-22(25)26/h4-13H,2-3,14-16H2,1H3,(H,25,26)/b12-11+,20-13+ Y Key:PWACSDKDOHSSQD-IUTFFREVSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Acrivastine is a medication used for the treatment of allergies and hay fever . It is a second-generation H1-receptor antagonist antihistamine (like its base molecule triprolidine ) and works by blocking Histamine H1 receptors . This non-sedating antihistamine is sold under the brand name Benadryl Allergy Relief in the U.K. by McNeil Laboratories , not to be confused with Benadryl Once a Day, which is cetirizine and is also sold by McNeil in the U.K. It is available as an over-the-counter medication in the UK. In the U.S., acrivastine is the active ingredient in the Semprex-D brand. Semprex-D is also acrivastine-based, but contains a decongestant , pseudoephedrine . Semprex-D is marketed in the U.S. by Actient Pharmaceuticals. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;Route_of_administration;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Hay_fever;Triprolidine;Cetirizine;Pseudoephedrine;Loratadine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Acrivastine;Acrivastine; ActiveSync Microsoft_Windows;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_license;EULA;Microsoft;Push_technology;IOS;WebOS;Google;Novell_GroupWise;Personal_computer;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Kerio_Connect;Zimbra;Microsoft_Outlook;Personal_digital_assistant;Smartphone;IPhone;Palm_OS;Windows_Vista;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Push_email;Smartphone;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft_Outlook;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;HTC_TyTN;ActiveSync;ActiveSync; ActiveX ActiveX is a framework for defining reusable software components in a programming language-independent [ disambiguation needed ] way. Software applications can then be composed from one or more of these components in order to provide their functionality. [ 1 ] The process an Internet Explorer 9 user must go through to install an ActiveX control. It was introduced in 1996 by Microsoft as a development of its Component Object Model (COM) and Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) technologies and is commonly used in its Windows operating system, although the technology itself is not tied to it. Many Microsoft Windows applications — including many of those from Microsoft itself, such as Internet Explorer , Microsoft Office , Microsoft Visual Studio , and Windows Media Player — use ActiveX controls to build their feature-set and also encapsulate their own functionality as ActiveX controls which can then be embedded into other applications. Internet Explorer also allows embedding ActiveX controls onto web pages . Application_software;Microsoft;Component_Object_Model;Microsoft_Windows;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Player;Internet;Internet_Explorer;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;.NET_Framework;Mozilla_Firefox;DirectShow;Advanced_Systems_Format;DirectX;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;Microsoft_Gadgets;Component_Object_Model;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework;Internet_Explorer;Web_browser;ActiveX;ActiveX; Active_metabolite An active metabolite is an active form of a drug after it has been processed by the body. Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Active_metabolite;Active_metabolite; Active_noise_control Active noise control ( ANC ), also known as noise cancellation , or active noise reduction ( ANR ), is a method for reducing unwanted sound . Graphical depiction of active noise reduction Sound;Digital_signal_processing;Bose_Corporation;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Active_noise_control;Active_noise_control; Active_window An active window is the currently focused window in the current window manager or explorer. Different window managers indicate the currently-active window in different ways and allow the user to switch between windows in different ways. For example, in Microsoft Windows , if both Notepad and Microsoft Paint are open, clicking in the Notepad window will cause that window to become active. In Windows, the active window is indicated by having a different coloured title bar. Clicking is not the only way of selecting an active window, however: some window managers (such as FVWM ) make the window under the mouse pointer active—simply moving the mouse is sufficient to switch windows; a click is not needed. Window managers often provide a way to select the active window using the keyboard as an alternative to the mouse. One typical key combination is Alt+Tab , used by Windows and KDE (by default, though this is user-configurable); another is apple -tilde, used by Macintosh. Pressing the appropriate key combination typically cycles through all visible windows in some order, though other actions are possible. Many, though not all, window managers provide a region of the screen containing some kind of visual control (often a button) for each window on the screen. Each button typically contains the title of the window and may also contain an icon. This area of the screen generally provides some kind of visual indication of which window is active—for example, the active window's button may appear “pushed in”. It is also usually possible to switch the active window by clicking on the appropriate button. In Microsoft Windows, this area of the screen is called the taskbar ; in Apple Macintosh systems this area of the screen is called the dock. The active window may not always lie in front of all other windows on the screen. The active window is simply the window to which keys typed on the keyboard are sent; it may be visually obscured by other windows. This is especially true in window managers which do not require a click to change active windows: FVWM, for example, makes active the window under the mouse cursor but does not change its Z-order (the order in which windows appear, measured from background to foreground). Instead, it is necessary to click on the border of the window to bring it to the foreground. There are also situations in click-to-focus window managers such as Microsoft Windows where the active window may be obscured; however, this is much less common. This software engineering -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Active_window oldid=476577901 " Categories : Graphical user interfaces Software engineering stubs WikiProject Computer science stubs Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from October 2008 All articles lacking sources Microsoft_Windows;Active_window;Active_window; Activex Application_software;Microsoft;Component_Object_Model;Microsoft_Windows;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Player;Internet;Internet_Explorer;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;.NET_Framework;Mozilla_Firefox;DirectShow;Advanced_Systems_Format;DirectX;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;Microsoft_Gadgets;Component_Object_Model;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework;Internet_Explorer;Web_browser;ActiveX;ActiveX; Activity_Monitor Activity Monitor is a task manager , a utility for performing different tasks to a computer processes , in the OS X operating system . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Some of its functions include: Quitting or "killing" a computer process Viewing the computer's CPU load Checking the amount of random access memory in use or swapped out Checking the amount of hard disk read-ins and write-outs Checking the capacity of storage devices Monitoring the computer's network usage Inspecting running computer processes Viewing a process identifier number Viewing information about a particular process Prior to Mac OS X v10.3 , the Activity Monitor was named the Process Viewer. [ 3 ] Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;OS_X;Operating_system;CPU;Random_access_memory;Hard_disk;Microsoft_Windows;Apple;Apple;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Activity_Monitor;Activity_Monitor; Acura Japan;Honda;Japan;Honda;United_States;Canada;Hong_Kong;Mexico;UK;Toyota;Nissan;Infiniti;Ferrari;BMW;Audi;CNET;United_States;J._D._Power_and_Associates;Hong_Kong;Mexico;Canada;Honda;Honda;Honda;Japan;Honda;Infiniti;Toyota;Acura;Acura; Adam_Cheyer Adam Cheyer is a co-founder of Siri and is currently a director of engineering in the iPhone group at Apple . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Prior to Siri, he was a computer scientist and project director in SRI International 's Artificial Intelligence Center , where he was the Chief Architect on the CALO project. [ 3 ] Cheyer is also a founder of Change.org [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and Genetic Finance . [ 6 ] SRI_International;IPhone;Apple_Inc.;SRI_International;CALO;SRI_International;TechCrunch;Adam_Cheyer;Adam_Cheyer; Adaptive_DPCM Voice_over_IP;Codec;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Data_compression;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_codec;Video_codec;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate; Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding Filename_extension;Sony;Audio_file_format;Sony;Sony_Ericsson;GSM;Stereophonic_sound;FFmpeg;Windows_Media_Audio;Vorbis;Advanced_Audio_Coding;LAME;FFmpeg;Rockbox;ARM_architecture;Codec;VAIO;SonicStage;WavPack;OptimFROG;SonicStage;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding; Adbusting Subvertising is a portmanteau of subvert and advertising . It refers to the practice of making spoofs or parodies of corporate and political advertisements . [ 1 ] Subvertisements may take the form of a new image or an alteration to an existing image or icon, often in a satirical manner. A subvertisement can also be referred to as a meme hack and can be a part of social hacking or culture jamming . [ 2 ] According to AdBusters , a Canadian magazine and a proponent of counter-culture and subvertising, "A well produced 'subvert' mimics the look and feel of the targeted ad, promoting the classic ' double-take ' as viewers suddenly realize they have been duped. Subverts create cognitive dissonance . It cuts through the hype and glitz of our mediated reality and, momentarily, reveals a deeper truth within." A Ford logo subverted to read Fnord Canada; Addictiveness Addiction is the continued use of a mood altering substance or behaviour despite adverse dependency consequences, [ 1 ] or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors. [ 2 ] Addictions can include, but are not limited to, alcohol abuse , drug abuse , exercise abuse, and gambling . Classic hallmarks of addiction include: impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. [ 3 ] Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). [ 4 ] Physiological dependence occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the substance into its 'normal' functioning. [ 5 ] This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal . Tolerance is the process by which the body continually adapts to the substance and requires increasingly larger amounts to achieve the original effects. Withdrawal refers to physical and psychological symptoms people experience when reducing or discontinuing a substance the body had become dependent on. Symptoms of withdrawal generally include but are not limited to anxiety , irritability , intense cravings for the substance, nausea , hallucinations , headaches , cold sweats, and tremors . Anxiety;Sedative;Anxiety;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Signal_processing; Address_bus An address bus is a computer bus (a series of lines connecting two or more devices) that is used to specify a physical address . When a processor or DMA -enabled device needs to read or write to a memory location, it specifies that memory location on the address bus (the value to be read or written is sent on the data bus ). The width of the address bus determines the amount of memory a system can address. For example, a system with a 32-bit address bus can address 2 32 (4,294,967,296) memory locations. If each memory address holds one byte, the addressable memory space is 4 GB. Central_processing_unit;Direct_memory_access;VESA_Local_Bus;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Address_bus;Address_bus; Adesklets Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Software_license;XMMS;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Adesklets;Adesklets; Adium Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Free_software;Open_source;Instant_messaging;Mac_OS_X;Windows_Live_Messenger;Google_Talk;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Graphical_user_interface;Universal_binary;Intel;Apple_Inc.;Xcode;Mac_Pro;OSCAR_protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;MobileMe;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Talk;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;Windows_Live_Messenger;Novell_GroupWise;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Tencent_QQ;Xfire;Skype_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Emoticon;Contact_list;AppleScript;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Adium;Adium; Adobe_Acrobat Acrobat: Commercial software www.adobe.com/acrobat get.adobe.com/reader Adobe Acrobat is a set of application software developed by Adobe Systems to view, create, manipulate, print and manage files in Portable Document Format ( PDF ). [ 4 ] All parts of the set, except Adobe Reader (formerly Acrobat Reader), are proprietary commercial programs, while the latter is available as freeware and can be copied from Adobe's website. Adobe Reader enables users to view and print PDF files but has negligible PDF creation capabilities. [ 5 ] Acrobat and Reader are widely used as a method of presenting information with a fixed layout similar to a paper publication. Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;IOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;Windows_Phone;File_size;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Freeware;Application_software;Adobe_Systems;PDF;Adobe_Reader;Freeware;DjVu;DOS;Digital_signature;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Unix;SPARC;Windows_Vista;Windows_Vista;Universal_binary;Flash_Video;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;IOS;Linux;Adobe_Systems;Internationalization_and_localization;JavaScript;Adobe_Flash;Internet_Explorer;Microsoft_Windows;EWeek;Freeware;STDU_Viewer;Commercial_software;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Acrobat; Adobe_After_Effects Adobe After Effects is a digital motion graphics and compositing software published by Adobe Systems , used in the post-production process of filmmaking and television production . Its main uses are the origination of 2D and 2.5D animation, visual effects compositing and finishing (image adjustment, color correction etc.). After Effects can also be used as a basic non-linear editor and a media transcoder . Mac_OS_X_Lion;Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Motion_graphics;Visual_effects;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Motion_graphics;Compositing;Adobe_Systems;Visual_effects;Compositing;Transcoding;Motion_graphics;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Flash;REDCODE;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Motion;Eyeon_Fusion;Sony_Vegas;CineFX;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Motion_graphics;Open_source_software;Proprietary_software;Adobe_Flash;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_After_Effects; Adobe_Audition Adobe Audition (formerly Cool Edit Pro ) is a digital audio workstation from Adobe Systems featuring both a multitrack , non-destructive mix/edit environment and a destructive-approach waveform editing view. Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;Adobe_Systems;Microsoft;Surround_sound;Equalization;Shareware;CD;User_interface;Adobe_Soundbooth;XML;Adobe_Soundbooth;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Audition; Adobe_Digital_Editions Adobe Digital Editions is ebook reader software from Adobe Systems built using Adobe Flash . It is used for acquiring, managing and reading eBooks , digital newspapers, and other digital publications. The software supports PDF , XHTML (through the nonproprietary . EPUB file type specification), and Flash-based content. It implements a proprietary scheme of Digital Rights Management , which since version 1.5 (May 2008) allows document sharing between multiple computers and user authentication through Adobe ID. Adobe Digital Editions is a successor to Adobe eBook Reader . [ 1 ] Windows and OS X versions of Adobe Digital Editions were released on June 19, 2007. The software requires version 9.0 of Adobe Flash Player . Adobe originally announced a Linux version would be published at the end of 2007 but later changed their mind. [ 2 ] All promises of future versions have now been removed from the Adobe's official FAQ. Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;EPUB;Digital_Rights_Management;Adobe_Flash_Player;Digital_rights_management;Reverse_engineering;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Digital_Editions; Adobe_Flash Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flash ) is a multimedia platform used to add animation, video, and interactivity to web pages. Flash is frequently used for advertisements, games and flash animations for broadcast. More recently, it has been positioned as a tool for " Rich Internet Applications " ("RIAs"). [ 1 ] Flash manipulates vector and raster graphics to provide animation of text, drawings, and still images. It supports bidirectional streaming of audio and video, and it can capture user input via mouse, keyboard, microphone, and camera. Flash contains an object-oriented language called ActionScript and supports automation via the JavaScript Flash language (JSFL). Flash content may be displayed on various computer systems and devices , using Adobe Flash Player , which is available free of charge for common web browsers , some mobile phones, and a few other electronic devices (using Flash Lite ). Some users feel that Flash enriches their web experience, while others find the extensive use of Flash animation , particularly in advertising, intrusive and annoying. Flash has also been criticized for adversely affecting the usability of web pages. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;List_of_software_categories;Adobe_Flash_Player;Multimedia;Interactivity;Raster_graphics;Streaming_media;Adobe_Flash_Player;Web_browser;Adobe_Systems;Microsoft;Adobe_Systems;Application_software;Digital_rights_management;Mobile_device;Flash_Video;File_format;Application_programming_interface;Microsoft_Windows;Flash_Video;VLC_media_player;QuickTime;Windows_Media_Player;Codec;Central_processing_unit;Sorenson_codec;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Flash_Video;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Speex;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ITunes;Metadata;Free_software;Free_Software_Foundation;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Theora;Sorenson_codec;Open_source;Perl;Shareware;Apple_Inc.;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;QNX;IRIX;PowerPC;Google_Chrome;QNX;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Palm_OS;WebOS;Windows_Phone;Application_programming_interface;Nvidia;Graphics_processing_unit;Ars_Technica;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Adobe_Reader;Microsoft_Windows;OS_X;Linux;Adobe_Flash_Player;ISO_base_media_file_format;ZDNet;Adobe_Systems;ZDNet;NPD_Group;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems;Motion_graphics;Open_source_software;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Flash_Video;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Portable_Document_Format;Google_Chrome;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Flash; Adobe_Flash_Player The Adobe Flash Player is software for viewing multimedia , Rich Internet Applications , and streaming video and audio, on a computer web browser or on supported mobile devices. Flash Player runs SWF files that can be created by the Adobe Flash authoring tool, by Adobe Flex or by a number of other Macromedia and third party tools. Flash Player was created by Macromedia and now developed and distributed by Adobe Systems after its acquisition. Flash Player supports vector and raster graphics , 3D graphics , an embedded scripting language called ActionScript , and streaming of video and audio. ActionScript is based on ECMAScript , and supports object-oriented code , and may be compared to JavaScript . Flash Player has a wide user base, with over 90% penetration on internet connected personal computers, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and is a common format for games, animations, and GUIs embedded into web pages. Flash Player is freely available as a plugin for recent versions of web browsers (such as Internet Explorer , Mozilla Firefox , Opera , and Safari ) on selected platforms. Google Chrome integrated the player into the distribution. Each version of the plugin is backwards-compatible. Flash Player is used internally by the Adobe Integrated Runtime (Adobe AIR), in order to provide a cross-platform runtime environment for desktop applications and mobile applications. The runtime supports installable applications on Windows , Linux , Mac OS , and some mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android . Flash applications must specifically be built for the Adobe AIR runtime in order to utilize additional features provided, such as file system integration, native client extensions, native window/screen integration, taskbar/dock integration, and hardware integration with connected Accelerometer and GPS devices. [ 5 ] Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;Computing_platform;Web_browser;ActiveX;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Multimedia;Web_browser;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Systems;Raster_graphics;JavaScript;Graphical_user_interface;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Firefox;Google_Chrome;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS;IOS;Accelerometer;GPS;Free_software;Free_software;XML;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;ActiveX;Internet_Explorer;Dell;Logitech;LG;Motorola;Research_In_Motion;Samsung;Sony;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;ARM_architecture;Mac_OS;Symbian_OS;Palm_OS;IRIX;ARM_architecture;Samsung;Intel;Netbook;Sony;Mobile_operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;Symbian_OS;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Digital_rights_management;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;Web_application;AOL;Internet_Explorer;Windows_XP;User_interface;Codec;Flash_Video;PDF;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ISO_base_media_file_format;Speex;DirectX;OpenGL_ES;JPEG_XR;Adobe_Systems;The_Guardian;Steve_Jobs;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash;Flash_Video;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_Flash_Player; Adobe_InDesign Adobe InDesign is a software application produced by Adobe Systems . It can be used to create works such as posters, flyers, brochures, magazines, newspapers and books. InDesign can also publish content suitable for tablet devices in conjunction with Adobe Digital Publishing Suite. Graphic designers and production artists are the principal users, creating and laying out periodical publications, posters, and print media. It also supports export to EPUB and SWF formats to create digital publications, and content suitable for consumption on tablet computers . The Adobe InCopy word processor uses the same formatting engine as InDesign. Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Adobe_Systems;EPUB;Tablet_computer;Mac_OS_X;Portable_Document_Format;JavaScript;Universal_binary;Intel;PowerPC;Apple_Macintosh;PowerPC;Intel;User_interface;Windows_XP;Universal_binary;Intel;Apple_Macintosh;Microsoft_Word;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Photoshop;Freeware;Retail_software;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_InDesign; Adobe_Media_Player Adobe Media Player was a desktop media player that allowed users to manage and interact with their media content, and allowed content publishers to define branding and advertising in and around their content. The Adobe Media Player was one of the first Adobe AIR applications from Adobe Systems . It was announced at NAB show in Las Vegas and was released in April 2008. [ 1 ] It used DRM and enforces advertisement viewing, when watching videos both online and offline. The player was designed to allow users to subscribe to webcasts from various providers to be either streamed or download for viewing offline. Adobe had signed CBS , PBS , MTV Networks , Universal Music Group , CondeNet , and Scripps Networks as partners. Adobe had planned to release other features to support various business models, such as the ability to rent videos. [ 2 ] Adobe Media Player was discontinued on 16 September 2010. [ 3 ] The player has been praised for its user-friendliness and compared to the internet TV service Joost . [ 4 ] Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Internet_television;List_of_feed_aggregators;Software_license;Freeware;Adobe_Systems;Digital_rights_management;CBS;Universal_Music_Group;Joost;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Multimedia;Software;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Media_Player; Adobe_Photoshop Mac_OS_X_Lion;Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Photoshop_Elements;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Web_application;IOS;Macintosh_Plus;Image_scanner;Apple_Inc.;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_After_Effects;Raster_graphics;Raw_image_format;Adobe_Systems;IPad;Adobe_Systems;Raw_image_format;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Flickr;Raw_image_format;JPEG;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Portable_Document_Format;PowerPC;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;PowerPC;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Facebook;JPEG;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Adobe_Photoshop_Elements;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Google;Apple_Inc;Flickr;Open_Directory_Project;GIMP;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Adobe_Photoshop_Elements;Freeware;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Photoshop; Adobe_Photoshop_Album Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_photo;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Software_application;Adobe_Systems;Digital_photo;Apple_Inc.;IPhoto;Google;Picasa;Adobe_Photoshop_Elements;Microsoft_Windows;Freeware;Comparison_of_image_viewers;Digital_photography;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Photoshop_Album;Adobe_Photoshop_Album; Adobe_Photoshop_Elements Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Commercial_software;Proprietary_software;PDF;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Photoshop_Album;Macworld;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project;GIMP;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Adobe_Photoshop;Freeware;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Photoshop_Elements;Adobe_Photoshop_Elements; Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Software_program;Adobe_Systems;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Photoshop;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Photoshop_Elements;Raw_image_format;Adobe_Systems;Macintosh;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom; Adobe_Premiere_Elements Adobe Premiere Elements is a video editing software application for nonlinear video editing , published by Adobe Systems . It is a scaled-down version of the professional-level Adobe Premiere Pro , and is optionally bundled with Adobe Photoshop Elements . In 2006, it was identified as the number one selling consumer video editing software. [ 1 ] Its main competitors are AVS Video Editor , Cyberlink PowerDirector , Pinnacle Studio , Sony Vegas Movie Studio , Sony Vegas , Corel VideoStudio , and iMovie . Unlike many of its competitors, Premiere Elements can handle unlimited video and audio tracks, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] with multiple keyframed effects applied to each clip, as well as Picture-in-picture and chromakey capabilities. It also supports many third-party plug-ins for additional features, including Premiere Pro plug-ins, After Effects plug-ins, and VST effects . It can create bars and tone and a countdown leader, just like Premiere Pro. This program also features real-time video rendering which allows the user to instantly preview edits made to the video timeline. Premiere Elements is available for Windows XP and also for Windows Vista and Windows 7 beginning with version 3.0.2. Beginning with version 9.0, Premiere Elements was made available for MacOS X. Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Photoshop_Elements;AVS_Video_Editor;PowerDirector;Pinnacle_Studio;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Sony_Vegas;IMovie;Adobe_After_Effects;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;DV;Camcorder;DVD;Mobile_phone;JVC;HDV;Webcam;IPod;Image_stabilization;YouTube;AVCHD;Facebook;YouTube;List_of_video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Elements; Adobe_Premiere_Pro Adobe Premiere Pro is a timeline-based video editing software application. It is part of the Adobe Creative Suite , a suite of graphic design , video editing and web development applications developed by Adobe Systems , though it can also be purchased separately. It comes bundled with Adobe Media Encoder , Adobe Encore and Adobe OnLocation . Starting with the version in Creative Suite 5 (CS5), it is a native 64-bit application for Mac OS X and Windows 7 . [ 3 ] As a 64-bit application, it does not run on 32-bit computers. [ 3 ] Premiere Pro is used by broadcasters such as the BBC [ 4 ] and The Tonight Show . [ 5 ] It has been used in feature films, such as The Social Network , [ 6 ] Captain Abu Raed , [ 7 ] and Monsters , [ 8 ] and other venues such as Madonna's Confessions Tour . [ 9 ] Mac_OS_X_Lion;Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Computing_platform;QuickTime;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Commercial_software;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Video_editing;Adobe_Systems;Mac_OS_X;Display_resolution;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Photoshop;Metadata;Speech_recognition;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;IRIX;Mac_OS_X;DVD;Adobe_Flash;AVCHD;Final_Cut_Pro;AVCHD;VOB;QuickTime;JVC;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;List_of_video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Premiere_Pro; Adobe_Reader Acrobat: Commercial software www.adobe.com/acrobat get.adobe.com/reader Adobe Acrobat is a set of application software developed by Adobe Systems to view, create, manipulate, print and manage files in Portable Document Format ( PDF ). [ 4 ] All parts of the set, except Adobe Reader (formerly Acrobat Reader), are proprietary commercial programs, while the latter is available as freeware and can be copied from Adobe's website. Adobe Reader enables users to view and print PDF files but has negligible PDF creation capabilities. [ 5 ] Acrobat and Reader are widely used as a method of presenting information with a fixed layout similar to a paper publication. Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;IOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;Windows_Phone;File_size;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Freeware;Application_software;Adobe_Systems;PDF;Adobe_Reader;Freeware;DjVu;DOS;Digital_signature;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Unix;SPARC;Windows_Vista;Windows_Vista;Universal_binary;Flash_Video;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;IOS;Linux;Adobe_Systems;Internationalization_and_localization;JavaScript;Adobe_Flash;Internet_Explorer;Microsoft_Windows;EWeek;Freeware;STDU_Viewer;Commercial_software;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Acrobat; Adobe_Software Adobe Systems Incorporated ( NASDAQ : ADBE ) ( / ə ˈ d oʊ b iː / ə- DOH -bee ) is an American multinational computer software company founded in 1982 and headquartered in San Jose , California, United States. The company has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products, with a more-recent foray towards rich Internet application software development . Adobe was founded in December 1982 [ 2 ] by John Warnock and Charles Geschke , who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the PostScript page description language . In 1985, Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers , which helped spark the desktop publishing revolution. The company name Adobe comes from Adobe Creek in Los Altos , California, which ran behind the houses of both of the company's founders. [ 2 ] Adobe acquired its former competitor, Macromedia , in December 2005, which added newer software products and platforms such as ColdFusion , Dreamweaver , Flash and Flex to its product portfolio. As of 2010, Adobe Systems has 9,117 employees, [ 2 ] about 40% of whom work in San Jose. Adobe also has major development operations in Orlando ; Seattle; San Francisco; Lehi, Utah ; Minneapolis ; Waltham, Massachusetts ; and San Luis Obispo, California in the United States; Ottawa , Canada; Hamburg , Germany; Noida and Bangalore , India; Bucharest , Romania; Basel , Switzerland; and Beijing , China. NASDAQ;NASDAQ;Apple_Inc.;Adobe_Flash;Bangalore;Apple_Inc.;Pixel;Microsoft;Apple_Macintosh;MacDraw;QuickDraw;Adobe_Photoshop;PDF;PDF;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_InDesign;Steve_Jobs;NeXT;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_After_Effects;TIFF;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Apple_Inc.;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Audition;Fiscal_year;Web_application;Google;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Portable_Document_Format;Flash_Video;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_After_Effects;NASDAQ;Apple_Inc.;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;United_States;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems; Adobe_Soundbooth Adobe Soundbooth was a digital audio editor by Adobe Systems Incorporated for Windows XP , Windows Vista , 7 and Mac OS X . Adobe has described it as being "in the spirit of SoundEdit 16 and Cool Edit 2000 ". Adobe also has a more powerful program called Adobe Audition , which replaced Soundbooth as of Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 Production Premium. Soundbooth, discontinued in 2011, was aimed at creative professionals who do not specialize in audio or people who need a simple editing program and do not require the full features of Adobe Audition. Due to Intel -specific code, Adobe stated that the Mac OS X version would only be available for machines using Intel processors. Soundbooth CS4 was the first version to support 64-bit officially. Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_editor;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X;Adobe_Audition;Intel;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Audition;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format; Adobe_Systems Adobe Systems Incorporated ( NASDAQ : ADBE ) ( / ə ˈ d oʊ b iː / ə- DOH -bee ) is an American multinational computer software company founded in 1982 and headquartered in San Jose , California, United States. The company has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products, with a more-recent foray towards rich Internet application software development . Adobe was founded in December 1982 [ 2 ] by John Warnock and Charles Geschke , who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the PostScript page description language . In 1985, Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers , which helped spark the desktop publishing revolution. The company name Adobe comes from Adobe Creek in Los Altos , California, which ran behind the houses of both of the company's founders. [ 2 ] Adobe acquired its former competitor, Macromedia , in December 2005, which added newer software products and platforms such as ColdFusion , Dreamweaver , Flash and Flex to its product portfolio. As of 2010, Adobe Systems has 9,117 employees, [ 2 ] about 40% of whom work in San Jose. Adobe also has major development operations in Orlando ; Seattle; San Francisco; Lehi, Utah ; Minneapolis ; Waltham, Massachusetts ; and San Luis Obispo, California in the United States; Ottawa , Canada; Hamburg , Germany; Noida and Bangalore , India; Bucharest , Romania; Basel , Switzerland; and Beijing , China. NASDAQ;NASDAQ;Apple_Inc.;Adobe_Flash;Bangalore;Apple_Inc.;Pixel;Microsoft;Apple_Macintosh;MacDraw;QuickDraw;Adobe_Photoshop;PDF;PDF;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_InDesign;Steve_Jobs;NeXT;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_After_Effects;TIFF;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Apple_Inc.;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Audition;Fiscal_year;Web_application;Google;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Portable_Document_Format;Flash_Video;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_After_Effects;NASDAQ;Apple_Inc.;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format;United_States;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems; Advanced_Audio_Coding Advanced Audio Coding ( AAC ) is a standardized, lossy compression and encoding scheme for digital audio . Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC generally achieves better sound quality than MP3 at similar bit rates . [ 2 ] AAC has been standardized by ISO and IEC , as part of the MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 specifications. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Part of the AAC known as High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding (HE-AAC) which is part of MPEG-4 Audio is also adopted into digital radio standards like DAB+ and Digital Radio Mondiale , as well as mobile television standards DVB-H and ATSC-M/H . AAC supports inclusion of 48 full- bandwidth (up to 96 kHz) audio channels in one stream plus 16 low frequency effects (LFE, limited to 120 Hz) channels, up to 16 "coupling" or dialog channels, and up to 16 data streams. The quality for stereo is satisfactory to modest requirements at 96 kbit/s in joint stereo mode; however, hi-fi transparency demands data rates of at least 128 kbit/s ( VBR ). The MPEG-2 audio tests showed that AAC meets the requirements referred to as "transparent" for the ITU at 128 kbit/s for stereo, and 320 kbit/s for 5.1 audio. AAC is also the default or standard audio format for YouTube , iPhone , iPod , iPad , Nintendo DSi , iTunes , DivX Plus Web Player and PlayStation 3 . It is supported on PlayStation Portable , Wii (with the Photo Channel 1.1 update installed), Sony Walkman MP3 series and later, Sony Ericsson ; Nokia , Android , BlackBerry , and webOS -based mobile phones, with the use of a converter. AAC has also seen some adoption on in-dash car audio especially on high-end units such as the Pioneer AVIC series. Filename_extension;Lossy_compression;ISO_base_media_file_format;Encoder;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Variable_bitrate;YouTube;IPhone;IPod;IPad;ITunes;Sony_Ericsson;Nokia;BlackBerry;WebOS;Pioneer_Corporation;Nokia;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;TwinVQ;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;FFmpeg;FAAC;Source_code;ISO_base_media_file_format;Apple_Inc.;ITunes;IPod;Firmware;Digital_Rights_Management;FairPlay;ITunes_Store;Microsoft;Zune;Sony;Rockbox;Nokia;Motorola;Samsung;Sony_Ericsson;Sony_Ericsson;BlackBerry;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;WebOS;Silverlight;Apple_Inc.;IPad;Palm_OS;Personal_digital_assistant;Pocket_Tunes;Windows_Media_Player;Sony_Reader;Pioneer_Corporation;Sony;Alpine_Electronics;JVC;Logitech;Microsoft_Windows;DirectShow;DirectShow;Mac_OS_X;QuickTime;Adobe_Flash_Player;Rockbox;Open_source;Firmware;Microsoft_Windows;Ffdshow;Open_source;DirectShow;Microsoft_Windows;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;MediaMonkey;MPlayer;Xine;Linux;Macintosh;RealPlayer;RealNetworks;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Microsoft_Windows;XBMC;Xbox;XMMS;WAV;FAAC;FAAC;Free_software;FFmpeg;Libavcodec;FAAC;Apple_Lossless;Vorbis;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;ISO;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;ISO;ISO;MPEG_transport_stream;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;MPEG_transport_stream;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_Multichannel;ISO_base_media_file_format;MPEG_Surround;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;HDV;Component_video;HDMI;VGA_connector;Codec;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Advanced_Audio_Coding; Advanced_Encryption_Standard The Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ) is a specification for the encryption of electronic data. Originally called Rijndael , the cipher was developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen , who submitted to the AES selection process. [ 3 ] AES has been adopted by the U.S. government and is now used worldwide. It supersedes the Data Encryption Standard (DES). [ 4 ] The algorithm described by AES is a symmetric-key algorithm , meaning the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting the data. In the United States , AES was announced by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as U.S. FIPS PUB 197 (FIPS 197) on November 26, 2001. This announcement followed a five-year standardization process in which fifteen competing designs were presented and evaluated, before the Rijndael cipher was selected as the most suitable (see Advanced Encryption Standard process for more details). It became effective as a Federal government standard on May 26, 2002 after approval by the Secretary of Commerce . AES is available in many different encryption packages, and is the first publicly accessible and open cipher approved by the National Security Agency (NSA) for top secret information when used in an NSA approved cryptographic module (see Security of AES , below). The name Rijndael ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛindaːl] [ 5 ] ) is a play on the names of the two inventors. Strictly speaking, the AES standard is a variant of Rijndael where the block size is restricted to 128 bits. Encryption;Belgium;United_States;Hexadecimal;Triple_DES;Pentium_M;Triple_DES;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Portable_Document_Format;Portable_Document_Format;Triple_DES;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Advanced_Encryption_Standard; Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is used as the on-chip bus in system-on-a-chip (SoC) designs. Since its inception, the scope of AMBA has gone far beyond microcontroller devices, and is now widely used on a range of ASIC and SoC parts including applications processors used in modern portable mobile devices like smartphones . The AMBA protocol is an open standard, on-chip interconnect specification for the connection and management of functional blocks in a System-on-Chip (SoC). It facilitates right-first-time development of multi-processor designs with large numbers of controllers and peripherals. AMBA was introduced by ARM Ltd in 1996. The first AMBA buses were Advanced System Bus (ASB) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB). In its 2nd version, AMBA 2, ARM added AMBA High-performance Bus (AHB) that is a single clock-edge protocol. In 2003, ARM introduced the 3rd generation, AMBA 3, including AXI to reach even higher performance interconnect and the Advanced Trace Bus (ATB) as part of the CoreSight on-chip debug and trace solution. These protocols are today the de-facto standard for 32-bit embedded processors because they are well documented and can be used without royalties. Smartphones;ARM_architecture;SDRAM;Direct_memory_access;IBM;CoreConnect;SoC;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture; Advanced_Packaging_Tool The Advanced Packaging Tool , or APT , is a free user interface that works with core libraries to handle the installation and removal of software on the Debian GNU/Linux distribution and its variants. [ 3 ] APT simplifies the process of managing software on Unix-like computer systems by automating the retrieval, configuration and installation of software packages , either from binary files or by compiling source code. [ 3 ] APT was originally designed as a front-end for dpkg to work with Debian's .deb packages, but it has since been modified to also work with the RPM Package Manager system via apt-rpm . [ 4 ] The Fink project has ported APT to Mac OS X for some of its own package management tasks, and APT is also available in OpenSolaris (included in the Nexenta OS distribution). [ 5 ] Cydia is a package manager for jailbroken iOS partially based on APT (ported to iOS as part of the related Telesphoreo project). [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Computing_platform;Unix;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Mac_OS_X;Cydia;IOS_jailbreaking;Compact_Disc;Synaptic_Package_Manager;Synaptic_Package_Manager;Graphical_user_interface;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Graphical_user_interface;Removable_media;Cydia;IOS_jailbreaking;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Digital_signature;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Advanced_Packaging_Tool; Advanced_Systems_Format Advanced Systems Format (formerly Advanced Streaming Format , Active Streaming Format ) is Microsoft 's proprietary digital audio / digital video container format , especially meant for streaming media . ASF is part of the Windows Media framework. Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Microsoft;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Video;Microsoft;Proprietary_software;Digital_video;Streaming_media;Codec;QuickTime;Audio_Video_Interleave;Ogg;Streaming_media;Hard_disk_drive;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Video;Digital_rights_management;Windows_Media_Encoder;Windows_Movie_Maker;License;VirtualDub;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Internet_Explorer;ActiveX;Web_browser;Advanced_Systems_Format;Advanced_Systems_Format; Aeroflex Aeroflex Inc. ( NYSE : ARX ) is an American company which produces test equipment, RF and microwave integrated circuits , components and systems used for wireless communications. Its headquarters is located in Plainview , New York . [ 1 ] United_States_dollar;Agilent;National_Instruments;Aeroflex;Aeroflex; Agilent Agilent Technologies ( NYSE : A ), or Agilent , is a global company that designs and manufactures electronic and bio-analytical measurement instruments and equipment for measurement and evaluation. Agilent Technologies has a stock market capitalization of over 15 billion USD and the company's headquarters are in Santa Clara , California , in the Silicon Valley region. Many of Agilent's predecessor product lines were developed by Hewlett-Packard , the American computing company founded in 1939. In 1999, the product lines not directly connected with computers, storage, and imaging were grouped into a separate company (Agilent), the stock of which was offered to the public in an initial public offering . The Agilent IPO may have been the largest in the history of Silicon Valley [ 6 ] at the time. The company thus created in 1999 was an $8 billion company with about 47,000 employees, manufacturing scientific instruments , semiconductors , optical networking devices, and electronic test equipment for telecom and wireless R D and production. United_States;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;California;Integrated_circuit;NASDAQ;Reuters;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;WebOS;CNN;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;California;Stanford_University;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Cisco_Systems;Electronic_Arts;Facebook;Google;Logitech;Microsoft;NeXT;Nvidia;Sony;SRI_International;Sun_Microsystems;TiVo;Agilent_Technologies;Agilent_Technologies; Agilent_Technologies Agilent Technologies ( NYSE : A ), or Agilent , is a global company that designs and manufactures electronic and bio-analytical measurement instruments and equipment for measurement and evaluation. Agilent Technologies has a stock market capitalization of over 15 billion USD and the company's headquarters are in Santa Clara , California , in the Silicon Valley region. Many of Agilent's predecessor product lines were developed by Hewlett-Packard , the American computing company founded in 1939. In 1999, the product lines not directly connected with computers, storage, and imaging were grouped into a separate company (Agilent), the stock of which was offered to the public in an initial public offering . The Agilent IPO may have been the largest in the history of Silicon Valley [ 6 ] at the time. The company thus created in 1999 was an $8 billion company with about 47,000 employees, manufacturing scientific instruments , semiconductors , optical networking devices, and electronic test equipment for telecom and wireless R D and production. United_States;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;California;Integrated_circuit;NASDAQ;Reuters;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;WebOS;CNN;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;California;Stanford_University;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Cisco_Systems;Electronic_Arts;Facebook;Google;Logitech;Microsoft;NeXT;Nvidia;Sony;SRI_International;Sun_Microsystems;TiVo;Agilent_Technologies;Agilent_Technologies; AirDrop AirDrop is a Wi-Fi ad-hoc service in Apple 's Mac OS X Lion 10.7. Using AirDrop, you can share files with other computers which also have AirDrop installed without the need of a Wi-Fi network or any configuration and without the need of USB mass-storage devices. AirDrop is limited to these models and newer: MacBook Pro (Late 2008 or newer) The MacBook Pro (17-Inch Late 2008) and the white MacBook (Late 2008) do not support AirDrop. MacBook Air (Late 2010 or newer) MacBook (Late 2008 or newer)* iMac (Early 2009 or newer) Mac Mini (Mid 2010 or newer) Mac Pro (Early 2009 with AirPort Extreme card, or Mid 2010) AirDrop is also available on Hackintoshes (generic PCs which have had MacOS X Lion installed on them) and which have AirDrop-supported WiFi cards, such as Broadcom's 4322/94322. Despite Apple's claimed restrictions, hackers have found that Airdrop can be enabled on any Mac running OS X Lion, and will work over ethernet as well. It can be enabled with a shell command. [ 1 ] Apple_Inc;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;AirDrop;AirDrop; AirPlay Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Streaming_media;Steve_Jobs;ITunes;IPhone;IPod;IPad;IOS;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Apple_TV;Pioneer_Corporation;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Rogue_Amoeba;Linux;Linux;Rogue_Amoeba;Windows;Windows_Media_Center;XBMC;Google_TV;AirPort;ITunes;Streaming_media;RTSP;Apple_Lossless;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;RAOP;RTSP;Wireless_Distribution_System;Reverse_engineering;Jon_Lech_Johansen;AirPort_Express;AirPort;Apple_TV;ITunes;Zero_configuration_networking;Apple_Inc.;Ars_Technica;AirPlay;AirPlay; AirPort AirPort and AirPort Extreme are local area wireless networking products from Apple Inc. based on the IEEE 802.11 standard (also known as Wi-Fi ). AirPort and AirPort Extreme in common usage can refer to the protocol ( 802.11b , 802.11g and 802.11n ), the expansion card or the router . In Japan, the line of products is marketed under the brand AirMac [ 1 ] due to previous registration by I-O Data . [ 2 ] Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Macworld_Expo;Steve_Jobs;IBook;IBook;PC_Card;PowerBook;EMac;Xserve;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;Mac_mini;IMac;Macintosh;Mac_mini;Apple_TV;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Local_area_network;Ethernet;America_Online;Apple_Computer;Motorola;PowerPC;Universal_Serial_Bus;CPU;Wireless_Distribution_System;Apple_TV;Mac_mini;Gigabit_Ethernet;AirPort_Express;AirPlay;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;Mac_Pro;IMac;Bluetooth;Broadcom;Linux;Apple_TV;Broadcom;AirPlay;Apple_TV;ITunes;Timeline_of_Apple_products;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;AirPort;AirPort; AirPort_Express The AirPort Express is a simplified and compact version of Apple's AirPort Extreme wireless router . The current model allows up to 50 networked users, and includes a feature called AirTunes (predecessor to AirPlay ), allowing users to stream audio from a computer running iTunes to a stereo system. [ 1 ] The original version (M9470LL/A, model A1084) was introduced by Apple on 7 June 2004, and includes an analog–optical audio mini-jack output , a USB port for remote printing or charging the iPod (iPod shuffle only), and two Ethernet ports. One is WAN and the other is WLAN . [ 2 ] The main processor of the 802.11g AirPort Express is a Broadcom BCM4712KFB wireless networking chipset, which has a 200 MHz MIPS processor built in. The audio is handled by a Texas Instruments Burr-Brown PCM2705 16-bit digital-to-analog converter . An updated version (MB321LL/A, model A1264) supporting the faster 802.11 Draft-N draft specification and operation in either of the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, with almost all other features identical, was introduced by Apple in March 2008. [ 3 ] The revised unit includes an 802.11a/n (5 GHz) mode, which allows adding Draft-N to an existing 802.11b/g network without disrupting existing connections, while preserving the increased throughput that Draft-N can provide. [ 4 ] Up to 10 wireless units can connect to this AirPort Express. The Airport Express functions as a wireless access point when connected to an Ethernet network. It can be used as an Ethernet-to-wireless bridge under certain wireless configurations. It can be used to extend the range of a network, or as a printer and audio server. An often-overlooked feature of the AirPort Express is that it uses an audio connector that combines a 3.5 mm jack socket and a mini-TOSLINK optical digital transmitter , allowing connection to an external digital-to-analog converter (DAC) or amplifier with internal DAC. This allows iTunes (and other applications which can stream to the device, such as Rogue Amoeba's Airfoil) to output a bitstream instead of analog audio. DTS -encoded CDs ripped to Apple Lossless audio files which decode as digital noise in iTunes will play back correctly when the AirPort Express is connected via TOSLINK to a DTS-compatible amplifier–decoder. On a system running Mac OS X Lion or earlier, the audio output feature of the AirPort Express can only be used to wirelessly stream audio files from within iTunes to an attached stereo system. It can not be used to output the soundtrack of iTunes video content to an attached stereo. [ 5 ] However, OS X Mountain Lion introduces a feature to output system audio directly to Airport Express. [1] Apple_Inc.;AirPlay;ITunes;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;Broadcom;ITunes;Rogue_Amoeba;Mac_OS_X;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ITunes;AirPlay;AirPort_Utility;AirPort_Express;AirPort_Express; AirPort_Utility Software_developer;Apple_Inc;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;AirPort;USB;OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;Microsoft_Windows;AppleWorks;ITunes;MobileMe;QuickTime;Apple_Software_Update;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;Microsoft_Windows;Software;Software;AirPort_Utility;AirPort_Utility; Air_France KLM;Malaysia;Singapore;Greece;Italy;United_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;Netherlands;KLM;Delta_Air_Lines;Continental_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;Continental_Airlines;The_New_York_Times;KLM;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Alaska_Airlines;Singapore;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;Delta_Air_Lines;KLM;Continental_Airlines;KLM;Alaska_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines;KLM;Air_France;Air_France; Al_Gore Vice Presidency of Al Gore Al Gore presidential campaign, 1988 Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000 Role in information technology Environmental activism Albert Arnold " Al " Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States (1993–2001), under President Bill Clinton . He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President and lost the 2000 U.S. presidential election despite winning the popular vote . Gore is currently an author and environmental activist. He has founded a number of non-profit organizations , including the Alliance for Climate Protection , and has received a Nobel Peace Prize for his work in climate change activism. [ 4 ] Gore was previously an elected official for 24 years, representing Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives (1977–85), and later in the U.S. Senate (1985–93), and finally becoming Vice President in 1993. In the 2000 presidential election , Gore won the popular vote by a margin of more than 500,000 votes. However, he ultimately lost the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush when the U.S. Supreme Court settled the legal controversy over the Florida vote recount by ruling 5-4 in favor of Bush . [ 5 ] It was the only time in history that the Supreme Court has determined the outcome of a presidential election. [ 6 ] Gore is the founder and current chair of the Alliance for Climate Protection , the co-founder and chair of Generation Investment Management , the co-founder and chair of Current TV , a member of the Board of Directors of Apple Inc. , and a senior adviser to Google . [ 7 ] Gore is also a partner in the venture capital firm, Kleiner Perkins Caufield Byers , heading its climate change solutions group. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] He has served as a visiting professor at Middle Tennessee State University , Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism , Fisk University , and the University of California, Los Angeles . [ 7 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] He is also a member of the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute . Gore has received a number of awards including the Nobel Peace Prize (joint award with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) (2007), a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album (2009) for his book An Inconvenient Truth , [ 13 ] a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV (2007), and a Webby Award (2005). Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award -winning (2007) documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007 he was named a runner-up for Time 's 2007 Person of the Year . [ 14 ] United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Apple_Inc.;Google;Vietnam;United_States_House_of_Representatives;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Internet;NBC;Malaysia;Wired_News;New_Jersey;Television;Internet;CNN;Barack_Obama;The_New_York_Times;Barack_Obama;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;CNN;International_Standard_Book_Number;Associated_Press;International_Standard_Book_Number;USA_Today;USA_Today;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post;The_New_York_Times;The_Guardian;Reuters;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Barack_Obama;Zimbabwe;Barack_Obama;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Al_Gore;Al_Gore; Alaska_Airlines Alaska Airlines ( NYSE : ALK ) is an airline based in the Seattle suburb of SeaTac, Washington in the United States. The airline originated in 1932 as McGee Airways . After many mergers with and acquisitions of other airlines, including Star Air Service , it became known as Alaska Airlines in 1944. It has expanded greatly since its founding and now has service not only within the state of Alaska but also throughout the contiguous United States , Canada, Mexico and four Hawaiian Islands. Alaska Airlines carries more passengers between the state of Alaska and the contiguous United States than any other airline. [ 4 ] Classified as a major carrier , it is the seventh-largest US airline in terms of passenger traffic. Alaska currently operates its largest hub at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport . Alaska Airlines' sister carrier, Horizon Air , is closely integrated into Alaska's operations, with Alaska and Horizon sharing many routes. Both airlines are owned by the same parent company, Alaska Air Group . In 2012, J. D. Power and Associates ranked Alaska Airlines highest in customer satisfaction for traditional North American airlines. This is the fifth consecutive year that Alaska Airlines has won the J. D. Power Award. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The airline's frequent flyer program is called Mileage Plan , and their lounge is called Board Room . Alaska Airlines is not part of any of the three major airline alliances , but has codeshare agreements with airlines that are prominent members of Oneworld , such as British Airways and American Airlines , as well as prominent SkyTeam members like Air France and Delta Air Lines . On December 2, 2011 Alaska Airlines' parent company, Alaska Air Group, replaced AMR Corporation in the Dow Jones Transportation Average . [ 7 ] Mexico;J._D._Power_and_Associates;Air_France;Delta_Air_Lines;Ecuador;California;Mexico;Global_Positioning_System;IPad;Air_France;Delta_Air_Lines;KLM;Disney;Starbucks;Air_France;Delta_Air_Lines;KLM;Federal_Aviation_Administration;International_Standard_Book_Number;Bloomberg_Businessweek;Google_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines;Continental_Airlines;Air_France;KLM;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines;Amazon.com;Starbucks;Costco;Microsoft;Big_Fish_Games;Alaska_Airlines;Alaska_Airlines; Albania in Europe ( dark grey ) — [ Legend ] 41°20′N 19°48′E  /  41.333°N 19.8°E  / 41.333; 19.8 Official language(s) 95% Albanians , [ 1 ] 3–6% Greeks , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Unitary parliamentary republic Principality of Arbër Independence from the Ottoman Empire Recognized by the Great Powers Current Constitution 28,748 km 2 ( 143rd ) $24.910 billion [ 4 ] $12.847 billion [ 4 ] Vlach , Greek , Macedonian , and other regional languages, are government-recognized minority languages. Albania ( i / æ l ˈ b eɪ n i ə / al- BAY -nee-ə , Albanian : Shqipëri/Shqipëria ; Gheg Albanian : Shqipnia ), officially known as the Republic of Albania ( Albanian : Republika e Shqipërisë pronounced Albanian pronunciation: [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs] ), is a country in Southeastern Europe . It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy , across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea . Albania is a member of the UN , NATO , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , Council of Europe , World Trade Organisation , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and one of the founding members of the Union for the Mediterranean . Albania has been a potential candidate for accession to the European Union since January 2003, and it formally applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009. [ 7 ] The modern-day territory of Albania was at various points in history part of the Roman provinces of Dalmatia (southern Illyricum ), Macedonia (particularly Epirus Nova ), and Moesia Superior . The modern Republic became independent after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in Europe following the Balkan Wars. [ 8 ] Albanians had for almost five centuries been at the heart of a sprawling empire in which they enjoyed a privileged position as administrators and generals and in the diffusion of Ottoman culture throughout the European, Arabian and African continents. [ 9 ] Albania became independent in 1912, and after World War Two became a Communist state under the authoritarian regime of Enver Hoxha , a period that lasted until 1991. Albania is a parliamentary democracy with a transition economy . The Albanian capital, Tirana , is home to 421,286 of the country's 2,831,741 people. [ 10 ] Free-market reforms have opened the country to foreign investment, especially in the development of energy and transportation infrastructure. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Albania was chosen as the No.1 Destination in Lonely Planet 's list of ten top countries to visit for 2011. [ 14 ] Europe;Greece;Italy;European_Union;European_Union;Bulgaria;Slovenia;Czech_Republic;Greece;Estonia;Albania;Greece;Newsweek;Reuters;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Albania;Greece;Greece;Albania;Bulgaria;Greece;Italy;Romania;Slovenia;Europe;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Cyprus;France;Gibraltar;Greece;Italy;Malta;Slovenia;Spain;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;European_Union;Ukraine;Norway;Mauritania;Bulgaria;Greece;Romania;Ukraine;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Mauritania;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;European_Union;European_Union;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Brunei;Chad;The_Gambia;Kyrgyzstan;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mozambique;Sierra_Leone;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Thailand;Albania;Albania; Album An album may be understood as a collection of recordings, released as a single package on gramophone record , cassette , compact disc , or via digital distribution , however the concept is found in printed music dating into the early nineteenth century in works by composers such as Schumann and Mendelssohn. [ 1 ] The term "album" was a holdover from the days these 10-inch 78 RPM records were bundled and sold together in books that resembled photo albums ." [ 2 ] The word derives from the Latin word for list. [ 3 ] Today, with the vinyl record no longer being used as the primary form of distribution, the term "album" can still be applied to any sound recording collection, such as those on compact disc , MiniDisc , Compact audio cassette , and digital or MP3 albums. [ 4 ] Cover art is also considered an integral part of the album. Many albums also come with liner notes and inserts giving background information or analysis of the recording, reprinted lyrics , images of the performers, or additional artwork and text. [ 5 ] These are now often found in the form of CD booklets . [ 6 ] Compact_disc;Digital_distribution;Sound_recording;Compact_disc;Pop_music;Rock_music;Compact_Disc;Independent_record_label;Compact_Disc;IPod;Data_storage_device;Extended_play;Box_set;Album_cover;Compact_Disc;Extended_play;Musical_notation;Music_education;Music_industry;Musician;Extended_play;Compilation_album;Record_label;Record_producer;Latin_American_music;Album;Album; Album_cover An album cover is the front of the packaging of a commercially released audio recording product, or album . The term can refer to either the printed cardboard covers typically used to package sets of 10" and 12" 78 rpm records, single and sets of 12" LPs , sets of 45 rpm records (either in several connected sleeves or a box), or the front-facing panel of a CD package , and, increasingly, the primary image accompanying a digital download of the album, or of its individual tracks . In addition, in the case of all types of records, it also serves as part of the protective sleeve. Album;Compact_disc;Classical_music;The_Beatles;Johnny_Cash;Coldplay;John_Lennon;Stereophonic_sound;Record_label;Music_industry;ITunes_LP;Apple_Inc.;Album_cover;Album_cover; Aldiko Aldiko is an e-book reader application for the Android operating system . It supports the EPUB format for digital publications and incorporates facilities for browsing online catalogs on thousands of books (including thousands of free public domain work) and downloading them directly into the user's personal library. The application features a bookshelf-like user interface that lets user navigate their collection of eBooks . It also provides a customizable reading experience through configurable font and background color, font size and type, margin size, display brightness, page turn mode, etc. Additionally, the application allows users to import their own books to read them on the go. Aldiko does not support font embedding. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EPUB;Feedbooks;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Aldiko;Aldiko; Alex_Lifeson Aleksandar Živojinović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Aлександар Живојиновић, OC , born August 27, 1953) better known by his stage name Alex Lifeson , is a Canadian musician, best known as the guitarist of the Canadian rock band Rush . In the summer of 1968, Lifeson founded the band that would become Rush with friend and drummer John Rutsey . He has been an integral member of the band ever since. For Rush, Lifeson plays electric and acoustic guitars as well as other stringed instruments such as mandola , mandolin , and bouzouki . He also performs backing vocals in live performances, and occasionally plays keyboards and bass pedal synthesizers. During live performances, Lifeson, like the other members of Rush, performs real-time triggering of sampled instruments, concurrently with his guitar playing. [ 1 ] The bulk of Lifeson's work in music has been with Rush, although Lifeson has contributed to a body of work outside of the band as well. Aside from music, Lifeson is part owner of the bar and restaurant known as The Orbit Room located in Toronto, Canada , and is a licensed aircraft pilot . [ 2 ] Along with his bandmates Geddy Lee and Neil Peart , Lifeson was made an Officer of the Order of Canada on May 9, 1996. The trio was the first rock band to be so honoured, as a group. [ 3 ] He currently ranks 98th in Rolling Stone Magazines list of 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Canada;Heavy_metal_music;Guitar;Record_label;Viola;Jam_session;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;The_Spirit_of_Radio;Alex_Lifeson;Alex_Lifeson; Alex_Reader The Alex eReader is an e-book reader created by Spring Design . As with the Barnes Noble Nook , the Alex features two screens. The upper is a 6-inch monochrome electronic ink screen and the lower is a 3.5 inch HVGA (480×320) touch screen color LCD. The device has Wi-Fi and mobile network connectivity and Internet browsing. The device runs on Android version 1.5. International release was expected during the first week of March 2010. Device shipment began April 14, 2010. Retail sales were discontinued in 2011. [ 1 ] The device allows downloading content from web sites such as Google Books, Epub Books, Gutenberg, Web Books, Feed Books, Smash words, and others. The content is stored on a removable microSD card . Users can also copy content to SD with PC or desktop computers. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Hertz;Secure_Digital;Touchscreen;Secure_Digital;Gizmodo;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Nexus_Q;Google_Talk;YouTube;Google_Play; Alfa_Romeo Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈalfa roˈmɛːo] ), sometimes colloquially referred to as simply Alfa , is an Italian manufacturer of cars. Founded as A.L.F.A. (Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili) on June 24, 1910, in Milan , [ 2 ] the company has been involved in car racing since 1911, and has a reputation for building expensive sports cars. [ 3 ] The company was owned by Italian state holding company Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale between 1932 and 1986, when it became a part of the Fiat Group , [ 4 ] and since February 2007 a part of Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. The company that became Alfa Romeo was founded as Società Anonima Italiana Darracq (SAID) in 1906 by the French automobile firm of Alexandre Darracq , with some Italian investors. In the late 1909, the Italian Darracq cars were selling slowly and a new company was founded named A.L.F.A. (Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili, English: Lombard Automobile Factory, Public Company), initially still in partnership with Darracq. The first non-Darracq car produced by the company was the 1910 24 HP , designed by Giuseppe Merosi . A.L.F.A. ventured into motor racing , with drivers Franchini and Ronzoni competing in the 1911 Targa Florio with two 24 HP models. In August 1915 the company came under the direction of Neapolitan entrepreneur Nicola Romeo , who converted the factory to produce military hardware for the Italian and Allied war efforts. In 1920, the name of the company was changed to Alfa Romeo with the Torpedo 20-30 HP becoming the first car to be badged as such. In 1928 Nicola Romeo left, with Alfa going broke after defense contracts ended, and at the end of 1932 Alfa Romeo was rescued by Benito Mussolini 's government, which then had effective control. The Alfa factory struggled to return to profitability after the Second World War, and turned to mass-producing small vehicles rather than hand-building luxury models. In 1954 the company developed the classic Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine , which would remain in production until 1995. During the 1960s and 1970s Alfa Romeo produced a number of sporty cars, though the Italian government parent company, Finmeccanica , struggled to make a profit so sold the marque to the Fiat Group in 1986. Alfa Romeo has competed successfully in many different categories of motorsport, including Grand Prix motor racing , Formula One , sportscar racing , touring car racing and rallies . They have competed both as a constructor and an engine supplier, via works entries (usually under the name Alfa Corse or Autodelta ) and private entries. The first racing car was made in 1913, three years after the foundation of the company, and Alfa Romeo won the inaugural world championship for Grand Prix cars in 1925. The company gained a good name in motorsport, which gave a sporty image to the whole marque. Enzo Ferrari founded the Scuderia Ferrari racing team in 1929 as an Alfa Romeo racing team, before becoming independent in 1939. [ 5 ] Brazil;Quantum_of_Solace;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Ferrari;Chrysler;Alfa_Romeo;Alfa_Romeo; Algebrator Algebrator (also called Softmath ) is a computer algebra system (CAS), which was developed in the late 1990s by Neven Jurkovic of Softmath, San Antonio, Texas . This is a CAS specifically geared towards algebra education. Beside the computation results, it shows step by step the solution process and context sensitive explanations. Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Computer_algebra_system;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Algebrator;Algebrator; Algorithm Computer_science;Automated_reasoning;David_Hilbert;Formal_system;Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Flowchart;Programming_language;Software;Computability;Flowchart;Computer_science;Programming_language;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Recursion;Randomness;Numerical_analysis;Data_compression;Numerical_analysis;Data_compression;Gottfried_Leibniz;Calculus_ratiocinator;Gottlob_Frege;Bertrand_Russell;Recursion;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Gottfried_Leibniz;Gottlob_Frege;David_Hilbert;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Stanford_University;Algorithm;Algorithm; Alienware Alienware is a United States computer hardware subsidiary of Dell, Inc. [ 2 ] It mainly assembles third party components into desktops and laptops with custom enclosures. Alienware also offers for sale rebadged computer peripherals, such as headsets, computer mic, monitors and keyboards. Their hardware has a distinctive "sci-fi" style, typically including decorative lighting. Alienware was founded in 1996 by Nelson Gonzalez and Alex Aguila. Alienware's corporate headquarters is located in The Hammocks , unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida , near Miami . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . Dell;Desktop_computer;Laptop;United_States;Dell;Desktop_computer;Dell;Supply_chain_management;Dell;Dell;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Alienware;Alienware; Alimemazine InChI=1S/C18H22N2S/c1-14(12-19(2)3)13-20-15-8-4-6-10-17(15)21-18-11-7-5-9-16(18)20/h4-11,14H,12-13H2,1-3H3 Y Key:ZZHLYYDVIOPZBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Alimemazine ( INN ), also known as trimeprazine (former BAN and USAN ; brand names Nedeltran , Panectyl , Repeltin , Therafene , Theraligene , Theralen , Theralene , Vallergan , Vanectyl , and Temaril ), commonly provided as a tartrate salt, is a phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic (it prevents itching from causes such as eczema or poison ivy , by acting as an antihistamine ). [ 2 ] It also acts as a sedative , hypnotic and antiemetic for prevention of motion sickness . Although it is structurally related to drugs such as chlorpromazine , it is not used as an antipsychotic treatment. [ 3 ] In veterinary use, the combination of alimemazine and prednisolone is licensed as an antipruritic and antitussive in dogs. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Drug_metabolism;Liver;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Phenothiazine;Sedative;Chlorpromazine;Antipsychotic;PubMed_Identifier;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Alimemazine;Alimemazine; All_Things_Digital Walt_Mossberg;Walt_Mossberg;MarketWatch;Walt_Mossberg;MarketWatch;The_Wall_Street_Journal;National_Geographic_Society;NBCUniversal;Associated_Press;Hulu;NBCUniversal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;All_Things_Digital;All_Things_Digital; Allergies An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system . [ 1 ] Allergic reactions occur when a person's immune system reacts to normally harmless substances in the environment . A substance that causes a reaction is called an allergen . These reactions are acquired , predictable, and rapid. Allergy is one of four forms of hypersensitivity and is formally called type I (or immediate ) hypersensitivity. Allergic reactions are distinctive because of excessive activation of certain white blood cells called mast cells and basophils by a type of antibody called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). This reaction results in an inflammatory response which can range from uncomfortable to dangerous. Mild allergies like hay fever are very common in the human population and cause symptoms such as red eyes , itchiness, and runny nose , eczema , hives , or an asthma attack. Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma . In some people, severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medication may result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis . Food allergies , and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are often associated with these severe reactions. [ 2 ] A variety of tests exist to diagnose allergic conditions. These include placing possible allergens on the skin and looking for a reaction such as swelling. Blood tests can also be done to look for an allergen-specific IgE. Treatments for allergies include avoiding known allergens, use of medications such as anti-histamines that specifically prevent allergic reactions, steroids that modify the immune system in general, and medications such as decongestants that reduce the symptoms. Many of these medications are taken by mouth, though epinephrine , which is used to treat anaphylactic reactions, is injected. Immunotherapy uses injected allergens to desensitize the body's response. MedlinePlus;Hay_fever;Urticaria;Urticaria;Gastrointestinal_tract;Urticaria;Hay_fever;Histamine;Skin_allergy_test;Urticaria;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;United_States;United_Kingdom;Allergies;United_States;United_Kingdom;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Urticaria;Urticaria;Hay_fever; Alphabet_of_human_thought The alphabet of human thought is a concept originally proposed by Gottfried Leibniz that provides a universal way to represent and analyze ideas and relationships, no matter how complicated, by breaking down their component pieces. All ideas are compounded from a very small number of simple ideas which can be represented by a unique "real" character. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] René Descartes suggested that the lexicon of a universal language should consist of primitive elements. The systematic combination of these elements, according to syntactical rules, would generate "an infinity of different words." In the early 18th century, Leibniz outlined his characteristica universalis , an artificial language in which grammatical and logical structure would coincide, which would allow much reasoning to be reduced to calculation. Leibniz acknowledged the work of Ramon Llull , particularly the Ars generalis ultima (1305), as one of the inspirations for this idea. The basic elements of his characteristica would be pictographic characters representing unambiguously a limited number of elementary concepts. Leibniz called the inventory of these concepts "the alphabet of human thought." There are quite a few mentions of the characteristica in Leibniz's writings, but he never set out any details save for a brief outline of some possible sentences in his Dissertation on the Art of Combinations. Gottfried_Leibniz;Characteristica_universalis;Ramon_Llull;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Alphabet_of_human_thought; Alpine_Electronics Japan;Japan;Japan;Mexico;Hungary;Thailand;Brazil;BMW;Acura;Land_Rover;Motorola;Loudspeaker;Honda;Equalization;IPod;Bluetooth;Japan;BMW;Land_Rover;Japan;Japan;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Roland_Corporation;Sony;Toshiba;Alpine_Electronics;Alpine_Electronics; Alternative_music Alternative rock (also called alternative music , alt rock or simply alternative ) is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular by the 1990s and 2000s. Although the term was most commonly associated in its commercial heyday with a loud, distorted guitar sound, its original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their collective debt to either the musical style, or simply the independent, D.I.Y. ethos of punk rock , which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music. [ 1 ] At times, "alternative" has been used as a catch-all description for music from underground rock artists that receives mainstream recognition, or for any music, whether rock or not, that is seen to be descended from punk rock (including some examples of punk itself, as well as New Wave , and post-punk ). Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. By the end of the 1980s magazines and zines , college radio airplay and word of mouth had increased the prominence and highlighted the diversity of alternative rock, helping to define a number of distinct scenes such as gothic rock , jangle pop , noise pop , C86 , Madchester , industrial music , and shoegazing . Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü and R.E.M. , had even signed to major labels . But most alternative bands' commercial success was limited in comparison to other genres of rock and pop music at the time, and most acts remained signed to independent labels and received relatively little attention from mainstream radio, television or newspapers. With the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became commercially successful. United_Kingdom;United_States;Electric_guitar;Rock_music;NME;FM_radio;Pop_music;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Independent_record_label;Rolling_Stone;Independent_record_label;Disc_jockey;Folk_music;Nine_Inch_Nails;Heavy_metal_music;NME;House_music;MTV;Rolling_Stone;Entertainment_Weekly;The_New_York_Times;Hip_hop_music;Jazz;Coldplay;Entertainment_Weekly;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;About.com;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Rolling_Stone;The_Guardian;Entertainment_Weekly;Entertainment_Weekly;Entertainment_Weekly;BBC_News;Independent_record_label;Rock_music;Comedy_rock;Heavy_metal_music; Aluminosilicate Aluminosilicate minerals are minerals composed of aluminium , silicon , and oxygen , plus countercations. They are a major component of kaolin and other clay minerals . Andalusite , kyanite , and sillimanite are naturally occurring aluminosilicate minerals that have the composition Al 2 Si O 5 . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The triple point of the three polymorphs is located at a temperature of 500 °C and a pressure of 0.4 GPa. These three minerals are commonly used as index minerals in metamorphic rocks . Hydrated aluminosilicate minerals are referred to as zeolites and are porous structures that are naturally occurring materials. The catalyst silica-alumina is an amorphous substance which is not an aluminosilicate compound. Oxygen;Oxygen;Aluminosilicate;Aluminosilicate; Amazon.com NASDAQ;Cloud_computing;Amazon_Kindle;Audible.com;LoveFilm;Video;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;French_language;German_language;Spanish_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Chinese_language;NASDAQ;Amazon_Kindle;Tablet_computer;Cloud_computing;United_States;Canada;United_Kingdom;France;Germany;Italy;Spain;Japan;Poland;Netherlands;Sweden;DVD;Compact_Disc;Software;Video_game;NASDAQ;United_States_dollar;Walmart;XML;Audiobooks;Audible.com;Amie_Street;Amazon_Kindle;Borders_Group;Target_Corporation;AOL;Luxembourg;Bangalore;Amazon_Kindle;Books;Microsoft;Amazon_Kindle;Sprint_Nextel;Tablet_computer;Amazon_Kindle;Digital_rights_management;Digital_Rights_Management;Music_industry;EMI;Universal_Music_Group;Amie_Street;Amazon_Instant_Video;Trademark;Application_programming_interface;Terabyte;Internet_forum;Cloud_computing;Web_service;Video_on_demand;XML;Hulu;Financial_Times;CNET;TechCrunch;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Trademark;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Amazon_Appstore;Audible.com;Amazon_Instant_Video;Amazon_Kindle;LoveFilm;Mobipocket;Amie_Street;Songza;Sellaband;NASDAQ;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Starbucks;Alaska_Airlines;Costco;Microsoft;Big_Fish_Games;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Amazon.com;Amazon.com; Amazon_Appstore The Amazon Appstore is a mobile application store for the Google Android operating system and was opened on March 22, 2011. Available in US only, it was launched with around 3,800 applications both free or paid. Developers are paid either 70% of the sale price or 20% of the developer's list price , whichever one is greater. [ 2 ] On September 28, 2011, Amazon unveiled a new low-cost tablet, the Kindle Fire . [ 3 ] This tablet, which is designed for media consumption in the Amazon ecosystem, relies solely on the Amazon Appstore for its marketplace, eschewing Google's Market. Alongside the tablet was a new design for the Amazon Appstore designed to better integrate with the tablet's user interface. The Amazon Appstore includes a "free app a day" feature. [ 4 ] Every day, an application, frequently a game, is offered for free. On the launch day, this game was Angry Birds Rio , in itself a promotional game. [ 5 ] The Free App of the Day feature makes an exception to Amazon's 20% of list price term, giving the developer 0% of the list price during the feature day. [ 6 ] The store's "Test Drive" feature allows users to try an application in their web browser by launching a virtual copy of Android in the Amazon EC2 cloud for half an hour. [ 7 ] The Amazon Appstore is currently only available in the US [ 8 ] and no official announcements have been made about extending availability to other regions. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Google;List_of_software_categories;Digital_distribution;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mobile_apps;Cloud_computing;Apple_Computer;Google_Play;Amazon.com;Audible.com;Amazon_Instant_Video;Amazon_Kindle;LoveFilm;Mobipocket;Amie_Street;Songza;Sellaband;NASDAQ;Amazon_Appstore;Amazon_Appstore; Amazon_Instant_Video Video_on_demand;Amazon.com;Flash_Video;Adobe_Flash;Linux_distribution;TiVo;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;DVD;Gigabyte;Codec;Hulu;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Audible.com;Amazon_Kindle;LoveFilm;Mobipocket;Amie_Street;Songza;Sellaband;NASDAQ;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Amazon_Instant_Video;Amazon_Instant_Video; Amazon_Kindle 3.6 in (91 mm) × 4.8 in (120 mm), 600 × 800 pixels (0.48 megapixels ), Original : 4-level grayscale Kindle 2, 3, 4 : 16-level grayscale Kindle DX : electronic paper 9.7 in (246 mm) diagonal, 1,200 × 824 pixels , 150 ppi USB 2.0 port (micro-B connector), SD card (original model only), 3.5 mm stereo headphone jack built-in stereo speakers, and AC power adapter jack D-pad and keyboard (some models) Amazon Whispernet using EVDO / CDMA AnyDATA wireless modem (selected models), 802.11bg Wi-Fi (Kindle 3) 802.11bgn Wi-Fi (Kindle 4) Kindle 3 Wi-Fi only Kindle Touch Wi-Fi only Amazon Kindle models Kindle (original) (white) Release date: November 19, 2007 Kindle 2 International (white) Kindle DX (white) Kindle DX International (white) Kindle DX (graphite) Kindle Keyboard (white/graphite) Kindle Keyboard with special offers (graphite) 3G/Wi-Fi: May 25, 2011 Kindle 4 (silver) Kindle Touch, Touch 3G (silver) Kindle Fire (graphite) The Amazon Kindle is a series of e-book readers now in its fourth generation. Amazon Kindle eReaders enable users to shop for, download, browse, and read e-books , newspapers, magazines, blogs, and other digital media via wireless networking . [ 1 ] The hardware platform , developed by Amazon.com subsidiary Lab126 , began as a single device and now comprises a range of devices — most using an E Ink electronic paper display capable of rendering 16 shades of gray to simulate reading on paper while minimizing power consumption. Amazon.com;Foxconn;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Hertz;Hertz;Hertz;Hertz;Flash_memory;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Pixel;Megapixel;Pixels_per_inch;Universal_Serial_Bus;Secure_Digital;CDMA;Amazon.com;Amazon.com;Tablet_computer;Microsoft_Windows;IOS;BlackBerry;Mac_OS_X;WebOS;Windows_Phone;Megabyte;IFixIt;Hertz;Flash_memory;GSM;Textbook;WebKit;Secure_Digital;WebOS;Forrester_Research;Fictionwise;Mobipocket;Project_Gutenberg;Operating_system;EPUB;Digital_rights_management;Open_source;Plain_text;Portable_Document_Format;Mobipocket;Audible.com;HTML;GIF;Portable_Network_Graphics;BMP_file_format;HTML;Microsoft_Word;The_New_York_Times;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;The_New_York_Times;New_York_Times;CNET;Amazon.com;Amazon.com;Amazon.com;International_Business_Times;The_New_York_Times;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;The_New_York_Times;Ars_Technica;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;Ars_Technica;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Audible.com;Amazon_Instant_Video;LoveFilm;Mobipocket;Amie_Street;Songza;Sellaband;NASDAQ;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Multimedia;Dreambox;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;TiVo;Roku;Sony_Reader;Mobile_phone;Palm_Pre;Amazon_Kindle;Amazon_Kindle; America_Online AOL Inc. ( NYSE : AOL , previously known as America Online , written as AOL and stylized as " Aol. " but commonly pronounced as an initialism ) is an American global brand company that develops, grows, and invests in brands and web sites. [ 3 ] The Company’s business spans online content, products and services, which it offers to consumers, publishers and advertisers. Founded in 1983 as Control Video Corporation, AOL has franchised its services to companies in several nations around the world or set up international versions of its services. [ 4 ] AOL is headquartered at 770 Broadway in New York, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] but has many offices throughout cities in North America, such as Atlanta , Baltimore , Beverly Hills , Birmingham, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Dublin , Dulles , Lancaster , Nashville, Palo Alto, San Francisco, Toronto and Washington, D.C. Its foreign offices include Bangalore, Dreieich, Dublin, London and Tel Aviv. As of March 2012, it serves 3.1 million paid and free domestic (US) subscribers. [ 7 ] AOL is best known for its online software suite , also called AOL , that allowed customers to access the world's largest " walled garden " online community and eventually reach out to the Internet as a whole. At its prime, AOL's membership was over 30 million members worldwide, [ 8 ] most of whom accessed the AOL service through the AOL software suite. AOL was ranked fourth (behind the Web , email, and graphic user interfaces) in a 2007 USA TODAY retrospective on the 25 events that shaped the first 25 years of the Internet [ 9 ] and was named to the ".com 25" by a panel of Silicon Valley influencers on the occasion of the same anniversary. [ 10 ] In 2000, AOL and Time Warner merged under the name AOL Time Warner. The merger was not fruitful and on May 28, 2009, Time Warner announced that it would spin off AOL into a separate public company. The spinoff occurred on December 9, 2009, [ 11 ] ending the eight-year relationship between the two companies. [ 12 ] Since then, AOL has focused on reinventing itself as a brand company under the guidance of CEO Tim Armstrong, creating and acquiring a range of content properties. Major acquisitions include the purchase of technology news blog TechCrunch in September 2010, [ 13 ] and on February 7, 2011, the purchase of The Huffington Post. [ 14 ] Other AOL brands include Moviefone, Engadget, Patch, Stylelist, MapQuest, Cambio and about.me. [ 15 ] In April 2012, AOL took several steps to expand its ability to generate revenue through online video advertising. On April 16, 2012, AOL announced that it would offer gross rating point (GRP) guarantee for online video, guaranteeing audience delivery for online video advertising campaigns bought across its properties. [ 16 ] From April 19 through May 2, AOL, Google, Hulu, Microsoft, Vevo and Yahoo cohosted the Digital Content NewFronts (DCNF), a two-week event held to showcase the participating sites’ digital video offerings. The Digital Content NewFronts were conducted before the traditional television upfronts, where television channels present their upcoming programming to advertisers, in hopes of getting marketers to spend more advertising money in the digital space. [ 17 ] On April 24, at AOL’s NewFront presentation, the company introduced the AOL On Network, a curated hub for AOL’s video offerings, along with several original video program series. [ 18 ] On April 16, 2012, the Huffington Post won its first Pulitzer Prize, becoming the first online-only daily news website to do so. The prize for National Reporting was awarded to reporter David Wood for his 10-part series, "Beyond the Battlefield," exploring the lives of veterans who were severely injured while serving in Afghanistan and Iraq. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] On April 9, 2012, AOL announced plans to sell and license patents to Microsoft for $1.056 billion. The announcement of the deal caused AOL shares to rise 36 percent on the morning of the announcement. [ 21 ] On June 14, 2012, AOL won a proxy fight with activist investor Starboard Value when a majority of shareholders voted to reelect all eight of AOL’s current board members, rather than take on any of the candidates proposed by Starboard Value. [ 22 ] Time_Warner;Video_game_console;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Macintosh;Windows_NT;Video_game_console;Apple_Macintosh;Personal_computer;Proprietary_software;Graphical_user_interface;DOS;Time_Warner;Microsoft;Google;Microsoft;Google;Time_Warner;Google;TechCrunch;TechCrunch;The_Huffington_Post;Microsoft;Engadget;TechCrunch;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Time_Warner;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;New_York_Times;UK;Time_Warner;AOL_Explorer;AOL_Instant_Messenger;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Time_Warner;Canada;France;Germany;Republic_of_Ireland;Japan;United_Kingdom;United_States;Winamp;Engadget;TechCrunch;AOL_Instant_Messenger;The_Huffington_Post;TechCrunch;AOL_Explorer;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;AOL;AOL; American_Academy_of_Pediatrics The American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP ) is the major professional association of pediatricians in the United States. The AAP was founded in 1930 by 35 pediatricians to address pediatric healthcare standards. It currently has 60,000 members in primary care and sub-specialist areas. [ 1 ] Qualified pediatricians can become fellows of the Academy. The AAP is based in Elk Grove Village, Illinois , with an office in Washington, D.C. , the AAP has approximately 390 employees working on behalf of children's health. American_Academy_of_Pediatrics;American_Academy_of_Pediatrics; American_Civil_Liberties_Union The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) is a nonpartisan non-profit organization whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States." [ 5 ] It works through litigation , lobbying , and community education. Founded in 1920 by Crystal Eastman , Roger Baldwin and Walter Nelles , the ACLU has over 500,000 members and has an annual budget over $100 million. Local affiliates of the ACLU are active in all 50 states and Puerto Rico. The ACLU provides legal assistance in cases in which it considers civil liberties to be at risk. Legal support from the ACLU can take the form of direct legal representation, or preparation of amicus curiae briefs expressing legal arguments (when another law firm is already providing representation). When the ACLU was founded in 1920, its focus was on freedom of speech , primarily for anti-war protesters. During the 1920s, the ACLU expanded its scope to also include protecting the free speech rights of artists and striking workers, and working with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to combat racism. During the 1930s, the ACLU started to engage in work combating police misconduct and Native American rights. Most of the ACLU's cases came from the Communist party and Jehovah's Witnesses . In 1940, ACLU leadership was caught up in the Red Scare , and voted to exclude Communists from its leadership positions. During World War II , the ACLU defended Japanese American citizens who were forcibly relocated to internment camps . During the Cold War , the ACLU headquarters was dominated by anti-communists, but many local affiliates defended members of the Communist Party. By 1964, membership had risen to 80,000, and the ACLU was directly involved in a major expansion of civil liberties . In the 1960s, the ACLU continued its decades-long effort to enforce separation of church and state , and it also defended several anti-war activists during the Vietnam War who burnt draft cards or wore armbands. The ACLU was involved in the Miranda case, which addressed misconduct by police during interrogations; and in the New York Times case which established new protections for newspapers reporting on government activities. In the 1970s and 1980s, the ACLU ventured into new legal areas, defending homosexuals, students, prisoners, and the poor. In the twenty-first century, the ACLU has fought the teaching of creationism in public schools and challenged some provisions of anti-terrorism legislation as infringing on civil liberties. In addition to representing persons and organizations in lawsuits, the ACLU lobbies for policies that have been established by its board of directors. Current positions of the ACLU include: opposing the death penalty ; supporting gay marriage and the right of gays to adopt ; supporting birth control and abortion rights ; eliminating discrimination against women, minorities, and gays; supporting the rights of prisoners and opposing torture; supporting the right of religious persons to practice their faiths without government interference; and opposing any government preference for religion over non-religion, or for particular faiths over others. Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;The_New_York_Times;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Fox_News;New_York_Times;Associated_Press;American_Civil_Liberties_Union;American_Civil_Liberties_Union; American_English American English is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States . Approximately two-thirds of the world's native speakers of English live in the United States. [ 3 ] English is the most common language in the United States. Though the U.S. federal government has no official language, English is the common language used by the federal government and is considered the de facto language of the United States because of its widespread use. English has been given official status by 28 of the 50 state governments. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The use of English in the United States was a result of English colonization . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century, followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries. Since then, American English has been influenced by the languages of West Africa , the Native American population, Spanish , and immigration. United_States;English_language;United_States;United_Kingdom;British_English;English_language;United_States;North_America;Spanish_language;United_Kingdom;Scottish_English;Canada;French_language;Spanish_language;Mexican_Spanish;United_Kingdom;Movie;German_language;Disc_jockey;Jazz;New_Jersey;Canada;San_Francisco;British_English;Canadian_English;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;British_English;Scottish_English;Canadian_English;Australian_English;Australian_English;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;American_English;American_English; American_Music_Award The American Music Awards is an annual American music awards show, created by Dick Clark in 1973 for ABC when the network's contract to present the Grammy Awards expired. [ 1 ] Unlike the Grammys, which are awarded on the basis of votes by members of the entertainment industry, the AMAs are determined by a poll of music buyers. United_States;CBS;Garth_Brooks;Texting;The_Beatles;Garth_Brooks;Pop_music;Rock_music;Country_music;Hip_hop_music;Soul_music;Grammy_Award;Billboard_Music_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;TEC_Awards;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;American_Music_Award;American_Music_Award; American_National_Standards_Institute The American National Standards Institute ( ANSI , / ˈ æ n s iː / AN -see ) is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. For example, standards ensure that people who own cameras can find the film they need for that camera anywhere around the globe. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of standards developing organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards. [ 3 ] The organization's headquarters are in Washington, DC . ANSI's operations office is located in New York City . The ANSI annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications, membership dues and fees, accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international standards programs. English_language;United_States;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Microsoft_Windows;Programming_language;Fortran;ISO;Fortran;American_National_Standards_Institute;American_National_Standards_Institute; Amezepine InChI=1S/C18H20N2/c1-19-12-11-14-13-15-7-3-5-9-17(15)20(2)18-10-6-4-8-16(14)18/h3-10,13,19H,11-12H2,1-2H3 Y Key:MHBXHCOUWYQAFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Amezepine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was never marketed. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Amezepine;Amezepine; Amie_Street United_States;Japan;Operating_system;Web_application;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Audio_file_format;Digital_Rights_Management;Streaming_media;Adobe_Flash;RSS;Digital_rights_management;Online_music_store;Social_network_service;Michael_Arrington;TechCrunch;Record_label;CD_Baby;Video;Amazon.com;Google;Algorithm;Variable_bitrate;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Ogg;Fiscal_year;United_States_dollar;Album;Japan;Ringtone;Meebo;RSS;Facebook;ITunes;Last.fm;Songza;Rolling_Stone;The_Wall_Street_Journal;BusinessWeek;The_Washington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;Entertainment_Weekly;TechCrunch;Ars_Technica;The_New_York_Times;Songza;TechCrunch;ExtremeTech;Japanese_language;Michael_Arrington;TechCrunch;BusinessWeek;TechCrunch;Michael_Arrington;TechCrunch;Ars_Technica;TechCrunch;TechCrunch;Michael_Arrington;TechCrunch;Michael_Arrington;TechCrunch;The_Guardian;TechCrunch;Rolling_Stone;The_Washington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;Entertainment_Weekly;Michael_Arrington;TechCrunch;Bloomberg_L.P.;The_Huffington_Post;Facebook;Last.fm;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Audible.com;Amazon_Instant_Video;Amazon_Kindle;LoveFilm;Mobipocket;Songza;Sellaband;NASDAQ;Amie_Street;Amie_Street; Amiga_Zorro_II Zorro II is the name of the general purpose expansion bus used by the Amiga 2000 computer. The bus is mainly a buffered extension of the Motorola 68000 bus, with support for bus mastering DMA . The expansion slots use a 100-pin connector and the card form factor is the same as the IBM PC . Zorro II cards implement the Autoconfig protocol for automatic address space assignment (designed before, yet similar to, Plug and Play on the PC). Zorro II was succeeded by Zorro III . Direct_memory_access;Amiga_Zorro_III;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_II; Amiga_Zorro_III Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Random_access_memory;Conventional_PCI;Amiga_Zorro_II;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Amiga_Zorro_III;Amiga_Zorro_III; Amineptine InChI=1S/C22H27NO2/c24-21(25)13-3-1-2-8-16-23-22-19-11-6-4-9-17(19)14-15-18-10-5-7-12-20(18)22/h4-7,9-12,22-23H,1-3,8,13-16H2,(H,24,25) Y Key:ONNOFKFOZAJDHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Amineptine was developed by the French Society of Medical research in the 1960s. [ 3 ] Under the trade-names ( Survector , Maneon , Directim , Neolior , Provector , Viaspera ) is used as an atypical tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that selectively inhibits the reuptake of dopamine [ 4 ] and to a lesser extent norepinephrine , thus exerting a powerful and fast-acting antidepressant effect. [ 5 ] Introduced in France in 1978 by the pharmaceutical company Servier [ 6 ] and marketed under the trade name Survector , amineptine soon gained a reputation for abuse due to its short-lived, but pleasant, stimulant effect experienced by some patients. (This is to be distinguished from its antidepressant effect, which appears in approximately 7 days after commencing treatment.) After its release into the European market, cases of hepatotoxicity emerged, some serious. This, along with the potential for abuse, led to the suspension of the French marketing authorization for Survector in 1999. Amineptine was never approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for marketing in the United States , meaning that it is not legal to market or sell amineptine for any medical uses in the US. 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vomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Amineptine;Amineptine; Aminoguanidine 2-Aminoguanidine [ citation needed ] Aminoguanidine [ citation needed ] Guanyl hydrazine [ citation needed ] Hydrazinecarboximidamide [ citation needed ] Imino semicarbazide [ citation needed ] Monoaminoguanidine [ citation needed ] InChI=1S/CH6N4/c2-1(3)5-4/h1,4H,2-3H2 N Key: DRCHNMARIZRTKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N N N (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Pimagedine , also known as aminoguanidine , is an investigational drug for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy that is no longer under development as a drug. [ 1 ] Pimagedine is a diamine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor . It acts to reduce levels of advanced glycation end products through interacting with 3-deoxyglucosone . 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Amitriptyline 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xan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptyline; Amitriptylinoxide InChI=1S/C20H23NO/c1-21(2,22)15-7-12-20-18-10-5-3-8-16(18)13-14-17-9-4-6-11-19(17)20/h3-6,8-12H,7,13-15H2,1-2H3 Y Key:ZPMKQFOGINQDAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Amitriptylinoxide ( Amioxid , Ambivalon , Equilibrin ), or amitriptyline N -oxide , is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was introduced in Europe in the 1970s for the treatment of depression . [ 1 ] Amitriptylinoxide is both an analogue and metabolite of amitriptyline , and has similar effects as well as equivalent efficacy as an antidepressant. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] However, it has a faster onset of action and fewer adverse effects , including reduced drowsiness , sedation , anticholinergic symptoms like dry mouth , sweating , and dizziness , orthostatic hypotension , and cardiotoxicity . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In receptor binding assays, amitripylinoxide was found to have generally equivalent pharmacology to amitriptyline, acting as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor , serotonin receptor antagonist , and H 1 receptor antagonist , among other properties, but with approximately 60-fold lower affinity for the α 1 -adrenergic receptor , and the weakest affinity of any of the TCAs analyzed for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors . [ 3 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Europe;Amitriptyline;Sedation;Amitriptyline;Imipraminoxide;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Amitriptylinoxide;Amitriptylinoxide; Amoxapine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Dibenzoxazepine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Loxapine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Inverse_agonist;Active_metabolite;Loxapine;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Amoxapine;Amoxapine; Amplifier_modeling Amplifier modeling (also known as amp modeling or amp emulation) is the process of digitally emulating a physical amplifier such as a guitar amplifier . Amp modeling may appear as software, such as plugins for DAWs ( Digital Audio Workstation ) which may be aided by computer hardware accelerators, or may be part of a standalone device or amplifier. Amp modeling often seeks to recreate the sound of one or more specific models of vacuum tube amplifiers . As part of a digital audio workstation, amp modeling may be applied to a guitar signal that was recorded "clean", in order to achieve the sound of an amplifier being used. This process has the advantage of being dynamic - the amplifier settings can be adjusted without forcing the musician to re-record the piece. The Roland Micro Cube , left, a small and portable digital modeling amplifier. Standalone modeling devices such as the Line 6 POD digitize the input signal and use a DSP , a dedicated microprocessor, to process the signal with digital computation, attempting to achieve the sound of expensive professional amplifiers in a much less costly and more compact device. These modelers can be connected directly to a recording device or PA system without having to use a power section, speaker cabinet and microphone, however, there is an ongoing debate over the question of how accurately a modeler can recreate the sound of a real amplifier [ citation needed ] . Most modelers generally also include a variety of effects apart from the amp emulations and some can be connected via USB for computer based recording. Modeling amps such as the Peavey Vypyr, Roland Cube and Line 6's Spider series are amplifiers that include a built-in modeling device. Some high-end modeling amps such as the Vox Valvetronix combine the digital modeling process with an actual vacuum tube power section. Analog modeling systems also exist, such as Tech 21 's SansAmp line of products. Garageband;Logic_Pro;Amplifier_modeling;Amplifier_modeling; Amthamine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Amthamine;Amthamine; An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language John_Wilkins;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language; Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System is used for the classification of drugs . It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WHOCC), and was first published in 1976. [ 1 ] This pharmaceutical coding system divides drugs into different groups according to the organ or system on which they act and/or their therapeutic and chemical characteristics . Each bottom-level ATC code stands for a pharmaceutically used substance in a single indication (or use). This means that one drug can have more than one code: acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), for example, has A01 AD05 as a drug for local oral treatment, B01 AC06 as a platelet inhibitor , and N02 BA01 as an analgesic and antipyretic . On the other hand, several different brands share the same code if they have the same active substance and indications. Germany;Pharmacist;Antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Sedative;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System; Andrea_Jung Andrea Jung (鍾彬嫻, pinyin : Zhōng Bīnxián) (born 1959 [ 1 ] ) is a Canadian-American businesswoman. She is the executive chairman and former CEO of Avon Products Inc. [ 2 ] Hong_Kong;Mandarin_Chinese;International_Standard_Book_Number;NBCUniversal;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Andrea_Jung;Andrea_Jung; Animation_codec The Animation codec is a fast [ citation needed ] and lossless (if encoded at 100% quality) Quicktime video codec created by Apple Computer to enable playback of RGB video in real time without expensive hardware. It supports color depths from 1 to 32 bits, and is one of the few video codecs that supports an alpha channel . The Animation codec uses run-length encoding for compression, and as such works well for traditional 2-D animation where there are large areas of constant color, or have little change of pixels frame to frame (like screencast). For complex 3D rendered scenes or digitized film of real-world footage, it barely compresses at all and can also add visible noise at lower than 100% quality levels. It is also known by the acronym qtrle in ffmpeg, and its fourCC is 'rle '. It was also declared the "winner" of a recent screencast codec shootout [ 1 ] . It is available in the FFMpeg codec suite. Video_codec;Apple_Computer;Multimedia;Software;Animation_codec;Animation_codec; Anodized_aluminum Hydrogen;Oxygen;International_Organization_for_Standardization;IPod_Mini;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Anodizing;Anodizing; Anodizing Anodizing , or anodising in British English, is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts. The process is called "anodizing" because the part to be treated forms the anode electrode of an electrical circuit . Anodizing increases corrosion resistance and wear resistance, and provides better adhesion for paint primers and glues than does bare metal. Anodic films can also be used for a number of cosmetic effects, either with thick porous coatings that can absorb dyes or with thin transparent coatings that add interference effects to reflected light. Anodizing is also used to prevent galling of threaded components and to make dielectric films for electrolytic capacitors . Anodic films are most commonly applied to protect aluminium alloys , although processes also exist for titanium , zinc , magnesium , niobium , zirconium , hafnium , and tantalum . Iron or carbon steel metal exfoliates when oxidized under neutral or alkaline microelectrolytic conditions; i.e., the iron oxide (actually " ferric hydroxide " or hydrated iron oxide , also known as rust ) forms by anoxic anodic pits and large cathodic surface, these pits concentrate anions such as sulfate and chloride accelerating the underlying metal to corrosion. Carbon flakes or nodules in iron or steel with high carbon content ( high carbon steel , cast iron ) may cause an electrolytic potential and interfere with coating or plating. Ferrous metals are commonly anodized electrolytically in nitric acid , or by treatment with red fuming nitric acid , to form hard black ferric oxide . This oxide remains conformal even when plated on wire and the wire is bent. Anodization changes the microscopic texture of the surface and changes the crystal structure of the metal near the surface. Thick coatings are normally porous, so a sealing process is often needed to achieve corrosion resistance . Anodized aluminium surfaces, for example, are harder than aluminium but have low to moderate wear resistance that can be improved with increasing thickness or by applying suitable sealing substances. Anodic films are generally much stronger and more adherent than most types of paint and metal plating, but also more brittle. This makes them less likely to crack and peel from aging and wear, but more susceptible to cracking from thermal stress. Hydrogen;Oxygen;International_Organization_for_Standardization;IPod_Mini;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Anodizing;Anodizing; Anonymity Anonymity is derived from the Greek word ἀνωνυμία , anonymia , meaning "without a name " or "namelessness". In colloquial use, anonymity typically refers to the state of an individual's personal identity, or personally identifiable information , being publicly unknown. There are various situations in which a person might choose to withhold their identity. Acts of charity have been performed anonymously when benefactors do not wish to be acknowledged. A person who feels threatened might attempt to mitigate that threat through anonymity. A witness to a crime might seek to avoid retribution, for example, by anonymously calling a crime tipline. Criminals might proceed anonymously to conceal their participation in a crime. Anonymity may also be created unintentionally, through the loss of identifying information due to the passage of time or a destructive event. In certain situations, it is illegal to remain anonymous. In the United States, one must self identify when requested by a law enforcement officer. [ citation needed ] The term "anonymous message" typically refers to a message (which is, for example, transmitted over some form of a network) that does not carry any information about its sender and its intended recipient. It is therefore unclear if multiple such messages have been sent by the same sender or if they have the same intended recipient. The problem of determining whether or not the identity of a communication partner is the same as one previously encountered is the problem of authentication . In mathematics, in reference to an arbitrary element (e.g. a human, an object, a computer ), within a well-defined set (called the "anonymity set"), "anonymity" of that element refers to the property of that element of not being identifiable within this set. If it is not identifiable, then the element is said to be "anonymous". Computer;IP_address;Facebook;Blog;Anonymity;Anonymity; Antazoline InChI=1S/C17H19N3/c1-3-7-15(8-4-1)13-20(14-17-18-11-12-19-17)16-9-5-2-6-10-16/h1-10H,11-14H2,(H,18,19) Y Key:REYFJDPCWQRWAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Antazoline is a 1st generation antihistamine that also anticholinergic properties used to relieve nasal congestion and in eye drops , usually in combination with naphazoline , to relieve the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis . [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Levocabastine;Thonzylamine;Azelastine;Olopatadine;Pseudoephedrine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Antazoline;Antazoline; Antennagate Apple_Inc.;Foxconn;Slogan;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Operating_system;IOS;System_on_a_chip;Central_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit;PowerVR;Gigabyte;Flash_memory;Megabyte;LED_backlit;Image_resolution;Pixel_density;Contrast_ratio;Luminance;Fingerprint;Lipophobicity;Coating;Loudspeaker;TRS_connector;Frequency_response;Hertz;Touchscreen;Microphone;Gyroscope;Accelerometer;Magnetometer;Proximity_sensor;Photodetector;Megapixel;Backside_illumination;Frame_rate;Digital_zoom;Geotagging;Video_Graphics_Array;Hertz;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;GSM_frequency_bands;Hertz;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;UMTS_frequency_bands;Code_division_multiple_access;ITunes_Store;IBooks;MobileMe;IPad;IPod_Touch;List_of_iOS_devices;Website;Touchscreen;Smartphone;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;FaceTime;Moscone_Center;IOS;IPad;IPod_Touch;Aluminosilicate;Megabyte;LED_backlit;Liquid_crystal_display;Retina_display;History_of_the_iPhone;Gizmodo;Product_teardown;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Engadget;Verizon_Wireless;CDMA;Sprint_Nextel;Retina_display;LG_Display;LED_backlit;Liquid_crystal_display;Capacitive_touchscreen;Touchscreen;Pixel_density;Contrast_ratio;VGA;Megapixel;Frame_rate;Digital_zoom;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Infineon;Vibrating_structure_gyroscope;Accelerometer;Intrinsity;ARM_architecture;Central_processing_unit;PowerVR;Graphics_processing_unit;IPad;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Flash_memory;Jonathan_Ive;IPad;IMac;Steve_Jobs;Stainless_steel;GSM;Bluetooth;Global_Positioning_System;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;CDMA;Aluminosilicate;IOS;FaceTime;Apple_Inc.;The_New_York_Times;Consumer_Reports;CNN;Steve_Jobs;AppleCare;Steve_Jobs;CNET;Walt_Mossberg;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Engadget;CNET;TechRadar;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;List_of_iOS_devices;Comparison_of_smartphones;IFixit;IFixit;AppleInsider;Engadget;Gizmodo;Gizmodo;Gizmodo;Gizmodo;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Gizmodo;The_Daily_Telegraph;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Verizon_Wireless;Ars_Technica;PC_Magazine;MacRumors;AppleInsider;MacRumors;The_New_York_Times;British_English;IDG;AppleInsider;Gizmodo;Apple_Inc.;Consumer_Reports;Consumer_Reports;CNET;Walter_Mossberg;CNET;TechRadar;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation; Anthracene c3ccc2cc1ccccc1cc2c3 c1ccc2cc3ccccc3cc2c1 InChI=1S/C14H10/c1-2-6-12-10-14-8-4-3-7-13(14)9-11(12)5-1/h1-10H Y Key: MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C14H10/c1-2-6-12-10-14-8-4-3-7-13(14)9-11(12)5-1/h1-10H Key: MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYAK 1.25 g/cm³ at 19.85 °C, Solid 0.969 g/cm³ at 220 °C, liquid 218 °C, 491 K, 424 °F 340 °C, 613 K, 644 °F Solubility in other solvents Methanol: 0.908g per liter Hexane: 1.64g per liter Dangerous for the Environment Y (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three fused benzene rings. It is a component of coal-tar . Anthracene is used in the production of the red dye alizarin and other dyes. Anthracene is colorless but exhibits a blue (400-500 nm peak) fluorescence under ultraviolet light. In 2010, a strong absorption band of anthracene was observed along a line of sight to a star in the open cluster IC 348, and this may be associated with an intervening molecular cloud . [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;DrugBank;KEGG;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Red;Oxygen;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Anthracene;Anthracene; Antidepressant An antidepressant is a psychiatric medication used to alleviate mood disorders , such as major depression and dysthymia and anxiety disorders such as social anxiety disorder . According to Gelder, Mayou *Geddes (2005) people with a depressive illness will experience a therapeutic effect to their mood; however, this will not be experienced in healthy individuals. Drugs including the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are most commonly associated with the term. These medications are among those most commonly prescribed by psychiatrists and other physicians, and their effectiveness and adverse effects are the subject of many studies and competing claims. Most typical antidepressants have a delayed onset of action (2–6 weeks) and are usually administered for anywhere from months to years. Despite the name, antidepressants are often used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety disorders , obsessive compulsive disorder , eating disorders , chronic pain , and some hormone-mediated disorders such as dysmenorrhea . Some of these uses are FDA-approved and some are off-label. Alone or together with anticonvulsants (e.g., carbamazepine or valproate ), these medications can be used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance abuse by addressing underlying depression. Also, antidepressants have been used sometimes to treat snoring and migraines . Many drugs produce an antidepressant effect, but restrictions on their use have caused controversy and off-label prescription is a risk, despite claims of superior efficacy. Opioids were used to treat major depression until the late 1950s. Amphetamines were used until the mid 1960s. Prescribing opioids or amphetamines for depression falls into a legal grey area. Research has only rarely been conducted into the therapeutic potential of opioid derivatives for depression in the past sixty years, whereas amphetamines have found a thriving market for conditions as widely arrayed as attention deficit disorder , narcolepsy , and obesity , and continue to be studied for myriad applications. Both opioids and amphetamines induce a therapeutic response very quickly, showing results within twenty-four to forty-eight hours; the therapeutic ratios for both opioids and amphetamines are greater than those of the tricyclic anti-depressants. In a small study published in 1995, the opioid buprenorphine was shown to have potential for treating severe, treatment-resistant depression. [ 1 ] Other medications that are not usually called antidepressants, including antipsychotics in low doses [ 2 ] and benzodiazepines , [ 3 ] may be used to manage depression, although the use of benzodiazepines can cause a physical dependence. Stopping benzodiazepine treatment abruptly can cause unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. An extract of the herb St John's Wort is commonly used as an antidepressant especially in Europe, although it is labeled as a dietary supplement in some countries. The term antidepressant is sometimes applied to any therapy (e.g., psychotherapy , electro-convulsive therapy , acupuncture ) or process (e.g., sleep disruption, increased light levels, regular exercise) found to improve a clinically depressed mood. Inert placebos can have significant antidepressant effects, and so to establish a substance as an "antidepressant" in a clinical trial it is necessary to show superior efficacy to placebo. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] A review of both published and unpublished trials submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) found that the published trials had a 94% success in treating depression while the unpublished literature had below 50% success. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Combined, 51% of all studies showed efficacy. [ 6 ] The difference in effect between active placebos and several anti-depressants appeared small and strongly affected by publication bias . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] There is some evidence to suggest that mirtazapine and venlafaxine may have greater efficacy than other antidepressants in the treatment of severe depression. [ 7 ] Carbamazepine;Mirtazapine;Insomnia;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Mazindol;Tianeptine;Amineptine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Imipramine;Trimipramine;Desipramine;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Carbamazepine;The_Washington_Post;University_of_New_Mexico;Suicide;Psychomotor_retardation;Netherlands;Mirtazapine;Anxiety;Enzyme;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Butriptyline;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Oxaprotiline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Tricyclic;Diamine_oxidase;Tricyclic;Reserpine;Chlorpromazine;Imipramine;Blockbuster_drug;Germany;Mirtazapine;France;Netherlands;Amitriptyline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Mirtazapine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Nortriptyline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;United_Kingdom;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;Antipsychotic;Sedative;Antidepressant;Antidepressant; Antimuscarinic In neurochemistry, a muscarinic receptor antagonist is an agent that blocks the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor . Acetylcholine (often abbreviated ACh ) is a neurotransmitter, whose receptor is a protein found in synapses and other cell membranes. Besides responding to their primary neurochemical, neurotransmitter receptors can be sensitive to a variety of other molecules. Acetylcholine receptors are classified into two groups based on this: muscarinic, which respond to muscarine nicotinic, which respond to nicotine Most muscarinic receptor antagonists are synthetic, but scopolamine and atropine are belladonna alkaloids , and are naturally extracted. Pirenzepine;Urinary_retention;Sedation;Hydroxyzine;Pirenzepine;Diphenhydramine;Antipsychotic;Dimenhydrinate;Benzatropine;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Enzyme;Inverse_agonist;Enzyme;Histamine;Histamine_antagonist;Benzatropine;Chlorphenoxamine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Profenamine;Tropatepine;Ibogaine;Ibogaine;Benzatropine;Brompheniramine;Chloropyramine;Clemastine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Orphenadrine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Promethazine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Ibogaine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine; Antipsychotic An antipsychotic (or neuroleptic ) is a tranquilizing psychiatric medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions or hallucinations , as well as disordered thought ), particularly in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder , and is increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders ( ATC code N05A). A first generation of antipsychotics, known as typical antipsychotics , was discovered in the 1950s. Most of the drugs in the second generation, known as atypical antipsychotics , have been developed more recently, although the first atypical antipsychotic, clozapine , was discovered in the 1950s and introduced clinically in the 1970s. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways , but antipsychotic drugs encompass a wide range of receptor targets. A number of harmful and undesired (adverse) effects have been observed, including lowered life expectancy , extrapyramidal effects on motor control – including akathisia (an inability to sit still), trembling , and muscle weakness – weight gain , decrease in brain volume (although this is being debated, since schizophrenia, which is often treated with antipsychotics, also causes a shrinkage of brain volume [ citation needed ] ), enlarged breasts (gynecomastia) in men and milk discharge in men and women ( galactorrhea due to hyperprolactinaemia ), lowered white blood cell count ( agranulocytosis ), involuntary repetitive body movements ( tardive dyskinesia ), diabetes , sexual dysfunction , a return of psychosis requiring increasing the dosage due to cells producing more neurochemicals to compensate for the drugs ( tardive psychosis ), and a potential for permanent chemical dependence leading to psychosis worse than before treatment began, if the drug dosage is ever lowered or stopped ( tardive dysphrenia ). [ 2 ] Most of these side-effects disappear rapidly once the medication is discontinued or reduced, but others, particularly tardive dyskinesia, may be irreversible. Temporary withdrawal symptoms including insomnia, agitation, psychosis, and motor disorders may occur during dosage reduction of antipsychotics, and can be mistaken for a return of the underlying condition. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The development of new antipsychotics with fewer of these adverse effects and with greater relative effectiveness as compared to existing antipsychotics ( efficacy ), is an ongoing field of research. Sometimes, however, patients are switched back to typical antipsychotics because the newer ones are less effective in those patients. [ citation needed ] Chlorpromazine;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;Clozapine;Chlorpromazine;Antidepressant;Reserpine;Typical_antipsychotic;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Fluphenazine;Histamine;Diphenhydramine;Benzatropine;Anxiety;Insomnia;Generic_drug;Clozapine;Perphenazine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Clozapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Mesoridazine;Periciazine;Promazine;Triflupromazine;Levomepromazine;Promethazine;Chlorprothixene;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Insomnia;Antidepressant;Asenapine;Zotepine;Tetrabenazine;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Olanzapine;The_Guardian;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;BBC_News;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;Antidepressant;Sedative;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Antipsychotic;Antipsychotic; Antitrust_laws Competition law , known in the United States as antitrust law , is law that promotes or maintains market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. [ 1 ] The history of competition law reaches back to the Roman Empire . The business practices of market traders, guilds and governments have always been subject to scrutiny, and sometimes severe sanctions. Since the 20th century, competition law has become global. The two largest and most influential systems of competition regulation are United States antitrust law and European Union competition law . National and regional competition authorities across the world have formed international support and enforcement networks. Modern competition law has historically evolved on a country level to promote and maintain competition in markets principally within the territorial boundaries of nation-states . National competition law usually does not cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level. [ 1 ] Countries may allow for extraterritorial jurisdiction in competition cases based on so-called effects doctrine. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The protection of international competition is governed by international competition agreements. In 1945, during the negotiations preceding the adoption of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, limited international competition obligations were proposed within the Charter for an International Trade Organisation . These obligations were not included in GATT, but in 1994, with the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT Multilateral Negotiations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was created. The Agreement Establishing the WTO included a range of limited provisions on various cross-border competition issues on a sector specific basis. [ 3 ] Monopoly;Monopoly;Canada;United_States;France;Italy;Belgium;Netherlands;Luxembourg;Germany;European_Union;European_Union;European_Commission;Office_of_Fair_Trading;Monopoly;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft_Windows;European_Commission;Intellectual_property;Consumer_protection;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Consumer_protection;Entertainment_law;Intellectual_property; Anxiety Anxiety (also called angst or worry ) is a psychological and physiological state characterized by somatic , emotional , cognitive , and behavioral components. [ 2 ] It is the displeasing feeling of fear and concern. [ 3 ] The root meaning of the word anxiety is ' to vex or trouble '; in either presence or absence of psychological stress, anxiety can create feelings of fear, worry, uneasiness, and dread. [ 4 ] However, anxiety should not be confused with fear, it is more of a dreaded feeling about something which appears intimidating and can overcome an individual. [ 5 ] Anxiety is considered to be a normal reaction to a stressor . It may help an individual to deal with a demanding situation by prompting them to cope with it. However, when anxiety becomes overwhelming, it may fall under the classification of an anxiety disorder . [ 6 ] International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project;Anxiety;Anxiety; Aperture In optics , an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture of an optical system is the opening that determines the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane . The aperture determines how collimated the admitted rays are, which is of great importance for the appearance at the image plane. If an aperture is narrow, then highly collimated rays are admitted, resulting in a sharp focus at the image plane. If an aperture is wide, then uncollimated rays are admitted, resulting in a sharp focus only for rays with a certain focal length. This means that a wide aperture results in an image that is sharp around what the lens is focusing on and blurred otherwise. The aperture also determines how many of the incoming rays are actually admitted and thus how much light reaches the image plane (the narrower the aperture, the darker the image for a given exposure time). An optical system typically has many openings, or structures that limit the ray bundles (ray bundles are also known as pencils of light). These structures may be the edge of a lens or mirror , or a ring or other fixture that holds an optical element in place, or may be a special element such as a diaphragm placed in the optical path to limit the light admitted by the system. In general, these structures are called stops , and the aperture stop is the stop that determines the ray cone angle, or equivalently the brightness, at an image point. In some contexts, especially in photography and astronomy , aperture refers to the diameter of the aperture stop rather than the physical stop or the opening itself. For example, in a telescope the aperture stop is typically the edges of the objective lens or mirror (or of the mount that holds it). One then speaks of a telescope as having, for example, a 100 centimeter aperture . Note that the aperture stop is not necessarily the smallest stop in the system. Magnification and demagnification by lenses and other elements can cause a relatively large stop to be the aperture stop for the system. Sometimes stops and diaphragms are called apertures, even when they are not the aperture stop of the system. The word aperture is also used in other contexts to indicate a system which blocks off light outside a certain region. In astronomy for example, a photometric aperture around a star usually corresponds to a circular window around the image of a star within which the light intensity is assumed. [ 2 ] International_Standard_Book_Number;PDF;Chromatic_aberration;Photograph;Digital_photography;Digital_camera;Pixel;Aperture;Aperture; Aperture_(software) Aperture is a photo editing and management software program that was developed by Apple for the OS X operating system, first released in 2005, [ 1 ] and currently available in its App Store . [ 2 ] The software handles a number of tasks common in post-production work such as importing and organizing image files, applying corrective adjustments, displaying slideshows , and printing photographs. Features of Aperture include non-destructive editing , organization of photographs by keyword, faces (using face detection and recognition ), and places (using GPS metadata embedded in image files), brushes for applying effects (such as dodge and burn , skin smoothing, and polarization), and exporting to several popular websites, including Flickr , Facebook , SmugMug , and Apple's defunct MobileMe service. The program has been widely reviewed by independent parties. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . Aperture 3.3.2, the latest version of the software, was released on July 25, 2012 and runs on Intel-based Mac computers. On January 6, 2011, Apple announced its availability on the Mac App Store. [ 6 ] 4 Version history [ edit ] Features Complete raw image format support from import to export (for supported cameras). Supports tethered shooting from Nikon and Canon DSLRs . [ 7 ] Master image files (raw or otherwise) may be kept in place on import or migrated into the Aperture library. Raw Fine Tuning, allowing versions of raw decode to be managed over time and conversion parameters adjusted. Many image adjustment tools including specific color retouching, a luminance based edge sharpener, and spot repair. Lens correction tools, such as chromatic aberration . Project management, with extensive metadata and searching support. Autostacking, a way to group photos based on the time between shutter clicks. Stacks (for grouping photos) and Versions (for making multiple working copies of the same image). Multiple display spanning. Loupe, allowing viewing of images at zooms from 50% to 1600%. Light Table, a type of freeform workspace. Native support of the Adobe Photoshop PSD, PNG , JPEG and TIFF formats. Nondestructive image editing. Customizable printing and publishing. Supports importing from USB and FireWire memory card readers or directly from a camera connected via USB. Ability to simultaneously zoom and pan multiple images. Read and write support for IPTC image metadata. Heavily customizable book creation. Web gallery and blog creation, uploadable via FTP or Webdav . Full-featured full-screen mode, for editing and sorting images. [ edit ] Aperture 2.0 Aperture 2.0 was released on February 12, 2008 with a reduced US price of $199. [ 8 ] This can be compared with the $499 price tag of version 1.0. Streamlined interface. Enhanced performance due to database optimizations and interface improvements. Enhanced image processing with updated raw support. Improved integration with OS X, MobileMe (now iCloud ) and various software packages including iLife and iWork. Support for editing plug-ins, including Apple's own dodging and burning tool (Aperture 2.1). [ 9 ] [ edit ] Aperture 3.0 Aperture 3.0 was released on February 9, 2010, with a further reduced US price of $79.99. [ 10 ] and is the first version of Aperture to require an Intel based Macintosh computer (previous versions could run on PowerPC based systems). Apple claims more than 200 new features are included in version 3.0 and cites the main enhancements as follows: [ 11 ] 64 bit application, able to handle huge files such as very high definition scans. Face detection and recognition tool, called Faces. Place pictures on maps using Places. It is compatible with GPS metadata and manually editable through an interactive map. Native Flickr and Facebook export. Nondestructive, edge-aware brushes to apply adjustments to photos. Dozens of new built-in adjustment presets. Some photographers created custom presets available for download. [ 12 ] Advanced slideshows. Handling and editing of video and audio files. [ edit ] Version history Fixed bugs with shadow blocking in 8-bit images, Exif export issues, and improved performance in keyword searches. A significant update that includes new features such as universal support, improved raw image quality, raw fine tuning, auto noise compensation, a new color meter, enhanced export controls and other more minor improvements and bug fixes. Addresses several issues related to performance, stability, color correction, and display compatibility. Addresses issues related to overall reliability and performance. A significant update with many new features, including Flexible Library Management (master images can be kept outside the library and offline as well), iLife '06 and iWork '06 integration, Automatic Metadata Exportion, Edge Sharpen and iPod photo syncing. Also now officially supports all Intel-based Macs with at least 1 GB of RAM. Price dropped from $499 to $299. Improves overall reliability and performance in many areas of the application, including keywords, the Loupe, cropping, previews, metadata presets, file renaming, iPhoto library importing and watermarks. Addresses issues related to overall reliability and performance in a number of areas, including: Contact sheet printing, Smart Albums, watermarks, lift and stamp, image export, versions created using an external editor. Aperture 1.5.3 addresses issues related to overall reliability and performance in a number of areas, including: Generation of thumbnails for adjusted images, entering and exiting Full Screen mode, working with large sets of keywords in the Keywords HUD, restoring from a vault. Aperture 1.5.6 addresses issues related to performance, improves overall stability, and supports compatibility with Mac OS X v10.5. Aperture 2.0 includes 100+ new features and addresses performance and stability. New features include a streamlined user interface and entirely new image processing engine, new imaging tools for highlight recovery, color vibrancy, local contrast definition, soft-edged retouching, vignetting and RAW fine-tuning. Reduced price to $199 in the US. Aperture 2.0.1 addresses issues related to the performance and overall stability of Aperture 2. Aperture 2.1 introduces editing plug-ins including a Dodge and Burn tool developed by Apple and addresses issues related to the performance and overall stability of Aperture 2. Aperture 2.1.1 addresses issues related to performance, improves overall stability, and supports compatibility with Apple's MobileMe (now iCloud ) service. Aperture 2.1.2 update improves the printing quality of books, cards and calendars ordered through the Aperture printing service. Aperture 2.1.3 update improves overall stability and addresses minor issues in a number of areas, including the display of thumbnails on import and image rotation. Aperture 2.1.4 update addresses general compatibility and overall stability in the following areas: Creating books, Ordering books/prints and Slideshows Aperture now requires an Intel based Macintosh. Version 3.0 includes 200+ new features including: faces, places, brushes, adjustment presets, full-screen browser, audio and video support, and advanced slideshows. Aperture 3.0.1 update improves overall stability and addresses a number of issues in Aperture 3, including: upgrading libraries from earlier versions of Aperture, importing libraries from iPhoto, importing photos directly from a camera, memory usage when processing heavily-retouched photos, face recognition processing, adding undetected faces using the Add Missing Face button, printing pages containing multiple images, editing photos using an external editor, display of images with Definition and Straighten adjustments applied, zooming photos in the Viewer and in the Loupe using keyboard shortcuts, accessing Aperture libraries on a network volume Selecting and moving pins on the Places map, adding and editing custom locations using the Manage My Places window and witching between masters when working with raw+JPEG pairs. Aperture 3.0.2 update improves overall stability and fixes issues in a number of areas. The key areas addressed include: upgrading Aperture 1.x and 2.x libraries, importing libraries from iPhoto or from earlier versions of Aperture, importing hierarchical folders of photos into a library, adding names and confirming matches in Faces, reordering snapshots on the Faces corkboard, creating and saving print presets, duplicating metadata presets, adjustments using Curves, Straighten and Retouching, navigation of photos in the Viewer using scrolling, importing ratings, color labels and GPS data from XMP sidecar files, IPTC metadata compatibility, deleting photos when emptying the Aperture Trash and exporting versions and libraries. Aperture 3.0.3 update improves overall stability and fixes issues in a number of areas. The key areas addressed include: applying adjustments such as Retouch or Chromatic Aberration, creating and using Raw Fine Tuning presets, viewing, adding and removing detected faces, switching target printers and paper sizes when printing, duplicating Smart Albums, repairing and rebuilding Aperture libraries, reconnecting referenced files, working with GPS track files in Places and searching for keywords in the Query HUD or Keyword Controls. Aperture 3.1 update greatly improves the overall stability and performance while fixing many major issues, most especially in Libraries and Adjustments, while making the application compatible with iLife '11. The key areas addressed include: displaying a progress bar when opening, switching and exporting libraries and masters, improvement in performance when opening large libraries, corrections on rendered previews and thumbnails used in Faces or while in zoom mode, importing and relinking referenced iPhoto libraries from a Mac, iPhone or iPad, improvements in face detection (especially on raw+JPEG files) and addressing "blank" faces, corrections in search query performance, export of GPS metadata and correction of TIFF dpi setting, and performance improvements of many default adjustments (especially the Red-eye, Straighten, Crop and Presets adjustments). Aperture 3.1.1 update improves overall stability and performance issues, and also includes specific fixes that: Address compatibility with the iLife Media Browser, improve reliability when upgrading existing Aperture libraries, address issues with publishing photos to MobileMe, Facebook and Flickr. Aperture 3.1.1 was re-released in the Mac App Store, with a price drop to $79.99. Aperture 3.1.2 update improves overall stability and performance, including specific fixes in the following areas: Importing iPhoto libraries, Reliability and responsiveness when using brushes to apply adjustments, Reconnecting referenced master images. Aperture 3.1.3 update improves overall stability and performance, including specific fixes in the following areas: library rebuilding, file import issues, multitouch gestures, Faces and Places views, adjustments, web sharing, A/V, raw+ JPEG pairs. Aperture 3.2 adds support for iCloud and iOS 5, and addresses stability, performance and compatibility issues. [ 13 ] Resolves an issue that could cause Aperture to quit unexpectedly at launch on Macs with Core Duo processors. Addresses problems that could cause the Crop tool to switch to the incorrect orientation or resize incorrectly. Resolves rendering issues when cropping images with Onscreen Proofing enabled. Location menus are now displayed correctly on the map in the Places view when “Photos” is selected in the Library Inspector. This update resolves an issue that could prevent auto-imported Photo Stream images from being displayed in the library after your Photo Stream hits 1,000 images. Aperture 3.2.3 update allows photos to be deleted from photo stream and addresses minor issues related to performance and stability. Improves stability on Mac OS X Snow Leopard. Addresses an issue that could prevent the Viewer from updating correctly after editing a photo using an external editor. New unified photo library for both iPhoto (v9.3 or later) and Aperture; no import/export required; Faces, Places, slideshows, albums and web sharing work across both applications. Support for AVCHD video has been added. Aperture now lets you use camera-generated previews for faster browsing of RAW files immediately after import. Highlights Shadows tool has been updated to deliver higher-quality results and work with extended range data. A new Auto Enhance button has been added to the Adjustments panel. White Balance tool now includes Skin Tone and Natural Gray modes to simplify color balance. Auto button has been added to the White Balance tool for one-click color balancing. Set Desktop command has been added to Share menu so you can set a desktop background from within Aperture. A new Manual option allows you to drag and drop projects to customize sort order in the Projects view. New preference allows you to set the background brightness of the full screen browser. Facebook, Flickr, and MobileMe albums are now displayed as thumbnails in the main window when accounts are selected in the source list. Minor terminology changes, including "Original" instead of "Master" and "Info" instead of " Metadata ." Source list includes a new "Recent" section, showing Last Import and recently-viewed projects. Raw Fine Tuning is no longer displayed in the Adjustments panel by default. Faces can now be named by dragging them from the Unnamed Faces browser to existing snapshots on the corkboard. The Faces corkboard now includes a menu that allows you to set the order of face snapshots. Newly designed monochrome source list and toolbar icons. Addresses numerous issues related to overall performance and stability. [ 14 ] Fixes an issue that in rare cases could cause Aperture to hang or quit unexpectedly when upgrading libraries. [ 15 ] Supports compatibility with OS X Mountain Lion Addresses issues that could affect performance when entering and exiting Full Screen mode Auto White Balance can now correct color using Skin Tone mode, even when Faces is disabled Projects and albums in the Library Inspector can now be sorted by date in addition to name and kind Includes performance and stability improvement. [ 16 ] [ edit ] See also Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Photo_editing_software;Digital_asset_management;Software_program;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;Mac_App_Store;Slideshow;Face_detection;Face_recognition;GPS;Metadata;Dodge_and_burn;Flickr;Facebook;SmugMug;MobileMe;Macintosh;Raw_image_format;Nikon;Chromatic_aberration;Adobe_Photoshop;Portable_Network_Graphics;JPEG;Tagged_Image_File_Format;USB;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;FTP;Webdav;ICloud;Dodging_and_burning;GPS;Flickr;Facebook;Exif;ILife;IWork;IPod;Dodging_and_burning;MobileMe;ICloud;GPS;TIFF;JPEG;ICloud;IOS;IPhoto;AVCHD;Raw_image_format;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;BlueMarine;Photo_Mechanic;IPhoto;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express; Apple The apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree , species Malus domestica in the rose family ( Rosaceae ). It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits, and the most widely known of the many members of genus Malus that are used by humans. Apples grow on small, deciduous trees. The tree originated in Western Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii , is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, and were brought to North America by European colonists. Apples have been present in the mythology and religions of many cultures, including Norse , Greek and Christian traditions. In 2010, the fruit's genome was decoded, leading to new understandings of disease control and selective breeding in apple production. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including in cooking , fresh eating and cider production . Domestic apples are generally propagated by grafting , although wild apples grow readily from seed. Trees are prone to a number of fungal , bacterial and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means. About 69 million tonnes of apples were grown worldwide in 2010, and China produced almost half of this total. The United States is the second-leading producer, with more than 6% of world production. Turkey is third, followed by Italy, India and Poland. Apples are often eaten raw, but can also be found in many foods (especially desserts) and drinks. Many beneficial health effects have been found from eating apples; however, the seeds are slightly poisonous and two forms of allergies are seen to various proteins found in the fruit. Apple_Inc.;Ukraine;Argentina;Germany;Japan;Oxygen;Urticaria;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Apple;Apple; AppleCare AppleCare is the hardware warranty and support service offered by Apple Inc. It comes included as standard with all products, offering limited hardware warranty along with phone/Internet support on its products. Additional purchase of an AppleCare Protection Plan extends both the hardware and support cover, depending on the device it's purchased for. Apple_Inc.;MacBook_Air;Mac_Mini;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;OS_X;ILife;IWork;IOS;ICloud;ITunes;ITunes_Store;Genius_Bar;AirPort;AirPort_Express;Apple_Inc;The_Register;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;AppleCare;AppleCare; AppleInsider AppleInsider is a news and rumor website that includes a forum for discussion of news stories and other community news. Apple_Inc.;AppleInsider;AppleInsider; AppleScript AppleScript is a scripting language created by Apple Inc. and built into Macintosh operating systems since System 7 . The term "AppleScript" may refer to the scripting system itself, or to particular scripts that are written in the AppleScript language. AppleScript is primarily an inter-application processing system, designed to exchange data between and control other applications in order to automate repetitive tasks. AppleScript has some limited processing abilities of its own – basic calculation abilities, and some more intricate text processing tools – and is extensible, allowing the addition of scripting additions which add new functions to the language itself. Mainly, however, AppleScript relies on the built-in functionality of other applications and processes to handle complex tasks. AppleScript has some elements of object-oriented programming , particularly in the construction of script objects, and some Lisp -like natural language programming tendencies, but does not strictly conform to either category. Programming_paradigm;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Type_system;Weak_typing;Dynamic_typing;HyperCard;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Software_license;EULA;Filename_extension;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS;HyperCard;English_language;Application_software;Mac_OS_X;Graphical_user_interface;Xcode;Programming_language;Xcode;Application_programming_interface;Perl;MacRuby;Open_Directory_Project;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;AppleScript;AppleScript; AppleWorks AppleWorks refers to two different office suite products, both of which are now discontinued. Originally, AppleWorks was an integrated software package for the Apple II platform, released in 1984 by Apple Computer . In 1998, the name AppleWorks was repurposed by Apple following its elimination of its Claris subsidiary, which marketed a software package for Macintosh and Windows named ClarisWorks . At one time, AppleWorks was bundled with all consumer-level Macs sold by Apple. As of August 15, 2007, AppleWorks has reached end-of-life status , and is no longer being sold. [ 1 ] Word processing, spreadsheet, and presentation applications with capabilities similar to AppleWorks are currently sold as the iWork suite. Mac_OS_X;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_II;Apple_Computer;Macintosh;IWork;Apple_II;Apple_III;Apple_IIgs;FileMaker_Inc.;Database;MacWrite;MacDraw;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Excel;IWork;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;PowerPC;IWork;Macworld_UK;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;IWork;IWork.com;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;Microsoft_Windows;AirPort_Utility;ITunes;MobileMe;QuickTime;Apple_Software_Update;AppleWorks;AppleWorks; Apple_Ax A x is a series of ARM -based System on Chips (SoC) designed by Apple Inc. for use in their consumer electronic devices, such as the iPod , iPad , iPhone and Apple TV . ARM_architecture;System_on_a_chip;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPad;IPhone;Apple_TV;Apple_Inc.;Samsung;ARM_architecture;PowerVR;IPad;Tablet_computer;IPod_Touch;Apple_TV;ARM_architecture;Graphics_processing_unit;Intrinsity;Samsung;IPad;IPod_Touch;Apple_TV;Integrated_circuit;Apple_Inc.;Samsung;Tablet_computer;Smartphone;PowerVR;CPU;Graphics_processing_unit;Apple_TV;Nvidia;CPU;Graphics_processing_unit;ARM_architecture;PowerVR;IPad;IPod_Touch;Apple_TV;ARM_architecture;PowerVR;ARM_architecture;PowerVR;Apple_TV;ARM_architecture;PowerVR;Nvidia;Samsung;Intel;P.A._Semi;IPod_touch;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Ax;Apple_Ax; Apple_Bandai_Pippin The Apple Bandai Pippin is a multimedia technology console, designed by Apple Computer . The console was based on the Apple Pippin platform - a derivative of the Apple Macintosh platform. Bandai produced the ATMARK and @WORLD consoles between 1995 to 1997. The goal of the Bandai Pippin was to create an inexpensive computer aimed mostly at playing CD-based multimedia titles, especially games, but also functioning as a network computer . The operating system was basically a stripped version of System 7.5.2 , and was based on a 66 MHz PowerPC 603 processor and a 14.4 kb /s modem . It featured a 4x-speed CD-ROM drive and a video output that could connect to a standard television display. Apple_Inc.;Video_game_console;Japan;North_America;Central_processing_unit;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;Hertz;Apple_Computer;Mac_OS;Mac_OS;PowerPC;Microsoft_Windows;Personal_computer;Flash_memory;Apple_Desktop_Bus;PowerPC;QuickDraw;GamePro;Computer;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Bandai_Pippin; Apple_Campus Coordinates : 37°19′55″N 122°01′52″W  /  37.33182°N 122.03118°W  / 37.33182; -122.03118 The sign on the street that follows the main entrance to the campus. View of the main building (IL1) from De Anza Boulevard. Street sign Infinite Loop The Apple Campus is the headquarters of Apple Inc. , a consumer electronics and PC corporation, located in Cupertino, California . The facility is referred to as a campus because its design resembles the campus of a university, with the buildings arranged around green spaces , similar to a typical suburban business park. The campus is located on the southeast corner of Interstate 280 and De Anza Boulevard, and occupies 32 acres (130,000 m 2 ) [ 1 ] in six buildings spread over four floors. Each building is numbered with one digit on the private U-shaped street Infinite Loop , so named because of the programming concept of an infinite loop . The street, in conjunction with Mariani Avenue, actually does form a circuit (or cycle) that can circulate indefinitely. The main building has the address 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California. Employees refer to these buildings as IL1 to IL6 for Infinite Loop 1-6. Besides the buildings on Infinite Loop, the whole Apple Campus occupies an additional thirty buildings scattered throughout the city to accommodate its employees. Some of these buildings are leased (with an average rental cost of USD $2.5 per square foot), [ 2 ] while others are of recent acquisition; the land the new buildings occupy will be used for future construction of a second campus in the city with the aim of centralizing the activities of the company. In total, including nine newly acquired buildings on Pruneridge Avenue, the company controls more than 3,300,000 square feet (310,000 m 2 ) for its activities in the city of Cupertino. This represents almost 40% of the 8,800,000 square feet (820,000 m 2 ) of office space and facilities for research and development available in the city. Apple_Inc.;Personal_computer;Infinite_loop;USD;Motorola;Steve_Jobs;USD;Steve_Jobs;Time_Warner;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Campus;Apple_Campus; Apple_Chooser The Chooser is an application program for Macintosh systems using the original Mac OS . The Chooser started out as a desk accessory and became a standalone application program as of System 7 . The Chooser allowed users to connect to AppleShare file servers (via AppleTalk or TCP/IP ), enable or disable the network access, and select which printer to use. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS;List_of_software_categories;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS;OS_X;OS_X;Mac_OS;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Apple_Chooser;Apple_Chooser; Apple_Cinema_Display Apple_Inc.;Apple_Studio_Display;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;LED;Polycarbonate;USB;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IMac;The_Wall_Street_Journal;LCD;Display_device;Aspect_ratio;Pixel_density;ISight;MagSafe;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;LCD;Display_device;LED;LED;Pixel_density;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display; Apple_Computer Coordinates : 37°19′55″N 122°01′52″W  /  37.33182°N 122.03118°W  / 37.33182; -122.03118 NASDAQ-100 component Consumer electronics Digital distribution April 1, 1976 ( 1976-04-01 ) ( incorporated January 3, 1977 as Apple Computer, Inc.) Apple Campus , 1 Infinite Loop , Cupertino , California , U.S. Number of locations 364 retail stores (as of October 2011 [update] ) Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman) [ 2 ] Sir Jonathan Ive ( SVP of Industrial Design ) Steve Jobs (Chairman, 1976-1985, 2011; CEO, 1997–2011) 60,400 (2011) [ 4 ] Braeburn Capital , FileMaker Inc. , Anobit Apple Inc. ( NASDAQ : AAPL ; formerly Apple Computer, Inc. ) is an American multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics , computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products are the Macintosh line of computers, the iPod , the iPhone and the iPad . Its software includes the OS X and iOS operating system ; the iTunes media browser; and the iLife and iWork creativity and production suites. Apple is the world's third-largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia . [ 5 ] Established on April 1, 1976 in Cupertino , California, and incorporated January 3, 1977, [ 6 ] the company was named Apple Computer, Inc. for its first 30 years. The word "Computer" was removed from its name on January 9, 2007, [ 7 ] as its traditional focus on personal computers shifted towards consumer electronics . [ 8 ] Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] However, the company has received widespread criticism for its contractors' labor, and for its environmental and business practices. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] As of July 2011 [update] , Apple has 364 retail stores in thirteen countries, [ 16 ] and an online store . [ 17 ] It is the largest publicly traded company in the world by market capitalization . [ 18 ] The company is the largest technology company in the world by revenue and profit, more than Google and Microsoft combined. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] As of September 24, 2011 ( 2011 -09-24 ) [update] , the company had 60,400 permanent full-time employees and 2,900 temporary full-time employees worldwide; [ 4 ] its worldwide annual revenue in 2010 totalled $65 billion, growing to $108 billion in 2011. [ 3 ] On August 20, 2012, Apple surpassed Microsoft to become the largest company in human history by market capitalization, in nominal terms. [ 21 ] NASDAQ;Digital_distribution;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Apple_Campus;Tim_Cook;Arthur_D._Levinson;Jonathan_Ive;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;IPad;Apple_TV;Mac_OS_X;ILife;IWork;IOS;Apple_Store;Mac_App_Store;ITunes_Store;IBookstore;ICloud;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;NASDAQ;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;IPad;OS_X;IOS;Operating_system;ITunes;ILife;IWork;Nokia;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Store;Google;Microsoft;Microsoft;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Apple_I;CPU;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Floppy_disk;Apple_III;IBM;Microsoft;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh;Macintosh;John_Sculley;NeXT;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;PowerBook;Mac_OS;MacLife;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Centris;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_LC;Apple_IIe;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_Lisa;Personal_digital_assistant;IPhone;IPad;America_Online;Sun_Microsystems;Motorola;Power_Macintosh;PowerPC;NeXT;Macworld_Expo;IMac;Jonathan_Ive;IPod;IPhone;Final_Cut_Pro;Digital_video;IMovie;Final_Cut_Pro;Nothing_Real;Compositing;Emagic;Logic_Pro;GarageBand;IPhoto;ILife;Mac_OS_X;Unix;IPod;ITunes_Store;PowerBook;Polycarbonate;IBook;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Intel;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Intel;MacBook_Pro;IMac;IBook;PowerBook;Mac_Pro;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Dell;Mobile_phone;Personal_computer;Touch_screen;User_interface;Steve_Jobs;Macworld_Expo;IPhone;Apple_TV;Digital_rights_management;EMI;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Macworld_Expo;Philip_W._Schiller;Microsoft;Stainless_steel;IPod;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;FaceTime;IPod_Shuffle;MacBook_Air;ILife;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X;Mac_App_Store;Tim_Cook;ICloud;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Intelligent_software_assistant;ICloud;Tim_Cook;Timeline_of_Apple_products;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;Mac_Mini;IMac;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;Apple_Time_Capsule;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;IPad;Tablet_computer;IPad;ITunes;IBooks;IPod;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPod;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;FM_radio;IPod_click_wheel;IPod_Classic;Portable_media_player;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPhone;IPhone;Smartphone;Quad_band;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Google_Maps;Bluetooth;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;IPad;Gyroscope;VGA;FaceTime;Nokia;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;C_Spire_Wireless;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;HDMI;Component_video;Flash_memory;IPad;IPod_touch;IPod_touch;List_of_Macintosh_software;Operating_system;OS_X;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IMovie;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWork;QuickTime;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Xsan;Raw_image_format;Final_Cut_Pro;Logic_Pro;ICloud;MobileMe;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Apple_Store;The_Guardian;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;The_Beatles;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Think_Different;Apple_Inc._advertising;IPod_advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;Get_a_Mac;MacBook_Air;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Power_Macintosh;USB;HyperTransport;FireWire;Nikon;Adobe_Software;IBooks;Apple_Campus;Netherlands;Luxembourg;Republic_of_Ireland;Microsoft;IBM;Steve_Wozniak;MobileMe;Tim_Cook;Tim_Cook;New_York_Times;Microsoft;IPhone;Steve_Jobs;MacBook_Pro;LCD;LED;Foxconn;Apple_Campus;Apple_media_events;Pixar;John_Markoff;Steve_Wozniak;Steve_Wozniak;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNN;Macworld;CNET;CNET;Steve_Jobs;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;Mashable;Ars_Technica;The_New_York_Times;Engadget;AOL;News.com;Wired_Magazine;The_New_York_Times;Ars_Technica;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steven_Levy;John_Sculley;Steve_Wozniak;Reuters;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.; Apple_Corps_v._Apple_Computer Between 1978 and 2006 there were a number of legal disputes between Apple Corps (owned by The Beatles ) and the computer manufacturer Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ) over competing trademark rights. The High Court of Justice handed down a judgment on 8 May 2006 in favour of Apple Computer, but the companies did not announce a final settlement until 5 February 2007. The_Beatles;Apple_Inc.;Trademark;Apple_Records;United_States_dollar;Apple_II_series;Macintosh;ITunes_Store;Macworld;Steve_Jobs;IPhone;Microsoft;ITunes_Store;EMI;Paul_McCartney;Rolling_Stone;IPod;EMI;Financial_Times;Apple_Inc._litigation;CNET;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Beatles;George_Harrison;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;Ringo_Starr;The_Beatles;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Abbey_Road_Studios;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Apple_Records;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records; Apple_Desktop_Bus Apple Desktop Bus ( ADB ) is a bit-serial computer bus connecting low-speed devices to computers. Used primarily on the Macintosh platform, ADB equipment is still available but not supported by most Apple hardware manufactured since 1999. User_interface;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_Inc.;USB;FireWire;Macintosh;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_IIgs;Macintosh;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_SE;IMac;Universal_Serial_Bus;PowerBook;IBook;Touchpad;Mac_OS;FireWire;ACCESS.bus;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Desktop_Bus; Apple_Developer Apple Developer , formerly Apple Developer Connection or ADC , is Apple Inc. 's developer network. It is designed to make available resources to help software developers write software for the Mac OS X and iOS platforms. [ 1 ] The cost is US$99/year per developer program. Apple_Inc.;Software_developer;Software;Mac_OS_X;Moscone_Center;Technical_support;IPhone_SDK;California;Japan;Mac_App_Store;Apple_Inc.;Web_browser;IOS;OS_X_Lion;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Developer;Apple_Developer; Apple_Developer_Connection Apple Developer , formerly Apple Developer Connection or ADC , is Apple Inc. 's developer network. It is designed to make available resources to help software developers write software for the Mac OS X and iOS platforms. [ 1 ] The cost is US$99/year per developer program. Apple_Inc.;Software_developer;Software;Mac_OS_X;Moscone_Center;Technical_support;IPhone_SDK;California;Japan;Mac_App_Store;Apple_Inc.;Web_browser;IOS;OS_X_Lion;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Developer;Apple_Developer; Apple_Developer_Tools The Apple Developer Tools are a suite of software tools from Apple to aid in making software titles for the Mac OS X platform. They come on the Snow Leopard (OS X 10.6) installation CD as part of the Xcode suite, but aren't installed by default. In Lion (OS X 10.7), Xcode is available as a free download from the Mac App Store . Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Xcode;Mac_App_Store;AppleScript;Core_Image;Adobe_Photoshop;Hexadecimal;Magnifying_glass;Pixel;Quartz_Composer;Visual_programming_language;Core_Image;Core_Video;API;QuickTime;MIDI;QuickTime;Software_developer;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Interface_Builder;Xcode;Quartz_Composer;Dashcode;Apple_Developer_Tools;Apple_Developer_Tools; Apple_Filing_Protocol The Apple Filing Protocol ( AFP ), formerly AppleTalk Filing Protocol, is a proprietary network protocol that offers file services for Mac OS X and original Mac OS . In Mac OS X, AFP is one of several file services supported including Server Message Block (SMB), Network File System (NFS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and WebDAV . AFP currently supports Unicode file names, POSIX and access control list permissions, resource forks , named extended attributes, and advanced file locking . In Mac OS 9 and earlier, AFP was the primary protocol for file services. Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS;Server_Message_Block;Resource_fork;Service_discovery;Gigabyte;Type_code;Creator_code;Filename_extension;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Uniform_Resource_Locator;IP_address;Open_source;Microsoft;Windows;Open_source;Linux;Free_software;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Apple_Filing_Protocol; Apple_Help_Viewer Help Viewer is a WebKit based HTML viewer for Mac OS X aimed at displaying help files and other documentation . It is found in /System/Library/CoreServices/Help Viewer.app . The default file extension is " .help ". Help index files are generated with Help Indexer . Mac OS X applications typically use Help Viewer to display their help content, rather than a custom system. Help Viewer's implementation in Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) found its way to Rob Griffiths' list of Leopard criticisms, because Apple changed the software from a standalone application with a standard window interface to one with a floating window that always appears in front of all other application windows, obscuring the interface for which one is seeking help (see image below). Although one can close or minimize the Help Viewer window, it is difficult to consult the Help Viewer while simultaneously working with the application, short of changing the size of windows so both fit on the screen. [ 1 ] The Help Viewer window also does not work with the Exposé window management feature (Mission Control in OS X 10.7 or later). There is a workaround using the defaults command accessible in the Terminal. [ 2 ] The Leopard implementation of the Help Viewer was met with criticism Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;WebKit;HTML;Mac_OS_X;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Apple_Help_Viewer;Apple_Help_Viewer; Apple_I Steve_Wozniak;Central_processing_unit;Megahertz;Apple_II;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Wozniak;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Apple_II;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_II_series;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_I;Apple_I; Apple_ID Apple ID is an existing email address from any email provider. It is used to log in to systems that Apple Inc. introduced for many of its products, such as iWork , the iTunes Store and the Apple Store . [ 1 ] Apple ID serves as an all-in-one account that allows users access to a variety of Apple’s resources. Because an Apple ID can be used on multiple products and services offered by Apple, it can also be called: Apple account, MobileMe account, iCloud account, .Mac account, iTunes Store account, and iChat account. [ 2 ] Computing_platform;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;IOS;ITunes;Game_Center;Website;Apple_Inc.;IWork;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;.Mac;IChat;AppleCare;Apple_Cinema_Display;FaceTime;Apple_Developer_Connection;ITunes;ITunes_Ping;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;IPhone;IPod;AppleCare;IWork;FaceTime;Apple_ID;Apple_ID; Apple_II The Apple II (styled as Apple ][ ) is an 8-bit home computer , one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, [ 2 ] designed primarily by Steve Wozniak , manufactured by Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ) and introduced in 1977. It is the first model in a series of computers which were produced until Apple IIe production ceased in November 1993. [ 3 ] The first Apple II computers went on sale on June 10, 1977 [ 4 ] [ 5 ] with a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz , 4 kB of RAM , an audio cassette interface for loading programs and storing data, and the Integer BASIC programming language built into the ROMs . The video controller displayed 24 lines by 40 columns of monochrome, upper-case-only (the original character set matches ASCII characters 20 h to 5F h ) text on the screen, with NTSC composite video output suitable for display on a TV monitor, or on a regular TV set by way of a separate RF modulator . The original retail price of the computer was 1298 USD [ 6 ] (with 4 kB of RAM) and 2638 USD (with the maximum 48 kB of RAM). To reflect the computer's color graphics capability, the Apple logo on the casing was represented using rainbow stripes, [ 7 ] which remained a part of Apple's corporate logo until early 1998. The earliest Apple II's were assembled in Silicon Valley , and later in Texas; [ 8 ] printed circuit boards were manufactured in Ireland and Singapore . Apple_II_series;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_Inc.;Apple_II_series;Apple_IIe;Hertz;Composite_video;Singapore;Floppy_disk;Steve_Wozniak;Group_Code_Recording;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Proprietary_software;Pixel;Apple_I;Apple_III;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_II;Apple_II; Apple_III The Apple III (often rendered as Apple /// ) is a business-oriented personal computer produced and released by Apple Computer that was intended as the successor to the Apple II series , but largely considered a failure in the market. Development work on the Apple III started in late 1978 under the guidance of Dr. Wendell Sander. It had the internal code name of "Sara", named after Sander's daughter. [ 2 ] [ unreliable source? ] The machine was first announced and released on May 19, 1980, but due to serious stability issues that required a design overhaul and a recall of existing machines, it was formally reintroduced the following autumn. [ 3 ] Development stopped and the Apple III was discontinued on April 24, 1984, and the III Plus was dropped from the Apple product line in September 1985. [ 4 ] The Apple III could be viewed as an enhanced Apple II – then the newest heir to a line of 8-bit machines dating back to 1976. However, the Apple III was not part of the Apple II line, but rather a close cousin. The key features business users wanted in a personal computer were a true typewriter-style upper/lowercase keyboard (as opposed to the Apple II which was based on a teletype keyboard) and 80 column display. In addition, the machine had to pass U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) qualifications for business equipment. In 1981, International Business Machines unveiled the IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) – a completely new 16-bit design soon available in a wide range of inexpensive clones. The business market moved rapidly towards the PC-DOS / MS-DOS platform, eventually pulling away from the Apple 8-bit computer line. [ 5 ] Despite numerous stability issues and recalls, Apple was eventually able to produce a reliable and dependable version of the machine. However, damage to the computer's reputation had already been done and it failed to do well commercially as a direct result. In the end, an estimated 65,000–75,000 Apple III computers were sold. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The Apple III Plus brought this up to ~120,000. [ 4 ] Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak stated that the primary reason for the Apple III's failure was that the system was designed by Apple's marketing department, unlike Apple's previous engineering-driven projects. [ 6 ] The Apple III's failure led to Apple reevaluating their plan to phase out the Apple II, and eventual continuation of development of the older machine. As a result, later Apple II models incorporated some hardware, such as the Apple Scribe Printer, a thermal printer, and software technologies of the Apple III. Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Apple_Inc.;Apple_II_series;Steve_Wozniak;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Operating_system;Megahertz;Central_processing_unit;Floppy_disk;QWERTY;ProDOS;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_IIe;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Lisa;IMac;Floppy_disk;Apple_II_series;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_File_System;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_III;Apple_III; Apple_II_series The Apple II series (trademarked with square brackets as "Apple ][") is a set of 8-bit home computers , one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, [ 1 ] designed primarily by Steve Wozniak , manufactured by Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ) and introduced in 1977 with the original Apple II . In terms of ease of use, features and expandability the Apple II was a major technological advancement over its predecessor, the Apple I , a limited-production bare circuit board computer for electronics hobbyists that pioneered many features that made the Apple II a commercial success. Introduced at the West Coast Computer Faire on April 16, 1977, the Apple II was among the first successful personal computers; it launched the Apple company into a successful business (and allowed several related companies to start). Throughout the years, a number of models were sold, with the most popular model remaining relatively little changed into the 1990s. It was first sold on June 10, 1977. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] By the end of production in 1993, somewhere between five and six million Apple II series computers (including about 1.25 million Apple II GS models) had been produced. [ 4 ] The Apple II became one of several recognizable and successful computers during the 1980s and early 1990s, although this was mainly limited to the USA. It was aggressively marketed through volume discounts and manufacturing arrangements to educational institutions which made it the first computer in widespread use in American secondary schools. The effort to develop educational and business software for the Apple II, including the 1979 release of the popular VisiCalc spreadsheet , made the computer especially popular with business users and families. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The original Apple II operating system was contained in ROM along with Integer BASIC . Programs were entered, then saved and loaded on cassette tape. When the Disk II was implemented in 1978 by Steve Wozniak, a Disk Operating System or DOS was commissioned. The final and most popular version of this software was Apple DOS 3.3. Some commercial Apple II software booted directly and did not use standard DOS formats. This discouraged the copying or modifying of the software on the disks and improved loading speed. Apple DOS was superseded by ProDOS , which supported a hierarchical filesystem and larger storage devices. With an optional third-party Z80 -based expansion card [ 8 ] the Apple II could boot into the CP/M operating system and run WordStar , dBase II , and other CP/M software. At the height of its evolution, towards the late 1980s, the platform had the graphical look of a hybrid of the Apple II and Macintosh with the introduction of the Apple II GS . By 1992, the platform had 16-bit processing capabilities, a mouse-driven Graphical User Interface , and graphics and sound capabilities far beyond the original. Despite the introduction of the Motorola 68000-based Apple Lisa system in 1983, and its more successful cousin the Macintosh in 1984, the relatively unsophisticated Apple II series was Apple's primary revenue source for most of the following decade. At its peak, it was a billion-dollar-a-year industry with its associated community of third-party developers and retailers. The Apple II GS was sold until the end of 1992; the last II-series Apple in production, the IIe, was discontinued on October 15, 1993. Apple_II;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_Inc.;Apple_II;Apple_I;Operating_system;Macintosh;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh;Apple_IIe;Apple_II;Hertz;Composite_video;Singapore;Floppy_disk;Steve_Wozniak;Group_Code_Recording;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Proprietary_software;Pixel;Microsoft;FORTRAN;Apple_III;Firmware;Power_supply;Apple_IIe;Apple_IIe;Megabyte;Apple_III;Snow_White_design_language;LCD;Megabyte;AppleWorks;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh;Macintosh;Intel;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Jobs;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Republic_of_China;Bulgaria;Reverse_engineering;Microsoft;PAL;NTSC;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Floppy_disk;Apple_III;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Disk_image;IBM;Local_area_network;Timeline_of_Apple_products;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steve_Wozniak;Open_Directory_Project;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_II_series;Apple_II_series; Apple_IIe The Apple IIe (styled as Apple //e ) is the third model in the Apple II series of personal computers produced by Apple Computer . The e in the name stands for enhanced , referring to the fact that several popular features were now built-in that were only available as upgrades and add-ons in earlier models. It also improved upon expandability and added a few new features, which, all combined, made it very attractive to first-time computer shoppers as a general-purpose machine. The Apple IIe has the distinction of being the longest-lived computer in Apple's history, having been manufactured and sold for nearly 11 years with relatively few changes. Operating_system;ProDOS;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;Apple_II_series;Apple_Inc.;Apple_III;Apple_Macintosh;Command_key;Capacitor;Macintosh_LC;Apple_Macintosh;QuickDraw;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Open_Directory_Project;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_IIe;Apple_IIe; Apple_IIgs The Apple IIGS (stylized as II GS ) is the fifth and most powerful model in the Apple II series of personal computers produced by Apple Computer . The " GS " in the name stands for Graphics and Sound , referring to its enhanced multimedia capabilities, especially its state-of-the-art sound and music synthesis , which greatly surpassed previous models of the line and most contemporary machines like the Macintosh and IBM PC . [ 1 ] The machine was a radical departure from any previous Apple II, with its true 16-bit architecture , increased processing speed, direct access to megabytes of RAM , wavetable music synthesizer, graphical user interface , and mouse . While still maintaining full backwards compatibility with earlier Apple II models, it blended the Apple II and aspects of Macintosh technology into one. Keeping with Apple's "Apple II Forever" slogan of the time, the IIGS set forth a promising future and evolutionary advancement of the Apple II line, but Apple paid it relatively little attention as the company increasingly focused on the Macintosh platform. The Apple IIGS was the first computer produced by Apple to use a color graphical user interface , as well as the "Platinum" (light grey) color scheme and the Apple Desktop Bus interface for keyboards, mice, and other input devices. It was also the first personal computer to come with a built-in " wavetable " sample-based synthesizer chip, utilizing technology from Ensoniq . The machine outsold all other Apple products, including the Macintosh, during its first year in production. Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;Apple_II_series;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Random_access_memory;Graphical_user_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_IIe;Integrated_circuit;Megahertz;Random_access_memory;Megabyte;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Composite_video;SCSI;SCSI;Ethernet;Bose_Corporation;Apple_III;Steve_Wozniak;Snow_White_design_language;Apple_Records;Graphical_user_interface;Operating_system;ProDOS;ProDOS;Apple_IIe;Power_supply;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Megabyte;AppleWorks;Apple_IIe;Macintosh_LC;Power_Macintosh;CPU;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_II_series;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products; Apple_Icon_Image_format The Apple Icon Image format is the icon format used in Apple Inc. 's Mac OS X . It supports icons of 16×16, 32×32, 48×48, 128×128, 256×256, 512×512, and 1024×1024 pixels, with both 1- and 8-bit alpha channels and multiple image states (example: open and closed folders). The fixed-size icons can be scaled by the operating system and displayed at any intermediate size. Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;OSType;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;OSType;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Apple_Icon_Image_format; Apple_Inc Coordinates : 37°19′55″N 122°01′52″W  /  37.33182°N 122.03118°W  / 37.33182; -122.03118 NASDAQ-100 component Consumer electronics Digital distribution April 1, 1976 ( 1976-04-01 ) ( incorporated January 3, 1977 as Apple Computer, Inc.) Apple Campus , 1 Infinite Loop , Cupertino , California , U.S. Number of locations 364 retail stores (as of October 2011 [update] ) Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman) [ 2 ] Sir Jonathan Ive ( SVP of Industrial Design ) Steve Jobs (Chairman, 1976-1985, 2011; CEO, 1997–2011) 60,400 (2011) [ 4 ] Braeburn Capital , FileMaker Inc. , Anobit Apple Inc. ( NASDAQ : AAPL ; formerly Apple Computer, Inc. ) is an American multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics , computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products are the Macintosh line of computers, the iPod , the iPhone and the iPad . Its software includes the OS X and iOS operating system ; the iTunes media browser; and the iLife and iWork creativity and production suites. Apple is the world's third-largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia . [ 5 ] Established on April 1, 1976 in Cupertino , California, and incorporated January 3, 1977, [ 6 ] the company was named Apple Computer, Inc. for its first 30 years. The word "Computer" was removed from its name on January 9, 2007, [ 7 ] as its traditional focus on personal computers shifted towards consumer electronics . [ 8 ] Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] However, the company has received widespread criticism for its contractors' labor, and for its environmental and business practices. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] As of July 2011 [update] , Apple has 364 retail stores in thirteen countries, [ 16 ] and an online store . [ 17 ] It is the largest publicly traded company in the world by market capitalization . [ 18 ] The company is the largest technology company in the world by revenue and profit, more than Google and Microsoft combined. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] As of September 24, 2011 ( 2011 -09-24 ) [update] , the company had 60,400 permanent full-time employees and 2,900 temporary full-time employees worldwide; [ 4 ] its worldwide annual revenue in 2010 totalled $65 billion, growing to $108 billion in 2011. [ 3 ] On August 20, 2012, Apple surpassed Microsoft to become the largest company in human history by market capitalization, in nominal terms. [ 21 ] NASDAQ;Digital_distribution;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Apple_Campus;Tim_Cook;Arthur_D._Levinson;Jonathan_Ive;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;IPad;Apple_TV;Mac_OS_X;ILife;IWork;IOS;Apple_Store;Mac_App_Store;ITunes_Store;IBookstore;ICloud;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;NASDAQ;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;IPad;OS_X;IOS;Operating_system;ITunes;ILife;IWork;Nokia;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Store;Google;Microsoft;Microsoft;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Apple_I;CPU;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Floppy_disk;Apple_III;IBM;Microsoft;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh;Macintosh;John_Sculley;NeXT;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;PowerBook;Mac_OS;MacLife;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Centris;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_LC;Apple_IIe;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_Lisa;Personal_digital_assistant;IPhone;IPad;America_Online;Sun_Microsystems;Motorola;Power_Macintosh;PowerPC;NeXT;Macworld_Expo;IMac;Jonathan_Ive;IPod;IPhone;Final_Cut_Pro;Digital_video;IMovie;Final_Cut_Pro;Nothing_Real;Compositing;Emagic;Logic_Pro;GarageBand;IPhoto;ILife;Mac_OS_X;Unix;IPod;ITunes_Store;PowerBook;Polycarbonate;IBook;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Intel;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Intel;MacBook_Pro;IMac;IBook;PowerBook;Mac_Pro;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Dell;Mobile_phone;Personal_computer;Touch_screen;User_interface;Steve_Jobs;Macworld_Expo;IPhone;Apple_TV;Digital_rights_management;EMI;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Macworld_Expo;Philip_W._Schiller;Microsoft;Stainless_steel;IPod;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;FaceTime;IPod_Shuffle;MacBook_Air;ILife;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X;Mac_App_Store;Tim_Cook;ICloud;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Intelligent_software_assistant;ICloud;Tim_Cook;Timeline_of_Apple_products;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;Mac_Mini;IMac;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;Apple_Time_Capsule;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;IPad;Tablet_computer;IPad;ITunes;IBooks;IPod;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPod;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;FM_radio;IPod_click_wheel;IPod_Classic;Portable_media_player;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPhone;IPhone;Smartphone;Quad_band;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Google_Maps;Bluetooth;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;IPad;Gyroscope;VGA;FaceTime;Nokia;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;C_Spire_Wireless;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;HDMI;Component_video;Flash_memory;IPad;IPod_touch;IPod_touch;List_of_Macintosh_software;Operating_system;OS_X;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IMovie;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWork;QuickTime;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Xsan;Raw_image_format;Final_Cut_Pro;Logic_Pro;ICloud;MobileMe;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Apple_Store;The_Guardian;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;The_Beatles;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Think_Different;Apple_Inc._advertising;IPod_advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;Get_a_Mac;MacBook_Air;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Power_Macintosh;USB;HyperTransport;FireWire;Nikon;Adobe_Software;IBooks;Apple_Campus;Netherlands;Luxembourg;Republic_of_Ireland;Microsoft;IBM;Steve_Wozniak;MobileMe;Tim_Cook;Tim_Cook;New_York_Times;Microsoft;IPhone;Steve_Jobs;MacBook_Pro;LCD;LED;Foxconn;Apple_Campus;Apple_media_events;Pixar;John_Markoff;Steve_Wozniak;Steve_Wozniak;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNN;Macworld;CNET;CNET;Steve_Jobs;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;Mashable;Ars_Technica;The_New_York_Times;Engadget;AOL;News.com;Wired_Magazine;The_New_York_Times;Ars_Technica;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steven_Levy;John_Sculley;Steve_Wozniak;Reuters;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.; Apple_Inc. Coordinates : 37°19′55″N 122°01′52″W  /  37.33182°N 122.03118°W  / 37.33182; -122.03118 NASDAQ-100 component Consumer electronics Digital distribution April 1, 1976 ( 1976-04-01 ) ( incorporated January 3, 1977 as Apple Computer, Inc.) Apple Campus , 1 Infinite Loop , Cupertino , California , U.S. Number of locations 364 retail stores (as of October 2011 [update] ) Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman) [ 2 ] Sir Jonathan Ive ( SVP of Industrial Design ) Steve Jobs (Chairman, 1976-1985, 2011; CEO, 1997–2011) 60,400 (2011) [ 4 ] Braeburn Capital , FileMaker Inc. , Anobit Apple Inc. ( NASDAQ : AAPL ; formerly Apple Computer, Inc. ) is an American multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics , computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products are the Macintosh line of computers, the iPod , the iPhone and the iPad . Its software includes the OS X and iOS operating system ; the iTunes media browser; and the iLife and iWork creativity and production suites. Apple is the world's third-largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia . [ 5 ] Established on April 1, 1976 in Cupertino , California, and incorporated January 3, 1977, [ 6 ] the company was named Apple Computer, Inc. for its first 30 years. The word "Computer" was removed from its name on January 9, 2007, [ 7 ] as its traditional focus on personal computers shifted towards consumer electronics . [ 8 ] Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] However, the company has received widespread criticism for its contractors' labor, and for its environmental and business practices. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] As of July 2011 [update] , Apple has 364 retail stores in thirteen countries, [ 16 ] and an online store . [ 17 ] It is the largest publicly traded company in the world by market capitalization . [ 18 ] The company is the largest technology company in the world by revenue and profit, more than Google and Microsoft combined. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] As of September 24, 2011 ( 2011 -09-24 ) [update] , the company had 60,400 permanent full-time employees and 2,900 temporary full-time employees worldwide; [ 4 ] its worldwide annual revenue in 2010 totalled $65 billion, growing to $108 billion in 2011. [ 3 ] On August 20, 2012, Apple surpassed Microsoft to become the largest company in human history by market capitalization, in nominal terms. [ 21 ] NASDAQ;Digital_distribution;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Apple_Campus;Tim_Cook;Arthur_D._Levinson;Jonathan_Ive;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;IPad;Apple_TV;Mac_OS_X;ILife;IWork;IOS;Apple_Store;Mac_App_Store;ITunes_Store;IBookstore;ICloud;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;NASDAQ;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;IPad;OS_X;IOS;Operating_system;ITunes;ILife;IWork;Nokia;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Store;Google;Microsoft;Microsoft;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Apple_I;CPU;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Floppy_disk;Apple_III;IBM;Microsoft;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh;Macintosh;John_Sculley;NeXT;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;PowerBook;Mac_OS;MacLife;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Centris;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_LC;Apple_IIe;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_Lisa;Personal_digital_assistant;IPhone;IPad;America_Online;Sun_Microsystems;Motorola;Power_Macintosh;PowerPC;NeXT;Macworld_Expo;IMac;Jonathan_Ive;IPod;IPhone;Final_Cut_Pro;Digital_video;IMovie;Final_Cut_Pro;Nothing_Real;Compositing;Emagic;Logic_Pro;GarageBand;IPhoto;ILife;Mac_OS_X;Unix;IPod;ITunes_Store;PowerBook;Polycarbonate;IBook;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Intel;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Intel;MacBook_Pro;IMac;IBook;PowerBook;Mac_Pro;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Dell;Mobile_phone;Personal_computer;Touch_screen;User_interface;Steve_Jobs;Macworld_Expo;IPhone;Apple_TV;Digital_rights_management;EMI;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Macworld_Expo;Philip_W._Schiller;Microsoft;Stainless_steel;IPod;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;FaceTime;IPod_Shuffle;MacBook_Air;ILife;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X;Mac_App_Store;Tim_Cook;ICloud;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Intelligent_software_assistant;ICloud;Tim_Cook;Timeline_of_Apple_products;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;Mac_Mini;IMac;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;Apple_Time_Capsule;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;IPad;Tablet_computer;IPad;ITunes;IBooks;IPod;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPod;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;FM_radio;IPod_click_wheel;IPod_Classic;Portable_media_player;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPhone;IPhone;Smartphone;Quad_band;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Google_Maps;Bluetooth;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;IPad;Gyroscope;VGA;FaceTime;Nokia;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;C_Spire_Wireless;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;HDMI;Component_video;Flash_memory;IPad;IPod_touch;IPod_touch;List_of_Macintosh_software;Operating_system;OS_X;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IMovie;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWork;QuickTime;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Xsan;Raw_image_format;Final_Cut_Pro;Logic_Pro;ICloud;MobileMe;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Apple_Store;The_Guardian;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;The_Beatles;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Think_Different;Apple_Inc._advertising;IPod_advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;Get_a_Mac;MacBook_Air;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Power_Macintosh;USB;HyperTransport;FireWire;Nikon;Adobe_Software;IBooks;Apple_Campus;Netherlands;Luxembourg;Republic_of_Ireland;Microsoft;IBM;Steve_Wozniak;MobileMe;Tim_Cook;Tim_Cook;New_York_Times;Microsoft;IPhone;Steve_Jobs;MacBook_Pro;LCD;LED;Foxconn;Apple_Campus;Apple_media_events;Pixar;John_Markoff;Steve_Wozniak;Steve_Wozniak;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNN;Macworld;CNET;CNET;Steve_Jobs;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;Mashable;Ars_Technica;The_New_York_Times;Engadget;AOL;News.com;Wired_Magazine;The_New_York_Times;Ars_Technica;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steven_Levy;John_Sculley;Steve_Wozniak;Reuters;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.; Apple_Inc._advertising In the past two decades, Apple Inc. has become well known for its advertisements. Its most significant ad campaigns include the " 1984 " Super Bowl commercial , the 1990s Think Different campaign, and the " iPod people " of the 2000s. Since the original Macintosh Super Bowl commercial in 1984, which mimicked imagery from George Orwell ' s 1984 , Apple has maintained a style of homage to contemporary visual art in many of its more famous ad campaigns. For example, the Think Different campaign linked Apple to famous social figures—including artist John Lennon and freedom fighter Mahatma Gandhi . Several lawsuits have been filed against Apple by artists and corporations alike, such as visual artist Louie Psihoyos and shoe company Lugz. In 1997 the Think Different campaign introduced a new Apple’s slogan. This was followed in 2002 by the Switch campaign . Another recent advertising campaign by Apple is Get a Mac . Apple_media_events;Apple_Inc.;Super_Bowl;Think_Different;IPod_advertising;Macintosh;John_Lennon;Get_a_Mac;Newsweek;Newsweek;United_States_dollar;IBM;Macintosh_II;Think_Different;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;John_Lennon;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;IPod_advertising;ITunes;IPod_nano;Personal_computer;Macintosh;Get_a_Mac;Personal_computer;IPhone;Apple_TV;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Newsweek;International_Standard_Book_Number;MacRumors;MacRumors;Ryan_Block;Engadget;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc._advertising;Apple_Inc._advertising; Apple_Inc._design_motifs Apple Inc. products have had a number of various design motifs since its inception. Recent motifs were mainly developed under the collaboration of Steve Jobs and Jonathan Ive beginning in 1997, radically altering the previous Apple computer designs. Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Jonathan_Ive;IMac;IBook;IBook;IPhone;IPod;Mac_mini;AirPort_Express;Apple_TV;IPod_Classic;MacBook_Air;IPad;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Inc._design_motifs; Apple_Inc._litigation The multinational technology corporation Apple Inc. has been a participant in various legal proceedings and claims since it began operation and, like its competitors and peers, engages in litigation (trying legal cases before the courts) in its normal course of business for a variety of reasons. In particular, Apple is known for and promotes itself as an active and aggressive pursuer of enforcement of its intellectual property interests. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] From the 1980s to the present Apple has been plaintiff or defendant in civil actions in the United States and other countries. Some of these actions have determined significant case law for the information technology industry and many have captured the attention of the public and media. Apple's litigation generally involves intellectual property disputes, but the company has also been a party in lawsuits that include antitrust claims, consumer actions, commercial unfair trade practice suits, defamation claims, and corporate espionage , among other matters. Apple_Inc.;Intellectual_property;United_States;Trademark;NeXT;FileMaker;Steve_Jobs;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Monopoly;FairPlay;IPod;RealNetworks;Bloomberg_L.P.;ITunes;IPhone;European_Commission;European_Union;Amazon.com;AppleCare;IPod;IPad;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California;Associated_Press;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Gift_card;USD;Apple_Computer;Apple_Corps_v._Apple_Computer;The_Beatles;Trademark;Apple_IIgs;ITunes;IPod;ITunes_Store;IMac;Napster;Cisco_Systems;IPhone;Voice_over_IP;Skype;Mobile_phone;Woolworths_Limited;Australia;Taiwan;Shenzhen;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Reuters;Microsoft;Weblog;Apple_community;Mac_mini;IWork;Firmware;Apple_II;Operating_system;Source_code;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;User_interface;John_Sculley;Reverse_engineering;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Copyright_infringement;Graphical_user_interface;Hard_disk_drive;Patent_infringement;Creative_Technology;United_States_International_Trade_Commission;Injunction;IPod_nano;Touch_screen;Dell;Toshiba;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;Nokia;HTC_Corporation;Google;Eastman_Kodak;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;European_Commission;Mobile_device;Ombudsman;Norway;Sweden;Denmark;FairPlay;Digital_rights_management;Office_of_Fair_Trading;ILife;Adobe_Systems;Intel;Mac_OS_X;Software_license;License;San_Francisco_Canyon_Company;San_Francisco_Canyon_Company;QuickTime;Video_for_Windows;Internet_Explorer;The_New_York_Times;Ars_Technica;The_Register;Reuters;CNET;Reuters;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;Digital_rights_management;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;International_Herald_Tribune;The_Wall_Street_Journal;PC_Magazine;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc._litigation; Apple_Industrial_Design_Group The Apple Industrial Design Group (IDg) is the industrial design arm of Apple Inc. responsible for crafting the appearance of all Apple products, including the Apple Macintosh computer line. Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Apple_II;Snow_White_design_language;Macintosh_Plus;Snow_White_design_language;Macintosh_SE;IMac;Foxconn;Jonathan_Ive;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group; Apple_Interactive_Television_Box The Apple Interactive Television Box is a set-top box developed by Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ) in partnership with a number of global telecommunications firms, including British Telecom and Belgacom amongst others. Prototypes of the unit were tested in parts of the United States and Europe in 1994-1995, but the product was cancelled shortly thereafter, and was never mass produced or marketed. The set-top box was designed as an interface between a consumer and an interactive television service. The unit's remote control would allow a user to choose what content would be shown on a connected television, as well as to provide functions of fast forward , rewind and so on. In this regard it is similar to a modern satellite receiver or TiVo unit. Unlike the TiVo, the STB would only pass along the user's choices to a central content server instead of issuing content itself. There were also plans for game shows, educational material for children and other forms of content made possible by the interactive qualities of the device. Today, the unit is a favorite among Apple collectors, and is occasionally offered for sale second-hand. Examples range from very early conceptual prototypes to production-quality machines. These near-completion units lack the unfinished feel of the earlier set-top boxes: the cases fit together well, the internal components often lacked prototype indicators, and some units even have FCC approval stickers (typically one of the last additions before a product is marketed). This, along with an instruction manual on Apple's support website , suggests the set-top box project was very near completion before being cancelled. Apple_TV;Apple_Inc.;United_States;Europe;TiVo;Apple_TV;Macintosh_TV;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;IPTV;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box; Apple_Intermediate_Codec The Apple Intermediate Codec is a high-quality 8-bit 4:2:0 video codec used mainly as a less processor-intensive way of working with long-GOP MPEG-2 footage such as HDV. It;s recommended for use with all HD workflows in Final Cut Express, iMovie, and until Final Cut Pro version 5. The Apple Intermediate Codec abbreviated AIC (by users, Apple Engineers don't use the abbreviation) is designed by Apple Inc. to be an intermediate format in an HDV and AVCHD workflow. It features high performance and quality, being less processor intensive to work with than other editing formats. Unlike native MPEG-2 based HDV - and similar to the standard-definition DV codec - the Apple Intermediate Codec does not use temporal compression, enabling every frame to be decoded immediately without decoding other frames. [ 1 ] As a result of this, the Apple Intermediate Codec takes three to four times more space than HDV . The Apple Intermediate Codec is available only on the Mac OS X platform and cannot be read on other platforms to date such as Windows or Linux . All Mac OS X software which makes use of the QuickTime codec libraries - primarily Final Cut Studio , Final Cut Express , and iMovie , but also freeware such as MPEG Streamclip - can use the Apple Intermediate codec. The Apple Intermediate Codec was used because it was less processor intensive; as the compression scheme did not need the next frame to be displayed. It's still used in the iLife package, specifically iMovie, but it is rarely used in Final Cut Pro as of Version 6 since it now uses the ProRes codecs instead of the Apple Intermediate Codec, though some versions of Final Cut Pro (HD 4.5 through 5) and Final Cut Express use them regularly. Apple_Inc.;HDV;AVCHD;HDV;DV;HDV;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;QuickTime;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Express;IMovie;AVCHD;Multimedia;Software;Apple_Intermediate_Codec;Apple_Intermediate_Codec; Apple_Keyboard The Apple Keyboard is a keyboard designed by Apple first for the Apple line, then the Macintosh line of computers. Dozens of models have been released over time, including the Apple Extended Keyboard . There are currently three models of keyboards offered by Apple, a full-sized version using USB , a smaller USB keyboard without the numeric keypad, and the Apple Wireless Keyboard , which is similar to the smaller USB model but connects via Bluetooth . All three share a similar look and feel, based on a very thin aluminum chassis and laptop-style low-profile keys. All three sit much closer to the surface than traditional keyboard designs. Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;USB;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Bluetooth;Mac_OS;Keyboard_layout;Command_key;Apple_II;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Option_key;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Macintosh;Apple_II;Apple_I;Apple_II;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;TRS_connector;Macintosh_Plus;Snow_White_design_language;Apple_Desktop_Bus;PowerBook;USB;IBook;Bluetooth;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Software_Update;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Mac_OS_X;USB_hub;Apple_II;Apple_III;Apple_IIe;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;Apple_IIe;CPU;Apple_II;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Apple_III;TRS_connector;Apple_IIe;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Snow_White_design_language;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;PowerBook;Trackpad;IMac;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_IIgs;Command_key;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Bluetooth;MacBook;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mouse;Timeline_of_Apple_products;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Option_key;Command_key;Sun_Microsystems;Keyboard_layout;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard; Apple_LED_Cinema_Display The Apple Cinema Display was a line of flat panel computer monitors introduced in September 1999 by Apple Inc. It was initially sold alongside the older line of Studio Displays , but eventually replaced them. In July 2011, Apple replaced it with the Apple Thunderbolt Display . Apple offered 20-, 22-, 23-, 24-, 27- and 30-inch sizes, with the last model being a 27-inch size with LED backlighting. There have been three designs for the Cinema Display, one featuring polycarbonate plastic and two featuring anodized aluminum. The first displays were designed to match the colorful plastic of the Power Mac G3 and later the Power Mac G4 while the second revisions were designed to match the more professional aesthetics of the Power Mac G5 and PowerBook G4 . The last available design matched the unibody laptops released in October 2008. The newer Thunderbolt Display uses the same design as the 27-inch size Cinema LED Display. Apple_Inc.;Apple_Studio_Display;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;LED;Polycarbonate;USB;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IMac;The_Wall_Street_Journal;LCD;Display_device;Aspect_ratio;Pixel_density;ISight;MagSafe;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;LCD;Display_device;LED;LED;Pixel_density;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display; Apple_Lisa The Lisa is a personal computer designed by Apple Computer, Inc. during the early 1980s. It was the first personal computer to offer a graphical user interface in an inexpensive machine aimed at individual business users. Development of the Lisa began in 1978 [ 1 ] as a powerful personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) targeted toward business customers. In 1982, Steve Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project, [ 2 ] so he joined the Macintosh project instead. The Macintosh is not a direct descendant of Lisa, although there are obvious similarities between the systems and the final revision, the Lisa 2/10, was modified and sold as the Macintosh XL . The Lisa was a more advanced system than the Macintosh of that time in many respects, such as its inclusion of protected memory , cooperative multitasking , a generally more sophisticated hard disk based operating system , a built-in screensaver , an advanced calculator with a paper tape and RPN , support for up to 2 megabytes (MB) of RAM , expansion slots, a numeric keypad , data corruption protection schemes such as block sparing, non-physical file names (with the ability to have multiple documents with the same name), and a larger higher-resolution display. It would be many years before many of those features were implemented on the Macintosh platform. Protected memory , for instance, did not arrive until the Mac OS X operating system was released in 2001. The Macintosh featured a faster 68000 processor (7.89 MHz) and sound. The complexity of the Lisa operating system and its programs taxed the 5 MHz Motorola 68000 microprocessor so that consumers said it felt sluggish, particularly when scrolling in documents. Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Hertz;Personal_computer;Graphical_user_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Macintosh;Operating_system;Megabyte;Mac_OS_X;Apple_II;Desktop_computer;Graphical_user_interface;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;Floppy_disk;Hard_drive;Apple_III;Snow_White_design_language;Apple_II;Backplane;Macintosh_Plus;Operating_system;Apple_III;Hierarchical_File_System;Apple_III;Old_World_ROM;Macintosh_Plus;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Steve_Jobs;Mouse_gesture;NeXT;QuickDraw;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Apple_III;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Lisa; Apple_Lossless Apple Lossless , also known as Apple Lossless Audio Codec ( ALAC ), or Apple Lossless Encoder ( ALE ), is an audio codec developed by Apple Inc. for lossless data compression of digital music . After initially being proprietary for many years, in late 2011 Apple open sourced and made royalty-free the Apple Lossless codec. Since its inception in 2004, Apple has traditionally referred to the codec as Apple Lossless , though more recently has begun to use the more commonly used outside of Apple abbreviated term ALAC when presenting or discussing the codec. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Filename_extension;Apple_Inc.;Lossless_data_compression;Audio_file_format;Apple_Inc.;Lossless_data_compression;Filename_extension;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Shorten;Metadata;Digital_rights_management;Core_Audio;QuickTime;ITunes;AirPort;AirPlay;Open_source;Reverse_engineering;Libavcodec;VLC_media_player;MPlayer;Home_theater_PC;XBMC;Boxee;Rockbox;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;WavPack;Ars_Technica;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Apple_Lossless;Apple_Lossless; Apple_Macintosh The Macintosh ( / ˈ m æ k ɨ n t ɒ ʃ / MAK -in-tosh ), [ 1 ] or Mac , is a series of personal computers (PCs) designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. The first Macintosh was introduced by Apple's then-chairman Steve Jobs on January 24, 1984; it was the first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user interface rather than a command-line interface . [ 2 ] The company continued to have success through the second half of the 1980s, primarily because the sales of the Apple II series remained strong even after the introduction of the Macintosh, only to see it dissipate in the 1990s as the personal computer market shifted toward the " Wintel " platform: IBM PC compatible machines running MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows . [ 3 ] In 1998, Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the iMac all-in-one. This proved to be a sales success and saw the Macintosh brand revitalized. Current Mac systems are mainly targeted at the home, education, and creative professional markets. These include the descendants of the original iMac , the entry-level Mac mini desktop model, the Mac Pro tower graphics workstation , and the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops. The Xserve server was discontinued January 31, 2011. [ 4 ] Production of the Mac is based on a vertical integration model in that Apple facilitates all aspects of its hardware and creates its own operating system that is pre-installed on all Mac computers. This is in contrast to most IBM PC compatibles , where multiple sellers create and integrate hardware intended to run another company's operating software. Apple exclusively produces Mac hardware, choosing internal systems , designs , and prices. Apple does use third party components, however, such as graphics subsystems from nVidia and ATi . Current Mac CPUs use Intel 's X86-64 architecture; the earliest models (1984–1994) used Motorola 's 68k , and models from 1994 to 2006 used the AIM alliance 's PowerPC . Apple also develops the operating system for the Mac, Mac OS X , currently on version 10.8 "Mountain Lion" . The modern Mac, like other personal computers, is capable of running alternative operating systems such as Linux , FreeBSD , and, in the case of Intel-based Macs, Microsoft Windows . However, Apple does not license Mac OS X for use on non-Apple computers. Graphical_user_interface;IMac;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_II;Wintel;Microsoft_Windows;IMac;Mac_mini;Desktop_computer;Mac_Pro;Computer_graphics;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Xserve;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Motorola;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Software_license_agreement;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Lisa;Motorola;Pixel;Raster_graphics;Hertz;QuickDraw;Solder;Integrated_circuit;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_II;Steve_Jobs;Snow_White_design_language;John_Sculley;NeXT;MacWrite;MacPaint;Software_developer;Microsoft;Microsoft_Word;Newsweek;Adobe_Systems;Hard_disk_drive;Macintosh_Plus;Megabyte;SCSI;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_II;QuickDraw;NuBus;HyperCard;Macintosh_SE;Compact_Macintosh;Snow_White_design_language;Apple_Desktop_Bus;MacProject;AppleWorks;Free_Software_Foundation;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC_II;Macintosh_Quadra;Power_Macintosh;PowerBook;Trackpad;Ethernet;Mac_OS;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Microsoft;Intel;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Motorola;Apple_USB_Mouse;Steve_Jobs;IMac;SCSI;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Floppy_disk;IBook;ITunes;IPod;Mobile_device;EMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_OS_X;Unix;XNU;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;User_interface;MacBook_Pro;PowerPC;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;MacBook_Pro;Jonathan_Ive;Gesture_recognition;IPhone;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;IPod;IPhone;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;Desktop_computer;Mac_mini;Mac_Pro;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_OS_X_Server;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Microsoft;Dell;Central_processing_unit;PowerPC;Gigabyte;GeForce;MacBook_Air;Mac_Mini;SuperDrive;FireWire;MacBook_Air;ISight;Apple_Remote;Bluetooth;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Gesture_recognition;IPhone;Magic_Trackpad;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Graphical_user_interface;ILife;Web_browser;ITunes;Microsoft_Windows;Old_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Linux;Workaround;Shareware;Commercial_software;Adobe_Photoshop;Web_browser;Apple_Inc._advertising;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_Performa;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;Stevenote;Apple_community;IPod;Apple_TV;IPhone;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_community;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;List_of_Macintosh_software;Macworld;EWeek;International_Standard_Book_Number;MacWorld;Wired_News;Wired_News;Newsweek;International_Standard_Book_Number;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_SE;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Macintosh_IIx;The_New_York_Times;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC_II;Macintosh_Quadra;International_Standard_Book_Number;John_Markoff;John_Markoff;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;MacBook_Pro;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;EWeek;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Computer;Macworld;Macworld;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;News.com;Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steven_Levy;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Macintosh;Macintosh; Apple_Magic_Trackpad The Magic Trackpad is a multi-touch trackpad produced by Apple Inc. Announced on July 27, 2010, it is similar to the trackpad found on the current MacBook family of laptops, albeit 80% larger. The trackpad is fully compatible with Macintosh computers running Mac OS X Snow Leopard versions 10.6.4 and higher with a software update, as well as Windows 7 , Windows XP , and Windows Vista in Apple's Boot Camp with an added device driver. It is also capable of performing in a basic capacity when paired with a Windows computer or a Macintosh without the necessary software. Apple_Inc.;Trackpad;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;AA_batteries;Bluetooth;Magic_Mouse;Trackpad;Apple_Inc.;MacBook_family;Macintosh;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Microsoft_Windows;MacBook_family;Bluetooth;AA_batteries;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;CNET;Macworld;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Keyboard;Gizmodo;Apple_Inc.;CNET;Engadget;Macworld;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Magic_Trackpad;Magic_Trackpad; Apple_Media_Tool The Apple Media Tool was a multimedia authoring tool and associated programming environment sold by Apple in the late 1990s. It was primarily aimed at producing multimedia presentations for distribution on CD-ROM and was aimed at graphic designers who did not have programming experience. It featured an advanced user interface with an object-oriented user model that made production of rich and complex presentations easy. Apple_Computer;Belgium;California;QuickTime;HyperCard;Programming_language;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Apple_Media_Tool;Apple_Media_Tool; Apple_Mighty_Mouse The Apple Mouse (formerly Apple Mighty Mouse ) is a multi-button USB mouse manufactured and sold by Apple Inc. It was announced and sold for the first time on August 2, 2005, and a Bluetooth version was available from 2006 to 2009. Before the Mighty Mouse, Apple had sold only one-button mice with its computers, beginning with the Apple Lisa 22 years earlier. On October 20, 2009, the wireless Mighty Mouse was discontinued and replaced by the multi-touch Magic Mouse . The wired version of the device remains available, but was renamed the "Apple Mouse" as of the same date, due to trademark issues with another manufacturer of a device named "Mighty Mouse". [ 1 ] Apple_Inc.;USB;AA_battery;USB;Bluetooth;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;USB;Apple_Inc.;Bluetooth;Apple_Lisa;Magic_Mouse;Mac_OS_X;Application_software;IMac;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Mac_Mini;Bluetooth;AA_battery;Mac_Pro;Magic_Mouse;Trademark;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Keyboard;Ars_Technica;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse; Apple_Modem The Apple USB Modem is a combined 56 kbit/s data modem and 14.4 kbit/s fax external USB modem introduced by Apple Inc. after the internal 56k modem was dropped on the October 12, 2005 iMac G5 revision. While it looks identical, it's not to be confused with Apple's optional USB Ethernet Adapter accessory, available for its MacBook Air range of laptops since 2008. Apple_Inc.;United_States_dollar;USB;Apple_Inc.;MacBook_Air;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Caller_ID;Motorola;Mac_OS_X;United_States_dollar;Internet;Floppy_disk;MagSafe;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Modem;Apple_Modem; Apple_Motion Motion is a software application produced by Apple Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system . It is used to create and edit motion graphics , titling for video production and film production , and 2D and 3D compositing for visual effects. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Software_application;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;Motion_graphics;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;Mac_App_Store;Compositing;Gigabytes;Graphics_processing_unit;MIDI;Core_Image;Mac_OS_X;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Motion_graphics;Open_source_software;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Flash;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage; Apple_Mouse The Apple Mouse began as one of the first commercial mice available to consumers. Over the years Apple has maintained a distinct form and function with its mice that reflects its design philosophies. Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_Inc.;SRI_International;Bluetooth;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Sun_Microsystems;NeXT;IBM;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Plus;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Snow_White_design_language;Macintosh_TV;Apple_USB_Mouse;IMac;USB;Griffin_Technology;Apple_Pro_Mouse;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Bluetooth;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_Lisa;Touchpad;Apple_IIe;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerBook;PowerBook;Trackpad;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Trackpad;IBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;Mouse_gesture;Mac_Mini;IPod;Magic_Trackpad;Touchscreen;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Nano;IPad;IPhone;IPod_touch;Mouse_gesture;Timeline_of_Apple_products;Wired_News;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Mouse; Apple_Network_Server The Apple Network Server (ANS) was a short-lived line of PowerPC -based server computers manufactured by Apple Computer from February 1996 to April 1997, when it was discontinued due to very poor sales. It was codenamed "Shiner" and originally consisted of two models, the Network Server 500/132 ("Shiner LE", i.e., "low-end") and the Network Server 700/150 ("Shiner HE", i.e. "high-end"), which got a companion model, the Network Server 700/200 (also "Shiner HE") with a faster CPU in September 1996. They are not a part of the Apple Macintosh line of computers; they were designed to run IBM 's AIX operating system and their ROM specifically prevented booting Mac OS . This makes them the last non-Macintosh desktop computers made by Apple to date. The 500/132, 700/150, and 700/200 sold for US$11,000, US$15,000 and US$19,000, respectively. Apple Network Servers are not to be confused with the Apple Workgroup Servers and the Macintosh Servers, which were Macintosh workstations that shipped with server software and used Mac OS; the sole exception, the Workgroup Server 95—a Quadra 950 with an added SCSI controller that shipped with A/UX —was still able to run Mac OS. Apple did not have comparable server hardware in their product lineup again until the introduction of the Xserve in 2002. Apple_Computer;Central_processing_unit;PowerPC;Apple_Computer;Central_processing_unit;Apple_Macintosh;IBM;Mac_OS;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Xserve;IBM;SCSI;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Ethernet;Apple_Desktop_Bus;VGA_connector;LCD;SCSI;Rack_unit;Unix;PowerPC;Linux;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_Network_Server; Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment Apple Open Collaboration Environment , or AOCE (sometimes OCE ), was a collection of messaging-related technologies introduced for the Mac OS in the early 1990s. It included the PowerTalk mail engine, which was the primary client-side interface to the system; the PowerShare mail server for workgroup installations; and a number of additional technologies such as Open Directory , encryption and digital signature support. AOCE/PowerTalk was heavily marketed between 1993 and 1995, but the hardware requirements meant that most users couldn't even install it, let alone use it. Developers were likewise stymied by the complex system, and since the installed base was so small their potential sales were even smaller. In 1996 Apple Computer quietly dropped their efforts to market AOCE, and the project quickly disappeared. Mac_OS;Encryption;Digital_signature;Apple_Computer;Apple_Chooser;Local_area_network;AppleScript;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Application_programming_interface;Apple_Developer_Connection;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment; Apple_Pro_Mouse The Apple Mouse (formerly Apple Pro Mouse ) was originally introduced at the July 2000 Macworld Conference Expo in New York City . Apple Computer was one of the first companies to ship an optical mouse as the standard input device . While the industrial design of the Pro Mouse was handled entirely by Apple's in-house designers, some of the hardware has been engineered by Sparkfactor Design . [ 1 ] The Pro Mouse was included with the Power Mac G4 Cube , also introduced at WWDC 2000. Apple was the first company to use USB mice and keyboards exclusively when they introduced the "hockey-puck" mouse with the original iMac G3 in May 1998. Like the "hockey-puck" mouse and all future mice Apple would make, the Apple Pro Mouse was a USB mouse with a much shorter cord than its ADB predecessors, its 2-foot cord was designed to plug neatly into one of the two ports of the Apple Pro Keyboard 's built-in USB hub . The Apple Pro Mouse also featured a unique mechanism to allow for 3 click force settings for the required pressure to click the mouse. The Apple Pro Mouse was originally released on the iMac G3 "Snow." Combined with a rising tide of suggestions that Apple switch to a typical two-button wheel mouse for their pack-in bundles, the unique design of the Pro Mouse's body inspired jokes that Apple had made a zero-button mouse in response. [ citation needed ] The original Pro Mouse was available only in black, which matched the black Apple Pro Keyboard . The cord on the original Apple Pro Mouse had a very high failure rate due to flexing and corrosion. It wasn't until later that the mouse was available in white with the debut of the iMac G4 , a revision which also solved reliability problems with a more rugged cord and improved stress relief. In May 2003, the mouse and keyboard were both re-designed, though the exterior of the mouse had few noticeable changes: Apple dropped the "Pro" from the name and removed the ability to control the firmness of click in the Apple Mouse. From then on, the Pro Mouse was simply known as "Apple Mouse." This white mouse was later included with Power Mac G4 Mirror Drive Door systems, Power Mac G5 systems, the eMac , and iMac G3, G4 and G5. On August 2, 2005, Apple replaced the Apple Mouse with the Apple Mighty Mouse . The Mighty Mouse featured a 360° scroll ball, touch sensitive buttons, and a pressure sensitive "squeeze" functionality by default set to activate the Exposé feature in Panther, Tiger, and Leopard. Soon afterwards, the Apple Mouse was discontinued completely. On July 25, 2006, Apple introduced a wireless Mighty Mouse which uses Bluetooth . Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Computer;WWDC;IMac;USB;Apple_Desktop_Bus;USB_hub;Apple_Keyboard;EMac;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Bluetooth;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;IMac;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse; Apple_Push_Notification_Service Apple_Inc.;United_States;Apple_Inc.;Push_technology;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Scott_Forstall;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Notification_Center;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;Engadget;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;Apple_Push_Notification_Service; Apple_QuickTake Digital_camera;Apple_Computer;Display_resolution;Pixel;Apple_Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Computer;United_States;Apple_Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Nikon;Steve_Jobs;PICT;Windows_bitmap;JPEG;PCX;TIFF;NTSC;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS_X;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_QuickTake; Apple_Records Apple Records is a record label founded by The Beatles in 1968, as a division of Apple Corps Ltd . It was initially intended as a creative outlet for The Beatles, both as a group and individually, plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin , James Taylor , Badfinger , and Billy Preston . In practice, by the mid-1970s, the roster had become dominated with releases by the former Beatles as solo artists. Allen Klein ran the label in 1969. It was then run by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the four Beatles and their heirs. He retired in 2007 and was replaced by Jeff Jones. The_Beatles;Capitol_Records;EMI;Rock_music;Experimental_music;Classical_music;United_Kingdom;Record_label;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;United_Kingdom;Capitol_Records;United_States;Ringo_Starr;George_Harrison;Paul_McCartney;John_Lennon;Apple_Inc.;EMI;ITunes;Online_music_store;Capitol_Records;Apple;Compact_disc;Ringo_Starr;George_Harrison;French_language;Apple_Corps_v._Apple_Computer;New_York_Times;Macworld;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Beatles;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Beatles;George_Harrison;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;Ringo_Starr;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Abbey_Road_Studios;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;Apple_Records; Apple_Remote The Apple Remote is a remote control made for use with Apple products with infrared capabilities released after October 2005. The device was announced by Steve Jobs on October 12, 2005. The remote is largely based on the interface of the first generation iPod Shuffle and has only seven buttons. The seven buttons on the remote are for Menu, Play/Pause, Volume Up, Volume Down, Previous/Rewind, Next/Fast-forward, and a central select button. The remote was originally designed to interact with Front Row in the iMac G5 and is also compatible with the MacBook and MacBook Pro. The Mac mini with Apple Remote support was announced on February 26, 2006. The Apple TV also ships with and uses the Apple Remote. Apple_Remote_Desktop;Apple_Inc.;Remote_control;Apple_Inc.;Infrared;Steve_Jobs;IPod_Shuffle;MacBook;Mac_mini;Apple_TV;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IMac;Mac_mini;Magic_Mouse;DVD;Mac_OS_X;IMac;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;Intel;Mac_mini;Apple_TV;IPod;Microsoft_Windows;CD;DVD;ITunes_Store;Microsoft_Windows;PowerPC;IPhoto;Aperture;QuickTime;ITunes;Intel;VLC_media_player;Windows_Media_Center;IPod;Microsoft_Windows;ITunes;Windows_Media_Player;Media_Player_Classic;Infrared;Apple_TV;IMac;IPod;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_mini;Remote_control;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Remote;Apple_Remote; Apple_Remote_Desktop Apple Remote Desktop ( ARD ) is a Macintosh application produced by Apple Inc. , first released on March 14, 2002, that replaced a similar product called Apple Network Assistant . Aimed at computer administrators responsible for large numbers of computers and teachers who need to assist individuals or perform group demonstrations, Apple Remote Desktop allows users to remotely control or monitor other computers over a network. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Unix;Universal_Binary;Xserve;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Apple_Remote_Desktop; Apple_Scanner In August 1988 Apple introduced the Apple Scanner . It was their first A4 (8.5 in × 14.0 in) flatbed scanner . It was capable of a 4-bit image with 16 levels of grey in a maximum resolution of 300 dpi . The scanner could complete a full scan in 20.4 seconds. It shipped with a SCSI connection with an optional ADB port. The scanner was upgraded to the short lived Apple OneScanner in 1991 with 256 levels of grey. Apple hardware before 1998 5200/5300 LC series Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh Apple Workgroup Server Workgroup Server 9150 Apple Network Server AppleColor Composite IIe AppleColor High-Resolution RGB Adjustable Keyboard Apple II serial cards Apple Communication slot Letter Quality Printer Interactive Television Box Apple hardware since 1998 Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Scanner oldid=504862531 " Categories : Apple Inc. peripherals Imaging Products introduced in 1988 Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from January 2009 All articles lacking sources Macintosh_SE;Apple_Inc.;SCSI;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Scanner;Apple_Scanner; Apple_Software_Update OS_X_Lion;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;ITunes;Apple_menu;Firmware;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Mac_App_Store;Launchd;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;Microsoft_Windows;AirPort_Utility;AppleWorks;ITunes;MobileMe;QuickTime;Apple_Software_Update;Apple_Software_Update; Apple_Specialist Apple Specialist is an independent Apple Inc. reseller which over time has demonstrated exceptional, consistent, and comprehensive knowledge of Apple technology, offers its entire line of hardware and software, offers complete service and support for branded products, and has been designated as Specialist by the manufacturer. Apple Premiere Specialists constitute an elite 100 businesses among the Specialist designated group. Each specialist displays a plaque with a special golden Apple logo which reads, "Apple Specialist - Recognized by Apple, Inc. as an Apple authorized reseller with demonstrated expertise in providing consultation and service for Apple computers." Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Specialist; Apple_Store Apple_Inc.;United_Kingdom;Canada;Australia;France;Italy;Germany;Japan;Spain;Switzerland;Hong_Kong;Netherlands;John_Browett;Tim_Cook;Steve_Jobs;Millard_Drexler;Macintosh;OS_X;IPad;IPhone;IPod;Apple_TV;Software;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Personal_computer;IPod;IPad;IPhone;Apple_TV;Genius_Bar;San_Francisco;Hong_Kong;The_New_York_Times;Steve_Jobs;Tim_Cook;Steve_Jobs;Millard_Drexler;Gap_Inc.;Target_Corporation;Best_Buy;Genius_Bar;Best_Buy;Credit_card;IPod_Touch;Engadget;Gizmodo;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Genius_Bar;Mac_OS_X;IPod;Japan;UK;UK;Hong_Kong;Japan;United_Kingdom;Canada;Italy;Australia;Switzerland;Germany;France;Spain;Netherlands;Hong_Kong;United_States;United_Kingdom;Canada;Australia;France;Italy;Germany;Japan;Spain;Switzerland;Hong_Kong;Netherlands;Sweden;Denmark;Thailand;Apple_Campus;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Reuters;Gizmodo;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Store;Apple_Store; Apple_Studio_Display The Apple Studio Displays were a series of displays manufactured by Apple Computer Inc. (now Apple Inc.) that both used LCD and CRT as their displays. The Apple Studio Displays used DB-15, VGA , DVI , and ADC as their display output. Some inputs Apple Studio Displays used were USB , Composite video , S-Video , ADB , RCA audio connectors , and headphone jacks . Apple_Inc.;LCD;Cathode_ray_tube;Video_Graphics_Array;USB;Composite_video;Apple_Desktop_Bus;RCA_connector;TRS_connector;Apple_Inc.;Liquid_crystal_display;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Composite_video;USB;Apple_Cinema_Display;Cathode_ray_tube;VGA_connector;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Studio_Display;Apple_Studio_Display; Apple_TV Apple TV is a digital media receiver developed and sold by Apple Inc . It is a small form factor network appliance designed to play digital content originating from the iTunes Store , Netflix , Hulu Plus , YouTube , Flickr , iCloud , MLB.tv , NBA League Pass , NHL GameCenter or any Mac OS X or Windows computer running iTunes onto an enhanced-definition or high-definition widescreen television . Apple offered a preview of the device in September 2006 and began shipping it the following March. [ 1 ] It initially shipped with a 40 GB hard disk ; a 160 GB version was introduced two months later and the earlier model was ultimately discontinued. In September 2010, Apple announced a second-generation version of the Apple TV. About one quarter of the size and one third of the price of the original Apple TV, the new device can stream rented content from iTunes and video from computers or iOS devices via AirPlay . The new version no longer has the hard drive; however, it does have an undocumented internal 8 GB flash storage, speculated to be used for smoother playback of streamed media. [ 2 ] All content is drawn from online or locally connected sources. A third generation of the device was introduced at an Apple event on March 7, 2012, with new features such as higher resolution (1080p) and a new user interface. Notable competitors include Western Digital Media Center , Roku , Boxee and Google TV , as well as Smart TV upgraders from companies such as Samsung and LG . 2.1 Local sources 2.1.1 Supported formats 2.4 Remote control 3 Technical specifications 4 Modifications and hacks 4.1 Apple TV (1st generation) 4.2 Apple TV (2nd generation) 4.3 Apple TV (3rd generation) 5.1 Functionality 5.2 Former limitations 6.1 Apple TV (1st generation) 6.2 Apple TV (2nd generation) 6.3 Apple TV (3rd generation) 7 Mac mini comparison 10 External links Apple TV was unveiled as a work in progress called "iTV" at a press conference in San Francisco , California on September 12, 2006. Apple CEO Steve Jobs demonstrated a modified Front Row interface using the Apple Remote. Industry experts described the appliance as a "short Mac mini". [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Jobs announced that Apple would start taking pre-orders for Apple TV on January 9, 2007, at the Macworld Conference Expo . The name "iTV" was originally going to be used to keep it in line with the rest of their i based products (iMac, iPod, etc.), but was not used because television broadcaster ITV holds the rights to the name in the UK and threatened to take legal action against Apple. Apple TV started shipping on March 21, 2007. [ 5 ] Apple released a 160GB model on May 31, 2007; it discontinued the 40GB version on September 14, 2009. [ 6 ] At Macworld 2008 on January 15, 2008, Jobs announced a major (and free) software upgrade to the Apple TV. Dubbed "Take Two," the upgrade turned the Apple TV into a stand-alone device that no longer required a computer running iTunes on Mac OS X or Windows to stream or sync content to it. Jobs said, "Apple TV was designed to be an accessory for iTunes and your computer. It was not what people wanted. We learned what people wanted was movies, movies, movies." [ 7 ] The update also allowed the device to rent and purchase content from iTunes directly, as well as download podcasts and stream photos from MobileMe ( .Mac at the time) and Flickr . [ 8 ] The second-generation Apple TV was unveiled during an Apple press conference on September 1, 2010. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In the March 7, 2012 presentation that mainly dealt with the 3rd generation iPad , Apple CEO Tim Cook announced a third version of the Apple TV. The new Apple TV is externally identical to the previous generation and includes a single-core A5 processor. It also supports 1080p content from iTunes and Netflix . [ 12 ] [ edit ] Features Apple TV allows consumers to use an HDTV set to view photos, play music and watch video originating from limited Internet services or a local network. The first generation (white) had iTunes, Flickr, Mobileme/.Mac and YouTube . The second generation added Netflix. Both models supported downloading/streaming podcasts. Supported Internet media services include: [ 13 ] Users can access the iTunes Store directly through Apple TV to rent movies and TV shows and stream audio and video podcasts. While the first generation of the Apple TV could download content, the second generation lacks a hard drive, and thus cannot store purchased content. Users who wish to purchase content on the Apple TV may do so, but cannot download directly to the Apple TV. Content must be streamed live or downloaded via iTunes onto a device with storage capability (personal computer, iPhone, iPad, etc.). Since 2008, podcasts have been served on the Apple TV as other kinds of video, as opposed to in RSS and similar feeds. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Until mid-March 2009, the Apple TV was the only way to purchase HD iTunes content. [ 16 ] Apple TV can display photos from Flickr and iCloud in a slide show, with automatic cross-dissolve transitions, and optionally with the Ken Burns effect . [ 17 ] Netflix streaming integration was added in the September 2010 revision. Hulu Plus integration was added on August 2012. YouTube and Vimeo videos can be viewed on the Apple TV via included apps. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] A YouTube account is not required, but allows a user to set personalized options, such as favorites. [ 20 ] Rotten Tomatoes review syndication and ratings offered per title available for rent. [ 21 ] Rotten Tomatoes account holders cannot login, so is not needed nor required, as no personalised options are available. NBA TV and MLB.tv allow access to league scores, statistics, and their accompanying subscription services. [ 22 ] Apple TV does not support user-defined RSS audio, video and text feeds. [ 23 ] Parental controls allow consumers to limit access to Internet media service content. Internet media is split into four categories: "Internet Photos", "YouTube", "Podcasts", and "Purchase and Rental". Each of the categories is configured by a parental control of "Show", "Hide" or "Ask" to prompt for a 4-digit preset code. In addition, movies, TV shows, music and podcasts can be restricted by rating. [ 20 ] Although Apple TV has a "Closed Captioning" setting, subtitles are not available for most iTunes content. [ 24 ] [ edit ] Local sources Apple TV can sync or stream photos, music and videos from a computer running iTunes . [ 25 ] A user can connect a computer on a local network to maintain a central home media library of ripped CD, DVD or HD content, [ 26 ] provide direct connectivity to photo organization software such as iPhoto, [ 27 ] limit home video access to a local network only, [ 28 ] play Internet radio, [ 29 ] [ 30 ] or preload content on Apple TV to be used later as a non-networked video player. [ 31 ] For users who wish to connect the Apple TV to a computer, synchronization and streaming modes are supported. [ 25 ] In synchronization mode, Apple TV works in a similar way to the iPod . It is paired with an iTunes library on a single computer and can synchronize with that library, copying all or selected content to its own hard drive. After syncing, Apple TV need not remain connected to the network. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Photos can sync from iPhoto, Aperture, or from a hard disk folder on a Mac, or Adobe Photoshop Album, Photoshop Elements, or from a hard disk folder in Windows. [ 33 ] Apple TV can also function as a peer-to-peer digital media receiver , streaming content from iTunes libraries and playing the content over the network. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] First generation Apple TVs can stream content from up to five computers or iTunes libraries. Also, five Apple TVs can be linked to the same iTunes library. For second generation Apple TVs, use of the Home Sharing feature of iTunes is required, which will automatically allow you to stream content from other iTunes libraries. This depends on the Apple TV and iTunes library you are streaming from are on the same local network along with the same Apple ID for Home Sharing. [ edit ] Supported formats Apple TV supports the following audio, video, and picture formats: [ 36 ] H.264 up to 720p at 30 frames per second (1st 2nd generation) H.264 up to 1080p at 30 frames per second (3rd generation) MPEG-4 up to 720×432 (432p) or 640×480 pixels at 30 frame/s Motion JPEG up to 720p at 30 frame/s AAC (16–320 kbit/s) FairPlay protected AAC AC-3 Dolby Digital pass-through [ 37 ] MP3 (16–320 kbit/s, with VBR) Attempts to sync unsupported content to Apple TV will draw an error message from iTunes. [ 38 ] The 1st 2nd generation AppleTV's video output can be set to either 1080i or 1080p ; however, this resolution is limited to the user interface and the viewing of photographs – all other content is simply upscaled to those resolutions. Those models cannot play 1080i or 1080p video content (e.g., HD camera video). [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The 3rd generation does support 1080p output. Apple offers 4 Mbit/s H.264 720p movies and video podcasts on iTunes. [ 42 ] In comparison, Blu-ray Disc films are 1080p H.264 or VC-1 video encoded at rates of up to 40 Mbit/s. [ 43 ] Apple TV's audio chip supports 7.1 surround sound , [ 44 ] and some high definition rentals from iTunes are offered with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound. [ 45 ] There is an Apple TV export option in QuickTime , which allows content in some formats that the device does not support to be easily re-encoded. [ 46 ] Applications that use QuickTime to export media can use this; e.g., iMovie 's Share menu, [ 47 ] iTunes' advanced menu, [ 48 ] and some third-party content conversion tools. [ 49 ] [ edit ] Connectivity Back of 1st generation Apple TV Back of 2nd 3rd generation Apple TV Apple TV outputs video through an HDMI port. While the previous iteration also had component video ports, they were removed in the current generation. The device does not have RCA/composite video or F/RF connectors. Of the original Apple TV, reviewers wrote that Apple is "future-proofing", and "if you do not have HDTV now, you will in the future". [ 35 ] [ 50 ] The product does not come with audio or video cables. [ citation needed ] Audio is supported through the optical and HDMI ports. The previous Apple TV also had analog ( RCA connector ) audio ports. The device connects to the internet and local networks through an Ethernet or Wi-Fi connection. The device also has a Micro-USB port, but this is reserved for service and diagnostics. On the previous Apple TV, media files could be transferred directly onto the device by syncing with another computer. Once content is stored on the device, an internet connection would no longer be needed to view content. [ 31 ] Main article: AirPlay AirPlay allows iOS devices or an AirPort -enabled computer with the iTunes music player to send a stream of music to multiple (three to six, in typical conditions) stereos connected to an AirPort Express (the audio-only antecedent of Apple TV) or Apple TV. [ 51 ] The AirPort Express' streaming media capabilities use Apple's Remote Audio Output Protocol (RAOP), a proprietary variant of RTSP / RTP . Using WDS -bridging, [ 52 ] the AirPort Express can allow AirPlay functionality (as well as Internet access, file and print sharing, etc.) across a larger distance in a mixed environment of wired and up to 10 wireless clients. Speakers attached to an AirPort Express or Apple TV can be selected from within the "Remote" iPhone/iPod Touch program, allowing full AirPlay compatibility [ 53 ] (see "Remote control" section below). Macs running OS X Mountain Lion can wirelessly mirror its screen to an Apple TV through AirPlay Mirroring. [ 54 ] [ edit ] Remote control Apple TV can be controlled by many infrared remote controls [ 55 ] or paired with the included Apple Remote to prevent interference from other remotes. [ 34 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Either kind of remote can control playback volume, but for music only. [ 8 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] On July 10, 2008, Apple released Remote , a free iOS application that allows the iPhone , iPod Touch , and iPad to control the iTunes library on the Apple TV via Wi-Fi . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] [ edit ] Software The original Apple TV's software was based on the Mac OS X Front Row application. The original Apple TV ran a modified build of Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger [ citation needed ] that presented the user with an interface similar to that of Front Row . While this interface was merged back into Mac OS X v10.5 in late 2007, major Apple TV enhancements since then ("Take Two" and later) have not been included in Front Row. [ 62 ] Content was organized in six groups (movies, TV Shows, music, YouTube , podcasts, and photos) and presented in the initial menu along with a Settings option for configuration, including software updates. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The included Apple Remote was used to navigate through the menus by using the up or down buttons and selecting options with the play button. The left and right buttons were used to perform rewind and fast-forward functions while viewing video content and perform previous and next song functionality when selecting audio-only content. [ 34 ] Apple TV 3.0 interface, released October 29, 2009 Like Front Row on the Mac, the "TV Shows" option allows the user to sort contents by show or date and the "Movies" option also allows the user to view movie trailers for new releases. All video content, including movies, TV shows, music videos, and video podcasts, includes bookmark functionality. Apple TV automatically bookmarks video content midstream to continue playback at a later time. [ 65 ] The "Music" submenu offers similar options to those found on an iPod, presenting the available music sorted by artist, album, songs, genres, and composers, as well as offering a shuffle option and listing available audiobooks. As categories are selected with the remote, animated album art is displayed on the side of the display for the contents of the selected category. While playing "audio-only" content such as music and audio podcasts , Apple TV periodically moves album art and content info on the TV display to prevent burn-in on video displays. [ 65 ] From the second generation onwards, Apple TV runs a version of iOS , rather than the modified Mac OS X of the original model. The interface is similar to that of the first generation, with only slight modifications. [ edit ] Technical specifications 1 GHz Intel "Crofton" Pentium M [ 66 ] Apple A4 ( ARM Cortex-A8 ) Apple A5 (Single core ARM Cortex-A9 ) Nvidia GeForce Go 7300 with 64 MB of VRAM [ 67 ] Apple A4 ( PowerVR SGX535 ) Apple A5 ( PowerVR SGX543MP2 ) 256 MB of 400 MHz DDR2 SDRAM [ 68 ] 40 or 160 GB hard disk 8 GB NAND Flash for Cache [ 71 ] [ 70 ] USB 2.0 (officially for diagnostic use only, though hackers have managed to allow connectivity of hard disks, mice, and keyboards), [ 72 ] infrared receiver, HDMI , component video , optical audio Micro-USB , HDMI , infrared receiver, optical audio Wi-Fi ( 802.11b/g and draft-n ), 10/100 Ethernet Wi-Fi ( 802.11a/b/g/n ), 10/100 Ethernet 720p 60/50 Hz ( NTSC / PAL ), 576p 50 Hz ( PAL ) 480p 60 Hz ( NTSC ) [ 73 ] (480i 60 Hz is unofficially supported) Optical audio (48 kHz maximum sample rate), HDMI , RCA analog stereo audio Optical audio (48 kHz fixed sample rate), HDMI Built-in universal 48 W power supply Built-in 6 W power supply 7.8 in (200 mm) (h) 7.8 in (200 mm) (w) Initial operating System Modified build of Mac OS X 10.4 "Tiger" Current operating System Modified build of Mac OS X 10.4 "Tiger" [ edit ] Modifications and hacks [ edit ] Apple TV (1st generation) Within days of the release of the first generation of Apple TV, various non-commercial and commercial hacks became available. These allowed users to remotely access the device, add support for other codecs, install a full-blown copy of Mac OS X Tiger, access the hard drive via USB, use the device to browse the web, use non-Apple remote controls, and download metadata from the IMDb . [ 23 ] [ 74 ] In mid-2008, Fire Core released the aTV Flash software, which gives the Apple TV support for other media formats, a web browser, external USB hard drive support, and more. [ 75 ] A free and open-source alternative, atvusb-creator , does much the same using a simple graphical interface on both Mac and Windows. As of June 2011, Apple does not prevent users from modifying their Apple TVs, but does warn that applying hacks may void the product's warranty. [ 76 ] Installing updates for the Apple TV system software typically removes software hacks, but major Apple TV hacks are updated regularly. [ 77 ] Most plugins for Front Row are minor and have not been updated to work with Apple TV running iOS 2.x. AwkwardTV reports 10 plugins out of 32 have been certified compatible with the "Take Two" update. [ 78 ] Popular modifications include replacing/complementing Apple TV's Front Row interface with alternative media center software, including XBMC Media Center , Plex , and Boxee . [ 23 ] [ 79 ] Though Boxee installs a Netflix Watch Instantly plugin, the Apple TV does not have enough processing power to run the Silverlight framework that the Netflix plugin depends on. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Users have also upgraded the Apple TV (1st generation)'s internal hard drive. [ 82 ] A hardware hack allows the first generation of Apple TV to output color through composite video . [ 83 ] For firmware version 3.0, the existing 2.x hack involving a kernel module called TVComposite.kext. True 1080p playback and video output can be enabled on the first generation Apple TV by installing a Broadcom CrystalHD PCI-e card and version 10.0 (Dharma) and later of XBMC running on Linux instead of the native Mac OS X 10.4.x based operating system. This has been available since June 2010 and was originally created by Sam Nazarko. In March 2011, Nazarko released a GUI installer for both Linux and Windows platforms allowing quick installation of his minimal [ citation needed ] distribution. The distribution offers PVR support and AirPlay and still receives updates to this day. [ 84 ] AirPlay video and photo streaming is now available on the Apple TV (1st generation) by installing the Remote HD plugin , XBMC Media Center , or Plex. [ edit ] Apple TV (2nd generation) As the Apple TV (2nd generation) is the first to have operating system based on a version of iOS. Developers have applied iOS jailbreaking to install additional software on this model of Apple TV. This is accomplished by downloading the Apple TV's firmware from Apple's servers, then using a custom firmware application like Seas0nPass [ 85 ] or PwnageTool [ 86 ] to create a custom firmware. Users then connect their Apple TV to iTunes, place the Apple TV in DFU mode, and restore the custom firmware to the Apple TV. This custom firmware provides SSH support to the device where users may use APT to install software to the device, or a GUI version similar to Cydia called NitoTV which includes access to software drivers to enable the built-in Bluetooth functions. Currently there is a limited amount of Apple TV compatible software, however on January 20, 2011, the XBMC team released the first official version of XBMC Media Center for this second generation device. A recent limited thin client release of Plex Media Center has also been released. In February 2011, Greenpois0n RC6 brought full untethered jailbreak support for Apple TV (2nd generation) on iOS 4.2.1 with a simpler jailbreak method than Seas0nPass or PwnageTool. [ 87 ] [ edit ] Apple TV (3rd generation) No public jailbreak has been released for this device, so it cannot run modified software. The bootrom exploit used to jailbreak the previous generation of Apple TV has been patched. A bootrom-level exploit is needed for a jailbreak because Apple TV disables its Micro-USB port while the device is fully booted. Although, according to FireCore LLC, there is a group of individuals working on something that could possibly lead to a third-generation Apple TV jailbreak . [ edit ] Limitations [ edit ] Functionality Apple TV does not contain a TV tuner, nor a personal video recorder . [ 34 ] [ 38 ] Both capabilities can be applied to the connected home computer through various third-party products; allowing PVR software, for example, to connect to iTunes and enable scheduled HDTV recordings to automatically play via Apple TV for playback. [ 88 ] The Front Row interface lacks some iTunes functionality, including rating items, synchronizing from more than one computer, [ 89 ] full Internet radio support, [ 35 ] [ 90 ] and games. [ 91 ] The Movies search box only searches the iTunes Store, not local hard drives and networks. [ 92 ] Movies rented on Apple TV must be watched on Apple TV, unlike iTunes rentals, which can be transferred to any video-enabled iPod, iPhone or Apple TV. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Movies purchased on Apple TV can be moved to a video-enabled iPod or iPhone via iTunes. [ 95 ] Apple TV does not support the HDMI Consumer Electronics Control (HDMI CEC) protocol for automatic control by TV Remote. On the Apple TV (2nd generation), digital output audio is up-sampled to 48 kHz, including lossless CD rips at 44.1 kHz. Although this is a higher frequency and the difference is not audible in most cases, it means the audio is not 'bit perfect' which is often a goal for digital transmission of data. [ 96 ] [ edit ] Former limitations Photos were required to be synced to the device until an iTunes update enabled streaming. [ 97 ] The February 2008 release of the 2.0 ("Take Two") software update allowed users to rent standard-resolution or HD movies with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround. Previously, Apple TV had officially supported only Dolby Pro Logic simulated 5.1, [ 39 ] though the full 5.1 Surround Sound digital discrete worked if a 5.1-capable receiver was connected via the optical cable to Apple TV and the audio content was encoded as lossless. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] QuickTime and Apple TV did not ship with an AC-3 codec, [ 100 ] and iTunes Store content only supported 4.0 surround sound. [ 101 ] News sites were reporting that some users had worked out how to add AC-3 (Dolby Digital) 5.1 channel support by hacking the unit. [ 102 ] Before the 2.3 update, the Apple remote could control sound volume and Front Row navigation via a Macintosh computer, but only volume via Apple TV. [ 34 ] [ 38 ] Critics claimed that Apple TVs TV-based interface was "cluttered" and difficult to browse or search for a specific movie, requiring Netflix-like queues and "watched" flags or dates. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Apple released movie wish lists, video playlists, and "watched" flags in Apple TV software versions 2.1 through 2.4. [ 8 ] [ 105 ] The Apple TV uses the older QuickTime 7 engine, [ 106 ] so it cannot play videos which use H.264 Sample Aspect Ratio (which requires QuickTime X). [ 107 ] [ 108 ] The second generation of Apple TV now supports H.264 [ 109 ] [ edit ] Apple TV (1st generation) Within the first week of presales in January 2007, Apple TV was the top selling item at the Apple Store . [ 110 ] Orders exceeded 100,000 units by the end of January and Apple began ramping-up to sell over a million units before the 2007 holiday season. [ 111 ] Analysts began calling it a " DVD killer" [ 112 ] that could enable multiple services. Analysts also predicted that Apple could sell up to 1.5 million units in the first year. [ 113 ] Besides the Apple Store , Best Buy was one of the first retailers to carry the device; [ 114 ] Target and Costco [ 115 ] followed shortly thereafter. Two months into sales, Forrester Research predicted that Apple would only sell a million Apple TV units, because consumers prefer advertisement-supported content over paid content. Forrester predicted that cable companies would be the clear winners over content providers such as the iTunes Store. [ 116 ] Shortly after, Apple released YouTube functionality and Jobs stated that Apple TV was a "DVD player for the Internet". Market analysts immediately saw that YouTube on Apple TV "provides a glimpse of this product's potential and its future evolution", [ 117 ] but overall, analysts had mixed reactions regarding the future of Apple TV. Some negative reactions followed after Jobs referred to the device as a "hobby", implying it was less significant than the Macintosh, iPod, and iPhone. [ 118 ] In the fourth quarter of 2008, sales were triple that of the fourth quarter of 2007. [ 119 ] In Apple's first-quarter 2009 financial results conference call, acting chief executive Tim Cook stated that Apple TV sales increased three times over the same quarter a year ago. Cook mentioned that the movie rental business was working well for Apple, Apple would continue investment in movie rentals and Apple TV, but Apple TV is still considered a hobby for the company. [ 119 ] Due to the growth of digital TV and consumers turning to Internet media services, an analyst predicted sales of 6.6 million Apple TVs by the end of 2009. [ 120 ] [ edit ] Apple TV (2nd generation) The second generation sold 250,000 units in the first two weeks it was available. On December 21, 2010, Apple announced that they had sold 1 million units. [ 121 ] In the second fiscal quarter of 2011, it had topped 2 million in total sales, with 820,000 sold in that quarter alone. [ 122 ] On January 24, 2012, Apple announced they had sold 1.4 million units in the first fiscal quarter of 2012. [ 123 ] [ edit ] Apple TV (3rd generation) This section requires expansion . (June 2012) [ edit ] Mac mini comparison A Mac mini with Front Row Interface Apple enthusiasts seeking an alternative to the Apple TV sometimes consider the Mac mini hardware as a more powerful, albeit more expensive, solution for a Home Theater PC (HTPC) option. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] As a full-featured computer, it lacks the out-of-the-box simplicity and ease of use of the Apple TV. Unlike the Apple TV and other iOS devices, the Mac mini must be authorized for FairPlay , reducing available authorizations for other computers. However, once configured for home theater applications, viewers were able to use the supplied remote control to activate and navigate Front Row , though other media management packages are still an option. [ 126 ] . Front Row was only available with Mac OS X 10.4 to 10.6. It was removed in Mac OS X Lion (10.7). Advantages include expandable storage, support for multiple video and audio codecs, and access to third party media management software. The Mac mini remote can also control volume for all applications including video and music. The Mac mini can stream content from services like YouTube, Hulu and Netflix , using either a browser or one of several full featured free HTPC applications like XBMC Media Center , Boxee , and Plex . The Apple TV must be hacked to add software such as XBMC Media Center to partly compensate for the lack of browser-based functionality. Since this is not a stock set up, official software updates remove the hack [ 127 ] and it could void the warranty. [ 128 ] [ edit ] See also Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. Apple Ax , the series of ARM based system-on-a-chip (SoC) processors designed by Apple for their consumer electronic devices. Apple Bandai Pippin , a multimedia set-top entertainment networking device designed by Apple and sold during the mid-1990s. Apple Interactive Television Box , a set-top box developed by Apple in the mid-1990s. Comparison of set-top boxes Macintosh TV , Apple's first attempt at computer-television integration in the early 1990s. 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Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;OS_X;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Cinema_Display;USB;Gigabit_Ethernet;Aspect_ratio;IMac;MacBook_Pro;FaceTime;ISight;MagSafe;Gigabit_Ethernet;Display_device;Liquid_crystal_display;Pixel_density;Contrast_ratio;MagSafe;Gigabit_Ethernet;FaceTime;Apple_displays;Apple_Studio_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display; Apple_Time_Capsule The Time Capsule is a wireless network device sold by Apple Inc. , featuring network-attached storage (NAS) and a residential gateway router . It is described as a "Backup Appliance", designed to work in tandem with the Time Machine backup software utility introduced in Mac OS X 10.5 . [ 1 ] Introduced on January 15, 2008 and released on February 29, 2008, the device includes a full AirPort Extreme Base Station which features 802.11n wireless, one Ethernet WAN port, three Ethernet LAN ports, and one USB port. The USB port can be used for external peripheral devices to be shared over the network, such as external hard drives or printers. The NAS functionality utilizes a built-in "server grade" hard drive. Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Ethernet;Local_area_network;USB;United_States_dollar;Gigabit_Ethernet;USB;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Server_Message_Block;ICloud;MobileMe;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Windows;Xserve;Apple_TV;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;AirPort_Express;ITunes;AirPlay;AirPort_Utility;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products; Apple_USB_Mouse The Apple USB Mouse , commonly called "Hockey puck" [ 1 ] (so called because of its unusual round shape), is a mouse released by Apple Inc. with the iMac G3 in 1998 and included with all successive desktop Macs for the next 2 years. It was the first commercially released Apple mouse to use the USB connection format and not the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB). It is widely considered one of Apple's worst mistakes. [ 1 ] Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;USB;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Griffin_Technology;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Wired_News;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse; Apple_Wireless_Keyboard The Apple Wireless Keyboard is a wireless keyboard built for Macintosh computers and compatible with iOS devices. [ 1 ] It interacts over Bluetooth wireless technology and unlike its wired version, it has no USB connectors or ports. Both generations have low-power features when not in use. Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;IOS;Bluetooth;USB;Apple_Keyboard;MacBook;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard; Apple_Wireless_Mouse The Apple Wireless Mouse is a one button mouse built for Macintosh computers. It was released in September 2003, although it is not widely recognized that it was Apple's primary wireless mouse until 2005. It interacts over Bluetooth 1.1 wireless technology. It included 2 AA lithium non-rechargeable batteries, and had a power switch on the bottom that also protected the optical sensor while the mouse was not in use. While the Industrial design of the Apple Wireless Mouse was handled entirely by Apple's in-house designers, some of the hardware was engineered by Sparkfactor Design . [ 1 ] The Apple Mighty Mouse , a multi-button mouse with a scroll ball, was eventually released in a wireless version. Apple eventually discontinued the Wireless Apple Mouse, replacing it with the Wireless Mighty Mouse. Model Number: A1015 Order Number: M9269Z/A Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Bluetooth;AA_battery;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse; Apple_Workgroup_Server Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server , were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives . Apart from that, they were mostly identical to computers out of Apple's workstation range. The "Workgroup Server" name was used on the models based on Centris , Quadra and early Power Macintosh series, while the servers based on the Power Macintosh G3 and Power Mac G4 were called "Macintosh Server G3" and "Macintosh Server G4". The first model was the Workgroup Server 95, introduced in March 1993; the last of the series was quietly discontinued in January 2003, after the introduction of the Xserve made them obsolete. The Workgroup Servers are not to be confused with the Apple Network Servers , which were specially designed servers that exclusively ran on AIX and thus do not qualify as Macintosh computers. Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Hard_drive;Macintosh_Centris;Macintosh_Quadra;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Network_Server;Mac_OS;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server; Apple_certification_programs Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Final_Cut_Pro;Mac_OS_X_Server;Final_Cut_Pro;Final_Cut_Express;DVD_Studio_Pro;Apple_Motion;Logic_Pro;Xsan;Soundtrack_Pro;Final_Cut_Studio;Logic_Studio;Apple_Specialist;Genius_Bar;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_certification_programs;Apple_certification_programs; Apple_community The Apple community is concerned with the company Apple Inc. and its products. Generally this has evolved into a proliferation of websites, all involved in online stories and discussions about Apple's products and how to use them, with some specifically speculating on rumors about future product releases. Such stories and discussions may include topics related to physical products like the Macintosh and iOS devices (e.g. the iPhone , iPod , and iPad ); software and operating systems, like iOS , OS X , and Final Cut Pro ; or even services Apple offer like MobileMe or iCloud . In recent years, a more specific subculture within the Apple community has developed, where some websites will focus almost exclusively on rumors about new Apple products and services. Apple enjoys a cult-like following for its platforms, especially following the massive increase in popularity for the brand brought about by the huge increase in sales for all its products that started around the time the company introduced the original iPod in late 2001. The mass usage of computing devices in everyday life, mixed with Apple's vertical integration of its products, [ 1 ] has helped to bring about this increase in popularity, and combined with a tight-lipped corporate policy about future products, helped foster an interest in the company's activities. Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;IDevices;IPhone;IPod;IPad;IOS;OS_X;Final_Cut_Pro;MobileMe;ICloud;Website;Ars_Technica;Engadget;Gizmodo;Slashdot;IMac;BlackBerry;IPod_Nano;Mac_Mini;IMac;IPod_nano;IPod_touch;French_language;English_language;MacRumors;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;Software;Mac_OS_X;Stanford_University;Mac_Mini;Mac_OS_X;Flash_memory;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;ITunes_Store;ITunes_Store;Digital_video_recorder;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Macintosh_TV;Apple_TV;IPhone;IPhone;IWork;IPod;IPod_Touch;ITunes_Store;MacBook_Air;CDMA;Verizon_Wireless;Intellectual_property;San_Francisco;Steve_Jobs;Podcast;GarageBand;USA_Today;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;Apple_community;Apple_community; Apple_displays Apple Inc. currently sells LCD computer displays ; a wide variety of CRT computer displays have been sold in the past. Apple_Inc.;Liquid_crystal_display;Cathode_ray_tube;Television;Apple_III;Apple_II;Snow_White_design_language;Apple_IIe;Apple_IIgs;Macintosh_II;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Macintosh;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II;Steve_Jobs;IMac;EMac;IMac;LG;Liquid_crystal_display;MacBook_family;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;IMac;Aspect_ratio;Apple_Studio_Display;IMac;Composite_video;Video_Graphics_Array;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Mac_Pro;MacBook_family;ISight;MagSafe;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Sun_Microsystems;NuBus;VGA_connector;Universal_Serial_Bus;Intel;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;IBook;EMac;Intel;IMac;MacBook;Composite_video;Composite_video;Video_Graphics_Array;HDMI;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_displays;Apple_displays; Apple_earbuds iPod earbuds are the iconic [ 1 ] [ 2 ] white earphones that ship with all music players designed and marketed by Apple Inc. Headphones;Apple_Inc.;IPod_advertising;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Microphone;Timeline_of_Apple_products;New_York_Times;Flickr;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_earbuds;Apple_earbuds; Apple_iAd_Producer Apple iAd Producer was introduced by Apple Inc. in 2010 as a new authoring tool for designing interactive iAd using and HTML5 , CSS3 and JavaScript standards for distribution through its iAd network within iOS apps. [ 1 ] iAd Producer offers a verity of page templates, including video carousels, maps, and interactive image galleries. Component library allows to create visually sliders, buttons and switches, as well motion-rich objects such as CoverFlow views and Carousel, pre-built animations and page transitions and animation effects. For testing purposes, iAd Producer offers iOS simulator. The tool also provides a JavaScript editor with syntax assistance and debugger. Apple_Inc.;IAd;JavaScript;AppleInsider;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Software;Apple_iAd_Producer;Apple_iAd_Producer; Apple_iPhone Smartphone;Apple_Inc.;IOS;IPhone_OS;Steve_Jobs;Video_camera;Camera_phone;Portable_media_player;Web_browser;Text_messaging;Visual_voicemail;User_interface;Virtual_keyboard;Application_software;Video_game;Reference_work;GPS_navigation_software;Social_network_service;Celebrity;GSM;Central_processing_unit;FaceTime;Skype;Verizon_Wireless;Megapixel;Face_detection;Image_stabilization;GLONASS;Natural_language_processing;Voice_control;Sprint_Nextel;C_Spire_Wireless;History_of_the_iPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;Steve_Jobs;IPad;Design_by_committee;Motorola;Moscone_Center;Fiscal_year;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Nokia;Samsung;Deferral;GSM;Aluminosilicate;Stainless_steel;David_Pogue;Walter_Mossberg;Mobile_business_intelligence;Antennagate;Verizon_Wireless;Nokia;C_Spire_Wireless;ComScore;Touchscreen;Liquid_crystal_display;Capacitive_touchscreen;HVGA;Pixel_density;FingerWorks;Capacitive_stylus;Fingerprint;Lipophobicity;Squircle;Proximity_sensor;Touchscreen;Accelerometer;Page_orientation;IPad;Vibrating_structure_gyroscope;Trilateration;Global_Positioning_System;Assisted_GPS;Digital_compass;GLONASS;Dock_connector;TRRS_connector;Bluetooth;Enhanced_Data_Rate;Bluetooth_profile;OBEX;Bluetooth_protocols;VGA;HDMI;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;AC_power_plugs_and_sockets;Solar_power;J._D._Power_and_Associates;Warranty;AppleCare;Consumer_protection;Solder;LED;Fixed_focus;Megapixel;Autofocus;Geotagging;Geocoded_photograph;OmniVision_Technologies;Display_resolution;Rolling_shutter;Video_editing;MobileMe;Megapixel;Backside_illumination;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Display_resolution;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;GSM;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Paperclip;Liquidmetal;GSM;MicroSIM;CDMA;Dock_connector;AppleCare;IPhone_models;Dock_connector;Universal_Serial_Bus;Headphones;AC_power_plugs_and_sockets;Display_device;LCD;Aspect_ratio;Pixel;HVGA;Pixels_per_inch;Data_storage_device;Gigabyte;Central_processing_unit;Hertz;Underclocking;ARM_architecture;ARM_architecture;Computer_graphics;PowerVR;Graphics_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;Megabyte;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Quad_band;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;GSM_frequency_ranges;Megabit;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;UMTS_frequency_bands;Universal_Serial_Bus;Dock_connector;Assisted_GPS;IPod_earbuds;Digital_compass;Magnetometer;IPod_earbuds;Gyroscope;Active_noise_control;MicroSIM;LED;GLONASS;Megapixel;Video_Graphics_Array;Frame_rate;Frame_rate;Frame_rate;Frame_rate;Aluminosilicate;Stainless_steel;IOS;IOS_version_history;IPod_Touch;IPad;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Core_Animation;PowerVR;OpenGL_ES;Motion_graphics;Gigabyte;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Graphical_user_interface;Short_message_service;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Google_Maps;ITunes_Store;Compass;Mobile_phone;Email;Interaction_techniques;Interactive_design;FaceTime;Proximity_sensor;Conference_call;Caller_ID;Proximity_sensor;Videophone;Videoconferencing;FaceTime;Voice_command_device;Visual_voicemail;Ringtone;Infinite_loop;GarageBand;Mac_OS_X;IPod;Symbian_OS;Playlist;Genre;Podcast;Audiobook;Compilation_album;ITunes;Page_orientation;Cover_Flow;Gapless_playback;Digital_video;Widescreen;IPhoto;Adobe_Photoshop;Personal_computer;GSM;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Steve_Jobs;Bluetooth;Flight_mode;Workaround;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Flash;False_advertising;Steve_Jobs;IPad;SVG;CSS;HTML;Chitika;Google_Maps;Satellite_imagery;Starbucks;Prank_call;Google_Street_View;Stock_quote;Google;Deutsche_Telekom;Internet_usage;Megabyte;Nielsen_Company;Virtual_keyboard;Touchscreen;Virtual_keyboard;Spell_checker;Predictive_text;Landscape_mode;Magnifying_glass;HTML_email;Portable_Document_Format;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Powerpoint;MobileMe;Push_email;BlackBerry;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Kerio_Connect;ActiveSync;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Entourage;IChat;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;IOS_SDK;Weblog;Software_development_kit;Apple_Developer_Connection;I_Am_Rich;Podcaster;Tethering;Accessibility;Closed_captioning;Telecommunications_device_for_the_deaf;VoiceOver;Screen_reader;Hearing_loss;Mobile_security;JailbreakMe;IOS_jailbreaking;Patent_application;Infogear;Cisco_Systems;Voice_over_IP;Comwave;Nokia;Reuters;IPad;Apple_Inc.;Paper_Toss;Weather_Channel;Dictionary.com;Hidden_file;Encryption;Skyhook_Wireless;Wardriving;Google;EULA;Terms_and_conditions;Open_source;IOS_jailbreaking;Associated_Press;IOS_jailbreaking;IPod_Touch;IOS;Jonathan_Zittrain;Closed_device;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;IOS_jailbreaking;Jon_Lech_Johansen;IPod_Touch;MobileMe;Best_Buy;Walmart;IOS_jailbreaking;IPhone_Dev_Team;Code_signing;Firmware;Technical_protection_measures;United_States_Copyright_Office;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Copyright_infringement;DMCA;OpeniBoot;Subscriber_Identity_Module;SIM_lock;GSM;IMEI;Unlock_phone;Guam;Vodafone_U.K.;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;Tesco_Mobile;Optus;Telstra;Virgin_Mobile_Australia;Vodafone_Australia;Rogers_Wireless;Telus;Bell_Mobility;IOS;Macworld;CNN;Wired_News;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;NPD_Group;Nielsen_Company;CNET;CBS_Interactive;AppleInsider;CNET;CBS_Interactive;David_Pogue;Walter_Mossberg;Walter_Mossberg;How_Stuff_Works;David_Pogue;David_Pogue;How_Stuff_Works;EE_Times;QuickTime;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Brian_Lam;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;The_Washington_Post;Walter_Mossberg;All_Things_Digital;J._D._Power_and_Associates;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Macworld;Apple_Inc.;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;Apple_Inc.;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Apple_Inc.;EE_Times;Engadget;AOL;Engadget;AOL;Engadget;AOL;ILounge;Wired_magazine;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;Peter_Rojas;Engadget;AOL;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Walter_Mossberg;Ryan_Block;Engadget;AOL;AppleInsider;John_Markoff;Ryan_Block;Engadget;AOL;Engadget;AOL;Associated_Press;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;ZDNet;UK_Intellectual_Property_Office;CNN;Cisco_Systems;Reuters;News.com;Consumer_Reports;PRWeb;Vocus;Mikko_Hypponen;GitHub;Jon_Lech_Johansen;MacLife;John_Markoff;ABC_Online;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPhone;IPhone; Apple_media_events Apple Inc. announces new products, product redesigns and upgrades through press conferences that garner a significant following in traditional and online media. [ 1 ] Often the purpose of the event is kept as a secret to create buzz and only unveiled during the event. [ 2 ] Apple_Inc._advertising;Apple_Inc.;Macworld_Expo;IPhone;Apple_TV;IPad;Steve_Jobs;Yerba_Buena_Center_for_the_Arts;IPhone;Steve_Jobs;Yerba_Buena_Center_for_the_Arts;Television;Apple_TV;Apple_Inc._advertising;Stevenote;IPad;IPhone;New_York_Times;CNN;Macworld;Apple_media_events;Apple_media_events; Apple_menu The Apple menu has been a feature in Apple's Mac OS since its inception. It is the first item on the left hand side of the menu bar . The Apple menu's role has changed throughout the release history of Mac OS, but the menu has always featured a version of the Apple logo. Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Apple_Software_Update;Mac_App_Store;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Apple_menu;Apple_menu; Apple_rumors_community The Apple community is concerned with the company Apple Inc. and its products. Generally this has evolved into a proliferation of websites, all involved in online stories and discussions about Apple's products and how to use them, with some specifically speculating on rumors about future product releases. Such stories and discussions may include topics related to physical products like the Macintosh and iOS devices (e.g. the iPhone , iPod , and iPad ); software and operating systems, like iOS , OS X , and Final Cut Pro ; or even services Apple offer like MobileMe or iCloud . In recent years, a more specific subculture within the Apple community has developed, where some websites will focus almost exclusively on rumors about new Apple products and services. Apple enjoys a cult-like following for its platforms, especially following the massive increase in popularity for the brand brought about by the huge increase in sales for all its products that started around the time the company introduced the original iPod in late 2001. The mass usage of computing devices in everyday life, mixed with Apple's vertical integration of its products, [ 1 ] has helped to bring about this increase in popularity, and combined with a tight-lipped corporate policy about future products, helped foster an interest in the company's activities. Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;IDevices;IPhone;IPod;IPad;IOS;OS_X;Final_Cut_Pro;MobileMe;ICloud;Website;Ars_Technica;Engadget;Gizmodo;Slashdot;IMac;BlackBerry;IPod_Nano;Mac_Mini;IMac;IPod_nano;IPod_touch;French_language;English_language;MacRumors;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;Software;Mac_OS_X;Stanford_University;Mac_Mini;Mac_OS_X;Flash_memory;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;ITunes_Store;ITunes_Store;Digital_video_recorder;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Macintosh_TV;Apple_TV;IPhone;IPhone;IWork;IPod;IPod_Touch;ITunes_Store;MacBook_Air;CDMA;Verizon_Wireless;Intellectual_property;San_Francisco;Steve_Jobs;Podcast;GarageBand;USA_Today;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;Apple_community;Apple_community; Appleinsider.com AppleInsider is a news and rumor website that includes a forum for discussion of news stories and other community news. Apple_Inc.;AppleInsider;AppleInsider; Application_programming_interface An application programming interface ( API ) is a specification intended to be used as an interface by software components to communicate with each other. An API may include specifications for routines , data structures , object classes , and variables. An API specification can take many forms, including an International Standard such as POSIX or vendor documentation such as the Microsoft Windows API , or the libraries of a programming language, e.g. Standard Template Library in C++ or Java API . An API differs from an application binary interface (ABI) in that an API is source code based while an ABI is a binary interface. For instance POSIX is an API, while the Linux Standard Base is an ABI. [ 1 ] Microsoft;Web_service;Procedural_programming;Unix;HTML;Microsoft;Visual_Studio;Web_service;XML;Web_service;Flickr;Facebook;Mac_OS_X;Compiler;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Linux;Sony;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Google;SCSI;Apple_Macintosh;DirectX;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows;OpenCL;International_Standard_Book_Number;Operating_system;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Graphical_user_interface;Application_programming_interface;Application_programming_interface; Application_software Application software , also known as applications software , an application or an app , is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software , accounting software , office suites , graphics software and media players . Many application programs deal principally with documents . Apps may be bundled with the computer and its system software, or may be published separately. Some users are satisfied with the bundled apps and need never install one. Application software is contrasted with system software and middleware , which manage and integrate a computer's capabilities, but typically do not directly apply in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. The system software serves the application, which in turn serves the user. Similar relationships apply in other fields. For example, a shopping mall does not provide the merchandise a shopper is seeking, but provides space and services for retailers that serve the shopper. A bridge may similarly support rail tracks which support trains, allowing the trains to transport passengers. Application software applies the power of a particular computing platform or system software to a particular purpose. Some applications are available in versions for several different platforms; others have narrower requirements and are thus called, for example, a Geography application for Windows or an Android application for education or Linux gaming . Sometimes a new and popular application arises which only runs on one platform, increasing the desirability of that platform. This is called a killer application . Open_source;GIMP;Free_software;Computing_platform;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Operating_system;Internet_Explorer;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Embedded_system;VCR;DVD;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Mobile_apps;IWork;Web_browser;Computing_platform;Operating_system;Cloud_computing;Mobile_apps;Mobile_device;Graphical_user_interface;Database;Email;Blog;Web_browser;Video_game;Digital_asset_management;Video_editing_software;Digital_audio_workstation;Digital_audio_editor;Music_sequencer;Engineering;Compiler;Application_software;Application_software; Applied_mathematics Applied mathematics is a branch of mathematics that concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business, and industry. Thus, "applied mathematics" is a mathematical science with specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems; as a profession focused on practical problems, applied mathematics focuses on the formulation and study of mathematical models. In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics , where mathematics is developed primarily for its own sake. Thus, the activity of applied mathematics is vitally connected with research in pure mathematics. Numerical_analysis;Engineering;Computer_science;Engineering;Computer_science;Numerical_analysis;Economics;United_Kingdom;Numerical_analysis;Computer_science;Economics;Google;Engineering;Computer_science;Digital_object_identifier;Algorithm;Numerical_analysis;Control_theory;Linear_algebra;Numerical_analysis;Control_theory;Applied_mathematics;Applied_mathematics; Aptazapine InChI=1S/C16H19N3/c1-17-9-10-19-14-6-3-2-5-13(14)11-18-8-4-7-15(18)16(19)12-17/h2-8,16H,9-12H2,1H3 Y Key:MNHDDERDSNZCCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Aptazapine ( CGS-7525A ) is a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) which was assayed in clinical trials for the treatment of depression in the 1980s but was never marketed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is a potent α 2 -adrenergic receptor antagonist with ~10x the strength of the related compound mianserin and has also been shown to act as a 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist and H 1 receptor inverse agonist , while having no significant effects on the reuptake of serotonin or norepinephrine . [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Based on its pharmacological profile, aptazapine may be classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA). International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Inverse_agonist;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Aptazapine;Aptazapine; Archive Motorola;Taiwan;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Internet_Archive;Database;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Archive;Archive; Archive_Utility Archive Utility ( BOMArchiveHelper until Mac OS X 10.5 ) is the default archive file handler in Mac OS X . It is usually invoked automatically when opening a file in one of its supported formats. It can be used to create compressed ZIP archives by choosing "Create archive of 'file'" (Leopard: "Compress") in the Finder's File or contextual menu . It is located in /System/Library/CoreServices/Archive Utility.app in 10.5 and later, and /System/Library/CoreServices/BOMArchiveHelper.app in 10.4 . Prior to Archive Utility's inclusion in Mac OS X v10.3 , beginning with Mac OS 7.6 , Apple bundled the freeware StuffIt Expander with the operating system. Invoking Archive Utility manually shows a minimal GUI letting the user change Archive Utility preferences or choose files to compress or uncompress. BOMArchiveHelper 10.4.11 cannot be manually invoked. It may be inferred that prior to 10.5, BOMArchiveHelper could not be manually invoked. BOM is an abbreviation of Bill of Materials . Bill of Materials files or .bom files are used by the Mac OS X Installer program to document where files in an installer bundle are installed, what their file permissions should be, and other file metadata. Thus, a Bill of Materials is read by the Installer, and Archive Utility helps it by extracting the files specified in the BOM. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Mac_OS_X;StuffIt_Expander;Graphical_user_interface;Gzip;Compress;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Archive_Utility;Archive_Utility; Argentina Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Chile;Bolivia;Paraguay;Brazil;Spanish_language;Paraguay;Bolivia;Spanish_language;United_Kingdom;Spanish_language;Venezuela;Venezuela;Chile;Bolivia;Brazil;Italy;Jaguar;Blackberry;Motorola;Computer;Laptop;Fingerprint;Computer_science;Italy;Italy;Spain;Peru;Romania;Korean_language;Jazz;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Electronic_music;Europe;International_Standard_Book_Number;Spanish_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Google_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;France;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Brazil;Paraguay;Venezuela;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;Mexico;New_Zealand;Brazil;Bolivia;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;United_States;Venezuela;European_Union;Argentina;Australia;Australia;Brazil;Brazil;Canada;Canada;European_Union;European_Union;France;France;Germany;Germany;Italy;Italy;Japan;Japan;Mexico;Mexico;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;Brazil;Chile;Malaysia;Mexico;Peru;Sri_Lanka;Venezuela;Zimbabwe;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Benin;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Argentina;Argentina; Argo_Records Argo Records was started in December of 1955 to accommodate some of the rapidly growing recording activity at Chess Records . Originally the label was called Marterry, but bandleader Ralph Marterie objected, and within a couple of months the imprint was renamed Argo. Initially, Argo offered a variety of music, including pop, blues, and even calypso. Argo's first big hit was by New Orleans performer Clarence "Frogman" Henry, whose classic "Ain't Got No Home" came out in 1956. By 1957, Argo had become known for its jazz offerings. Jazz performers affiliated with the label included Ahmad Jamal , James Moody , King Fleming , and the Ramsey Lewis Trio. Major rhythm and blues performers on the label were Etta James and The Dells . Argo changed its name in 1965 to Cadet Records when the company discovered that an Argo Records already existed in the UK. [ 1 ] (See the Cadet article for a list of some of the Argo/Cadet recording artists.) Argo_Records;Argo_Records; Arrangement Tempo;The_Beatles;Proud_Mary;Dance_music;Europe;Violin;Viola;Cello;Double_bass;Guitar;Acoustic_guitar;Electric_guitar;Electric_bass;The_Beatles;International_Standard_Book_Number;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Musical_notation;Music_education;Music_industry;Musician;Extended_play;Album;Compilation_album;Record_label;Record_producer;Latin_American_music;Arrangement;Arrangement; Array_programming In computer science , array programming languages (also known as vector or multidimensional languages) generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to vectors , matrices , and higher dimensional arrays. Array programming primitives concisely express broad ideas about data manipulation. The level of conciseness can be dramatic in certain cases: it is not uncommon to find array programming language one-liners that require more than a couple of pages of Java code. [ 1 ] APL , designed by Ken Iverson , was the first programming language to provide array programming capabilities. The mnemonic APL refers to the title of his seminal book "A Programming Language" and not to arrays per se. Iverson's contribution to rigor and clarity was probably more important than the simple extension of dimensions to functions. Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Computer_science;Programming_language;Intel;Fortran;Mathematica;MATLAB;NumPy;GNU_Octave;Perl_Data_Language;MATLAB;GNU_Octave;LAPACK;NumPy;Matlab;PDF;International_Standard_Book_Number;Programming_paradigm;Assembly_language;Dataflow_programming;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Logic_programming;Procedural_programming;Visual_programming_language;Array_programming;Array_programming; Ars_Technica Ars Technica ( / ˌ ɑr z ˈ t ɛ k n ɨ k ə / ; Latin for "Technological Art") [ 2 ] is a technology news and information website created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998. It publishes news, reviews and guides on issues such as computer hardware and software, science, technology policy, and video games. Ars Technica is known for its features, long articles that go into specific detail on their subjects. Many of the site's writers are postgraduates, and some work for research institutions. Articles on the website are often written in an opinionated tone, as opposed to those in a journal. Ars Technica was privately owned until May 2008 when it was sold to Condé Nast Digital, the online division of Condé Nast Publications . Condé Nast purchased the site along with two others for $25 million and added it to their Wired Digital group, which also includes Wired News and formerly Reddit . The website's staff moved to Chicago, Illinois, and also use offices in San Francisco, California. The cost of operating Ars Technica has always been funded primarily by online advertising. The website generated controversy in 2009 when it experimentally prevented users who used advertisement blocking software from viewing the site. Ars Technica has offered a paid subscription service since 2001. Wired_News;Website;Wired_News;The_New_York_Times;Internet_forum;Apple_Inc.;IPad;Integrated_circuit;Apple_Inc.;IBM;Web_browser;Adobe_Flash;New_York_Times;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Ars_Technica;Ars_Technica; Arthur_D._Levinson Arthur D. Levinson (born March 31, 1950, in Seattle , Washington , United States ) is the current chairman of Apple Inc. (2011 to present) and was the former chairman of Genentech (1999-2011) . He is the former chief executive officer of Genentech (1995–2009) and is also a member of Genentech’s Scientific Research Board, which serves as an advisory group to the company regarding its research and early development projects. In addition to serving as Chairman for Genentech and Apple. Inc. , [ 2 ] Levinson serves on the Board of Directors of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Amyris Biotechnologies, Inc. and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard . He currently serves on the Board of Scientific Consultants of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , the Industrial Advisory Board of the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), the Advisory Council for the Princeton University Department of Molecular Biology and the Advisory Council for the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics. [ 3 ] Apple_Inc.;United_States;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Google;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Arthur_D._Levinson;Arthur_D._Levinson; Artists_and_repertoire Artists and repertoire ( A R ) is the division of a record label that is responsible for talent scouting and overseeing the artistic development of recording artists . It also acts as a liaison between artists and the record label; every activity involving artists to the point of album release is generally considered under the purview of, and responsibility of, A R. Record_label;Independent_record_label;Sound_recording;Radio_promotion;HitQuarters;HitQuarters;HitQuarters;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Artists_and_repertoire;Artists_and_repertoire; Asenapine InChI=1S/C17H16ClNO/c1-19-9-14-12-4-2-3-5-16(12)20-17-7-6-11(18)8-13(17)15(14)10-19/h2-8,14-15H,9-10H2,1H3/t14-,15-/m0/s1 Y Key:VSWBSWWIRNCQIJ-GJZGRUSLSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Asenapine ( INN , trade names Saphris , Sycrest ) is a new atypical antipsychotic developed for the treatment of schizophrenia and acute mania associated with bipolar disorder by Schering-Plough after its November 19, 2007 merger with Organon International . Development of the drug, through Phase III trials, began while Organon was still a part of Akzo Nobel . [ 1 ] Preliminary data indicate that it has minimal anticholinergic and cardiovascular side effects, as well as minimal weight gain. Over 3000 patients have participated in clinical trials of asenapine, and the FDA accepted the manufacturer's NDA on November 26, 2007 for standard review. [ 2 ] Some American psychiatrists have begun to prescribe the drug to combat veterans with severe PTSD nightmares as an "off-label" use, although this use is not yet allowed by the United States Department of Veterans Administration. [ citation needed ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Atypical_antipsychotic;Histamine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Asenapine;Asenapine; Asia List of metropolitan areas in Asia by population Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent , located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres . It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area (or 30% of its land area) and with approximately 3.9 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population . During the 20th century Asia's population nearly quadrupled. [ 3 ] Asia is generally defined as comprising the eastern four-fifths of Eurasia . It is located to the east of the Suez Canal and the Ural Mountains , and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression ) and the Caspian and Black Seas . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean , on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean . Given its size and diversity, Asia – a toponym dating back to classical antiquity – "is more a cultural concept " incorporating diverse regions and peoples than a homogeneous physical entity [ 6 ] Asia differs very widely among and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. Taiwan;Japan;Japan;Philippines;Hong_Kong;Taiwan;Thailand;Singapore;Singapore;Malaysia;Vietnam;Sweden;Greece;Singapore;Malaysia;Vietnam;Philippines;European_Union;Taiwan;Japan;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;English_language;Nepal;Singapore;Spain;Portugal;Philippines;Cambodia;Thailand;Bhutan;Sri_Lanka;Laos;Mongolia;Singapore;Taiwan;Malaysia;Nepal;Vietnam;National_Geographic_Society;International_Standard_Book_Number;National_Geographic_Society;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Asia;Europe;Europe;North_America;North_America;North_America;Europe;Asia;Asia; Aspect_ratio The aspect ratio is the ratio of the width of a shape to its height [ 1 ] when the width is larger than the height, i.e. the shape is positioned as a "landscape" rather than "portrait". The aspect ratio is expressed as two numbers separated by a colon (x:y). A common misunderstanding is that x and y represent actual length and height. This is false, they actually represent the relation between width an height. As an example 8:5, 16:10 and 1.6:1 is the same aspect ratio. It may be applied to two characteristic dimensions of a three-dimensional shape. VGA;XGA;Widescreen;Widescreen;Film;IMAX;Widescreen;Aspect_ratio;Aspect_ratio; Aspyr Aspyr Media, Inc. ( / ə ˈ s p aɪər / ) is an Austin, Texas based company that specializes in porting Windows games to Mac OS . Aspyr Media, Inc. is the leading publisher of Mac games, bringing blockbuster gaming franchises including Call of Duty , Sid Meier’s Civilization , Star Wars , and DOOM to Mac computers around the world. Headquartered in Austin, TX, Aspyr develops, markets and sells games for the Mac which are delivered through physical retail and digital download services. Aspyr has been in business since 1996, and as of 2003 owns 60 percent of the Mac entertainment market. Aspyr has worked with partners like Universal , Paramount , Warner Bros. , LucasArts , Electronic Arts , Activision , Eidos and ZeniMax Media . Aspyr's old logo. (1996-2001) In recent years, it has begun porting console games to Windows and Game Boy Advance and publishing games, such as Wideload 's Stubbs the Zombie in "Rebel Without a Pulse" , for Mac OS, Windows, and the Xbox . In addition, Aspyr has produced and distributes several albums and documentaries. Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Paramount_Pictures;Warner_Bros.;Electronic_Arts;Xbox;Digital_rights_management;Civilization_IV;Aspyr;Aspyr; Assembly_language Assembly language (sometimes abbreviated as ASM , usually as the file extension for a text file which is used as a code for a program written in Assembly language, or in the names of assemblers, like FASM , MASM , NASM and TASM ) is a low-level programming language for computers , microprocessors , microcontrollers , and other programmable devices in which each statement corresponds to a single machine language instruction . An assembly language is specific to a certain computer architecture , in contrast to most high-level programming languages , which generally are portable to multiple systems. Assembly language programs are converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler , the conversion process being referred to as assembly or assembling the program. Assembly language uses mnemonics to represent the low-level machine operations that are unique to the target system. Depending on the particular instruction being assembled, an operand may be part of the instruction. Most assemblers also understand the use of labels and symbols to represent addresses and constants, making it possible to symbolically represent operands instead of entering hard coded data. Generally speaking, there is a one–to–one correspondence between each assembly language statement and an executable machine instruction. Many assemblers offer additional mechanisms to facilitate program development, control the assembly process, and aid debugging . Assemblers often include a macroinstruction facility (described below), such assemblers being referred to as macro assemblers . Computer;Compiler;SPARC;Hexadecimal;Source_code;IBM;Prolog;Unix;Compiler;Embedded_system;FORTRAN;DOS;Linear_algebra;Video_game;Computer_science;Compiler;Reverse_engineering;Source_code;Operating_system;Hexadecimal;Unix;CPU;Compiler;International_Standard_Book_Number;Programming_paradigm;Array_programming;Dataflow_programming;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Logic_programming;Procedural_programming;Visual_programming_language;Assembly_language;Assembly_language; Assisted_GPS Assisted GPS , generally abbreviated as A-GPS or aGPS , is a system which can under certain conditions improve the startup performance, or time-to-first-fix (TTFF), of a GPS satellite-based positioning system. It is used extensively with GPS-capable cellular phones , as its development was accelerated by the U.S. FCC 's 911 requirement to make the location of a cell phone available to emergency call dispatchers. [ 1 ] GPS;Central_processing_unit;GPS;List_of_mobile_network_operators;GSM;CDMA;Global_Positioning_System;GLONASS;Google_Maps;Assisted_GPS;Assisted_GPS; Associated_Press The Associated Press is an American news agency . The AP is a cooperative owned by its contributing newspapers , radio and television stations in the United States , which both contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers , paying a fee to use AP material without being contributing members of the cooperative. As of 2005 [update] , the news collected by the AP is published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,001 television and radio broadcasters . The photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The Associated Press operates 243 news bureaus , and it serves at least 120 countries, with an international staff located all over the world. Associated Press also operates The Associated Press Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. The AP Radio also offers news and public affairs features, feeds of news sound bites, and long form coverage of major events. As part of their cooperative agreement with The Associated Press, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. For example, on page two of every edition of The Washington Post , the newspaper's masthead includes the statement, " The Associated Press is entitled exclusively to use for re-publication of all news dispatches credited to it or not otherwise credited in this paper and all local news of spontaneous origin published herein. " The AP employs the "inverted pyramid formula" for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the story's essential meaning and news information. Cutbacks at longtime U.S. rival United Press International , most significantly in 1993, left the AP as the primary nationally oriented news service based in the United States, although UPI still produces and distributes news stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as Reuters and the English-language service of Agence France-Presse , are based outside the United States. United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States;Photograph;The_Washington_Post;English_language;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;United_States;YouTube;United_States;Major_League_Baseball;Reuters;Blog;Britney_Spears;Google_News;Forbes;New_York_Times;The_Washington_Post;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;CNN;Financial_Times;Associated_Press;Associated_Press; Astemizole InChI=1S/C28H31FN4O/c1-34-25-12-8-21(9-13-25)14-17-32-18-15-24(16-19-32)30-28-31-26-4-2-3-5-27(26)33(28)20-22-6-10-23(29)11-7-22/h2-13,24H,14-20H2,1H3,(H,30,31) Y Key:GXDALQBWZGODGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Astemizole (R43512, marketed under the brand name Hismanal ) was a second generation antihistamine drug which has a long duration of action. Astemizole was discovered by Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1977. It has been withdrawn from the market in most countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects ( QTc interval prolongation and related arrhythmias ). International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Erythromycin;Terfenadine;Antipsychotic;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Astemizole;Astemizole; Atiprosin InChI=1S/C20H29N3/c1-5-21-12-13-22(14(2)3)18-10-11-23-17-9-7-6-8-16(17)15(4)19(23)20(18)21/h6-9,14,18,20H,5,10-13H2,1-4H3/t18-,20+/m1/s1 Y Key:WXNVFYIBELASJW-QUCCMNQESA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Atiprosin ( AY-28,228 ) is an antihypertensive agent which acts as a selective α 1 -adrenergic receptor antagonist . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It also possesses some antihistamine activity, though it is some 15-fold weaker in this regard than as an alpha blocker . [ 3 ] It was never marketed. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Reserpine;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Atiprosin;Atiprosin; Atlantis_Word_Processor Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Shareware;Microsoft_Windows;User_interface;Microsoft_Word;USB;HTML;EPUB;Encryption;EPUB;CNet;Freeware;Retail_software;Microsoft_Word;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Atlantis_Word_Processor; Atypical_antipsychotic The atypical antipsychotics (AAP) (also known as second generation antipsychotics ) are a group of antipsychotic tranquilizing drugs used to treat psychiatric conditions. Some atypical antipsychotics are FDA approved for use in the treatment of schizophrenia . Some carry FDA approved indications for acute mania , bipolar depression, psychotic agitation, bipolar maintenance, and other indications. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways , but atypicals differ from typical antipsychotics in that they are less likely to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities in patients, which include unsteady Parkinson's disease -type movements, body rigidity and involuntary tremors . [ 1 ] These abnormal body movements can become permanent even after medication is stopped. During the course of treatment atypical antipsychotics are associated with the following benefits; higher rate of responders, efficiency in patients with refractory disease, lower risk of suicides, better functional capacity and an improved quality of life. [ 2 ] However, there has been considerable debate about whether second-generation antipsychotic drugs are better than first-generation antipsychotic drugs. [ 3 ] Although atypical antipsychotics are thought to be safer than typical antipsychotics, they still have severe side effects, including tardive dyskinesia , a serious movement disorder, neuroleptic malignant syndrome , and increased risk of stroke, sudden cardiac death, blood clots, and diabetes. Significant weight gain may also occur. Clozapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Asenapine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Antipsychotic;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Atypical_antipsychotic; Au_file_format The Au file format is a simple audio file format introduced by Sun Microsystems . The format was common on NeXT systems and on early Web pages. Originally it was headerless, being simply 8-bit µ-law -encoded data at an 8000 Hz sample rate. Hardware from other vendors often used sample rates as high as 8192 Hz, often integer factors of video clock signals. Newer files have a header that consists of six unsigned 32-bit words, an optional information chunk and then the data (in big endian format). Although the format now supports many audio encoding formats, it remains associated with the µ-law logarithmic encoding. This encoding was native to the SPARCstation 1 hardware, where SunOS exposed the encoding to application programs through the /dev/audio interface. This encoding and interface became a de facto standard for Unix sound. Filename_extension;Sun_Microsystems;Audio_file_format;Sun_Microsystems;NeXT;Unix;Hexadecimal;Digital_signal_processing;NeXT;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Au_file_format;Au_file_format; Audi Volkswagen;Volkswagen;BMW;Warranty;Volkswagen;BMW;BMW;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNET;Volkswagen;Volkswagen;Audi;Audi; Audible.com Audible.com is an Internet provider of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming. Audible sells digital audiobooks , radio and TV programs, and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. On January 31, 2008 Amazon.com announced it would buy Audible for about US $300 million. [ 2 ] The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible is now a subsidiary of Amazon. The company enjoys a near-monopoly in the commercial online digital download market for audiobooks. [ 3 ] Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Amazon_Kindle;Windows_Phone;Audio_file_format;Digital_Rights_Management;Streaming_media;Audiobooks;Amazon.com;United_States_dollar;Apple_Computer;ITunes_Music_Store;Advanced_Audio_Coding;FairPlay;Digital_Rights_Management;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Mobile_phone;Streaming_media;ITunes;Windows_Media_Player;Linux;Digital_rights_management;GoldWave;Amazon_Kindle;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Amazon_Instant_Video;Amazon_Kindle;LoveFilm;Mobipocket;Amie_Street;Songza;Sellaband;NASDAQ;Audible.com;Audible.com; AudioDesk AudioDesk is an audio workstation application by Mark of the Unicorn (MOTU) for the Mac OS . It is a multi-track recording, editing, and mixing application, with both offline file-based processing and realtime effects. It is a more basic version of MOTU's Digital Performer DAW software. Much of the graphical user interface (GUI) and its operation are similar to Digital Performer, although it lacks some of Digital Performer's features. Most notably, it does not include MIDI sequencing capabilities, and thus does not include some of Digital Performer's MIDI-specific editing windows. Also, AudioDesk is only available as a bundled application with MOTU audio interfaces; this also means that AudioDesk requires a MOTU audio interface be used as its soundcard . AudioDesk version 1 was first released in 1998, as bundled software with the MOTU 2408 PCI-based audio interface. Version 1 is compatible with the Classic Mac OS . Version 2 for Mac OS X was released in 2003, with numerous updates (many of which corresponded to updates from Digital Performer 3 for the Classic Mac OS to Digital Performer 4 for Mac OS X). Digital audio editors KRISTAL Audio Engine PreSonus Studio One Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AudioDesk oldid=374103462 " Categories : Digital audio workstation software Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Mac_OS;Digital_Performer;Graphical_user_interface;Mac_OS_X;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;AudioDesk;AudioDesk; AudioMulch Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Graphical_user_interface;Synthesizer;Nine_Inch_Nails;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;AudioMulch;AudioMulch; Audio_Hijack_Pro Rogue Amoeba Software, LLC is a Macintosh software company that produces audio software, specializing in applications for audio capture. Rogue Amoeba's best-known products are Audio Hijack and Audio Hijack Pro. The Audio Hijack programs allow for users to capture and record audio from any program running under Mac OS X . The Pro version adds support for VST , Audio Unit , and LADSPA plugins, among other features. Other software by Rogue Amoeba includes Nicecast, Airfoil, and Fission. Nicecast combines Audio Hijack's ability to capture audio with the open source Icecast streaming media system to enable users to broadcast audio from any program over the internet. Airfoil allows for the transmission of any audio through the remote speaker system of Apple's AirPort Express , which currently only supports audio from iTunes . Fission is an audio file editor designed to be simple and user-friendly. It has basic operations like fading and splitting, and can edit MP3 files without losing quality to recompression. Their programs have won numerous awards, including "Best of Show" at the 2004 San Francisco Macworld Conference Expo , [ 1 ] two O'Reilly Mac OS X Innovators Awards, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and two Macworld "Eddy" awards. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Apple_Macintosh;Software;Mac_OS_X;Audio_Units;Streaming_media;AirPort;ITunes;Macworld;Macworld;Rogue_Amoeba;Rogue_Amoeba; Audio_Interchange_File_Format Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Audio_file_format;Audio_file_format;Sound;Apple_Computer;Electronic_Arts;Apple_Macintosh;WAV;Mac_OS_X;ITunes;QuickTime;GarageBand;Logic_Audio;MIDI;QDesign;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;WAV;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;OSType;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format; Audio_Lossless_Coding MPEG-4 Audio Lossless Coding , also known as MPEG-4 ALS, is an extension to the MPEG-4 Part 3 audio standard to allow lossless audio compression . The extension was finalized in December 2005 and published as ISO / IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 2:2006 in 2006. [ 1 ] The latest description of MPEG-4 ALS was published as subpart 11 of the MPEG-4 Audio standard (ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009) (4th edition) in August 2009. [ 2 ] MPEG-4 ALS combines together a short-term predictor and a long term predictor. The short-term predictor is similar to FLAC in its operation - it is a quantized LPC predictor with a losslessly coded residual using Golomb Rice Coding or Block Gilbert Moore Coding (BGMC) [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . The long term predictor is modeled by 5 long-term weighted residues, each with its own lag (delay). The lag can be hundreds of samples. This predictor improves the compression for sounds with rich harmonics (containing multiples of a single fundamental frequency, locked in phase) present in many musical instruments and human voice. ISO;Lossless_data_compression;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Streaming_media;Winamp;FFmpeg;Open_source;RealNetworks;ISO;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Audio_Lossless_Coding; Audio_MIDI_Setup The Audio MIDI Setup utility is a program that comes with the Mac OS X operating system for adjusting the computer's audio input and output configuration settings and managing MIDI devices. It was first introduced in Mac OS X as a simplified way to configure MIDI Devices. Public Beta "Kodiak" 10.6 "Snow Leopard" 10.8 "Mountain Lion" iTunes ( version history ) Safari ( version history ) Bluetooth File Exchange Migration Assistant Remote Install Mac OS X Technology and user interface Apple Push Notification Service Grand Central Dispatch Uniform Type Identifier Classic Environment This Apple-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audio_MIDI_Setup oldid=508352027 " Categories : Macintosh stubs Mac OS X Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;MIDI;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mac_OS_X;Sound;MIDI;Mac_OS_X;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Audio_MIDI_Setup; Audio_Units Core_Audio;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Computer;Application_programming_interface;Operating_system;GarageBand;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Express;Logic_Pro;Final_Cut_Pro;REAPER;Digital_Performer;Linux;Microsoft;DirectX;Mac_OS_X;Core_Foundation;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Audio_Units;Audio_Units; Audio_Video_Interleave Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Microsoft;Microsoft;Video_for_Windows;Frame_rate;Codec;Indeo;Cinepak;Motion_JPEG;MPEG;RealVideo;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Metadata;Aspect_ratio;Variable_bitrate;Matroska;Ogg;DV;Video_for_Windows;Application_programming_interface;List_of_video_editing_software;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Audio_Video_Interleave;Audio_Video_Interleave; Audio_Video_Standard Audio Video Standard ( AVS ) is a compression standard for digital audio and video, and is competing with H.264 / AAC to potentially replace MPEG-2 . Chinese companies own 90% of AVS patents. [ 1 ] The audio and video files have an .avs extension as a container format. MPEG;Libavcodec;MPlayer;VLC_media_player;Xine;The_Register;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Audio_Video_Standard;Audio_Video_Standard; Audio_engineering Sound;Engineering;Engineering;German_language;Italian_language;Sound_recording;Record_producer;Video;Film;Multimedia;Record_producer;Television_program;Microphone;Digital_audio_workstation;Music_sequencer;Loudspeaker;Sound_recording;Record_producer;HitQuarters;Automation;Computer_science;Engineering;Control_engineering;Audio_engineering;Audio_engineering; Audio_file_format An audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a computer system. This data can be stored uncompressed, or compressed to reduce the file size. It can be a raw bitstream , but it is usually a container format or an audio data format with defined storage layer. File_format;Computer;File_format;Matroska;Audio_Video_Interleave;WAV;AIFF;Au_file_format;Lossless_data_compression;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Filename_extension;WavPack;Filename_extension;Apple_Lossless;Filename_extension;Shorten;Vorbis;Musepack;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Metadata;FLAC;WavPack;Apple_Lossless;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Comparison_of_audio_formats;AIFF;Apple_Inc.;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Apple_Lossless;Au_file_format;Sun_Microsystems;Unix;Sony;FLAC;Digital_Rights_Management;ITunes;Digital_Rights_Management;ITunes;Musepack;Sony;Ogg;RealAudio;Microsoft_Windows;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Windows_Media_Audio;Microsoft;Digital_Rights_Management;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Audio_file_format;Audio_file_format; Audio_normalization Audio normalization is the application of a constant amount of gain to an audio recording in order to bring the average or peak amplitude to a target level (the norm). Because the same amount of gain is applied across the given range, the signal-to-noise ratio and relative dynamics are generally unchanged. Normalization differs from dynamic range compression , which applies varying levels of gain over a recording to fit the level within a minimum and maximum range. Normalization is one of the functions commonly provided by a digital audio workstation . Digital_audio_workstation;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Audio_normalization;Audio_normalization; Audiobook An audiobook is a recording of a text being read. It is not necessarily an exact audio version of a book or magazine. Spoken audio has been available in schools and public libraries and to a lesser extent in music shops since the 1930s. Many spoken word albums were made prior to the age of videocassettes, DVDs, compact discs , and downloadable audio, however often of plays rather than books. It was not until the 1980s that the medium began to attract book retailers, and then book retailers started displaying audiobooks on bookshelves rather than in separate displays. Compact_disc;Germany;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Windows_Media_Audio;Advanced_Audio_Coding;United_States;Digital_rights_management;Apple_Inc.;FairPlay;Canada;Wikisource;Apple_Inc.;Audiobook;Audiobook; Audiobooks An audiobook is a recording of a text being read. It is not necessarily an exact audio version of a book or magazine. Spoken audio has been available in schools and public libraries and to a lesser extent in music shops since the 1930s. Many spoken word albums were made prior to the age of videocassettes, DVDs, compact discs , and downloadable audio, however often of plays rather than books. It was not until the 1980s that the medium began to attract book retailers, and then book retailers started displaying audiobooks on bookshelves rather than in separate displays. Compact_disc;Germany;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Windows_Media_Audio;Advanced_Audio_Coding;United_States;Digital_rights_management;Apple_Inc.;FairPlay;Canada;Wikisource;Apple_Inc.;Audiobook;Audiobook; Australia Australia ( i / ə ˈ s t r eɪ l j ə / ə- STRAYL -yə [ 10 ] or / ɒ ˈ s t r eɪ l ɪ ə / [ 11 ] or / ɒ ˈ s t r eɪ l j ə / o- STRAYL -yə ), officially the Commonwealth of Australia , [ 12 ] is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans . [ N 4 ] It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area . Neighbouring countries include Indonesia , East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands , Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. For at least 40,000 years [ 14 ] before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians , [ 15 ] who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups . [ 16 ] [ 17 ] After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established. On 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Since Federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . The federation comprises six states and several territories . The population of 22.7 million [ 5 ] is heavily concentrated in the Eastern states and is highly urbanised . A highly developed country , Australia is the world's 13th-largest economy and has the world's sixth-highest per capita income . Australia's military expenditure is the world's 13th-largest . With the second-highest human development index globally , Australia ranks highly in many international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, economic freedom , and the protection of civil liberties and political rights. [ 18 ] Australia is a member of the G20 , OECD , WTO , APEC , UN , Commonwealth of Nations , ANZUS , and the Pacific Islands Forum . Australian_English;United_Kingdom;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;New_Zealand;Europe;Australian_English;New_Zealand;United_States;United_States;Japan;Vietnam;Philippines;Asia;Australian_English;English_language;Australian_English;British_English;Mandarin_Chinese;Italian_language;Cantonese;Germany;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;National_Geographic_Society;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Microsoft_Excel;Daily_Mail;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Australia;Australian_English;Chile;Fiji;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Japan;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;United_States;France;New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;United_States;Guam;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Canada;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;United_Kingdom;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Argentina;Brazil;Cambodia;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Malta;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Australia;Australia; Australian_Dollar The Australian dollar ( sign : $ ; code : AUD ) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia , including Christmas Island , Cocos (Keeling) Islands , and Norfolk Island , as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati , Nauru and Tuvalu . Within Australia it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ), with A$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar -denominated currencies. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is subdivided into 100 cents . The Australian dollar is, as of 2012, the third-most-traded currency in the world. [ 3 ] In 2010 it was the fifth-most-traded currency in the world foreign exchange markets behind the US dollar , the euro , the yen and the pound sterling . [ 4 ] The Australian dollar is popular with currency traders, because of the comparatively high interest rates in Australia, the relative freedom of the foreign exchange market from government intervention, the general stability of Australia's economy and political system, and the prevailing view that the Australian dollar offers diversification benefits in a portfolio containing the major world currencies, especially because of its greater exposure to Asian economies and the commodities cycle. [ 5 ] The currency is commonly referred to by foreign-exchange traders as the "Aussie." Australia;Australia;Australia;Australia;Australia;Australia;Australia;United_States_dollar;United_States;United_States_dollar;European_Union;Japan;United_Kingdom;Australia;Switzerland;Swiss_franc;Canada;Canadian_dollar;Hong_Kong;Sweden;Swedish_krona;New_Zealand;Singapore;Norway;Norwegian_krone;Mexico;Switzerland;Brunei;Chile;Malaysia;Mexico;Nepal;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Romania;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;Vietnam;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Switzerland;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNN;Bloomberg_L.P.;Reuters;Switzerland;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Australia;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;United_States_dollar;Australia;Australia;Australian_English; Australian_English Australian English ( AusE , AuE , AusEng , en-AU [ 1 ] ) is a major variety of the English language and is used throughout Australia . Despite English being given no official status in the Constitution , Australian English is Australia's de facto official language and is the first language of the majority of the population . Australian English started diverging from British English after the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788 and was recognised as being different from British English by 1820. It arose from the intermingling of children of early settlers from a great variety of mutually intelligible dialectal regions of the British Isles and quickly developed into a distinct variety of English. [ 2 ] English_language;Australia;British_English;British_English;United_Kingdom;Mobile_phone;ISO_standard;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Australia;Australia;Australia;British_English;Scottish_English;American_English;Canadian_English;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Australian_English;Australian_English; Australian_Recording_Industry_Association The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a trade group representing the Australian recording industry which was established in 1983 by six major record companies, EMI , Festival , CBS , RCA , WEA and Universal replacing the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers (AARM) which was formed in 1956. [ 1 ] It oversees the collection, administration and distribution of music licenses and royalties . The association has more than a hundred members, including small labels typically run by one to five people, medium size organisations and very large companies with international affiliates. ARIA is administered by a Board of Directors comprising senior executives from record companies, both large and small. As of October 2010, the directors were Denis Handlin ( chair , CEO of Sony Music), George Ash (Universal Music), Mark Poston (EMI), Sebastian Chase (MGM Distribution), David Vodica (Rubber Records/Music) and Tony Harlow (WAR). [ 2 ] In 2006, ARIA formed sponsorship deals with Motorola and Nova and changed the appearance and conduct of the charting. Motorola took naming-rights sponsorship seeing the charts referred to in the media as the Motorola ARIA Charts. ARIA, have commented that as part of the same marketing printed charts would be reintroduced into media retailing shops and their website would be redesigned. As part of the deal Nova began broadcasting the charted singles in reverse order on a Sunday afternoon show before it was released on the ARIA charts website. From January 2012, the syndicated radio programme "Take 40 Australia" (through the MCM Network) returned to the Top 40 ARIA singles chart for its weekly playlist. EMI;License;Motorola;EMI;Pop_music;ARIA_Music_Awards;Kazaa;ARIA_Charts;Copyright_infringement;Kazaa;ARIA_Music_Awards;ARIA_Charts;The_Beatles;Britney_Spears;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;George_Harrison;OneRepublic;The_Beatles;Britney_Spears;The_Beatles;Colbie_Caillat;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Extended_play;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;The_Beatles;Britney_Spears;Coldplay;Fall_Out_Boy;Britney_Spears;Gorillaz;Gorillaz;Britney_Spears;OneRepublic;Gorillaz;Fall_Out_Boy;Kid_Rock;Coldplay;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Nine_Inch_Nails;Gyroscope;Soundtrack;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Norah_Jones;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;International_Standard_Book_Number;ARIA_Charts;ARIA_Music_Awards;ARIA_Charts;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association; Austria – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 48°12′N 16°21′E  /  48.2°N 16.35°E  / 48.2; 16.35 Official language(s) Recognised regional languages Croatian , Hungarian and Slovene [ 1 ] Ethnic groups (2011) 81.1% Austrians [ 2 ] , 7% former Yugoslavs , 2.4% others and unspecified [ 3 ] Federal Parliamentary republic Werner Faymann ( SPÖ ) President of the National Council Barbara Prammer ( SPÖ ) Austrian State Treaty in force 27 July 1955 (Duchy: 1156, Austrian Empire : 1804, First Austrian Republic : 1918–1938, Second Republic since 1945) 83,855 km 2 ( 115th ) 8,414,638 [ 4 ] ( 92nd ) 100.3/km 2 ( 99th ) $352.015 billion [ 5 ] $419.243 billion [ 5 ] Euro ( € ) ² ( EUR ) Slovene , Croatian , Hungarian are officially recognised regional languages and Austrian Sign Language is a protected minority language throughout the country. Euro since 1 Jan 1999 virtual, since 1 Jan 2002 real currency; before: Austrian Schilling . The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. Austria ( i / ˈ ɒ s t r i ə / or / ˈ ɔː s t r i ə / ; German : Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen ) ), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich ( help · info ) ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people [ 4 ] in Central Europe . It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate . Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps ; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). [ 1 ] The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, [ 8 ] and German in its standard form is the country's official language. [ 9 ] Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian , Hungarian and Slovene . [ 1 ] The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation . During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe [ 10 ] [ 11 ] and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French , the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary . After the collapse of the Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian) Empire in 1918 at the end of World War I , Austria adopted and used the name the Republic of German-Austria ("Deutschösterreich", later "Österreich") in an attempt for union with Germany , but was forbidden due to the Treaty of Saint Germain . The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919. In the 1938 Anschluss , Austria was occupied and annexed by Nazi Germany . [ 12 ] This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Nazi Germany was occupied by the Allies and Austria's former democratic constitution was restored. In 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral . Today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states . [ 1 ] [ 13 ] The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna . [ 1 ] [ 14 ] Austria is one of the richest countries in the world , with a nominal per capita GDP of $49,809 (2011 est.). The country has developed a high standard of living and in 2011 was ranked 19th in the world for its Human Development Index . Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, [ 15 ] joined the European Union in 1995, [ 1 ] and is a founder of the OECD . [ 16 ] Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, [ 17 ] and adopted the European currency, the euro , in 1999. German_language;Europe;European_Union;German_language;European_Union;German_language;Czech_Republic;Germany;Hungary;Slovakia;Slovenia;Italy;Switzerland;German_language;European_Union;Netherlands;Spain;Hungary;Denmark;Italy;Hungary;Italy;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;German_language;Hungary;Slovakia;German_language;Germany;European_Union;European_Union;Eurozone;Eurozone;Solar_power;German_language;Slovenia;Germany;Germany;English_language;Classical_music;Pop_music;Rock_music;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Hungary;Italy;France;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Germany;Czech_Republic;Slovakia;Switzerland;Hungary;Italy;Italy;Slovenia;Europe;Albania;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;European_Union;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;France;United_Kingdom;United_States;Colombia;Germany;Portugal;Guatemala;Albania;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Austria;Austria; Autodesk_Maya Autodesk Maya ( / ˈ m ɑː j ə / ), commonly shortened to Maya , is 3D computer graphics software that runs on Microsoft Windows , Mac OS and Linux , originally developed by Alias Systems Corporation (formerly Alias|Wavefront) and currently owned and developed by Autodesk, Inc. It is used to create interactive 3D applications, including video games, animated film, TV series, or visual effects. The product is named after the Sanskrit word Maya ( माया māyā ), the Hindu concept of illusion. [ 3 ] Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Linux;IRIX;User_interface;Node_graph_architecture;Autodesk_Toxik;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Mozilla_Firefox;Google_Chrome;Autodesk_Softimage;International_Standard_Book_Number;Motion_graphics;Open_source_software;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Flash;Autodesk_Softimage;Proprietary_software;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Maya; Autodesk_Softimage Autodesk Softimage , or simply Softimage ( / s ɒ f t ɨ ˈ m ɑː ʒ / ) is a high performance 3D computer graphics application , owned by Autodesk , for producing 3D computer graphics , 3D modeling , and computer animation . Formerly Softimage|XSI, the software is predominantly used in the film , video game , and advertising industries for creating computer generated characters, objects, and environments. Released in 2000 as the successor to Softimage|3D , Softimage|XSI was developed by Softimage, Co. , then a subsidiary of Avid Technology . On Oct. 23, 2008, Autodesk acquired from Avid the Softimage brand and 3D animation assets for approximately $35 million, thereby ending Softimage Co. as a distinct entity. [ 1 ] In February 2009, Softimage|XSI was rebranded Autodesk Softimage. A free version of the software, called Softimage Mod Tool , was developed for the game modding community to create games using the Microsoft XNA toolset for PC and Xbox 360 , or to create mods for games using Valve Software's Source engine , Epic Games' Unreal Engine and others. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Film;Video_game;Compositing;Visual_programming_language;XML;Autodesk_Maya;Proprietary_software;Autodesk_Maya;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Motion_graphics;Open_source_software;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Flash;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Softimage; Autodesk_Toxik Autodesk Toxik is an interactive node based, film compositing solution developed by Autodesk Media and Entertainment , a subsidiary of Autodesk, Inc. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Maya;Operating_system;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Software_license;Compositing;Autodesk_Maya;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Autodesk_Toxik;Autodesk_Toxik; Autofocus An autofocus (or AF ) optical system uses a sensor , a control system and a motor to focus fully automatic or on a manually selected point or area. An electronic rangefinder has a display instead of the motor; the adjustment of the optical system has to be done manually until indication. The methods are named by the used sensor: active, passive and hybrid. Sensor;Aperture;Nikon;Infrared;Nikon;Infrared;Nikon;Autofocus;Autofocus; Automated_reasoning Automated reasoning is an area of computer science and mathematical logic dedicated to understand different aspects of reasoning . The study in automated reasoning helps produce software which allows computers to reason completely, or nearly completely, automatically. Although automated reasoning is considered a sub-field of artificial intelligence it also has connections with theoretical computer science and even philosophy . The most developed subareas of automated reasoning are automated theorem proving (and the less automated but more pragmatic subfield of interactive theorem proving ) and automated proof checking (viewed as guaranteed correct reasoning under fixed assumptions). Extensive work has also been done in reasoning by analogy induction and abduction . Other important topics are reasoning under uncertainty and non-monotonic reasoning. An important part of the uncertainty field is that of argumentation, where further constraints of minimality and consistency are applied on top of the more standard automated deduction. John Pollock's Oscar system is an example of an automated argumentation system that is more specific than being just an automated theorem prover. Tools and techniques of automated reasoning include the classical logics and calculi, fuzzy logic , Bayesian inference , reasoning with maximal entropy and a large number of less formal ad-hoc techniques. Computer_science;Microsoft;Bertrand_Russell;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Automated_reasoning;Automated_reasoning; Automatic_test_equipment Automatic or Automated Test Equipment ( ATE ) is any apparatus that performs tests on a device, known as the Device Under Test (DUT), using automation to quickly perform measurements and evaluate the test results. An ATE can be a simple computer controlled digital multimeter , or a complicated system containing dozens of complex test instruments (real or simulated electronic test equipment ) capable of automatically testing and diagnosing faults in sophisticated electronic packaged parts or on Wafer testing , including System-On-Chips and Integrated circuits . Keithley Instruments Series 4200 CVU Automation;Integrated_circuit;Capacitor;Integrated_circuit;Computer;LabVIEW;National_Instruments;LAN_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VMEbus;Rack_unit;PXI;Rack_unit;Rack_unit;USB;VMEbus;PXI;LAN_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;Test_automation;Automatic_test_equipment;Automatic_test_equipment; Automation Automation Robotics • Cybernetics ASP-DAC (Asia-Pacific) • DAC DATE (Europe) • ICCAD IEEE Robotics and Automation Award Robots Industrial robot Autonomous research robot Laboratory automation Integrated library system Database administration and automation Broadcast automation Building automation Artificial intelligence Automated attendant Automated guided vehicle Automated highway system Automated pool cleaner Automated teller machine Automatic painting (robotic) Pop music automation Telephone switchboard Technocracy movement Venus Project • Zeitgeist Movement Germany;Japan;Sensor;DARPA;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Computer_science;Engineering;Audio_engineering;Control_engineering;Automation;Automation; Avant_Browser Avant Browser is a freeware web browser from a Chinese programmer named Anderson Che, which unites the Trident layout engine built into Windows (see Internet Explorer shell ) with an interface intended to be more feature-rich , flexible and ergonomic than Microsoft 's Internet Explorer (IE). It runs on Windows 2000 and above, including Windows 7 . Internet Explorer versions 6 through 9 are supported. Version 2012 (released October 2011) was separated in two editions: Ultimate edition, which added the Gecko layout engine (used by Mozilla Firefox ), allowing the user choose between both layout engines, and Lite edition which contains only the Trident layout engine. — As of November 2008, total downloads surpassed 22.5 million. Avant Browser is currently available in 41 languages. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;File_size;Megabyte;List_of_software_categories;Web_browser;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Freeware;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Internet_Explorer;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Firefox;ActiveX;Mozilla_Firefox;Microsoft_Windows;Mozilla_Firefox;WebKit;Google_Chrome;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Avant_Browser;Avant_Browser; AveDesk AveDesk is a freeware (although it is touted as " Donationware ", which means the software is solely donation-supported in terms of financing) widget engine for Windows XP that runs small, self-contained widgets called "desklets", as well as ObjectDock "docklets" (small plugins intended for use by ObjectDock and other similar programs), and is created by Andreas Verhoeven, a freelance software programmer . Unlike most other software programs of its kind, AveDesk is heavily community driven. A dedicated section of the forums on Aqua-Soft , an online community of skinning enthusiasts dedicated to emulating the look and feel of Mac OS X Leopard , is used by users of the software to report bugs or request for new software features directly to the programmer, cutting any red tape in the way. New features are also better discussed among the users of the software program and the programmer himself. The "Ave" in "AveDesk" is a shortened version of the author's name, A ndreas Ve rhoeven. Software_developer;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Widget_engine;Software_license;Freeware;Windows_XP;Software;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Konfabulator;DesktopX;JavaScript;Graphical_user_interface;Portable_Network_Graphics;ITunes;Europe;English_language;French_language;German_language;Chinese_language;Korean_language;Japanese_language;Context_menu;CD;DVD;DesktopX;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;AveDesk;AveDesk; Avid_DS Avid DS (which was called Avid DS Nitris until early 2008) is a high-end offline and finishing system comprising a non-linear editing system and visual effects software. It was developed by Softimage in Montreal. Softimage was owned by Microsoft at the time of the launch of DS v1.0 and the company was acquired by Avid Technology Inc shortly thereafter. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Visual_effects;Autodesk_Softimage;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Avid_DS;Avid_DS; Avid_Free_DV Avid Free DV is a non-linear editing video editing software application which was made by Avid Technology . Avid discontinued this product, stating: "Effective September 1, 2007, Avid is discontinuing the Avid Free DV application offer, and has no immediate plans to make an updated version available." [ 1 ] It was intended to give editors a sample of the Avid interface to use in deciding whether or not to purchase Avid software, so when compared with other Avid products its features were relatively minimal. When it was available it was not limited by time or watermarking, so it could be used as a non-linear editor for as long as desired. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;IMovie;Windows_Movie_Maker;DV;Media_Composer;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X;Multimedia;Software;Avid_Free_DV;Avid_Free_DV; Avid_Matador Avid Matador was a paint application by Avid Technology targeted at the television and film markets. It ran on Silicon Graphics workstations . The main features were paint, mask creation/rotoscoping, animation and stabilization/tracking. Matador was used on several films, such as Jurassic Park , Forrest Gump and The Mask . Avid_Media_Illusion;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Avid_Matador;Avid_Matador; Avid_Media_Illusion Avid_Matador;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Avid_Media_Illusion;Avid_Media_Illusion; Avidemux For Windows: v2.5.6 (December 31, 2011 ; 7 months ago ( 2011-12-31 ) [ 2 ] ) For Mac OS X: v2.5.4 (December 31, 2010 ; 19 months ago ( 2010-12-31 ) [ 2 ] ) For Linux: v2.5.6 (December 31, 2011 ; 7 months ago ( 2011-12-31 ) [ 2 ] ) Windows: v2.6 (7927) (May 10, 2012 ; 3 months ago ( 2012-05-10 ) [ 3 ] ) Mac OS X: v2.6.0 (6538) (August 28, 2010 ; 2 years ago ( 2010-August-28 ) [ 4 ] ) Programming language used Translation available English, Czech, French, Italian and German Video editing software GNU General Public License Avidemux is a free and open-source video editing program designed for video editing and video processing . It is written in C++ , and uses either the GTK+ or Qt . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Video_editing_software;Transcoding;MPlayer;Multiplexing;VirtualDub;SubStation_Alpha;SubRip;FFmpeg;MPlayer;Libavcodec;Xvid;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Graphical_user_interface;Audio_Video_Interleave;Advanced_Systems_Format;Flash_Video;Matroska;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;QuickTime;Cinepak;DV;Motion_JPEG;Sorenson_codec;Windows_Media_Video;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Vorbis;Windows_bitmap;JPEG;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;MPEG;MPEG;List_of_video_editing_software;Video_CD;DVD_Video;FFmpeg;Xvid;Libavcodec;SourceForge;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Avidemux;Avidemux; Ayttm Ayttm (pronounced "item" or "A-Y-T-T-M") is a multi-protocol instant messaging client . It is the heir of the EveryBuddy project. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Instant_messaging;Short_message_service;Webcam;OSCAR_protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;Internet_Relay_Chat;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Email;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;Windows_Live_Messenger;Webcam;Encryption;Revision_control;Sourceforge;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Instant_messaging;Centericq;Kopete;Miranda_IM;Qnext;Web_application;Web_browser;BitlBee;Ayttm;Ayttm; Azatadine InChI=1S/C20H22N2/c1-22-13-10-16(11-14-22)19-18-7-3-2-5-15(18)8-9-17-6-4-12-21-20(17)19/h2-7,12H,8-11,13-14H2,1H3 Y Key:SEBMTIQKRHYNIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Azatadine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Azatadine;Azatadine; Azelastine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Bioavailability;Desloratadine;Cetirizine;Levocabastine;Levocabastine;Olopatadine;Olopatadine;Olopatadine;Olopatadine;Olopatadine;Histamine;Levocabastine;Olopatadine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Carbinoxamine;Clemastine;Chlorphenoxamine;Diphenylpyraline;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimetindene;Pheniramine;Talastine;Chloropyramine;Histapyrrodine;Mepyramine;Methapyrilene;Tripelennamine;Phenothiazine;Alimemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isothipendyl;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Oxomemazine;Promethazine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Levocetirizine;Niaprazine;Oxatomide;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Ebastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Pyrrobutamine;Rupatadine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Loratadine;Terfenadine;Bamipine;Chloropyramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Clemastine;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Isothipendyl;Mepyramine;Promethazine;Thenalidine;Antazoline;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Olopatadine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Azelastine;Azelastine; Azepindole InChI=1S/C12H14N2/c1-2-5-12-10(4-1)8-11-9-13-6-3-7-14(11)12/h1-2,4-5,8,13H,3,6-7,9H2 Y Key:FEJCIXJKPISCJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Azepindole ( McN-2453 ) is a tricyclic compound with antidepressant and antihypertensive effects that was developed in the late 1960s but was never marketed. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Reserpine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Azepindole;Azepindole; Azipramine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Azipramine;Azipramine; BAE_Systems United_Kingdom;Office_of_Fair_Trading;The_Guardian;Zimbabwe;The_Guardian;The_Guardian;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Vodafone;BAE_Systems;BAE_Systems; BBC_News BBC News is the department of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the world's largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, as well as online news coverage. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The service maintains 44 foreign news bureaux and has correspondents in almost every country. Since 2004, the Director of BBC News has been Helen Boaden . The department's annual budget is £350 million; it has 3,500 staff, 2,000 of whom are journalists. [ 1 ] Through the BBC English Regions , BBC News has regional centres across England as well as national news centres in Northern Ireland , Scotland, and Wales. All regions and nations produce their own local news programmes and other current affairs and sport programmes. Radio and television operations are broadcast from BBC Television Centre in West London , though are due to move to the newly refurbished Broadcasting House in central London by 2013. Television Centre houses all domestic, global, and online news divisions within one main newsroom. Parliamentary coverage is produced and broadcast from studios in Millbank in London. [ 3 ] The BBC is a quasi-autonomous corporation authorised by Royal Charter , making it formally independent of government, and required to report impartially. It has been accused of political bias from across the political spectrum. Internationally, the BBC has been banned from reporting from within some countries which accuse the corporation of working to destabilise their governments. In 2004, the BBC celebrated 50 years of television news broadcasts. BBC News journalists, cameramen, and programmes have won awards over the years for reporting, particularly from the Royal Television Society . The BBC founded the BBC College of Journalism in 2005 as a part of the BBC Academy, following recommendations made after the Hutton Report . [ 4 ] PAL;NTSC;The_Guardian;Sony;ITV;BBC_iPlayer;The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;The_Daily_Telegraph;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Daily_Mail;The_Guardian;BBC_iPlayer;BBC_News;BBC_News; BBC_iPlayer Windows (XP, Vista, 7) iOS ( iPad , iPhone , iPod Touch ) ( beta ) Symbian S60 ( beta ) Sky Go (part of On Demand service) BT Vision (part of On Demand service) PlayStation 3 ( beta ) Translation available Welsh , Scottish Gaelic [ 1 ] Television and radio catch-up www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer BBC iPlayer , commonly shortened to iPlayer , is an internet television and radio service and software application, developed by the BBC to extend its former RealPlayer -based and other streamed video clip content to include whole TV shows. BBC Redux was developed as a proof of concept for a cross-platform, Flash video -based streaming system. [ 2 ] :15 BBC iPlayer left beta and went live on 25 December 2007. [ 3 ] On 25 June 2008, a new-look iPlayer was launched, originally as a beta-test version alongside the earlier version. [ 4 ] The site tagline was "Catch up on the last 7 days of BBC TV Radio", reflecting that programmes were unavailable on iPlayer after this time (with some exceptions). The BBC state on their website that this is due to copyright reasons. The marketing slogan was later changed to "Making the unmissable, unmissable". In May 2010 the site was updated again, to include a recommendations feature and a "social makeover". [ 5 ] In February 2011, the BBC iPlayer was once again modified to include links to programmes from other broadcasters, including; ITV1 , ITV2 , ITV3 , ITV4 , Channel 4 , E4 , More 4 , Film 4 , Channel 5 , 5* , 5USA and S4C . The feature was added to the search function and the channels function. When a user clicks on a programme by another broadcaster, they are redirected to the relevant broadcaster's catch up service (either the ITV Player , 4OD or Demand 5 ). [ 6 ] Specific applications for mobile platforms were launched in February 2011. These were initially for iOS and Android devices, where the launch would have the biggest impact. [ 7 ] Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Adobe_Flash;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Internet_television;Internet_radio;RealPlayer;IOS;Windows_XP;IP_address;Adobe_Systems;ITV;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Sony;Windows_Media_Player;Digital_rights_management;TiVo;Digital_video_recorder;Sony;TechniSat;Samsung_Electronics;Digital_media_receiver;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Media_Center;Wii_Shop_Channel;Microsoft;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;BlackBerry_OS;Vodafone_U.K.;The_Guardian;Windows_Media_DRM;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Free_Software_Foundation;IPad;The_Guardian;ZDNet;CNET;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;Financial_Times;The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;The_Mail_on_Sunday;ITV;ITV;ITV;TVCatchup;TiVo;Zattoo;EMI;Reuters;British_Phonographic_Industry;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;BBC_iPlayer;BBC_iPlayer; BBeB BBeB (for Broad Band eBook ) is a proprietary eBook file format developed by Sony and Canon . Although initially designed for the Sony Librié , it is also supported by other Sony e-book readers . [ 1 ] BBeB files have the following extensions : LRS and LRF or LRX. LRS files are XML files that can be edited and follow the BBeB Xylog XML specification. They represent the source code of each BBeB eBook. LRF (unencrypted) and LRX (encrypted for DRM purposes) files are compiled/compressed versions of LRS files that are actually used by eBook readers. While the LRS format is openly available to the public, the LRF and LRX formats are not and remain proprietary. The conversion (compilation) from LRS to LRF can be done with a special tool, XylogParser.dll, also freely available to the public. As of July 2010, the Sony ebook store states that they are no longer using the BBeB format, and have converted all books to the EPUB format. Sony;Sony_Reader;Filename_extension;XML;Digital_rights_management;EPUB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;BBeB;BBeB; BIAS_Peak Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Digital_audio_editor;Macintosh;Digital_audio_workstation;MacWorld;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;BIAS_Peak;BIAS_Peak; BMP_file_format Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Raster_graphics;Raster_graphics;Display_device;Microsoft_Windows;Data_compression;Microsoft_Windows;Hexadecimal;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Windows_XP;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Flash;GIMP;Google_Chrome;Portable_Network_Graphics;Graphical_user_interface;Lossless_data_compression;Truevision_TGA;International_Standard_Book_Number;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Raster_graphics;APNG;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;BMP_file_format;BMP_file_format; BMW Bayerische Motoren Werke AG pronunciation ( help · info ) ( BMW ; English: Bavarian Motor Works) is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company founded in 1917. BMW is headquartered in Munich , Bavaria , Germany . It also owns and produces the Mini marque, and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars . BMW produces motorcycles under BMW Motorrad and Husqvarna brands. In 2010, the BMW group produced 1,481,253 automobiles and 112,271 motorcycles across all its brands. Germany;Land_Rover;Hydrogen;Hydrogen;General_Motors;Taiwan;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Bangkok_Post;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project;Land_Rover;Land_Rover;Land_Rover;BAE_Systems;Land_Rover;BAE_Systems;General_Motors;Chrysler;European_Union;Europe;Deutsche_Telekom;Nokia;Germany;Germany;Deutsche_Telekom;BMW;BMW; BSD_License BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses . The original license was used for the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix-like operating system after which it is named. The original owners of BSD were the Regents of the University of California because BSD was first written at the University of California, Berkeley . The first version of the license was revised, and the resulting licenses are more properly called modified BSD licenses. Two variants of the license, the New BSD License/Modified BSD License, [ 1 ] and the Simplified BSD License/FreeBSD License [ 2 ] have been verified as GPL - compatible free software licenses by the Free Software Foundation , and have been vetted as open source licenses by the Open Source Initiative , [ 3 ] while the original, 4-clause license has not been accepted as an open source license and, although the original is considered to be a free software license by the FSF, the FSF does not consider it to be compatible with the GPL due to the advertising clause. [ 4 ] Being a permissive free software license , the license places minimal restrictions on how the software can be redistributed. This is in contrast to copyleft licenses, which have reciprocity / share-alike requirements. Free_Software_Foundation;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution; Backchannel Backchannel is the practice of using networked computers to maintain a real-time online conversation alongside live spoken remarks. The term was coined in the field of Linguistics to describe listeners' behaviours during verbal communication, Victor Yngve 1970. The term "backchannel" generally refers to online conversation about the topic or the speaker. Occasionally backchannel provides audience members a chance to fact-check the presentation. First growing in popularity at technology conferences, backchannel is increasingly a factor in education where WiFi connections and laptop computers allow students to use ordinary chat like IRC or AIM to actively communicate during class. More recently, researchers from Penn State University have explored bringing "backchannel" up front in classrooms using what they call " ClassCommons ," to increase students' participation in large size classes. Twitter is also widely used today by audiences to create backchannels at technology conferences. When audience members add an event hashtag to their tweets (for example, #w2e was the hashtag used for the Web 2.0 Expo New York in 2009), anyone can run a Twitter search to review all the backchannel tweets related to that event. Computer;WiFi;Laptop;Internet_Relay_Chat;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Blog;Video_conferencing;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype;Backchannel;Backchannel; Backend Front end and back end are generalised terms that refer to the initial and the end stages of a process. [ citation needed ] The front end is responsible for collecting input in various forms from the user and processing it to conform to a specification the back end can use. The front end is an interface between the user and the back end. Software_design;Operating_system;Graphical_user_interface;Unix;Source_code; Backlight Liquid_crystal_display;Liquid_crystal_display;Cathode_ray_tube;Green;Pixel;NTSC;Sony;VAIO;Dell;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Cinema_Display;IMac;Backlight;Backlight; Backplane A backplane (or "backplane system") is a group of connectors connected in parallel with each other, so that each pin of each connector is linked to the same relative pin of all the other connectors forming a computer bus . It is used as a backbone to connect several printed circuit boards together to make up a complete computer system . Backplanes commonly use a printed circuit board but wire wrapped backplanes have also been used in minicomputers and high reliability applications. Early personal computers like the Apple II and the IBM PC integrated an internal backplane for expansion cards . [ citation needed ] While a motherboard may include a backplane for the addition of feature cards, a backplane can stand alone as a separate entity. A backplane is generally differentiated from a motherboard by the lack of on-board processing and storage elements. A backplane uses plug-in cards for storage and processing. Backplanes are normally used in preference to cables because of their greater reliability . In a cabled system, the cables need to be flexed every time that a card is added to or removed from the system; and this flexing eventually causes mechanical failures. A backplane does not suffer from this problem, so its service life is limited only by the longevity of its connectors. For example, the DIN 41612 connectors used in the VMEbus system can withstand 50 to 500 insertions and removals (called mating cycles ), depending on their quality. To transmit information Serial Back-Plane technology uses a low voltage differential signaling transmission method for sending information. [ 1 ] In addition, there are bus expansion cables which will extend a computer bus to an external backplane, usually located in an enclosure, to provide more or different slots than the host computer provides. These cable sets have a transmitter board located in the computer, an expansion board in the remote backplane, and a cable between the two. Personal_computer;VMEbus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Parallel_SCSI;Backplane;Backplane; Backside_illumination A back-illuminated sensor , also known as backside illumination ( BSI or BI ) sensor, is a type of digital image sensor that uses a novel arrangement of the imaging elements to increase the amount of light captured and thereby improve low-light performance. The technique was used for some time in specialized roles like low-light security cameras and astronomy sensors, but was complex to build and required further refinement to become widely used. Sony was the first to reduce these problems and their costs sufficiently enough to introduce a 5 Mpx 1.75 µm BI CMOS sensor at general consumer prices in 2009. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] BI sensors from OmniVision Technologies have since been used in consumer electronics from other manufactures as in the HTC EVO 4G , [ 3 ] and as a major selling point for the camera in Apple's iPhone 4 . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Backlight;OmniVision_Technologies;Digital_camera;OmniVision_Technologies; Backup_software Backup software are computer programs used to perform backup ; they create supplementary exact copies of files, databases or entire computers. These programs may later use the supplementary copies to restore the original contents in the event of data loss . Removable_media;CD;Data_compression;Hard_drive;Data_compression;Encryption;List_of_backup_software;Backup_software;Backup_software; Backward_compatibility In telecommunications and computing , a product or technology is backward or downward compatible if it can work with input generated by an older product or technology. [ 1 ] If products designed for the new standard can receive, read, view or play older standards or formats, then the product is said to be backward-compatible; examples of such a standard include data formats and communication protocols . The reverse is forward compatibility , which implies that old devices allow (or are expected to allow) data formats generated by new (or future) devices, perhaps without supporting all new features. A standard supports forward compatibility if older product versions can receive, read, view, or play the new standard. For example, the introduction of FM stereo transmission allowed backward compatibility since new FM radio receivers could receive monaural signals generated by old transmitters. It also allowed forward compatibility, since old monaural FM radio receivers still could receive a signal from a new transmitter. In programming languages, backward compatibility refers to the ability of a compiler for version N of the language to accept programs or data that worked under version N - 1. [ 2 ] By this definition, if previous versions ( N - 1, N - 2, etc.) were also backward compatible, which is often the case, then, by induction, version N will also accept input that worked under any prior version after, and including, the latest one that was not backward compatible. However, in practice, features are often deprecated and support is dropped in a later release, which is yet thought of as backward compatible.) In other contexts, a product or a technology is said to be backward compatible when it is able to fully take the place of an older product, by inter-operating with products that were designed for the older product. [ 3 ] [ need quotation to verify ] A data format is also said to be backward compatible with its predecessor if every message or file that is valid under the old format is also valid, and retains its meaning, under the new. [ 4 ] Compiler;NTSC;DVD;CD;PowerPC;Xbox;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Excel;Operating_system;Windows_NT;PCI_Express;International_Standard_Book_Number;Backward_compatibility;Backward_compatibility; Backwards_compatibility In telecommunications and computing , a product or technology is backward or downward compatible if it can work with input generated by an older product or technology. [ 1 ] If products designed for the new standard can receive, read, view or play older standards or formats, then the product is said to be backward-compatible; examples of such a standard include data formats and communication protocols . The reverse is forward compatibility , which implies that old devices allow (or are expected to allow) data formats generated by new (or future) devices, perhaps without supporting all new features. A standard supports forward compatibility if older product versions can receive, read, view, or play the new standard. For example, the introduction of FM stereo transmission allowed backward compatibility since new FM radio receivers could receive monaural signals generated by old transmitters. It also allowed forward compatibility, since old monaural FM radio receivers still could receive a signal from a new transmitter. In programming languages, backward compatibility refers to the ability of a compiler for version N of the language to accept programs or data that worked under version N - 1. [ 2 ] By this definition, if previous versions ( N - 1, N - 2, etc.) were also backward compatible, which is often the case, then, by induction, version N will also accept input that worked under any prior version after, and including, the latest one that was not backward compatible. However, in practice, features are often deprecated and support is dropped in a later release, which is yet thought of as backward compatible.) In other contexts, a product or a technology is said to be backward compatible when it is able to fully take the place of an older product, by inter-operating with products that were designed for the older product. [ 3 ] [ need quotation to verify ] A data format is also said to be backward compatible with its predecessor if every message or file that is valid under the old format is also valid, and retains its meaning, under the new. [ 4 ] Compiler;NTSC;DVD;CD;PowerPC;Xbox;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Excel;Operating_system;Windows_NT;PCI_Express;International_Standard_Book_Number;Backward_compatibility;Backward_compatibility; Baidu Baidu, Inc. ( Chinese : 百 度 ; pinyin : Bǎidù , pronounced BY-doo in English, NASDAQ : BIDU ), incorporated on January 18, 2000, is a Chinese web services company headquartered in the Baidu Campus in Haidian District , Beijing, People's Republic of China. [ 3 ] Baidu offers many services, including a Chinese language search engine for websites, audio files, and images. Baidu offers 57 search and community services including Baidu Baike , an online collaboratively built encyclopedia, and a searchable keyword-based discussion forum. [ 4 ] Baidu was established in 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. Both of the co-founders are Chinese nationals who studied and worked overseas before returning to China. In September 2011 [update] , Baidu ranked 6th overall in the Alexa Internet rankings. [ 5 ] During Q4 of 2010, it is estimated that there were 4.02 billion search queries in China of which Baidu had a market share of 56.6%. China's internet-search revenue share in second quarter 2011 by Baidu is 76% [ 6 ] In December 2007, Baidu became the first Chinese company to be included in the NASDAQ-100 index. [ 7 ] Baidu provides an index of over 740 million web pages, 80 million images, and 10 million multimedia files. [ 8 ] Baidu offers multimedia content including MP3 music and movies, and is the first in China to offer Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and personal digital assistant (PDA) based mobile search . Baidu released its low-cost smartphone, Changhong H5018. [ 9 ] NASDAQ;Thailand;Internationalization_and_localization;Chinese_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Chinese_language;NASDAQ;Multimedia;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Personal_digital_assistant;Dow_Jones_and_Company;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Windows_Media_Audio;Macromedia_Flash;Web_browser;Operating_system;Web_browser;Google_Chrome;Computing_platform;Software_application;Microsoft;Bing;Tencent_QQ;Digital_object_identifier;Reuters;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Baidu;Baidu; Balloon_help Balloon help was a help system introduced by Apple Computer in their 1991 release of System 7.0 . The name referred to the way the help text was displayed, in " balloons ", like those containing the words in a comic strip . The name has since been used by many to refer to any sort of pop-up help text. [ citation needed ] Apple_Computer;Resource_fork;ResEdit;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;GUI_widget;Context_menu;Balloon_help;Balloon_help; Bamipine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Mepyramine;Thenalidine;Tripelennamine;Chloropyramine;Promethazine;Tolpropamine;Dimetindene;Clemastine;Isothipendyl;Diphenhydramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Bamipine;Bamipine; Bandcamp Operating_system;Audio_file_format;FLAC;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Vorbis;Apple_Lossless;Digital_Rights_Management;Digital_rights_management;Online_music_store;Lifehacker;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Bandcamp;Bandcamp; Bandit.fm Sony;Online_music_store;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;Sony;Sony;Australia;New_Zealand;Connect_Player;Sony;Digital_Rights_Management;IPod;IPhone;IPad;Sony;Australia;New_Zealand;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Television;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Bandit.fm;Bandit.fm; Bandizip Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Computing_platform;File_size;Megabyte;Megabyte;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;ARJ;Gzip;Xz;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Bandizip;Bandizip; Bangalore Bangalore ( ˈbæŋɡəlɔr ( help · info ) ), also rendered Bengaluru ( ['beŋgəɭuːɾu] ( help · info ) ) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka . Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration . Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world. [ 5 ] A succession of South Indian dynasties ruled the region of Bangalore until in 1537 AD, Kempé Gowdā —a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire —established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by the Marāthās and Mughals, the city remained under the Mysore kingdom , which is now a part of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British and a major city of the Princely State of Mysore which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj . Following the independence of India in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore state , and remained capital when the new Indian state of Karnataka was formed in 1956. As a large and growing metropolis, Bangalore is home to many well-recognized colleges and research institutions in India. Numerous public sector heavy industries , software companies, aerospace , telecommunications, and defence organisations are located in the city. Bangalore is known as the Silicon Valley of India because of its position as the nation's leading IT exporter. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] A demographically diverse city, Bangalore is a major economic and cultural hub and the second fastest growing major metropolis in India. [ 9 ] United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;San_Francisco;California;United_States;California;United_States;United_States;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Cisco_Systems;Motorola;Nokia;Microsoft;Toyota;Shenzhen;Hong_Kong;Bangalore;Bangalore; Bangkok_Post The Bangkok Post is a broadsheet , English -language daily newspaper published in Bangkok , Thailand . The first issue was sold on August 1, 1946. It had four pages and cost 1 baht , a considerable amount at the time. The newspaper was founded by Alexander MacDonald, a former OSS officer, and his Thai associate Prasit Lulitanond. Thailand at the time was the only Southeast Asian country to have a Soviet Embassy , and the American embassy felt it needed an independent but pro-American paper to present its views. Some sources claim the financing came directly from the State Department or possibly even the OSS itself. Nevertheless, under MacDonald's stewardship, the Bangkok Post was reasonably independent and employed many young newsmen, including Peter Arnett and T. D. Allman , who later became known internationally. In a country where media censorship is common, the Bangkok Post portrays itself as being comparatively free. There are notable instances where this was clearly untrue and the newspaper has often been accused of self-censorship to avoid controversy or conflict with powerful individuals. A ubiquitous example of this is an unwillingness to criticize the Thai monarchy, which would constitute an illegal act and would, doubtlessly, be hugely unpopular as an act of lèse-majesté . Another example of self-censorship, until recent years, was an unwillingness to point out influential and corrupt individuals. Yet another example of censorship was the newspaper's failure, during the Vietnam War , to report upon forays from U.S. Air Force bases in Thailand over North Vietnam and Cambodia . At the time none of these missions received coverage in the local press. Alex MacDonald left Thailand after a military coup in the 1950s, and the newspaper was later led by Roy, Lord Thomson . The paper has since changed hands. Major shareholders in Post Publishing include the Chirathivat family (owners of Central Group ), the South China Morning Post of Hong Kong and GMM Grammy Pcl , Thailand's biggest media and entertainment company. A rival English language newspaper, the evening Bangkok World , was begun in the 1960s, but was bought by the Bangkok Post in 1971 and not long afterwards was shut down. Nowadays, the main competition comes from The Nation , a Thai-owned and managed newspaper. The Nation includes more campaigning journalism and is more royalist than the Bangkok Post . It also has ties to the governing Democrat Party and reports more on the South Thailand insurgency . The Bangkok Post , by contrast, employs several former student activists, the so-called "October people", and portrays news from an urban, middle-class point of view, styling itself as a "family newspaper." During the tenure of prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra , the Post largely toed the government line—at one point bowing to government pressure by firing a reporter who had exposed cracks in the runway of the prestige project Suvarnabhumi Airport along with the news editor [1] —while the Nation actively campaigned for Thaksin to resign. This should, however, not be taken as all-out support for Thaksin but has its roots in the fact that the premier drew a number of October people into his government and in concerns for advertising clients. Since the military coup that deposed Thaksin in 2006, the Post has been more outspoken in its criticism of the old power clique that took over and urged a swift return to democracy. (Source needed) The daily also campaigns in columns and features for an austere, reformed version of Buddhism free of Thailand's traditional animist elements, which it views as superstitions, and against corruption in the official Buddhist establishment or Sangha . (Unverified, and probably unverifiable. Source needed.) The Bangkok Post was well known for Bernard Trink 's weekly Nite Owl column which covered the nightlife of Bangkok. Trink's column was published from 1966 (originally in the Bangkok World ) until 2004, when it was discontinued. The newspaper has a lively letters page where expatriate and Thai regulars exchange opinions on local concerns. An investigation (Source needed) into the widespread censoring of commenters by the Bangkok Post to its website further underscored the many public accusations and criticisms of censorship that have plagued the Bangkok Post over the years. Calling into question its policies and neutrality as a news organization. Numerous websites have arisen in response to the issue of arbitrary censorship of commenters (Source needed) and have threatened to launch an effort to boycott the Bangkok Post entirely. (Source needed) A boycott or public backlash over censorship would likely have negative repercussions to the Bangkok Post' s already declining circulation. (Source needed on declining circulation) The Bangkok Post has yet to respond publicly to the issues of censorship. English_language;English_language;Thailand;Vietnam;Cambodia;Hong_Kong;Bangkok_Post;Bangkok_Post; Barack_Obama Barack Hussein Obama II ( i / b ə ˈ r ɑː k h uː ˈ s eɪ n oʊ ˈ b ɑː m ə / ; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States . He is the first African American to hold the office. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii , Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School , where he was president of the Harvard Law Review . He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree . He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, running unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives in 2000. Several events brought Obama to national attention during his 2004 campaign to represent the state of Illinois in the United States Senate in 2004, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won the Senate election in November 2004, serving until his resignation following his 2008 presidential election victory. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton , he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain , and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012 . As president, Obama signed economic stimulus legislation in the form of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 in response to the 2007–2009 recession in the United States . Other major domestic policy initiatives include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 , and the Budget Control Act of 2011 . In foreign policy, Obama ended US military involvement in the Iraq War , increased troop levels in Afghanistan , signed the New START arms control treaty with Russia , ordered U.S. military involvement in Libya , and ordered the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden . In May 2012, he became the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support legalizing same-sex marriage . United_States_House_of_Representatives;Economics;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;General_Motors;Chrysler;Wikisource;International_Herald_Tribune;Grammy_Award;Audiobook;National_Football_League;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Bloomberg_L.P.;Digital_object_identifier;The_Washington_Post;Associated_Press;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Huffington_Post;USA_Today;Associated_Press;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Guardian;Open_Directory_Project;Barack_Obama;Barack_Obama; Baudline The baudline time-frequency browser is a signal analysis tool designed for scientific visualization . It runs on several Unix operating systems under the X Window System . Baudline is useful for real-time spectral monitoring, collected signals analysis, generating test signals, making distortion measurements, and playing back audio files. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Software_license;Unix;Lossy_compression;Data_acquisition;Raster_graphics;Equalization;Surround_sound;AIFF;Au_file_format;WAV;FLAC;Ogg;Vorbis;Audio_Video_Interleave;File_format;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Digital_signal_processing;Baudline;Baudline; Beamdog Beamdog is a digital distribution platform. Beamdog facilitates the purchase, download and updating of software. Beamdog was founded by Trent Oster, Bioware co-founder and Cameron Tofer, former Bioware lead programmer. [ 1 ] The service was launched in July 2010. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Computing_platform;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;America_Online;Eurogamer;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Beamdog;Beamdog; Beatport Beatport is an online music store specializing in electronic dance music and culture. Beatport is a privately held company owned and operated by Beatport LLC and based in Denver , Colorado and Berlin , Germany. Operating_system;Audio_file_format;WAV;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Digital_Rights_Management;Online_music_store;Electronic_dance_music;Native_Instruments;Adobe_Flash;Digital_rights_management;Juno_Records;Beatport;Beatport; Beep_Media_Player Beep Media Player with default skin BMP Development Team 0.9.7.1 (October 22, 2005 ; 6 years ago ( 2005-10-22 ) ) [ ± ] none (none) [ ± ] Programming language used Translation available GNU General Public License www.sourceforge.net/projects/beepmp The Beep Media Player ( BMP ) was a free audio player , [ 1 ] based on the XMMS multimedia player. The lead developer was Milosz “deadchip” Derezynski. [ 2 ] The BMP is mainly a port of XMMS to GTK+ 2 and, as such, integrates better with the look and feel of more recent versions of GNOME , Xfce , and, if using the GTK-QT theme engine for KDE, KDE desktop environments. Like XMMS, BMP looks like Winamp and even supports Winamp and XMMS skins. [ citation needed ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;XMMS;Winamp;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Beep_Media_Player;Beep_Media_Player; Begriffsschrift Begriffsschrift (German for, roughly, "concept-script") is a book on logic by Gottlob Frege , published in 1879, and the formal system set out in that book. It is generally considered the work that marks the birth of modern logic. [ citation needed ] Begriffsschrift is usually translated as concept writing or concept notation ; the full title of the book identifies it as "a formula language , modeled on that of arithmetic , of pure thought ." The Begriffsschrift was arguably the most important publication in logic since Aristotle founded the subject. Frege's motivation for developing his formal approach to logic resembled Leibniz 's motivation for his calculus ratiocinator (despite that, in his Foreword Frege clearly denies that he reached this aim, and also that his main aim would be constructing an ideal language like Leibniz's, what Frege declares to be quite hard and idealistic, however, not impossible task). Frege went on to employ his logical calculus in his research on the foundations of mathematics , carried out over the next quarter century. Gottlob_Frege;Formal_system;Language;Calculus_ratiocinator;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Gottlob_Frege;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Begriffsschrift;Begriffsschrift; Bejeweled OS: Windows 98/ME/2000/XP/Vista. Memory: 128 MB RAM . DirectX : 7.0. Processor : Pentium II, 350MHz or faster. Bejeweled is a tile-matching puzzle video game by PopCap Games , first developed for browsers in 2001 . Three follow-ups to this game have been released. More than 75 million copies of Bejeweled have been sold, and the game has been downloaded more than 150 million times. [ 3 ] Computing_platform;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Adobe_Flash;Personal_digital_assistant;Palm_OS;Smartphone;Mobile_phone;IPod;Windows_Phone;Xbox;Facebook;Megabyte;Random_access_memory;DirectX;Adobe_Flash;Internet;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Personal_digital_assistant;Palm_OS;Smartphone;Palm_OS;Xbox;ITunes_Store;Web_application;IOS;IPad;Bejeweled;Bejeweled; Belgium – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 50°51′N 4°21′E  /  50.85°N 4.35°E  / 50.85; 4.35 Largest metropolitan area Official language(s) Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy [ 1 ] Chamber of Representatives Declared from the Netherlands 30,528 km 2 ( 139th ) 11,007,020 [ 2 ] ( 76th ) 354.7 [ 3 ] /km 2 ( 33rd ) $413.281 billion [ 4 ] ( 30th ) $37,736 [ 4 ] ( 20th ) $513.396 billion [ 4 ] ( 21st ) $46,878 [ 4 ] ( 16th ) Euro ( € ) 1 ( EUR ) Before 1999: Belgian franc (BEF). The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. Belgium ( i / ˈ b ɛ l dʒ əm / BEL -jəm ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO . [ nb 1 ] Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe , Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers , mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers , mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers . Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia . The Brussels-Capital Region , officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. [ 7 ] A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. [ 8 ] Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries , which used to cover a somewhat larger area than the current Benelux group of states. The region was called Belgica in Latin because of the Roman province Gallia Belgica which covered more or less the same area. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, it was a prosperous centre of commerce and culture. From the 16th century until the Belgian Revolution in 1830, when Belgium seceded from the Netherlands , many battles between European powers were fought in the area of Belgium, causing it to be dubbed the battleground of Europe, [ 11 ] a reputation strengthened by both World Wars. Upon its independence, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution [ 12 ] [ 13 ] and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa . [ 14 ] The second half of the 20th century was marked by the rise of contrasts between the Flemish and the Francophones fuelled by differences of language and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia. This ongoing antagonism has caused far-reaching reforms , changing the formerly unitary Belgian state into a federal state, and a long period of political instability . Europe;European_Union;French_language;German_language;European_Union;Netherlands;Luxembourg;European_Commission;Luxembourg;Netherlands;Vocal_music;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Wikisource;Europe;Albania;Austria;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;European_Union;Austria;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Albania;Austria;Bulgaria;Canada;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Kyrgyzstan;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Australia;Japan;Mongolia;Thailand;Albania;Austria;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Mauritania;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;European_Union;European_Union;Netherlands;Albania;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Australia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;Belgium;Belgium; Belkin Belkin International, Inc. , is a Californian manufacturer of consumer electronics that specializes in connectivity devices, headquartered in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California . [ 2 ] Belkin sells in both the consumer and the commercial market, with various product lines including routers , iPod and iPhone accessories, mobile computing accessories, surge protectors , switches , hubs ( USB and computer network ), cables , KVM switches , racks and enclosures, and other peripherals. California;California;IPod;IPhone;Universal_Serial_Bus;California;California;California;Netbook;Gizmodo;The_Register;Slashdot;Belkin;Belkin; Bell_Mobility Toronto , Ontario ( 1986 ) Mississauga , Ontario George Cope - President BlackBerries , Apple iPhone , PocketPC, Palm, Wireless Data Services, Two way messaging , Picture and Video Messaging ( MMS ), Video Calling Bell Mobility Headquarters in Mississauga, Ontario - "Creekbank Campus" Bell Mobility is a CDMA and HSPA+ based wireless network (named Bell Cellular until 1993) and the division of Bell Canada which sells wireless services in Canada . In July 2006, Bell Mobility assumed responsibility for the former Aliant wireless operations in Atlantic Canada as part of a larger restructuring of both Bell and Aliant, and continued to do business there as Aliant Mobility until re-branding as Bell in April 2008. [ 1 ] Bell Mobility and its affiliates combined have over 7 million subscribers as of the end of Q2 2011 , including over 5.7 million or 79% on postpaid and over 1.5 million or 20% on prepaid. [ 2 ] Bell-owned Virgin Mobile Canada and Solo Mobile , as well as Loblaw 's PC Mobile , operate as MVNOs on the Bell Mobility network. Some of Bell Canada's regional subsidiaries continue to operate their own wireless networks separate from (but generally allowing for roaming with) Bell Mobility; these are Northwestel (NMI Mobility and Latitude Wireless), Télébec (Télébec Mobilité), and NorthernTel (NorthernTel Mobility). Bell Mobility is a member of the British Columbia Technology Industry Association . Wireless;BlackBerry;Apple_iPhone;Short_message_service;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;CDMA;Wireless;Canada;Sprint_Nextel;United_States;Smartphone;Samsung;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;Research_In_Motion;Rogers_Wireless;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;WebOS;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;Google;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Instant_messaging;Smartphones;Evolved_HSPA;Palm_Pre;IPhone;Rogers_Wireless;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Smartphone;Palm_Pre;Smartphone;United_States;Canadian_dollar;Google_Talk;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;Rogers_Wireless;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;Defunct;Bell_Mobility;Bell_Mobility; Ben_Folds Benjamin Scott "Ben" Folds (born September 12, 1966) is an American singer-songwriter and record producer. From 1995-2000, Folds was the frontman and pianist of the alternative rock band Ben Folds Five . Since the group temporarily disbanded, Folds has performed as a solo artist and has toured all over the world. He has also collaborated with musicians such as William Shatner , Regina Spektor and "Weird Al" Yankovic and undertaken experimental songwriting projects with authors such as Nick Hornby and Neil Gaiman . In addition to contributing music to the soundtracks of the animated films Over the Hedge , and Hoodwinked! , Folds produced Amanda Palmer 's first solo album and has been a judge on the NBC a cappella singing contest The Sing-Off since 2009. [ 1 ] Rock_music;Musician;Guitar;Piano;Synthesizer;Record_label;Sara_Bareilles;NBC;Extended_play;Japan;Session_musician;Rock_music;Australia;Album;Guitar;Extended_play;Record_producer;Arrangement;PDF;Way_to_Normal;NBC;Sara_Bareilles;DVD;Synthesizer;Way_to_Normal;Rolling_Stone;Way_to_Normal;Way_to_Normal;Ben_Folds;Ben_Folds; Benin – in Africa ( blue purple ) – in the African Union ( blue ) — [ Legend ] 6°28′N 2°36′E  /  6.467°N 2.6°E  / 6.467; 2.6 Official language(s) Ethnic groups (2002) Multiparty democracy 112,622 km 2 ( 101st ) 9,598,787 [ 1 ] ( 89th ) 78.1/km 2 ( 120th ) $14.683 billion [ 2 ] $7.306 billion [ 2 ] 36.5 [ 3 ] ( medium ) West African CFA franc ( XOF ) not observed ( UTC +1) Cotonou is the seat of government. Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. Benin i / b ɨ ˈ n iː n / (formerly, Dahomey ), officially the Republic of Benin , is a country in West Africa . It is bordered by Togo to the west, by Nigeria to the east and by Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. A majority of the population live on its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin . [ 4 ] The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo , but the seat of government is in Cotonou , the country's largest city. Benin covers an area of approximately 110,000 square kilometers (42,000 sq mi), with a population of approximately 9.05 million. Benin is a tropical , sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture , with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming . [ 5 ] The official language of Benin is French , however, indigenous languages such as Fon and Yoruba are commonly spoken. The largest religious group in Benin is Roman Catholicism , followed closely by Islam , Vodun and Protestantism . Benin is a member of the United Nations , the African Union , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone , La Francophonie , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority . [ 6 ] From the 17th to the 19th century, modern day Benin was ruled by the Kingdom of Dahomey . This region was referred to as the Slave Coast from as early as the 17th century due to the large number of slaves shipped to the New World during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade . After slavery was abolished, France took over the country and renamed it French Dahomey . In 1960, Dahomey gained full independence from France, bringing in a democratic government for the next 12 years. [ 7 ] A Marxist-Leninist state called the People's Republic of Benin existed between 1972 and 1990. Many sources state this regime led to repression and the collapse of the economy. The Republic of Benin was formed in 1991 which brought in multiparty elections. [ 7 ] French_language;France;Burkina_Faso;Burkina_Faso;United_States_dollar;French_language;Funk;Soul_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Argentina;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Burkina_Faso;Chad;The_Gambia;Liberia;Sierra_Leone;Albania;Belgium;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;The_Gambia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Liberia;Burkina_Faso;Burkina_Faso;Chad;The_Gambia;Liberia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Burkina_Faso;Liberia;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Benin;Benin; Benzatropine InChI=1S/C21H25NO/c1-22-18-12-13-19(22)15-20(14-18)23-21(16-8-4-2-5-9-16)17-10-6-3-7-11-17/h2-11,18-21H,12-15H2,1H3/t18-,19+,20+ Y Key:GIJXKZJWITVLHI-PMOLBWCYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Benzatropine ( INN ), also known as benztropine ( USAN , BAN ), is an anticholinergic marketed under the trade name Cogentin which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease , parkinsonism , and dystonia . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Trade_name;Antipsychotic;Urinary_retention;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Chlorphenoxamine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Profenamine;Tropatepine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Benzatropine;Benzatropine; Bepotastine InChI=1S/C21H25ClN2O3/c22-17-8-6-16(7-9-17)21(19-4-1-2-12-23-19)27-18-10-14-24(15-11-18)13-3-5-20(25)26/h1-2,4,6-9,12,18,21H,3,5,10-11,13-15H2,(H,25,26) Y Key:YWGDOWXRIALTES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Bepotastine ( Talion ) is an antihistamine . [ 1 ] It was approved in Japan for use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria / pruritus in July 2000 and January 2002, respectively, and is marketed by Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. under the brand name TALION. TALION was co-developed by Tanabe Seiyaku and Ube Industries, Ltd., who discovered bepotastine. In 2001, Tanabe Seiyaku granted Senju exclusive worldwide rights, with the exception of certain Asian countries, to develop, manufacture and market bepotastine for ophthalmic use. Senju, in turn, has granted the United States rights for the ophthalmic preparation to ISTA Pharmaceuticals , Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical company located in Irvine, CA . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Japan;Urticaria;United_States;Digital_object_identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Bepotastine;Bepotastine; Bertelsmann_Music_Group Sony_Music_Entertainment;Japan;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Music_industry;Sony_BMG;Universal_Music_Group;Coldplay;Britney_Spears;Christian_music;Der_Spiegel;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Television;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;Bertelsmann_Music_Group; Bertrand_Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell , OM , FRS [ 1 ] (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher , logician , mathematician , historian , and social critic . [ 2 ] At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal , a socialist , and a pacifist , but he also admitted that he had never been any of these in any profound sense. [ 3 ] He was born in Monmouthshire , into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain. [ 4 ] Russell led the British "revolt against idealism " in the early 20th century. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege and his protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein . He is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. [ 2 ] He co-authored, with A. N. Whitehead , Principia Mathematica , an attempt to ground mathematics on logic. His philosophical essay " On Denoting " has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy." [ 5 ] His work has had a considerable influence on logic , mathematics , set theory , linguistics , computer science (see type theory and type system ), and philosophy , especially philosophy of language , epistemology , and metaphysics . Russell was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed anti-imperialism [ 6 ] [ 7 ] and went to prison for his pacifism during World War I . [ 8 ] Later, he campaigned against Adolf Hitler , then criticised Stalinist totalitarianism , attacked the United States of America 's involvement in the Vietnam War , and was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament . [ 9 ] In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought ." [ 10 ] Logical_atomism;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Gottlob_Frege;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Computer_science;Type_system;Suicide;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Japan;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Logical_atomism;Gottfried_Leibniz;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Project_Gutenberg;Internet_Archive;Gottlob_Frege;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Logical_atomism;Logical_atomism;Formal_system;Formal_system;Recursion;Gottlob_Frege;David_Hilbert;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Gottlob_Frege;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Logical_atomism;Language;Language;Bertrand_Russell;Bertrand_Russell; Bertrand_Serlet Bertrand Serlet , born 1960, is a French researcher. PhD in Computer Science at Université Paris-Sud 11 (Université d'Orsay) , he worked first at the Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique ( INRIA ). He left France for USA in 1985. He was the former Senior Vice President of Software Engineering at Apple Inc , where he worked from 1997 to 2011. [ 1 ] He succeeded Avie Tevanian to the position in July 2003. [ 2 ] In this position he has been primarily responsible for the release of Mac OS X Tiger , Leopard and Snow Leopard . Before Apple he worked at Xerox PARC and NeXT . [ 1 ] Serlet holds a doctorate in Computer Science from the University of Paris-Sud , France. [ 1 ] He spoke at WWDC 2006 on the perceived similarities between Mac OS X Tiger and Windows Vista , including the comparison of Apple's Aqua interface and Microsoft's Aero interface. Serlet poked fun at the apparent visual similarities and referenced a 2004 WWDC banner that read, "Redmond, start your photocopiers" — a reference to Microsoft headquarters which is in Redmond, Washington . [ 3 ] He also spoke at WWDC 2009 and gave an in-depth demonstration of Snow Leopard , which included further references to Microsoft's Windows operating system — claiming that Windows 7 is just another version of their highly criticized Vista release, citing the ongoing use of the Windows registry , DLLs, the User Account Control subsystem and existence of an interactive disk defragmenter. He led development of the Workspace manager in NEXTSTEP and OPENSTEP . [ citation needed ] He also led the Mac OS X team from its inception. [ citation needed ] On March 23, 2011, Apple announced that Bertrand Serlet was leaving the company "to focus less on products and more on science." [ 4 ] According to BusinessInsider, he has founded a startup in cloud computing called Upthere with other former Apple employees. [ 5 ] In July, 2012 he joined the board of directors of Parallels, Inc. . [ 6 ] Apple_Inc;Mac_OS_X;NeXT;WWDC;Windows_Vista;WWDC;Windows_Vista;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;John_Sculley;Steve_Jobs;Tim_Cook;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Jonathan_Ive;Philip_W._Schiller;Scott_Forstall;Bob_Mansfield;Bertrand_Serlet;Bertrand_Serlet; Best_Buy Verizon_Wireless;Massachusetts;Sony;DVD;VOIP;Mexico;Toshiba;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Napster;Computer;Software;Video_game;DVD;Mobile_phone;Digital_camera;Video_camera;Shenzhen;VoIP;National_Hockey_League;United_Kingdom;Warranty;Los_Angeles_Times;Palm_Pre;Multimedia;Smartphone;Canada;WSJ;Los_Angeles_Times;CNET;Bloomberg_Businessweek;Associated_Press;The_Guardian;Reuters;Spanish_language;BusinessWeek;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Flash;Reuters;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Facebook;The_Guardian;Associated_Press;CNBC;Los_Angeles_Times;Engadget;Los_Angeles_Times;Thomson_Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Thomson_Reuters;Target_Corporation;Best_Buy;Best_Buy; Betahistine InChI=1S/C8H12N2/c1-9-7-5-8-4-2-3-6-10-8/h2-4,6,9H,5,7H2,1H3 Y Key:UUQMNUMQCIQDMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Betahistine hydrochloride (brand names Serc , Hiserk , Betaserc ) is an anti vertigo drug. It was first registered in Europe in 1970 for the treatment of Ménière's disease . It is commonly prescribed to patients with balance disorders or to alleviate vertigo symptoms associated with Ménière's disease . Betahistine also functions as a selective histamine receptor H 1 agonist and H 3 antagonist. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;Route_of_administration;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Cinnarizine;Flunarizine;Betahistine;Betahistine; Betazole 2-(2 H -Pyrazol-3-yl)ethanamine InChI=1S/C5H9N3/c6-3-1-5-2-4-7-8-5/h2,4H,1,3,6H2,(H,7,8) Y Key: JXDFEQONERDKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C5H9N3/c6-3-1-5-2-4-7-8-5/h2,4H,1,3,6H2,(H,7,8) Key: JXDFEQONERDKSS-UHFFFAOYAY N (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Betazole is a histamine H 2 receptor agonist . Also known as Ametazole. Betazole hydrochloride is known as gastramine and histalog. It has been used as a gastric stimulant to test for maximal production of gastric secretion activity [ 1 ] The test can be used in diagnosis of diseases such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome where there is excess acid production, in this case driven by over production of gastrin . The volume of acid secretion is measured following administration of betazole, diagnosis being secretion greater than 60% of the maximal acid secretion following betazole stimulation. This procedure can lead to complications and should be avoided in subjects with coronary artery disease [ 2 ] It is also used in diagnosis of gastritis in association with a test for secretin activity Betazole is used as a stimulant in preference to histamine because of its specificity for the H 2 receptor and its advantage of not generating the undesirable side effects that histamine would induce. It therefore does not require concomitant use of antihistaminic compounds to block the actions of histamine at other histamine receptor types. Its action in stimulating histamine release can be of use when testing the effectiveness of H2 receptor blocking drugs such as Nizatidine . [ 3 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;DrugBank;Nizatidine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Histamine;Methylene_blue;Betazole;Betazole; BetterZip Mac_OS_X;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;German_language;French_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Spanish_language;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Commercial_software;Proprietary_software;Shareware;Data_compression;Mac_OS_X;Archive_Utility;Apple_Inc.;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;BetterZip;BetterZip; Beyond_TV Beyond TV is digital video recorder / media center software for Microsoft Windows produced by the American company SnapStream originally released in 2000 as Personal Video Station . [ 2 ] Like most media center software, and devices such as TiVo and Sky+ , Beyond TV has a 10-foot user interface design for the living-room TV, and allows you to watch, pause and record live TV, as well as scheduled recording, and recording of shows regularly. It also allows you to search for a show in its electronic program guide , allowing the user to find out when shows are on without having to search through all the listings themselves. Some of the more powerful and unique functions that Beyond TV sports are SmartSkip, the ability to automatically detect scene changes, including commercials, and then quickly jump between them, and ShowSqueeze, the ability to automatically compress your TV recordings to other formats and profiles. Beyond TV can also be used in a server - client configuration, allowing one computer to host all your media and TV tuning capabilities, while other computers which are connected to it via a network can stream this information. These additional computers could also be connected to TVs for more comfortable viewing. As of Beyond TV 4.5, SnapStream now offers an optional DVD burning plug-in. This plug-in allows you to burn directly from the application to DVD. DVD burning is only supported for mpeg2 recorded shows. Beyond TV 4.9.0 now enables placeshifting through its web admin interface. Beyond TV 4 was featured in PCWorld.ca's guide to turning your PC into a PVR [ 3 ] Although the company has not officially announced that Beyond TV is no longer being supported or has been discontinued, it is widely believed that this is indeed the case, as the last update was in 2010. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Home_theater_PC;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Digital_video_recorder;Home_theater_PC;Microsoft_Windows;TiVo;Digital_video_recorder;Microsoft_Windows;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Beyond_TV;Beyond_TV; Bhutan Nepal;Nepal;United_States;Television;Internet;USD;European_Union;Thailand;Macau;Hong_Kong;Asia;Europe;Canada;Brazil;United_States;United_Kingdom;Bhutan;Hong_Kong;Nepal;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;Bhutan;Nepal;Sri_Lanka;Asia;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Nepal;Sri_Lanka;Australia;European_Union;Japan;United_States;Australia;Belgium;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;Bhutan;Bhutan; Big_Buck_Bunny Big Buck Bunny (code-named Peach ) is a short computer animated film by the Blender Institute, part of the Blender Foundation . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Like the foundation's previous film Elephants Dream , the film was made using Blender , a free software application for animation made by the same foundation. Free_software;DVD;Sun_Microsystems;Sun_Microsystems;Internet_Archive;Big_Buck_Bunny;Big_Buck_Bunny; Big_Fish_Games Big Fish Games is a provider of Internet media delivery software and game services based in Seattle , Washington . The company was founded in 2002 by Paul Thelen, [ 1 ] and currently employs more than 600 people. Most of Big Fish Games' titles can be played for free in trial form, with the full version available for a fee. Big Fish Games has several lines of business including distribution of downloadable casual games, free online browser games , game development and game licensing, and most recently a social networking site for casual game players to share opinions and information about games. United_States;Internet;Social_networking;RealNetworks;RealNetworks;Big_Fish_Games;Big_Fish_Games; Bilastine 2-[4-(2-{4-[1-(2-Ethoxyethyl)-1 H -benzimidazol-2-yl]-1-piperidinyl}ethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid O=C(O)C(c1ccc(cc1)CCN4CCC(c2nc3ccccc3n2CCOCC)CC4)(C)C InChI=1S/C28H37N3O3/c1-4-34-20-19-31-25-8-6-5-7-24(25)29-26(31)22-14-17-30(18-15-22)16-13-21-9-11-23(12-10-21)28(2,3)27(32)33/h5-12,22H,4,13-20H2,1-3H3,(H,32,33) Y Key: ACCMWZWAEFYUGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C28H37N3O3/c1-4-34-20-19-31-25-8-6-5-7-24(25)29-26(31)22-14-17-30(18-15-22)16-13-21-9-11-23(12-10-21)28(2,3)27(32)33/h5-12,22H,4,13-20H2,1-3H3,(H,32,33) Key: ACCMWZWAEFYUGZ-UHFFFAOYAW N (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Bilastine (tradename: Bilaxten) is an antihistamine drug for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria (hives). It exerts its effect as a selective histamine H 1 receptor antagonist , [ 1 ] and has a potency similar to cetirizine and is superior to fexofenadine . [ 2 ] It was approved for use in the European Union in 2010. [ 3 ] It was developed in Spain by FAES Farma and recently approved in 28 countries of the European Union (EU) for the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria. It meets the current European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact of Asthma (ARIA) criteria for medication used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis . [ 4 ] Bilastine has been effective in the treatment of ocular symptoms and diseases of allergies, including rhinoconjuctivitis. [ 2 ] Additionally, bilastine has been shown to improve quality of life, and all nasal and ocular symptoms related to allergic rhinitis. [ 4 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;International_Chemical_Identifier;Urticaria;Cetirizine;Fexofenadine;Astemizole;Diphenhydramine;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Bilastine;Bilastine; Bill_Kincaid William S. "Bill" Kincaid (born March 10, 1956) is an American computer engineer and entrepreneur notable for creating the MP3 player SoundJam MP with Jeff Robbin that was eventually bought by Apple and renamed iTunes . Robbin and Kincaid worked for Apple in the 1990s as system software engineers on their operating system project Copland ; the project was later abandoned. Both left Apple, where Robbin created Conflict Catcher and Kincaid worked at a startup. After listening to a show on the radio channel NPR , Kincaid created hardware and device driver support for the Diamond Rio line of digital audio players. He then enlisted Jeff Robbin to develop the front-end for an MP3 -playing software they named SoundJam MP . Dave Heller completed the core team. The three chose Casady Greene as distributor, whom Jeff had previously worked with to distribute Conflict Catcher. The software saw early success in the Mac music player market, competing with Panic's Audion . In early 2000 Apple was looking to purchase an MP3 player and approached both Casady Greene (SoundJam) and Panic (Audion). Because Panic was caught up in negotiations with AOL , the meeting never took place. [ 2 ] Turning to Casady Greene, Apple purchased the rights to the SoundJam software in a deal covered by a two-year secrecy clause. [ 3 ] SoundJam MP was renamed iTunes . Jeff, Bill, and Dave became the original developers of the software. All three continue to work at Apple, with Jeff as the current lead developer of iTunes. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In his spare time, he enjoys racing. In a racing profile, he says “A buddy and I wrote Apple's iTunes software and helped develop the iPod and the Apple music store. It wouldn't have happened if I hadn't heard about MP3 on the radio on the way to a race...” [ 1 ] United_States;Software_developer;SoundJam_MP;ITunes;United_States;SoundJam_MP;ITunes;Operating_system;SoundJam_MP;AOL;ITunes;Bill_Kincaid;Bill_Kincaid; Billboard_Music_Award Grammy_Award;Garth_Brooks;George_Harrison;Grammy_Award;American_Music_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;TEC_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Billboard_Music_Award; Bing Bing (formerly Live Search , Windows Live Search , and MSN Search ) is a web search engine (advertised as a " decision engine " [ 2 ] ) from Microsoft . Bing was unveiled by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28, 2009 at the All Things Digital conference in San Diego. It went fully online on June 3, 2009, [ 3 ] with a preview version released on June 1, 2009. Notable changes include the listing of search suggestions as queries are entered and a list of related searches (called "Explore pane") based on [ 4 ] semantic technology from Powerset that Microsoft purchased in 2008. [ 5 ] On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo! Search . [ 6 ] All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners are expected to have made the transition by early 2012. [ 7 ] In October 2011, Bing announced it is working on new back-end search infrastructure, with the goal of delivering faster and slightly more relevant search results for users. Known as "Tiger," the new index-serving technology has been incorporated into Bing globally, since August 2011. [ 8 ] In May 2012, Bing announced another redesign of its search engine that includes "Sidebar," a social feature that searches users' social networks for information relevant to the search query. [ 9 ] Slogan;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;User_interface;Facebook;Facebook;Chinese_language;English_language;American_English;British_English;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Korean_language;Spanish_language;Chinese_language;English_language;American_English;British_English;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Korean_language;Spanish_language;JavaScript;Facebook;Silverlight;Wolfram_Alpha;United_States;Microsoft_Gadgets;San_Francisco;Amazon.com;Microsoft;Internet_Explorer;BlackBerry;Google;Mozilla_Firefox;Microsoft;Japanese_language;Cloud_computing;Thomson_Reuters;Application_software;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Bing;Bing; Bing_Answers Bing (formerly Live Search , Windows Live Search , and MSN Search ) is a web search engine (advertised as a " decision engine " [ 2 ] ) from Microsoft . Bing was unveiled by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28, 2009 at the All Things Digital conference in San Diego. It went fully online on June 3, 2009, [ 3 ] with a preview version released on June 1, 2009. Notable changes include the listing of search suggestions as queries are entered and a list of related searches (called "Explore pane") based on [ 4 ] semantic technology from Powerset that Microsoft purchased in 2008. [ 5 ] On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo! Search . [ 6 ] All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners are expected to have made the transition by early 2012. [ 7 ] In October 2011, Bing announced it is working on new back-end search infrastructure, with the goal of delivering faster and slightly more relevant search results for users. Known as "Tiger," the new index-serving technology has been incorporated into Bing globally, since August 2011. [ 8 ] In May 2012, Bing announced another redesign of its search engine that includes "Sidebar," a social feature that searches users' social networks for information relevant to the search query. [ 9 ] Slogan;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;User_interface;Facebook;Facebook;Chinese_language;English_language;American_English;British_English;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Korean_language;Spanish_language;Chinese_language;English_language;American_English;British_English;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Korean_language;Spanish_language;JavaScript;Facebook;Silverlight;Wolfram_Alpha;United_States;Microsoft_Gadgets;San_Francisco;Amazon.com;Microsoft;Internet_Explorer;BlackBerry;Google;Mozilla_Firefox;Microsoft;Japanese_language;Cloud_computing;Thomson_Reuters;Application_software;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Bing;Bing; Bink_Video Bink is a proprietary video file format (extension .bik) developed by RAD Game Tools , and primarily used for full-motion video sequences in video games . It has been used in many games for Windows , Mac OS , Xbox 360 , Xbox , GameCube , Wii , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 2 , Nintendo DS , and Sony PSP . [ 1 ] The format includes its own video and audio codecs , supporting resolutions from 320×240 all the way up to high definition video. It is bundled as part of the RAD Video Tools along with RAD Game Tools' previous video codec, Smacker video . It is a hybrid block-transform and wavelet codec capable of using 16 different encoding techniques allowing it to compress any type of video. The codec places emphasis on lower decoding requirements over other video codecs with specific optimizations for the different computer game consoles it supports. The format was reverse-engineered by the FFmpeg project and Bink decoding is supported by the open-source libavcodec library. [ 2 ] Filename_extension;Type_code;Video;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Xbox;Video_codec;Codec;Smacker_video;Codec;FFmpeg;Libavcodec;Smacker_video;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Multimedia;Software;Bink_Video;Bink_Video; Bioavailability Route_of_administration;Route_of_administration;Enzyme;Hepatic;Renal;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;Plasma_protein_binding;Inverse_agonist;Bioavailability;Bioavailability; BitLord 2.1.1 (May 26, 2012 ; 2 months ago ( 2012-05-26 ) ) 2.0 (October 5, 2011 ; 10 months ago ( 2011-10-05 ) ) [ ± ] Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X BitLord is a free BitTorrent client for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X , promoted as "The easiest torrent downloader". It is written in Python and GTK+ . The program uses the libtorrent-rasterbar C++ library . BitLord was first released in December 2004, as BitLord 0.56, based on and under license from BitComet . As of Version 1.2 BitLord is based on Deluge , but has added several features of its own. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Vuze;Broadcatching;LimeWire;QBittorrent;Vuze;BitLord;BitLord; BitlBee BitlBee is a cross-platform IRC instant messaging gateway , licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License . BitlBee communicates with the user via the IRC protocol , providing a gateway to popular chat networks such as AIM and ICQ via OSCAR , .NET Messenger Service , Yahoo! and XMPP (including Google Talk and Facebook chat [ 1 ] ) [ 2 ] and the microblogging networks Twitter , [ 3 ] Identi.ca , and status.net . Since version 3.0, BitlBee can be built to use the libpurple library, which supports file transfers on many IM networks, and supports GaduGadu, QQ and other less well-known protocols. [ 4 ] It supports the display of remote user status using the IRC voice attribute: online users are shown with voice, away users are shown without. [ 5 ] Many IRC commands such as /WHO and /QUERY are available, though the capabilities of the remote IM protocols limits which IRC commands will work. [ 5 ] It can be installed and operated on a user's personal computer, a local server, [ 2 ] or accessed on public gateway servers. [ 6 ] A user registers with the BitlBee server for future credentials storage. Service protocols are added along with their credentials; following this, the software will display the user's buddy list as normal IRC users in a channel. [ 2 ] Conversations can be public, or use the private message facility of IRC. [ 7 ] BitlBee runs on Linux , Unix , BSD , Windows , AmigaOS [ 2 ] and Mac OS X . The software has been reviewed positively. Vladi Belperchinov-Shabanski wrote that the software made his "dream come true", of only needing a single chat client open on his desktop, to access multiple IM protocols. [ 5 ] Windows_Live_Messenger;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Instant_messaging;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Talk;Linux;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;International_Standard_Book_Number;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Instant_messaging;Centericq;Kopete;Miranda_IM;Qnext;Web_application;Web_browser;BitlBee;BitlBee; Bitplane Software;Switzerland;Microsoft_Windows;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;Bitplane;Bitplane; BlackBerry BlackBerry is a line of smartphone devices developed and designed by Research In Motion (RIM). The first BlackBerry smartphone was released in 1999. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The latest BlackBerry 7 devices were announced in the Summer of 2011. BlackBerry devices are smartphones, which are designed to function as personal digital assistants , portable media players , internet browsers, gaming devices, cameras and much more. They are primarily known for their ability to send and receive ( push ) email and instant messages while maintaining a high level of security through on-device message encryption. BlackBerry devices support a large variety of instant messaging features, with the most popular being the proprietary BlackBerry Messenger service. BlackBerry accounts for 3% of mobile device sales worldwide in 2011, making its manufacturer RIM the sixth most popular device maker (25% of mobile device sales are smartphones). [ 3 ] The consumer BlackBerry Internet Service is available in 91 countries worldwide on over 500 mobile service operators using various mobile technologies. [ 4 ] As of October 2011, there were seventy million subscribers worldwide to BlackBerry. [ 5 ] In 2011 the Caribbean and Latin America, had the highest penetrations of BlackBerry smartphones worldwide – with up to about 45 per cent in the region having a RIM device. [ 6 ] Modern GSM -based BlackBerry handhelds incorporate an ARM 7, 9 or ARM 11 processor, [ 7 ] while older BlackBerry 950 and 957 handhelds used Intel 80386 processors. The latest BlackBerry models called " Torch " (Torch 9850/9860, Torch 9810, and Bold 9900/9930) have a 1.2 GHz MSM8255 Snapdragon processor , 768 MB system memory, and 8 GB of on-board storage. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] All BlackBerry smartphones after OS 5 support up to 32 GB microSD cards. 2 Operating system 3 Supported software 3.1 BlackBerry Messenger 3.2 Third-party software 5.1 BlackBerry Enterprise Server 5.2 BlackBerry Internet Service 5.3 Phones with BlackBerry email client 6 The BlackBerry Store 8.1 How To Find The PIN 9 RIM patent infringement litigation 11.1 President Barack Obama's use 11.2 Use by government forces 11.3 Organized crime use 11.4 RIM's view of users 11.5 Use by Bangalore Traffic Police 19 External links The first BlackBerry device, the 850, was introduced in 1999 as a two-way pager in Munich, Germany. The name BlackBerry was coined by the marketing company Lexicon Branding . In 2003, the more commonly known smartphone BlackBerry was released, which supports push email, mobile telephone, text messaging, Internet faxing, Web browsing and other wireless information services. It is an example of a convergent device. The original BlackBerry devices, the RIM 850 and 857, used the DataTac network. BlackBerry first made headway in the marketplace by concentrating on email. RIM currently offers BlackBerry email service to non-BlackBerry devices, such as the Palm Treo , through its BlackBerry Connect software. [ 10 ] The original BlackBerry device had a monochrome display, but all current models have color displays. All models, except for the Storm series and the all-touch Torch 9850/9860 have a built-in QWERTY keyboard, optimized for " thumbing ", the use of only the thumbs to type. The Storm 1 and Storm 2 include a SureType keypad for typing. Originally, system navigation was achieved with the use of a scroll wheel mounted on the right side of phones prior to the 8700. The trackwheel was replaced by the trackball with the introduction of the Pearl series which allowed for 4 way scrolling. The trackball was replaced by the optical trackpad with the introduction of the Curve 8500 series. Models made to use iDEN networks such as Nextel and Mike also incorporate a push-to-talk (PTT) feature, similar to a two-way radio . [ edit ] Operating system Main article: BlackBerry OS The operating system used by BlackBerry devices is a proprietary multitasking environment developed by RIM. The operating system is designed for use of input devices such as the track wheel, track ball, and track pad. The OS provides support for Java MIDP 1.0 and WAP 1.2. Previous versions allowed wireless synchronization with Microsoft Exchange Server email and calendar, as well as with Lotus Domino email. OS 5.0 provides a subset of MIDP 2.0, and allows complete wireless activation and synchronization with Exchange email, calendar, tasks, notes and contacts, and adds support for Novell GroupWise and Lotus Notes . The BlackBerry Curve 9360, BlackBerry Torch 9810, Bold 9900/9930, Curve 9310/9320 and Torch 9850/9860 feature the most recent BlackBerry OS 7 (as of July 2012). Third-party developers can write software using these APIs, and proprietary BlackBerry APIs as well. Any application that makes use of certain restricted functionality must be digitally signed so that it can be associated to a developer account at RIM. This signing procedure guarantees the authorship of an application but does not guarantee the quality or security of the code. RIM provides tools for developing applications and themes for BlackBerry. Applications and themes can be loaded onto BlackBerry devices through BlackBerry App World, Over The Air (OTA) through the BlackBerry mobile browser, or through BlackBerry Desktop Manager. [ edit ] Supported software Further information: BlackBerry App World [ edit ] BlackBerry Messenger BlackBerry devices use the proprietary BlackBerry Messenger , also known as BBM, software for sending and receiving encrypted instant messages, voice notes, images and videos via BlackBerry PIN . Some of the features of BBM include groups, bar-code scanning, lists, shared calendars, BBM Music and integration with apps and games using the BBM social platform. [ edit ] Third-party software Third-party software available for use on BlackBerry devices includes full-featured database management systems , which can be used to support customer relationship management clients and other applications that must manage large volumes of potentially complex data. [ 11 ] In March 2011, RIM announced an optional Android player that could play applications developed for the android system would be available for the BlackBerry PlayBook , RIM's first entry in the tablet market. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] On August 24, 2011 Bloomberg News reported unofficial rumors that BlackBerry devices would be able to run Android applications when RIM brings QNX and the Android App Player to BlackBerry. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] On October 20, 2011 RIM officially announced that Android applications could run, unmodified, on the BlackBerry tablet and the newest BlackBerry phones, using the newest version of its operating system. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The latest BlackBerry devices such as the Bold 9900/9930, Torch 9810, 9850/9860 feature a Qualcomm Snapdragon MSM8260 CPU clocked at 1.2 GHz. Entry-level models, such as the Curve 9360, feature a Marvell PXA940 clocked at 800 MHz. Previous BlackBerry devices, such as the BlackBerry 9000 series, were equipped with XScale 624 MHz processors. [ 21 ] The BlackBerry Curve 8520 featured a 512 MHz processor, while the Bold 9700 featured a newer version of the Bold 9000's processor, but is clocked at the same speed. Early BlackBerry devices, such as the BlackBerry 950 , used Intel 80386 -based processors. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] BlackBerry 8000 series smartphones, such as the 8700 and the Pearl, are based on the 312 MHz ARM XScale ARMv5TE PXA900. An exception to this is the BlackBerry 8707 which is based on the 80 MHz Qualcomm 3250 chipset; this was due to the PXA900 chipset not supporting 3G networks. The 80 MHz processor in the BlackBerry 8707 meant the device was often slower to download and render web pages over 3G than the 8700 was over EDGE networks. [ edit ] Connectivity BlackBerry Smartphones for use at a museum in Canada. [ edit ] BlackBerry Enterprise Server BlackBerry smartphones can be integrated into an organization's email system through a software package called BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES). Versions of BES are available for Microsoft Exchange , Lotus Domino and Novell GroupWise . Google has made a Connector for BES which makes BES available for Google Apps as well. While individual users may be able to use a wireless provider's email services without having to install BES themselves, organizations with multiple users usually run BES on their own network. Some third-party companies provide hosted BES solutions. Every BlackBerry has an ID called a BlackBerry PIN, which is used to identify the device to the BES. BlackBerry now provides a free BES software called BES Express (BESX). [ 24 ] BES acts as an email relay for corporate accounts so that users always have access to their email. The software monitors the user's local Inbox, and when a new message comes in, it picks up the message and passes it to RIM's Network Operations Center (NOC). The messages are then relayed to the user's wireless provider, which in turn delivers them to the user's BlackBerry device. This is called push email , because all new emails, contacts, task entries, memopad entries, and calendar entries are pushed out to the BlackBerry device automatically and instantaneously (as opposed to the user synchronizing the data manually or having the device poll the server at intervals). BlackBerry also supports polling email, through third party applications. The messaging system built in to the BlackBerry only understands how to receive messages from a BES or the BIS, these services handle the connections to the user's mail providers. Device storage also enables the mobile user to access all data off-line in areas without wireless service. When the user reconnects to wireless service, the BES sends the latest data. An included feature in the newer models of the BlackBerry is the ability for it to quickly track your current location through trilateration without the use of GPS, thus saving battery life and time. Trilateration can be used as a quick, less battery intensive way to provide location-aware applications with the co-ordinates of the user. However, the accuracy of BlackBerry trilateration is less than that of GPS due to a number of factors, including cell tower blockage by large buildings, mountains, or distance. BES also provides handhelds with TCP/IP connectivity accessed through a component called MDS (Mobile Data System) Connection Service. [ 25 ] This allows for custom application development using data streams on BlackBerry devices based on the Sun Microsystems Java ME platform. In addition, BES provides network security, in the form of Triple DES [ 26 ] or, more recently, AES [ 27 ] encryption [ 28 ] [ 29 ] of all data (both email and MDS traffic) that travels between the BlackBerry handheld and a BlackBerry Enterprise Server. Most providers offer flat monthly pricing for unlimited data between BlackBerry units and BES. In addition to receiving email, organizations can make intranets or custom internal applications with unmetered traffic . With more recent versions of the BlackBerry platform, the MDS is no longer a requirement for wireless data access. Starting with OS 3.8 or 4.0, BlackBerry handhelds can access the Internet (i.e. TCP/IP access) without an MDS – formerly only email and WAP access was possible without a BES/MDS. The BES/MDS is still required for secure email, data access, and applications that require WAP from carriers that do not allow WAP access. [ edit ] BlackBerry Internet Service The primary alternative to using BlackBerry Enterprise Server is to use the BlackBerry Internet Service (BIS). BlackBerry Internet Service is available in 91 countries internationally. BlackBerry Internet Service was developed primarily for the average consumer rather than for the business consumer. The service also allows users to access POP3 , IMAP , and Outlook Web App (not via Exchange ActiveSync ) email accounts without connecting through a BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES). [ 30 ] . BlackBerry Internet Service allows up to 10 email accounts to be accessed, including proprietary as well as public email accounts (such as Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo and AOL). BlackBerry Internet Service also allows for the function of the push capabilities in various other BlackBerry Applications. Various applications developed by RIM for BlackBerry utilize the push capabilities of BIS, such as the Instant Messaging clients (like Google Talk, Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo Messenger). The MMS, PIN, interactive gaming, mapping and trading applications [ which? ] require data plans like BIS (not just Wi-Fi) for usage. The service is usually provisioned through a mobile phone service provider, though Research In Motion (RIM) (BlackBerry's developer) actually runs the service. [ 30 ] At 2011-10-10 10:00 UTC there was an outage in Europe, the Middle East and Africa , affecting millions of users. [ 31 ] There was another outage just the next day. [ 32 ] By October 12, 2011, the Blackberry Internet Service went down in North America. [ 33 ] Research in Motion has been attributing data overload due to switch failures in their two data centres in Waterloo in Canada and Slough in England as the cause of the service disruptions. [ 33 ] [ edit ] Phones with BlackBerry email client Several non-BlackBerry mobile phones have been released featuring the BlackBerry email client which connects to BlackBerry servers. Many of these phones have full QWERTY keyboards HTC Advantage X7500 Motorola MPx220, some models Nokia Eseries phones, except models Nokia E66 , Nokia E71 Sony Ericsson M600i [ edit ] The BlackBerry Store In December 2007 a BlackBerry Store opened in Farmington Hills, Michigan. As of 2009 [update] , it is the only BlackBerry store in existence, but it was not the first. There were three prior attempts at opening BlackBerry stores in Toronto, London (UK), and Charlotte, [ 34 ] but they eventually folded. [ 35 ] The store offers BlackBerry device models from AT T , T-Mobile , Verizon , and Sprint , the major U.S. carriers which offer smartphones . As of 2012, there are several BlackBerry Stores in Mexico. Although they are branded with the BlackBerry Store logo they do not sell smartphones, as they focus on selling protective covers and other accessories for BlackBerry products. Blackberry Torch 9860 A BlackBerry Pearl 8100 Original BlackBerry Main article: List of BlackBerry products BlackBerry 7 devices: BlackBerry Bold series (2011): BlackBerry Bold 9900/9930/9790 BlackBerry Porsche Design (2012): BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9981 BlackBerry Torch series (2011): BlackBerry Torch 9810 BlackBerry Torch series (2011): BlackBerry Torch 9850/9860 BlackBerry Curve series (2011): BlackBerry 9350 / 9360 / 9370 / 9380 BlackBerry 6 devices: BlackBerry Torch series (2010): BlackBerry Torch 9800 BlackBerry Curve series (2010): BlackBerry Curve 9300/9330 BlackBerry Style 9670 (2010) BlackBerry Pearl series (2010): BlackBerry Pearl 3G 9100/9105 BlackBerry Bold series (2010–2011): BlackBerry Bold 9780/9788 BlackBerry 5 devices: BlackBerry Bold series (2008–2010): BlackBerry Bold 9000/9700/9650 BlackBerry Tour series (2009): BlackBerry Tour (9630) BlackBerry Storm series (2009): BlackBerry Storm2 (9520/9550) BlackBerry Storm series (2008): BlackBerry Storm (9500/9530) BlackBerry Curve series (2009–2010): BlackBerry Curve 8900 (8900/8910/8980) BlackBerry Curve series(2009): BlackBerry Curve 8520/8530 Blackberry 4 and earlier devices: BlackBerry 8800 series (2007): BlackBerry 8800/8820/8830 BlackBerry Pearl series (2006): BlackBerry Pearl 8100/8110/8120/8130 BlackBerry Pearl Flip series (2008): BlackBerry Pearl Flip 8220/8230 BlackBerry Curve series (2007): BlackBerry Curve 8300 (8300/8310/8320/8330/8350i) Early pager models: 850, 857, 950 , 957 Monochrome Java-based series: 5000, 6000 First color series: 7200, 7500, 7700 First SureType phone series: 7100 [ edit ] BlackBerry PIN BlackBerry PIN is an eight character hexadecimal identification number assigned to each BlackBerry device. PINs cannot be changed manually on the device (though BlackBerry technicians are able to reset or update a PIN server-side), and are locked to each specific BlackBerry. BlackBerrys can message each other using the PIN directly or by using the BlackBerry Messenger application. BlackBerry PINs are tracked by BlackBerry Enterprise Servers , and the BlackBerry Internet Service , and are used to direct messages to a BlackBerry device. Emails and any other messages, such as those from the BlackBerry Push Service, are typically directed to a BlackBerry's PIN. The message can then be routed by a RIM Network Operations Center , and sent to a carrier, which will deliver the message the last mile to the device. Example of a BlackBerry PIN:28D13EED. [ edit ] How To Find The PIN Select Options, then Status and you will then see an 8-digit alphanumeric ID labeled "PIN:". This can also be done by typing "mypin" and adding a space in any typing field. Select Settings, Options, then Status. [ edit ] RIM patent infringement litigation In 2000 NTP sent notice of its wireless email patents to a number of companies and offered to license the patents to them. NTP brought a patent-infringement lawsuit against one of the companies, Research In Motion , in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia . This court is well known for its strict adherence to timetables and deadlines, sometimes referred to as the " rocket docket ", and is particularly efficient at trying patent cases. [ 36 ] The jury eventually found that the NTP patents were valid, that RIM had infringed them, that the infringement had been "willful," and that the infringement had cost NTP $33 million in damages (the greater of a reasonable royalty or lost profits). The judge, James R. Spencer , increased the damages to $53 million as a punitive measure because the infringement had been willful. He also instructed RIM to pay NTP's legal fees of $4.5 million and issued an injunction ordering RIM to cease and desist infringing the patents. This would have shut down the BlackBerry systems in the US. [ 37 ] RIM appealed all of the findings of the court. The injunction and other remedies were stayed pending the outcome of the appeals. In March 2005 during the appeals process, RIM and NTP tried to negotiate a settlement of their dispute; the settlement was to be for $450 million. Negotiations broke down due to other issues. On June 10, 2005, the matter returned to the courts. In early November 2005 the US Department of Justice filed a brief requesting that RIM's service be allowed to continue because of the large number of BlackBerry users in the US Federal Government. [ 38 ] In January 2006 the US Supreme Court refused to hear RIM's appeal of the holding of liability for patent infringement, and the matter was returned to a lower court. The prior granted injunction preventing all RIM sales in the US and use of the BlackBerry device might have been enforced by the presiding district court judge had the two parties been unable to reach a settlement. On February 9, 2006, the US Department of Defense (DOD) filed a brief stating that an injunction shutting down the BlackBerry service while excluding government users was unworkable. The DOD also stated that the BlackBerry was crucial for national security given the large number of government users. On February 9, 2006, RIM announced that it had developed software workarounds that would not infringe the NTP patents, and would implement those if the injunction was enforced. On March 3, 2006, after a stern warning from Judge Spencer, RIM and NTP announced that they had settled their dispute. Under the terms of the settlement, RIM has agreed to pay NTP $612.5 million (USD) in a “full and final settlement of all claims.” In a statement, RIM said that “all terms of the agreement have been finalized and the litigation against RIM has been dismissed by a court order this afternoon. The agreement eliminates the need for any further court proceedings or decisions relating to damages or injunctive relief.” The settlement amount is believed low by some analysts, because of the absence of any future royalties on the technology in question. [ 39 ] [ edit ] Certification A first generation BlackBerry Bold BCESA (BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Sales Associate, BCESA40 in full) is a BlackBerry Certification for professional users of RIM ( Research In Motion ) BlackBerry wireless email devices. The Certification requires the user to pass several exams relating to the BlackBerry Device, all its functions including Desktop software and providing technical support to Customers of BlackBerry Devices. The BCESA, BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Sales Associate qualification, is the first of three levels of professional BlackBerry Certification. BCTA (BlackBerry Certified Technical Associate) BlackBerry Certified Support Associate T2 More information on certifications is on the Blackberry.com website. [ 40 ] The BlackBerry Technical Certifications available are: BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Server Consultant (BCESC) BlackBerry Certified Server Support Technician (BCSST) BlackBerry Certified Support Technician (BCST) President Obama with his holstered BlackBerry on a flight to Caen, Normandy, France, 2009. The advanced encryption capabilities of the BlackBerry Smartphone make it eligible for use by government agencies and state forces alike. [ edit ] President Barack Obama's use The President of the United States, Barack Obama , became known for his dependence on a BlackBerry device for communication during his 2008 presidential campaign. Despite the security issues, he insisted on using it even after inauguration, [ 41 ] becoming the first President of the United States to use mobile email. [ 42 ] This was seen by some as akin to a "celebrity endorsement," which marketing experts have estimated to be worth between $25 and $50 million. [ 43 ] [ edit ] Use by government forces An example is the West Yorkshire Police , which has allowed the increase in the presence of police officers along the streets and a reduction in public spending, given that each officer could perform the work desk directly via the mobile device, [ 44 ] as well as in several other areas and situations. [ 45 ] The US Federal Government and Department of Defense are also prominent examples of BlackBerry device users, the latter agency even stating that the BlackBerry smartphone is "essential for national security" [ citation needed ] because of the large number of BlackBerry users in the government. The high encryption standard of BlackBerry smartphones and the PlayBook tablet allow them to be the only consumer handheld devices certified for use by US Government agencies. [ edit ] Organized crime use The Italian criminal group known as the 'Ndrangheta was reported on February 2009 to have communicated overseas with the Gulf Cartel , a Mexican drug cartel, through the use of the BlackBerry, since the texts are "normally difficult to intercept". [ 46 ] [ edit ] RIM's view of users RIM CEO Thorsten Heins has said that BlackBerry users have "Very little time to consume and enjoy content" and so do not need the third party apps that Android and Apple users enjoy. [ 47 ] [ edit ] Use by Bangalore Traffic Police Traffic Police in the Southern Indian city of Bangalore have begun using Blackberry devices to print e-receipt or e-challan for traffic offences. These are also used to store the details of booked cases in server. These devices are also used to retrieve the license information from server. [ 48 ] [ edit ] Competition The primary competitors of the BlackBerry are smartphones running Android , the Apple iPhone and Windows Phone . BlackBerry has struggled to compete against Android and Apple and its market share has plunged in recent years, leading to speculation that it will be unable to survive as an independent business. [ 49 ] However, it has managed to maintain significant positions in some markets. [ 50 ] [ edit ] Nicknames BlackBerry is widely referred to as "CrackBerry" in the United States, which alludes to its excessive use by its owners and is a reference to the addictiveness of crack cocaine . Use of the term CrackBerry became so widespread that in November 2006 Webster's New World College Dictionary named "crackberry" the "New Word of the Year." [ 51 ] [ edit ] Criticism In October 2011, BlackBerry users could not connect to the BlackBerry servers due to a major service failure. The services were interrupted for 4 days [ 52 ] in many parts of the world. RIM had announced that it would give all its users free apps worth $100 (£63) in an attempt to express apology for its service disruption. [ 53 ] [ edit ] BlackBerry 10 Main article: BlackBerry 10 This section does not cite any references or sources . (July 2012) Research in Motion is undergoing a major restructuring. Its new OS, BlackBerry 10 , is slated for release in the first quarter calendar 2013. At BlackBerry World 2012, RIM CEO Thorsten Heins showed off a few new features about the upcoming OS, including a camera which is able to go back in time to ensure a perfect shot, an intelligent, predictive, and adapting keyboard, and a user interface designed around the idea of "flow". [ edit ] See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: BlackBerry smartphones Comparison of smartphones Index of BlackBerry OS-related articles Science and technology in Canada T9 (predictive text) ^ "BlackBerry – Company" . Us.blackberry.com . http://us.blackberry.com/company.jsp . Retrieved December 3, 2010 . ^ Davis, Jim (January 20, 1999 @ 12:25 PM PST). "Short Take: BlackBerry wireless email device debuts" . CNet . http://news.cnet.com/Short-Take-BlackBerry-wireless-email-device-debuts/2110-1040_3-220388.html?tag=mncol;13n . Retrieved February 19, 2011 . ^ "Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 35 Percent in Third Quarter 2010; Smartphone Sales Increased 96 Percent" . Gartner . August 11, 2011 . http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1764714 . ^ "BlackBerry" . BlackBerry . http://www.blackberry.com/support/countries_of_availability.shtml . Retrieved December 3, 2010 . ^ Colapinto, John (3 October 2011). "Famous Names" . The New Yorker . http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/03/111003fa_fact_colapinto . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . ^ M., M. (November 3, 2011). "BlackBerry ‘leading’ the smartphone charge" . Nation Newspaper . http://www.nationnews.com/articles/view/blackberry-leading-the-smartphone-charge/ . Retrieved December 16, 2011 . "“In the Caribbean, we actually have the highest penetrations of BlackBerry Messenger worldwide – up to about 90 per cent. So every nine persons who buy a BlackBerry with a data plan is using BlackBerry Messenger,” said Friar. She further told the DAILY NATION: “I can say that BlackBerry in Latin America and the Caribbean holds the number one smartphone position with market share of over 45 per cent, based on industry stance.”" ^ "BlackBerry – Manuals and Guides" . blackberry.com. January 24, 2011 . http://docs.blackberry.com/en/ . Retrieved January 24, 2011 . ^ "BlackBerry – Manuals and Guides" . BlackBerry.com. January 24, 2011 . http://docs.blackberry.com/en/ . Retrieved January 24, 2011 . ^ Fjallfoss.fcc.gov ^ In 1999, the Canadian company Research In Motion (RIM) conceptualized a handheld email device. It was small and resembled a pager. It was designed to cater to business people and enabled them to have mobile wireless email communications. This new piece of equipment also served as a handheld calendar organizer. The BlackBerry was designed with the typical QWERTY keyboard format, similar to what one sees on a typewriter or computer keyboard. It has given the user the capability to type quickly using their thumbs. Over time, the BlackBerry acquired improved memory and display. RIM has worked with major partners, including Intel, to create its process ^ Maximizer Software Partners with McObject to Improve Mobile CRM on BlackBerry Devices , BlackBerry News Desk, Sys-Con Publishing, June 19, 2008. ^ Darryl Murphy (2011-03-24). "RIM adds Android app support to BlackBerry PlayBook via 'optional app player'" . engadget . http://www.engadget.com/2011/03/24/rim-adds-android-app-support-to-blackberry-playbook/ . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . "You read that right -- RIM just announced that its forthcoming BlackBerry PlayBook will support both BlackBerry Java and Android apps." mirror ^ Kevin Michaluk (2011-03-24). "Press Release: RIM Expands Application Ecosystem for BlackBerry PlayBook - ANDROID APPS on PLAYBOOK!!!" . Crackberry . http://crackberry.com/press-release-rim-expands-application-ecosystem-blackberry-playbook-android-apps-playbook . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . "Android apps won't come from Android Marketplace itself, but rather Android developers will simply have to repackage, code sign and submit their BlackBerry Java and Android apps to BlackBerry App World from where users will be able to download the apps." ^ "Repackage your apps for blackberry playbook" . https://bdsc.webapps.blackberry.com/android/ . mirror ^ Hugo Miller, Olga Kharif (2011-08-24). "BlackBerrys Said to Get Android Apps as RIM Seeks Sales Boost" . Bloomberg News . http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-24/blackberry-said-to-get-android-apps-as-rim-seeks-to-widen-device-s-appeal.html . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . "Research In Motion Ltd. (RIM), seeking to boost the appeal of its BlackBerrys and revive slowing sales, plans to enable models expected next year to run applications built for Google Inc. (GOOG)’s Android operating system, three people familiar with the plan said." mirror ^ Steve Kovach (2011-08-24). "BlackBerry Phones Will Get Android Apps -- Bloomberg" . Business Reader . http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-08-24/tech/30049567_1_qnx-android-apps-app-world . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . "RIM will add access to Android apps on BlackBerry phones that run its new QNX operating system, Bloomberg reports." mirror ^ "RIM's newer phones to get Android apps" . Reuters . 2011-08-25 . http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/25/rim-idUSL4E7JP03S20110825 . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . "The Canadian company plans to have the Android player already in the QNX-running phones when they go on sale rather than available as an upgrade, the report said." mirror ^ "Android Apps for BlackBerrys May Be Lackluster" . PC World . 2011-08-25 . http://www.pcworld.com/article/238786/android_apps_for_blackberrys_may_be_lackluster.html . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . "We're still waiting for Research in Motion to allow Android apps to run on its BlackBerry PlayBook tablet, as promised last March, but a new report says these apps will eventually run on future BlackBerry phones as well." mirror ^ "BBX, BlackBerry's latest purported saviour" . Daily Maverick . 2011-10-21 . http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-10-21-bbx-blackberrys-latest-purported-saviour . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . "Rui Brites, the director for product management in Africa told iMaverick that the new BBX system was RIM’s way of securing its future. “With BBX, we’ve opened up in a big way,” he said. “We have over 400,000 developers worldwide and have now developed tools for Android developers to submit their apps to the BlackBerry App World without needing to recode.”" ^ "BlackBerry maker’s area developer unit to fill gap" . Zimbabwe Telegraph . 2011-10-21 . http://www.zimtelegraph.com/?p=2234 . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . "The company introduced its BlackBerry BBX operating system on Tuesday, combining features from the existing BlackBerry platform and the QNX software it bought last year. The system, which doesn’t have a release date, includes new programming tools like HTML5 designed to make building apps easier." mirror ^ Gardner, W. David (May 12, 2008). "RIM Gets 'Bold' With 3G BlackBerry 9000" . InformationWeek . http://www.informationweek.com/news/personal_tech/blackberry/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207602677 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . ^ RIM Circa 1999: BlackBerry History Revisited , BlackBerry Cool, 13 July 2005. ^ http://the-gadgeteer.com/2001/02/26/rim_blackberry_950_review/ ^ BlackBerry Enterprise Server Express ^ "BlackBerry MDS Connection Service" . Research In Motion (RIM) . http://docs.blackberry.com/en/admin/deliverables/7335/BB_MDS_Connection_Service_267709_11.jsp . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . ^ How the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses Triple DES to encrypt data ^ How the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses AES to encrypt data ^ Encrypting data that the BlackBerry Enterprise Server and a BlackBerry device send to each other ^ Algorithms that the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses to encrypt data ^ a b " Email setup and integration ". Research In Motion. ^ BlackBerry services collapse - Telegraph ^ RIM explains BlackBerry downtime as outage spreads | Business of IT | ZDNet UK ^ a b Browning, Jonathan (2011-10-12). "RIM in ‘Race Against Clock’ as BlackBerry Disruption Spreads" . Bloomberg . http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-12/blackberry-maker-rim-still-clearing-data-backlog-vodafone-says.html?cmpid=bit . Retrieved 2012-05-31 . ^ Mildenberg, David (April 20, 2005). "Nexcom opens first U.S. BlackBerry store in Charlotte" . http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/stories/2005/04/18/daily41.html . ^ The inside scoop on the new BlackBerry Store | BB Geeks ^ NTP Inc. v. Research in Motion ^ Barrie McKenna, Paul Waldie and Simon Avery, Globe and Mail, February 21, 2006, "Patently Absurd: The inside story of RIM's wireless war theglobeandmail.com ^ Noguchi, Yuki, "Government Enters Fray Over BlackBerry Patents. Agencies Depend on Devices, Lawyers Say", Washington Post, November 12, 2005, Page D01 ^ Settlement reached in BlackBerry patent case – MSNBC.com ^ BlackBerry Training , Blackberry.com website ^ (AFP) – Jan 22, 2009 (January 22, 2009). "AFP: Obama wins first battle – to keep BlackBerry" . Google.com . http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i_lA-8XTYXUuHDjc-DazEDfvArxA . Retrieved December 3, 2010 . ^ "Tech savy Obama to use BlackBerry as president" . Indianexpress.com. January 22, 2009 . http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tech-savy-obama-to-use-blackberry-as-presiden.../413945/ . Retrieved December 3, 2010 . ^ Clifford, Stephanie (January 9, 2009). "For BlackBerry, Obama's Devotion Is Priceless" . The New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/09/business/media/09blackberry.html?_r=2 scp=2 sq=blackberyy,%20obama st=cse . ^ West Yorkshire Police Increase Visibility and Productivity with BlackBerry ^ BlackBerry Customer Success ^ "Narco-mafia se comunican por Blackberry" . CNN Expansion . 19 February 2009 . http://www.cnnexpansion.com/actualidad/2009/02/19/mafia-italiana-en-contacto-con-narcos . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . ^ Santo, Michael. "RIM admits they very nearly went with Android." Examiner , 4 August 2012. ^ . http://www.bangaloretrafficpolice.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content view=article id=48 btp=48 . ^ [" http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/blackberry/8985101/BlackBerry-market-share-slides-again-amid-takeover-talk.html " "BlackBerry market share slides again amid takeover talk"]. 2012-01-30 . " http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/blackberry/8985101/BlackBerry-market-share-slides-again-amid-takeover-talk.html " . Retrieved 2012-02-09 . ^ [" http://www.thestar.com/news/article/1120466 " "Why the Canadian love affair with BlackBerry isn’t over yet"]. 2012-01-24 . " http://www.thestar.com/news/article/1120466 " . Retrieved 2012-02-09 . ^ "Webster's New World(R) College Dictionary: Info Addicts Are All Thumbs" PRNewswire Nov. 1, 2006. Retrieved February 4, 2009. ^ "RIM faces compensation lawsuits over Blackberry outage." . BBC . http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15474910 . ^ "Blackberry Offers Free Apps. No News from Indian operators." . Gadgetronica . http://gadgetronica.com/blog/rim-100-dollar-apology.html . Blackberry;Smartphone;Research_In_Motion;Personal_digital_assistant;Portable_media_player;Push_technology;BlackBerry_Messenger;Mobile_device;GSM;ARM_architecture;BlackBerry_Torch;Secure_Digital;Lexicon_Branding;Web_browsing;DataTac;Palm_Treo;QWERTY;Thumb_keyboard;IDEN;Nextel;Push_to_talk;BlackBerry_OS;Operating_system;Mobile_Information_Device_Profile;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Lotus_Domino;Novell_GroupWise;Lotus_Notes;Digital_signature;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Messenger;Database_management_systems;Customer_relationship_management;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Bloomberg_News;CPU;ARM_architecture;XScale;EDGE;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Lotus_Domino;Novell_GroupWise;Google_Apps;Network_Operations_Center;Push_email;Trilateration;Sun_Microsystems;Java_ME;Triple_DES;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Intranet;Wireless_Application_Protocol;IMAP;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;Research_In_Motion;Canada;HTC_TyTN;Nokia_Eseries;Siemens_AG;Verizon_Wireless;Sprint_Nextel;Smartphones;BlackBerry_Pearl;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Pearl_Flip;Hexadecimal;BlackBerry_Messenger;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;Network_Operations_Center;Research_In_Motion;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia;Rocket_docket;James_R._Spencer;US_Department_of_Justice;US_Supreme_Court;Injunction;US_Department_of_Defense;BlackBerry_Bold;Research_In_Motion;Barack_Obama;West_Yorkshire_Police;PlayBook;Gulf_Cartel;Bangalore;Apple_iPhone;Windows_Phone;Addictiveness;Crack_cocaine;Comparison_of_smartphones;Science_and_technology_in_Canada;PocketMac;CNet;Gartner;Engadget;Crackberry;Bloomberg_News;Reuters;Zimbabwe_Telegraph;Research_In_Motion;International_Standard_Book_Number;Research_In_Motion;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry;BlackBerry; BlackBerry_App_World BlackBerry App World is an application distribution service and application by Research In Motion (RIM) for a majority of BlackBerry devices. The service provides BlackBerry users with an environment to browse, download, and update third-party applications . The service went live on April 1, 2009. Of the three major app providers, it has the largest revenue per app at $9,166.67 compared to $6,480.00 and $1,200.00 by the Apple App Store and Android Market, respectively. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Computing_platform;BlackBerry;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;French_language;Italian_language;German_language;Spanish_language;Chinese_language;Japanese_language;List_of_software_categories;Digital_distribution;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_distribution;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Mobile_apps;United_States;United_Kingdom;Canada;English_language;French_language;Italian_language;German_language;Spanish_language;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Torch;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;MicroSD;Crackberry;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_App_World; BlackBerry_Bold The BlackBerry Bold is a line of smartphones developed by Research in Motion . The family was launched in 2008 with the 9000 Model. In 2009 the form factor was shrunk with the 9700 and the Tour 9630 . In 2010 RIM released the 9650 and 9780 refresh with OS 6. In 2011 came the 9788 and 9790 along with the current flagship - the 9900/9930 series. The 9900/9930 and 9790 are touchscreen smartphones, released in August and November 2011. The Bold family is known for its distinctive form factor; efficient, finger-friendly QWERTY keyboard, typical BlackBerry messaging capabilities with a distinctive, more premium keyboard than the Curve series. The Bold series is usually more expensive and has more premium materials (e.g. leather, soft touch, carbon fiber, metal) unlike the curve (plastic, glossy), and has much better specs. There are two basic form factors with the Bold line, the original larger size on the 9000 and 9900 Series and the "baby bold" form factor the other models have. BlackBerry_Tour;QWERTY;BlackBerry;Mobile_phone;Research_In_Motion;RSS;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Powerpoint;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;BlackBerry;BlackBerry_Tour;GSM;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;BlackBerry;Mobile_phone;Research_In_Motion;Tethering;Canada;United_Kingdom;Canada;United_States;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_States;Australia;Australia;Hong_Kong;Canada;United_States;BlackBerry;BlackBerry_Tour;GSM;BlackBerry;Display_device;Pixel;Pixel;Central_processing_unit;Data_storage_device;Random_access_memory;Trackpad;WiFi;Bluetooth;Operating_system;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Megapixel;Megapixel;Megapixel;Display_device;Pixel;TFT_LCD;Pixel_density;Pixel;TFT_LCD;Pixel_density;Central_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;Data_storage_device;Touchscreen;Accelerometer;Magnetometer;Compass;GPS;Assisted_GPS;Enhanced_Data_Rate;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;CDMA;Operating_system;BlackBerry_OS;GSM;GSM;CDMA;GSM;CDMA;GSM;GSM;GSM;Megapixel;Frame_rate;Megapixel;Frame_rate;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Bold; BlackBerry_Charm The BlackBerry Charm (7100 series) is a mobile phone made by Research In Motion . It is most notable for being the first BlackBerry with SureType Technology, allowing full keyboard and text support with a standard phone keypad. There are currently seven versions of this model. BlackBerry;Mobile_phone;Research_In_Motion;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Charm; BlackBerry_Curve Smartphone;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_Pearl;Camera_phone;EDGE;EDGE;GPS;Verizon_Wireless;GPS;IDEN;CNET;BlackBerry;Mobile_phone;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry;Smartphone;GSM;CDMA;Rogers_Wireless;Touchscreen;BlackBerry_Torch;TechRadar;Display_device;Pixel;Pixel;Pixel;Central_processing_unit;Bluetooth;GSM;Display_device;Pixel;Central_processing_unit;Bluetooth;TechRadar;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_Curve; BlackBerry_Electron The BlackBerry Electron (8703/ 8700/ 8707) was a series of BlackBerry smart phones developed by Research In Motion . [ 1 ] The specification of devices in the series included: [ 2 ] USB (with Mass Storage Mode support) 35-key QWERTY Keyboard Built-in Speakerphone SMS, MMS, Email, Instant Messaging Lithium Ion Rechargeable Battery Sprint_Nextel;Cellular_network;CDMA;GSM;Ringtones;USB;BlackBerry;Research_In_Motion;USB;QWERTY;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Electron; BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server BlackBerry;Research_In_Motion;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Lotus_Domino;Novell_GroupWise;Zimbra;Google_Apps;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server; BlackBerry_Internet_Service The BlackBerry Internet Service ( BIS ) is a service that provides BlackBerry smartphone users with access to Internet browsing, allows email messaging, instant messaging using the BlackBerry Messenger service, and more. The service also allows users to access POP3 , IMAP , and Outlook Web App ( not via Exchange ActiveSync ) email accounts without connecting through a BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES). [ 1 ] The service is usually provisioned through a mobile phone service provider, though Research In Motion (RIM) (BlackBerry's developer) actually runs the service. [ 1 ] This service uses RIM's proprietary push technology (in contrast with SyncML -based push technologies such as Funambol ) to the BlackBerry devices over cellular carriers. BIS retrieves email from mail servers by polling a POP3 or IMAP server and offers additional synchronization capabilities, such as calendars or contacts for some webmail providers. BlackBerry;Instant_messaging;BlackBerry_Messenger;IMAP;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;Research_In_Motion;IMAP;Canada;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Internet_Service; BlackBerry_Messenger Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;BlackBerry_OS;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;BlackBerry;Research_In_Motion;North_America;Europe;Research_In_Motion;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Messenger;BlackBerry_Messenger; BlackBerry_OS BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system , developed by Research In Motion (RIM) for its BlackBerry line of smartphone handheld devices. The operating system provides multitasking and supports specialized input devices that have been adopted by RIM for use in its handhelds, particularly the trackwheel , trackball , and most recently, the trackpad and touchscreen . The BlackBerry platform is perhaps best known for its native support for corporate email, through MIDP 1.0 and, more recently, a subset of MIDP 2.0, which allows complete wireless activation and synchronization with Microsoft Exchange , Lotus Domino , or Novell GroupWise email, calendar, tasks, notes, and contacts, when used with BlackBerry Enterprise Server . The operating system also supports WAP 1.2. Updates to the operating system may be automatically available from wireless carriers that support the BlackBerry over the air software loading (OTASL) service. Third-party developers can write software using the available BlackBerry API classes, although applications that make use of certain functionality must be digitally signed . Research from June 2011 indicates that approximately 45% of mobile developers were using the platform at the time of publication. [ 5 ] Software_developer;Research_In_Motion;Mobile_operating_system;Software_release_life_cycle;BlackBerry;Smartphone;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Software_license;Mobile_operating_system;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Smartphone;Trackpad;Touchscreen;Lotus_Domino;Novell_GroupWise;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Application_programming_interface;Digital_signature;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_Torch;Free_software;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Tablet_computer;Apple_Inc.;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;Google;WebOS;Symbian_OS;Samsung;Windows_Phone;Facebook;BlackBerry_App_World;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_OS; BlackBerry_Pearl The BlackBerry Pearl (8100 / 8110 / 8120 / 8130 / 8220 / 8230 / 9100 / 9105) is a smartphone developed by Research In Motion the first BlackBerry device with a camera and media player. It was originally released on September 12, 2006. T-Mobile was the first US carrier to release the phone as a carrier device. Cellular_network;CDMA;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Pixel;Pixel_density;TFT_LCD;Pixel_density;Pixel_density;Ringtones;USB;BlackBerry;Smartphone;Research_In_Motion;Camera_phone;Digital_zoom;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MIDI;WAV;Bluetooth;HTML;GPS;Wireless_Application_Protocol;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;CDMA;IPhone;Motorola;Sony_Ericsson;QWERTY;Predictive_text;MicroSD;Chile;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;Rogers_Wireless;Telus;Bell_Mobility;Telstra;Optus;Vodafone_Australia;SingTel;Colombia;PC_Magazine;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Pearl; BlackBerry_Pearl_Flip The BlackBerry Pearl (8100 / 8110 / 8120 / 8130 / 8220 / 8230 / 9100 / 9105) is a smartphone developed by Research In Motion the first BlackBerry device with a camera and media player. It was originally released on September 12, 2006. T-Mobile was the first US carrier to release the phone as a carrier device. Cellular_network;CDMA;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Pixel;Pixel_density;TFT_LCD;Pixel_density;Pixel_density;Ringtones;USB;BlackBerry;Smartphone;Research_In_Motion;Camera_phone;Digital_zoom;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MIDI;WAV;Bluetooth;HTML;GPS;Wireless_Application_Protocol;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;CDMA;IPhone;Motorola;Sony_Ericsson;QWERTY;Predictive_text;MicroSD;Chile;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;Rogers_Wireless;Telus;Bell_Mobility;Telstra;Optus;Vodafone_Australia;SingTel;Colombia;PC_Magazine;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Pearl; BlackBerry_PlayBook The BlackBerry PlayBook is a tablet computer made by Research In Motion . [ 1 ] It was first released for sale on April 19, 2011, in Canada and the United States. The PlayBook is the first device to run BlackBerry Tablet OS , based on QNX Neutrino , and runs apps developed using Adobe AIR . [ 2 ] It was later announced that the BlackBerry Tablet OS would be merged with the existing BlackBerry OS to produce a new operating system, BBX (later renamed BlackBerry 10) that would be used universally across RIM's product line. A second major revision to the BlackBerry PlayBook OS was released in February 2012. [ 3 ] The PlayBook also supports Android OS applications, allowing them to be sold and installed through the BlackBerry App World store. [ 4 ] Early reviews were mixed saying that although the hardware was good, several features were missing. Shipments totalled approximately 500,000 units during the first quarter of sales and 200,000 in the following quarter. [ 5 ] Much of the 700,000 units shipped to retailers remained on the shelves for months, prompting RIM to introduce dramatic price reductions in November 2011 to increase sales. [ 6 ] Research_In_Motion;Contract_manufacturer;Tablet_computer;Portable_media_player;Operating_system;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Flash_memory;Pixel;Aspect_ratio;PowerVR;Microphone;Loudspeaker;Touchscreen;GPS;Accelerometer;Gyroscope;Magnetometer;HDMI;BlackBerry_App_World;Research_In_Motion;Contract_manufacturer;Tablet_computer;Portable_media_player;Operating_system;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Flash_memory;Pixel;Aspect_ratio;PowerVR;Microphone;Loudspeaker;Touchscreen;GPS;Accelerometer;Gyroscope;Magnetometer;HDMI;BlackBerry_App_World;Tablet_computer;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;Mobile_apps;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_App_World;Apple_Inc.;IPad;Research_In_Motion;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash;BlackBerry_App_World;Gyroscope;Magnetometer;Accelerometer;Adobe_Flash;Walt_Mossberg;The_Wall_Street_Journal;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;BlackBerry_Messenger;BlackBerry_Messenger;IOS;IPad;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Fiscal_year;Bloomberg_Businessweek;CNET;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_PlayBook; BlackBerry_Quark The BlackBerry Quark (6210/6220/6230/6280) is a series of BlackBerry smart phones developed by Research In Motion . Launched officially in 2003, it is one of the most popular among the first-generation BlackBerry models. [ 1 ] Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;Ringtones;USB;BlackBerry;Research_In_Motion;USB;QWERTY;BlackBerry;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Quark; BlackBerry_Storm 128 MB application memory 1 GB device memory [ 3 ] microSDHC slot: supports up to 32 GB Internal rechargeable removable lithium-ion battery Standby time: 360 hours Multi-touch touchscreen display with haptic feedback , volume controls , proximity and ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometer [ 3 ] 360 x 480 px , 3.25 in (83 mm), HVGA , 65,536 color LCD [ 3 ] 3.2 megapixel with video at 480 x 352 px , flash , and autofocus [ 3 ] Bluetooth 2.0+EDR , [ 3 ] Micro-USB , A-GPS , Quad band GSM 850 900 1800 1900 MHz GPRS / EDGE and Uni band UMTS / HSDPA 2100 MHz CDMA version (9530) adds: Dual band CDMA2000 / EV-DO Rev. A 800 1900 MHz [ 3 ] Hearing aid compatibility The BlackBerry Storm is a touchscreen smartphone developed by Research In Motion (RIM). A part of the BlackBerry 9500 series of phones, [ 5 ] it is RIM's first touchscreen device, and its first without a physical keyboard. It features a touchscreen which reacts physically like a button via SurePress, a Research In Motion patented technology of providing haptic feedback. Its competitors include Apple's iPhone , the Palm Pre , the T-Mobile G1 by HTC [ 6 ] and the HTC Touch family . The Storm has received mixed reviews from critics, with some finding the Storm's touchscreen difficult to use or discovering bugs and glitches with the phone's software and others praising the Storm for its call quality and its business-oriented features. List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Research_In_Motion;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;Operating_system;BlackBerry_OS;Central_processing_unit;Flash_memory;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Touchscreen;Accelerometer;Pixel;HVGA;Liquid_crystal_display;Camera_phone;Megapixel;Video;Pixel;Autofocus;Assisted_GPS;Quad_band;GSM;GSM_frequency_ranges;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;UMTS_frequency_bands;BlackBerry;Touchscreen;Smartphone;Research_In_Motion;Touchscreen;Research_In_Motion;IPhone;Palm_Pre;HTC_Corporation;Vodafone;Verizon_Wireless;Telus;CDMA;HSDPA;GSM;EDGE;Vodafone;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Megabyte;MicroSD;Capacitive_touchscreen;Virtual_keyboard;QWERTY;Megapixel;Autofocus;CDMA;HSDPA;GSM;EDGE;Vodafone;CNET;Engadget;PC_Magazine;Web_browser;Firmware;Verizon_Wireless;Bell_Mobility;SIM_lock;GSM;HSDPA;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Storm; BlackBerry_Style The BlackBerry Style 9670 is a mobile phone developed by Research In Motion . The Style is BlackBerry's first flip phone with a full QWERTY keyboard. It was BlackBerry's second phone to ship with the BlackBerry 6.0 operating system. The Style earned a CNET Editors' Rating of Very Good with a mention of the phone's impressive call quality. [ 3 ] The Style was discontinued from the Boost Mobile lineup in October 2011. [ 4 ] List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Research_In_Motion;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Operating_system;BlackBerry_OS;Trackpad;Camera_phone;Megapixel;BlackBerry;Mobile_phone;Research_In_Motion;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Style; BlackBerry_Tablet_OS BlackBerry_PlayBook;Software_developer;Research_In_Motion;Proprietary_software;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;QNX;Software_license;EULA;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Tablet_computer;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Tablet_computer;BlackBerry_OS;Operating_system;Computer_graphics;Frame_rate;Linux;Internet;BlackBerry_Messenger;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Messenger;BlackBerry_OS;Research_In_Motion;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;QNX;VxWorks;Unix;Operating_system;IRIX;Linux;OS_X;QNX;VxWorks;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS; BlackBerry_Torch BlackBerry Torch is a series of smartphones manufactured by Research In Motion. The lineup consists of the following: BlackBerry Torch 9800, the first phone in the series, powered by BlackBerry OS 6. BlackBerry Torch 9810, which physically mimics the 9800, but with improved internal hardware and BlackBerry OS 7. BlackBerry Torch 9850/9860, featuring a larger touch screen, no keyboard, and BlackBerry OS 7. On August 12, 2011, the updated Torch 9810 was released on Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility . The updated version includes a faster processor, and more memory, as well as including the new BlackBerry OS 7. [ 4 ] List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Research_In_Motion;Cellular_network;Quad_band;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;Operating_system;BlackBerry_OS;Central_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;Touchscreen;Pixel;Camera_phone;Megapixel;Smartphone;Bell_Mobility;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry;Smartphone;QWERTY;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Storm;WebKit;Research_In_Motion;Operating_system;QWERTY;Research_In_Motion;CNET;Crackberry;Research_In_Motion;Secure_Digital;Magnetometer;Touchscreen;Smartphone;Research_In_Motion;Canada;Bell_Mobility;Rogers_Wireless;Bluetooth;Display_device;Pixel;TFT_LCD;Pixel_density;Pixel;TFT_LCD;Pixel_density;Central_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;Data_storage_device;Touchscreen;Accelerometer;Magnetometer;Compass;GPS;Assisted_GPS;Enhanced_Data_Rate;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;CDMA;Operating_system;BlackBerry_OS;GSM;GSM;CDMA;CDMA;GSM;GSM;Megapixel;Frame_rate;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Torch;BlackBerry_Torch; BlackBerry_Tour The BlackBerry Tour is a mobile phone developed by Research In Motion and is part of the 9600 device series. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] This high-end messaging phone combines the multimedia features of the Curve with the global roaming of the 8830 (with the addition of North American GSM/GPRS/EDGE capability), plus a higher-resolution display, 3.2-megapixel auto-focus camera, 3G data overseas and faster EVDO Rev. A data in the United States and Canada. Other key features include video capture, 3.5mm audio jack, memory card slot, push email, QWERTY keyboard, Bluetooth, and GPS navigation. The BlackBerry Tour was released on July 12, 2009. [ 2 ] [ 8 ] In 2010, the "Tour 2" refresh was re branded the Blackberry Bold 9650 when RIM decided to merge the GSM and CDMA variants under the same brand. List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Research_In_Motion;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Verizon_Wireless;Bell_Mobility;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Cellular_network;CDMA;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;Operating_system;BlackBerry_OS;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;SDRAM;Megabyte;Flash_memory;Removable_media;Gigabyte;MicroSD;Camera_phone;Megapixel;Bluetooth;BlackBerry;Mobile_phone;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_Bold;Pixel;Assisted_GPS;Bluetooth;JavaScript;CNET;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_Tour; Black_Entertainment_Television Black Entertainment Television ( BET , part of BET Networks ) is an American, Viacom -owned cable network based in Washington, D.C. . Currently viewed in more than 90 million homes worldwide, it is the most prominent television network targeting African American audiences. The network was launched on January 25, 1980, by its founder, Robert L. Johnson . Programming of the network comprises mainstream music and movies and television series. HDTV;IPTV;Music_videos;CNN;The_New_York_Times;Gospel_music;Europe;MTV;Country_Music_Television;Paramount_Pictures;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;Black_Entertainment_Television;Black_Entertainment_Television; Blackberry And hundreds more microspecies (the subgenus also includes the dewberries ) The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by Rubus fruticosus , or any of several hybrids between that species and others of the Rubus genus in the Rosaceae family . The term ' bramble ', a word meaning any impenetrable scrub, has traditionally been applied specifically to the blackberry or its products [ 1 ] , though in the USA it applies to all members of the Rubus genus. The (usually) black fruit is not a true berry ; botanically it is termed an aggregate fruit , composed of small drupelets . It is a widespread and well-known group of over 375 species, many of which are closely related apomictic microspecies native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere and South America. [ 2 ] BlackBerry;Europe;United_States;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Blackberry;Blackberry; Blio Blio is a free-to-download e-reader software platform created by Ray Kurzweil that was unveiled at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas in early January 2010. The Blio e-reader preserves typography and supports color illustrations, features that make it particularly effective for certain categories of books not well supported by E Ink , such as cookbooks and children's books. [ 1 ] Blio also comes with text-to-speech integration, with support for both a computerized voice and synchronization with professionally recorded audiobooks . [ 2 ] Blio is available for download on Microsoft Windows , Google Android devices with a version optimized for Android 3.0 Honeycomb tablet computers , and Apple iOS devices. Blio also has a bookstore, backed by Baker Taylor . It offers thousands of full color books from hundreds of publishers, with reviews and ratings from Goodreads . [ 3 ] Software;Audiobook;Windows;Tablet_computer;IOS;Gizmodo;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Blio;Blio; Blockbuster_LLC United_States;United_States;United_Kingdom;Canada;Denmark;Brazil;Australia;Mexico;Renting;DVD;Video_game;Streaming_media;Video_on_demand;Netflix;Trans_World_Entertainment;UK;Portugal;Netflix;Netflix;Warner_Bros.;Universal_Studios;Australia;Canada;Peru;Copyright_infringement;Ecuador;Spain;Portugal;El_Salvador;Netflix;Super_Bowl;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Associated_Press;Engadget;USA_Today;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Chrysler;General_Motors;Best_Buy;Streaming_media;ITunes_Store;Netflix;Defunct;Blockbuster_LLC;Blockbuster_LLC; Blockbuster_drug A pharmaceutical drug , also referred to as medicine , medication or medicament , can be loosely defined as any chemical substance intended for use in the medical diagnosis , cure , treatment , or prevention of disease . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The word pharmaceutical comes from the Greek word Pharmakeia . The modern transliteration of Pharmakeia is Pharmacia . Route_of_administration;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;Gastrointestinal_tract;Antipsychotic;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Histamine_antagonist;Allergies;Pharmacist;United_Kingdom;Pharmacist;Drug_development;Route_of_administration;Quetiapine;Olanzapine;Associated_Press;Antipsychotic;Drug_development;Chlorpromazine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;Antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Sedative; Blog A blog (a portmanteau of the term web log ) [ 1 ] is a discussion or information site published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete entries ("posts") typically displayed in reverse chronological order so the most recent post appears first. Until 2009 blogs were usually the work of a single individual, occasionally of a small group, and often were themed on a single subject. More recently "multi-author blogs" (MABs) have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors and professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, interest groups and similar institutions account for an increasing proportion of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other " microblogging " systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into societal newstreams. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog . The emergence and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web publishing tools that facilitated the posting of content by non-technical users. (Previously, a knowledge of such technologies as HTML and FTP had been required to publish content on the Web.) Although not a must, most good quality blogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via GUI widgets on the blogs, and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites. [ 2 ] In that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking . Indeed, bloggers do not only produce content to post on their blogs but also build social relations with their readers and other bloggers. [ 3 ] Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries ; yet still others function more as online brand advertising of a particular individual or company. In education blogs can be used as instructional resources. These blogs are referred to as an Edublog . A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages , and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art ( art blogs ), photographs ( photoblogs ), videos ( video blogs or "vlogs"), music ( MP3 blogs ), and audio ( podcasts ). Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts. As of 16 February 2011 ( 2011 -02-16 ) [update] , there were over 156 million public blogs in existence. [ 4 ] HTML;FTP;GUI_widget;Podcast;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Website;Google;Engadget;Genre;Mobile_device;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Bloglines;Malaysia;Delta_Air_Lines;Google;IBM;Singapore;BBC_News;Internet_forum;CNET;The_New_York_Times;The_Guardian;Wired_Magazine;USA_Today;The_Washington_Post;CNN;Digital_object_identifier;BBC_News;The_Guardian;CNN;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog;Blog; BlogBridge BlogBridge is an open source Java -based feed aggregator . It is described on the BlogBridge web site as "a powerful blog and feed reader". BlogBridge is aimed for those people who are subscribed to many feeds, including journalists, PR professionals and OPML enthusiasts. Developing team consists of a dozen programmers, designers, translators, etc., with Pito Salas as project leader. The software contains a feature called a SmartFeed, which is a special feed that returns articles from other feeds containing user-defined keywords. BlogBridge web site also offers "Expert Guides", which are downloadable Guides centred around a particular subject, normally created by an expert in that subject. Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Feed_aggregator;Software_license;Open_source;Feed_aggregator;File_synchronization;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Software;BlogBridge;BlogBridge; Bloglines News_aggregator;RSS;IPhone;Application_programming_interface;List_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Bloglines;Bloglines; Blood_brain_barrier The blood–brain barrier ( BBB ) is a separation of circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS). It occurs along all capillaries and consists of tight junctions around the capillaries that do not exist in normal circulation. Endothelial cells restrict the diffusion of microscopic objects (e.g. bacteria ) and large or hydrophilic molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), while allowing the diffusion of small hydrophobic molecules (O 2 , CO 2 , hormones). Cells of the barrier actively transport metabolic products such as glucose across the barrier with specific proteins. This barrier also includes a thick basement membrane and astrocytic endfeet. Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier; Bloomberg_Businessweek Bloomberg Businessweek , commonly and formerly known as BusinessWeek , is a weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L.P. It is currently headquartered in New York City . Bloomberg_L.P.;English_language;Bloomberg_L.P.;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Bloomberg_L.P.;Forbes;News_release;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Bloomberg_L.P.;Bloomberg_News;Forbes;Bloomberg_L.P.;MarketWatch;Reuters;Bloomberg_Businessweek;Bloomberg_Businessweek; Bloomberg_L.P. Bloomberg L.P. is an American multinational mass media corporation based in New York City, New York . Bloomberg makes up one third of the $16 billion global financial data market [ 4 ] with estimated revenue of $6.25 billion in 2009. [ 5 ] Bloomberg L.P. was founded by Michael Bloomberg with the help of Thomas Secunda , Duncan MacMillan , and Charles Zegar in 1981 and a 30% ownership investment by Merrill Lynch . [ 6 ] The company provides financial software tools such as analytics and equity trading platform, data services and news to financial companies and organizations around the world through the Bloomberg Terminal (via its Bloomberg Professional Service), [ 7 ] its core money-generating product. Many customers use only a small fraction of the machine's 30,146 functions. [ 8 ] Bloomberg L.P. has grown to include a global news service, including television , radio , the Internet and printed publications. Its current headquarters are located at the Bloomberg Tower , in Midtown Manhattan , New York City. The building is also known as One Beacon Court for the lighted rectangular beacon that caps the tower and the paved courtyard at the ground level. [ 9 ] Bloomberg L.P. was formed as a Delaware Limited Partnership in 1981 and has been in business since 1983. Michael Bloomberg owns 85% of the partnership. Bloomberg's core business is leasing terminals to subscribers. It also runs Bloomberg Television , a financial Television network , and a business radio station WBBR in New York City at a loss [ citation needed ] . Bloomberg's revenue for 2009 was estimated at $6.25 billion. Based on that estimate, the new projections would push revenue to nearly $6.9 billion for 2010. [ 10 ] There are currently over 300,000 Bloomberg Terminal subscribers worldwide. Its competitors include SNL Financial , Interactive Data Corporation , Thomson Reuters , Capital IQ , Dow Jones Newswires , FactSet Research Systems and smaller companies such as New York Financial Press . In late 1996 Bloomberg bought back one-third of Merrill Lynch's 30 percent stake in his company for $200 million [ 11 ] valuing the company at $2 billion. In July 2008, Merrill Lynch agreed to sell its 20% stake in the firm back to Bloomberg, for a reported $4.43 billion, valuing the firm at approximately $22.5 billion. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Television;Internet;Thomson_Reuters;Bloomberg_News;The_New_York_Times;USA_Today;BusinessWeek;The_New_York_Times;Forbes;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;About.com;New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;BusinessWeek;Bloomberg_News;Bloomberg_Businessweek;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;USA_Today;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;CNN;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;Bloomberg_L.P.;Bloomberg_L.P.; Bloomberg_News Bloomberg Television is a 24-hour global network broadcasting business and financial news. It is distributed globally, reaching over 310 million [ 2 ] homes worldwide. It is owned and operated by Bloomberg L.P. and is internationally headquartered in New York City with its European headquarters in London and Asian headquarters in Hong Kong . Bloomberg_L.P.;HDTV;United_States;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Italy;Hong_Kong;Spain;Italy;Switzerland;New_Zealand;Chile;Philippines;Singapore;Hong_Kong;Poland;Spain;IPTV;Italy;Italy;Taiwan;Canada;Malaysia;Singapore;Internet_television;Philippines;Bloomberg_L.P.;Hong_Kong;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Spanish_language;NBC_Universal;CNBC;Germany;France;Italy;Spain;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Mongolia;English_language;United_Kingdom;CNBC;The_Guardian;YouTube;Facebook;Bloomberg_L.P.;Bloomberg_News;Bloomberg_Businessweek;CNN;CNBC;Spanish_language;Channel_NewsAsia;CNN;CNBC;CNN;CNBC;CNBC;CNN;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;CNBC;CNN;CNBC;CNN;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;Channel_NewsAsia; BlueMarine blueMarine is an open source photograph management application designed to support a digital photographer's workflow . It is developed upon the NetBeans / OpenIDE platform. blueMarine is not actively maintained, the web site link does not point to blueMarine (verified at April 12, 2012). Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Photograph;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;TIFF;Raw_image_format;Geotagging;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;BlueMarine;BlueMarine; Blues Folk_music;Guitar;Piano;Double_bass;Vocal_music;Jazz;Rock_music;Country_music;United_States;Jazz;Country_music;Electric_guitar;Double_bass;Soul_music;Led_Zeppelin;Rock_music;Country_music;Gospel_music;Soul_music;Funk;Jazz;Country_music;Country_music;Jazz;Heavy_metal_music;Hip_hop_music;Reggae;Country_music;Pop_music;English_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;About.com;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Gospel_music;Jazz;Country_music;Acoustic_guitar;Double_bass;Piano;Electric_guitar;Gospel_music;Soul_music;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Blues;Blues; Blues_music Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre [ 1 ] that originated in African-American communities of primarily the " Deep South " of the United States around the end of the 19th century from spirituals , work songs , field hollers , shouts and chants , and rhymed simple narrative ballads . [ 2 ] The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz , rhythm and blues , and rock and roll is characterized by specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues chord progression is the most common. The blue notes that, for expressive purposes are sung or played flattened or gradually bent (minor 3rd to major 3rd) in relation to the pitch of the major scale , are also an important part of the sound. The blues genre is based on the blues form but possesses other characteristics such as specific lyrics, bass lines and instruments. Blues can be subdivided into several subgenres ranging from country to urban blues that were more or less popular during different periods of the 20th century. Best known are the Delta , Piedmont , Jump and Chicago blues styles. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues-rock evolved. The term "the blues" refers to the "blue devils", meaning melancholy and sadness; an early use of the term in this sense is found in George Colman 's one-act farce Blue Devils (1798). [ 3 ] Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to since 1912, when Hart Wand 's " Dallas Blues " became the first copyrighted blues composition. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood . [ 6 ] Folk_music;Guitar;Piano;Double_bass;Vocal_music;Jazz;Rock_music;Country_music;United_States;Jazz;Country_music;Electric_guitar;Double_bass;Soul_music;Led_Zeppelin;Rock_music;Country_music;Gospel_music;Soul_music;Funk;Jazz;Country_music;Country_music;Jazz;Heavy_metal_music;Hip_hop_music;Reggae;Country_music;Pop_music;English_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;About.com;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Gospel_music;Jazz;Country_music;Acoustic_guitar;Double_bass;Piano;Electric_guitar;Gospel_music;Soul_music;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Blues;Blues; Bluetooth Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Created by telecoms vendor Ericsson in 1994, [ 1 ] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group , which has more than 16,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. [ 2 ] The SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. [ 3 ] To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards defined by the SIG. [ citation needed ] A network of patents is required to implement the technology and are licensed only for those qualifying devices; thus the protocol, whilst open, may be regarded as proprietary. [ citation needed ] Wireless;Norway;Mobile_phone;Laptop;Personal_computer;Global_Positioning_System;Digital_camera;Video_game_console;Integrated_circuit;Bluetooth_profile;Mobile_phone;Mobile_phone;Mobile_phone;OBEX;Global_Positioning_System;Infrared;USB;Sony;Mobile_phone;Local_area_network;Ethernet;USB;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;Lego_Mindstorms_NXT;USB;Personal_computer;Mobile_phone;Desktop_computer;Laptop;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Linux;Nokia;Mobile_phone;Sweden;IBM;Intel;Toshiba;Nokia;Intellectual_property;Broadcom;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Bluetooth_protocols;Bluetooth_profile;Encryption;Symbian_OS;Symbian_OS;Symbian_OS;Secure_Digital;GSM_frequency_bands;GSM_frequency_bands;Nokia;STMicroelectronics;Tethering;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Ethernet;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Code_division_multiple_access;Global_Positioning_System;GLONASS;Mobile_phone;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Bluetooth;Bluetooth; Bluetooth_File_Exchange Bluetooth File Exchange is a utility that comes with the Mac OS X operating system , used to exchange files to or from a Bluetooth -enabled device. For example, it could be used to send an image to a cellphone , or to receive an image or other document from a PDA . As of Tiger ( OS X 10.4.6 ), Bluetooth File Exchange supports: Receiving files, including multiple selected files Creating remote folders Navigating into a folder by double clicking Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;Bluetooth;Personal_digital_assistant;AppleScript;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;Bluetooth_File_Exchange; Bluetooth_profile Bluetooth;Bluetooth;Mobile_phone;Headphones;Digital_audio_player;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Codec;Digital_rights_management;Remote_control;Laptop;Digital_camera;Mobile_phone;Digital_camera;Internet;Laptop;Mobile_phone;OBEX;Audi;Acura;BMW;Nissan;USB;Internet;OBEX;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Synchronization;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Videoconferencing;Bluetooth;Bluetooth_protocols;Bluetooth_profile;Bluetooth_profile; Bluetooth_protocols Bluetooth uses a variety of protocols . Core protocols are defined by the trade organization Bluetooth SIG . Additional protocols have been adopted from other standards bodies. This article gives an overview of the core protocols and those adopted protocols that are widely used. The Bluetooth protocol stack is split in two parts: a "controller stack" containing the timing critical radio interface, and a "host stack" dealing with high level data. The controller stack is generally implemented in a low cost silicon device containing the bluetooth radio and a microprocessor. The host stack is generally implemented as part of an operating system, or as an installable package on top of an operating system. For integrated devices such as bluetooth headsets, the host stack and controller stack can be run on the same microprocessor to reduce mass production costs; this is known as a hostless system. Bluetooth;USB;Bluetooth_profile;OBEX;Bluetooth;Bluetooth_profile;Bluetooth_protocols;Bluetooth_protocols; Bob_Iger Robert A. "Bob" Iger (born February 10, 1951) is an American businessman and the current chairman and chief executive of The Walt Disney Company . He was named president of Disney in 2000, and later succeeded Michael Eisner as chief executive in 2005, after a successful effort by Roy E. Disney to shake-up the management of the company. Iger oversaw the acquisition of Pixar in 2006, following a period of strained relations with the animation studio. He also led the company to acquire Marvel Entertainment , further broadening the Disney company's character franchises, in 2009. The_Walt_Disney_Company;Apple_Inc.;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Pixar;Pixar;Steve_Jobs;NBCUniversal;Tim_Cook;Google;The_Walt_Disney_Company;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Hulu;United_States_dollar;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger; Bob_Mansfield Bob Mansfield is a senior vice president of Mac and Devices Hardware Engineering at Apple Inc. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Mansfield earned a BSEE degree from the University of Texas in 1982. He then went on to fill the positions of senior director at SGI and vice president of Engineering at Raycer Graphics , subsequently acquired by Apple in 1999. Following the acquisition, Mansfield stayed on with Apple to fill his new role of senior vice president of Mac Hardware Engineering, overseeing teams that delivered products such as the iMac and MacBook . [ 3 ] In August 2010, Mansfield took over the position of Devices Hardware Engineering from the departed Mark Papermaster . On June 28 2012, Apple announced Bob Mansfield's retirement in a press release. Dan Riccio has been announced as Mansfield's replacement but the engineering staff will continue to report to Mansfield during a several months long transition before his retirement. [ 4 ] Apple_Inc.;IMac;MacBook;Mark_Papermaster;Ars_Technica;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Bob_Mansfield;Bob_Mansfield; Bob_Seger Rock_music;Musician;Guitar;Piano;Record_label;Capitol_Records;Kid_Rock;California;The_Beatles;Capitol_Records;Session_musician;MTV;Kid_Rock;John_Fogerty;International_Standard_Book_Number;Bob_Seger;Bob_Seger; Bolivia Coordinates : 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W  /  16.712°S 64.666°W  / -16.712; -64.666 Plurinational State of Bolivia Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia (Spanish) Bulivya Mamallaqta (Quechua) Wuliwya Suyu (Aymara) Motto: ¡La unión es la fuerza! "Unity is Strength!" (Spanish) [ 1 ] Anthem: Himno Nacional de Bolivia (Spanish) also known as Bolivianos: el hado Wiphala of Qollasuyu [ 2 ] Sucre (constitutional) a La Paz (governmental) a Santa Cruz de la Sierra 17°48′S 63°10′W  /  17.8°S 63.167°W  / -17.8; -63.167 Official language(s) and 34 other native languages [ 3 ] [ 4 ] 55% Amerindian ( Quechua , Aymara and 34 other ethnic groups) Unitary presidential constitutional republic Álvaro García Linera Chamber of Deputies Current constitution 1,098,581 km 2 ( 28th ) $50.904 billion [ 7 ] $24.604 billion [ 7 ] 58.2 [ 8 ] ( high ) Bolivia ( i / b ə ˈ l ɪ v i ə / , Spanish: [boˈliβja] ), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia ( Spanish : Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia , Quechua : Bulivya Mamallaqta , Aymara : Wuliwya Suyu ), [ 10 ] [ 11 ] is a landlocked country in central South America . It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west. Prior to European colonization , the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru , which included most of Spain's South American colonies . After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar , on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes. Bolivia is a democratic republic that is divided into nine departments. Its geography is varied from the peaks of the Andes in the West, to the Eastern Lowlands, situated within the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country , with a Medium Human Development Index score, and a poverty level of 53%. [ 12 ] Its main economic activities include agriculture , forestry , fishing , mining , and manufacturing goods such as textiles, clothing, refined metals, and refined petroleum . Bolivia is very wealthy in minerals , especially tin . Bolivia has gained global attention for its ' Law of the Rights of Mother Earth ', one of the unique laws in the world that accord nature, the same rights as humans. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The Bolivian population, estimated at 10 million, is multiethnic , including Amerindians , Mestizos , Europeans , Asians and Africans . The main language spoken is Spanish , although the Guarani , Aymara and Quechua languages are also common and all three, as well as 34 other indigenous languages , are official. The large number of different cultures within Bolivia has contributed greatly to a wide diversity in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. Spanish_language;Spain;Spanish_language;Brazil;Paraguay;Argentina;Chile;Peru;Spanish_language;Ecuador;Venezuela;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Paraguay;Peru;Brazil;Peru;Brazil;Paraguay;Argentina;Chile;Peru;Chile;Chile;Chile;Peru;Argentina;Peru;Germany;Spain;Italy;Japan;Europe;Germany;France;Italy;Portugal;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;United_States;Paraguay;Peru;Mexico;Venezuela;Peru;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;English_language;Brazil;Panama;Folk_music;The_New_York_Times;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;France;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Argentina;Brazil;Paraguay;Venezuela;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;Mexico;New_Zealand;Argentina;Brazil;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;United_States;Venezuela;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Bolivia;Bolivia; Bookeen Bookeen is French company dealing with eBooks and Consumer electronics . France;EPub;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Bookeen;Bookeen; Bookglutton BookGlutton is a social reading website launched in January 2008. Visitors to the website can create virtual book groups, read books online, chat inside chapters and attach notes on paragraphs. BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Bookglutton;Bookglutton; Books Genre;Comedy;Google;Stylus;Italy;Intellectual_property;United_States;Sony_Reader;Amazon_Kindle;Internet;Project_Gutenberg;Poland;Genre;Textbook;United_States;Photograph;Archive;American_National_Standards_Institute;DVD;Software;Metadata;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Audiobook;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier; BooksOnBoard BooksOnBoard is a online store specializing in e-books and audiobooks . It can also be used to replace iBookstore on iPhones and iPads . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Audiobook;IBookstore;IPad;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;BooksOnBoard;BooksOnBoard; Booktrack Operating_system;Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;New_Zealand;Facebook;The_New_York_Times;Mashable;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Guardian;The_Huffington_Post;TechCrunch;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Booktrack;Booktrack; Boot_ROM In computing , booting (also known as booting up ) is the initial set of operations that a computer system performs when electrical power is switched on. The process begins when a computer that has been turned off is re-energized, and ends when the computer is ready to perform its normal operations. On modern general purpose computers, this can take tens of seconds and typically involves performing power-on self-test , locating and initializing peripheral devices, and then finding, loading and starting an operating system . Many computer systems also allow these operations to be initiated by a software command without cycling power, in what is known as a soft reboot , though some of the initial operations might be skipped on a soft reboot. A boot loader is a computer program that loads the main operating system or runtime environment for the computer after completion of self-tests. The computer term boot is short for bootstrap or bootstrap load and derives from the phrase to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps . [ 1 ] The usage calls attention to the paradox that a computer cannot run without first loading software but some software must run before any software can be loaded. [ 2 ] Early computers used a variety of ad-hoc methods to get a fragment of software into memory to solve this problem. The invention of integrated circuit Read-only memory (ROM) of various types solved the paradox by allowing computers to be shipped with a start up program that could not be erased, but growth in the size of ROM has allowed ever more elaborate start up procedures to be implemented. There are numerous examples of single and multi-stage boot sequences that begin with the execution of boot program(s) stored in boot ROMs. During the booting process, the binary code of an operating system or runtime environment may be loaded from nonvolatile secondary storage (such as a hard disk drive ) into volatile, or random-access memory (RAM) and then executed. Some simpler embedded systems do not require a noticeable boot sequence to begin functioning and may simply run operational programs stored in read-only memory (ROM) when turned on. Operating_system;Hard_disk_drive;Embedded_systems;IBM;Unibus;Flash_memory;Firmware;Apple_Inc.;Random_access_memory;Hard_drive;CD;DVD;SD_card;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Embedded_system;Global_Positioning_System;Flash_memory;Universal_Serial_Bus;SD_card;SCSI;Windows_XP;Linux;Linux;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Microsoft_Windows;Intel;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;CPU;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;USB;FPGA;Boot_disk;Dictionary.com;YouTube;Macintosh;IBM;Operating_system;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface; Boot_disk A boot disk is a removable digital data storage medium from which a computer can load and run ( boot ) an operating system or utility program. The computer must have a built-in program which will load and execute a program from a boot disk meeting certain standards. Boot disks are used for: Operating system installation Hardware or software troubleshooting Customizing an operating environment Software demonstration Administrative access in case of lost password is possible with an appropriate boot disk with some operating systems Games (e.g. for Amiga home computers) While almost all modern computers can boot from a hard drive containing the operating system and other software, they would not normally be called boot disks. CD-ROMs are the most common forms of media used, but other media, such as magnetic or paper tape drives, zip drives , and more recently USB flash drives can be used. The computer's BIOS must support booting from the device in question. Computer;Operating_system;Linux;Megabyte;Operating_system;USB_flash_drives;Linux;Boot_disk;Boot_disk; Bootleg_recording A bootleg recording is an audio or video recording of a performance that was not officially released by the artist or under other legal authority. [ 1 ] The process of making and distributing such recordings is known as bootlegging . A great many such recordings are simply copied and traded among fans of the artist without financial exchange, but some bootleggers are able to sell these rarities for profit, sometimes by adding professional-quality sound engineering and packaging to the raw material. Bootlegs can consist of recordings of live performances or material created in private or professional recording sessions. Changing technologies have had a great impact on the recording, distribution, and varying profitability of the underground industry. The copyrights for the song and the right to authorize recordings often reside with the artist, according to several international copyright treaties . The recording, trading and sale of bootlegs continues to thrive, however, even as artists and record companies attempt to provide "authorized" alternatives to satisfy the demand. [ citation needed ] Sound_recording;Video;Record_label;Sound_recording;Rock_music;Led_Zeppelin;The_Beatles;Japan;Europe;Europe;Compact_disc;Germany;Italy;Australia;Trademark;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Internet;Germany;British_Phonographic_Industry;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Hong_Kong;Brazil;Audio_file_format;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Instant_messaging;File_sharing;Napster;Ripping;Copyright_infringement;File_sharing;Compact_Disc;DVD;Video_game;Hong_Kong;Intellectual_property;Nine_Inch_Nails;Patent_infringement;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Reverse_engineering;The_Beatles;Led_Zeppelin;International_Standard_Book_Number;NME;Rovi_Corporation;Bootleg_recording;Bootleg_recording; Border_collie The Border Collie is a herding dog breed developed in the Anglo-Scottish border region for herding livestock , especially sheep . It is the most widespread of the collie breeds. [ citation needed ] Typically extremely energetic, acrobatic, and athletic, they frequently compete with great success in dog sports , in addition to their success in sheepdog trials , and are often cited as the most intelligent of all dogs. [ 1 ] In January 2011, a Border Collie was reported to have learned 1,022 words, and acts consequently to human citation of those words. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;Australia;United_Kingdom;Australia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Australia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project; Borders_Group Borders Group, Inc. (former NYSE ticker symbol BGP ) was an international book and music retailer based in Ann Arbor, Michigan . The company employed approximately 19,500 throughout the U.S., primarily in its Borders and Waldenbooks stores. As of January 30, 2010, the company operated 511 Borders superstores in the US. The company also operated 175 stores in the Waldenbooks Specialty Retail segment, including Waldenbooks , Borders Express, Borders airport stores, and Borders Outlet stores. Borders Group formerly operated stores in Australia , New Zealand and Singapore . However, these were sold off to Pacific Equity Partners (which owned rival Angus Robertson ) in 2008, [ 1 ] then were later sold again to RedGroup Retail. The stores continued to operate under the Borders brand as the unaffiliated "Borders Asia Pacific" until RedGroup was placed into voluntary administration in February 2011; with the five New Zealand stores sold to the James Pascoe Group, and the Australian stores gradually shut down, with the last group to close by July 17. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] On February 16, 2011, Borders applied for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and began liquidating 226 of its stores in the United States . Despite an offer from the private-equity firm Najafi Companies, Borders was not able to find a buyer before its July 17 bidding deadline, and therefore began liquidating its remaining 399 retail outlets on July 22, with the last remaining stores closing their doors on Sunday, September 18, 2011. [ 5 ] The Chapter 11 case was ultimately converted to Chapter 7 . [ 6 ] Rival bookseller Barnes Noble acquired Borders' trademarks and customer list. On October 14, 2011; Borders' former Website was replaced by a redirect to Barnes Noble's site. Books;Australia;New_Zealand;Singapore;United_States;Michigan;Canada;Singapore;Republic_of_Ireland;Singapore;Puerto_Rico;Malaysia;Starbucks;Sony_Reader;Amazon.com;Fiscal_year;Facebook;BBC_News;United_States;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Desktop_computer;IPhone;IPad;BlackBerry;Kobo_eReader;Associated_Press;Chrysler;General_Motors;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_States;Thailand;Republic_of_Ireland;Republic_of_China;Canada;Japan;Philippines;Finland;Germany;United_States;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;Borders_Group;Borders_Group; Bose_Corporation Bose Corporation ( / ˈ b oʊ z / ) is a privately held corporation, based in Framingham, Massachusetts , that specializes in audio equipment. [ 2 ] Founded in 1964 by Amar G. Bose , the company operates 8 plants, [ 3 ] 126 retail stores (as of 14 July 2012), [ 4 ] and an automotive subsidiary in Stow, Massachusetts . Bose is best known for its loudspeakers, noise-cancelling headsets, and automotive sound systems. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Other products manufactured by Bose include amplifiers and headphones. Bose has also conducted research into automotive suspension technologies and cold fusion [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Opinions vary regarding the quality of Bose products. Bose has a reputation for being particularly protective of its patents and trademarks, and very defensive of its brand. Headphones;United_States_dollar;Acura;Alfa_Romeo;Audi;Ferrari;Renault;Nissan;Infiniti;Switzerland;JBL;PC_Magazine;Forrester_Research;Consumer_Reports;Harman_International_Industries;JBL;Motorola;International_Herald_Tribune;YouTube;YouTube;The_New_York_Times;PC_Magazine;Bose_Corporation;Bose_Corporation; BottomFeeder BottomFeeder is a cross-platform aggregator . It is written by James Robertson , an employee of Cincom in their language Cincom Smalltalk . Like other RSS aggregators it allows you to subscribe to websites to find new content in a push style update instead of manually checking their websites periodically with a web browser . BottomFeeder is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux (x86, PPC, SPARC), and many Unix dialects. For a full feature list, visit the website Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;Feed_aggregator;RSS;Web_browser;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Software;BottomFeeder;BottomFeeder; Box_set Compilation_album;Film;Television_program;Compact_disc;Jazz;Led_Zeppelin;The_Beatles;Classical_music;Film;Television;Video;DVD;The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy;Box_set;Box_set; Boxee Boxee (officially trademarked as BOXEE ) is a cross-platform freeware HTPC (Home Theater PC) software application with a 10-foot user interface and social networking features designed for the living-room TV that enables its users to view, rate and recommend content to their friends through many social network services and interactive media related features. Boxee was originally a fork of the free and open source XBMC media center software which Boxee now uses as an application framework for its GUI and media player core platform , together with some custom and proprietary additions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Marketed as the first ever "Social Media Center", [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ citation needed ] Boxee recently announced the ability to watch live TV on the Boxee Box with the introduction of the live TV stick. Avner Ronen released it to the market in January, 2012. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The first public alpha of Boxee was made available on 16 June 2008. [ 14 ] The Alpha prototype was designed in collaboration with design firm, Method , who also created Boxee's brand identity, which is still in use today [ 15 ] . The first public beta version was officially released for all previously supported platforms on 7 January 2010. [ 16 ] In 2012 the developers discontinued all desktop versions and support. The developers of Boxee have stated that their goal is to have Boxee media center software run on as many third-party hardware platforms and operating systems as possible, and they have so far co-developed a dedicated set-top box (hardware) called " Boxee Box by D-Link" in cooperation with D-Link which was the first " Powered by Boxee " branded device to be announced and launched, [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] and they have recently also announced a similar media player device called "Iomega TV with Boxee" in cooperation with Iomega [ 21 ] [ 22 ] and a 46" high-definition television from ViewSonic with integrated Boxee software. [ 23 ] The company behind Boxee has also more than once said that they are very interested in licensing the Boxee media center software and its social networking service as a third-party software component to other companies and ODM / OEM 's for use on their own hardware, such as set-top boxes from cable-TV companies , game-consoles , Blu-ray Disc and DVD players , or embedded computers and SoC (System-on-a-Chip) built-in to television sets for web-enabled Smart TVs , and other entertainment devices for the living room. [ 3 ] [ 8 ] [ 21 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Boxee is owned and developed by a single for-profit startup company , (Boxee, Inc.), which began as a high tech stealth startup based in Israel and the United States with seed money from several angel investors . The company is today publicly known to be financially backed by venture capital firms such as General Catalyst Partners , Union Square Ventures , Softbank , Pitango , Spark Capital and Globis Capital Partners . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The companies main offices are located at 122 West 26th Street, 8th Floor, New York , NY 10001 Coordinates : 40°44′42″N 73°59′33″W  /  40.745062°N 73.992611°W  / 40.745062; -73.992611 [ 34 ] . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Home_theater_PC;Digital_media_receiver;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Home_theater_PC;Software_application;Social_network_service;Social_network_service;XBMC;Graphical_user_interface;Computing_platform;Proprietary_software;Boxee_Box;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Video_game_console;Embedded_system;Smart_TV;DVD;Local_area_network;Personal_computer;Windows_Vista;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Video_on_demand;Netflix;Pandora_Radio;Last.fm;Jamendo;BBC_iPlayer;CNN;CBS;Joost;National_Hockey_League;Flickr;Picasa;Podcast;BBC_News;NBC_Universal;Hulu;JavaScript;Adobe_Flash;Digital_rights_management;Open_source;FriendFeed;Digital_distribution;Server_Message_Block;Metadata;Metadata;Last.fm;Slideshow;Music_visualization;Multimedia;Dolby_Digital;Video_CD;Audio_Video_Interleave;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;Advanced_Systems_Format;Flash_Video;Matroska;QuickTime_File_Format;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Ogg;RealMedia;MythTV;Huffyuv;Indeo;Motion_JPEG;RealVideo;Sorenson_codec;Windows_Media_Video;Cinepak;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;WAV;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;RealAudio;Shorten;WavPack;Musepack;Speex;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Audio;Digital_camera;BMP_file_format;JPEG;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Portable_Network_Graphics;Tagged_Image_File_Format;PCX;Truevision_TGA;SubStation_Alpha;Closed_captioning;SubRip;FFmpeg;VOB;Metadata;Database;Genre;XBMC;XBMC;Gapless_playback;Ogg;Digital_camera;Slideshow;Apple_Inc.;Touchscreen_remote_control;WebOS;Operating_system;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Video_game_console;Embedded_system;Boxee_Box;Boxee_Box;PowerVR;HDMI;RCA_connector;Stereophonic_sound;USB;SD_card;Megabit;Ethernet;Remote_control;QWERTY;PowerVR;HDMI;RCA_connector;Stereophonic_sound;USB;Ethernet;Remote_control;QWERTY;XBMC;WebKit;Skype;Bluetooth;Video_on_demand;XBMC;XML;Graphical_user_interface;GUI_widget;Microsoft_Gadgets;GUI_widget;Internet_television;XBMC;Graphical_user_interface;XML;XBMC;Source_code;Encryption;Digital_rights_management;ITunes_Store;MSN_Music;Audible.com;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;DirectX;Graphics_processing_unit;XBMC;LAME;Libavcodec;FFmpeg;Executable;European_Union;XBMC_Media_Center;Comparison_of_video_player_software;FFmpeg;Codec;Internet_television;Smart_TV;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Boxee;Boxee; Boxee_Box Boxee Box by D-Link (officially " D-Link Boxee Box DSM-380 ") is a Linux-based set-top device and media extender that first began shipping in 33 countries worldwide on the 10th of November 2010. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Designed to easily bring internet television and other video to the television via Boxee 's software, it comes pre-installed with Boxee media center software and the hardware is based on Intel CE4110 system-on-a-chip platform (that has a 1.2 GHz Intel Atom CPU with a PowerVR SGX535 Integrated graphics processor), 1 GB of RAM , and 1 GB of NAND Flash Memory . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The DM-380 features output ports for HDMI (version 1.3), optical digital audio ( S/PDIF ) connector, and RCA connector for analog stereo audio , two USB ports, an SD card slot, wired 100 Mbit/s ( 100BASE-T ) ethernet , and built-in 2.4 GHz 802.11n WiFi. The Boxee Box also ships with a small two-sided RF remote control with 4-way D-pad navigation and a full QWERTY keypad as standard, and this remote is also being sold separately with an USB-receiver as " D-Link Boxee Box Remote DSM-22 " that one can use with Boxee installed on a computer so that one can use this remote without owning D-Link's Boxee Box [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The look of both the case and remote prototypes for the Boxee Box was designed by San Francisco based Astro Studios , which is the same designer company that designed the look of Xbox 360 and the Microsoft Zune . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Boxee;Operating_system;Linux;Central_processing_unit;PowerVR;Fast_Ethernet;HDMI;Universal_Serial_Bus;RCA_connector;SD_card;Boxee;Boxee;PowerVR;HDMI;RCA_connector;Stereophonic_sound;USB;SD_card;Ethernet;Remote_control;QWERTY;San_Francisco;User_interface;Boxee;XBMC;Linux;Boxee;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Boxee_Box;Boxee_Box; Boy_Genius_Report Blog;Weblog;Engadget;Gizmodo;Mashable;CNET;SlashGear;TechCrunch;Engadget;Steve_Jobs;Barack_Obama;Boy_Genius_Report;Boy_Genius_Report; Braeburn_Capital Braeburn Capital is an asset management company based in Reno , Nevada and a subsidiary of Apple Inc. Apple_Inc.;California;USD;United_States_dollar;Apple;BusinessWeek;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Braeburn_Capital;Braeburn_Capital; Brazil English_language;English_language;English_language;Venezuela;Colombia;Bolivia;Peru;Argentina;Paraguay;Ecuador;Chile;Portugal;Paraguay;Argentina;Paraguay;Bolivia;Peru;Colombia;Venezuela;Ecuador;Chile;Jaguar;Television;YouTube;Argentina;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Computer;American_English;British_English;German_language;German_language;USA_Today;Stanford_University;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;The_Guardian;Wikisource;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Colombia;Venezuela;Bolivia;Peru;Brazil;Argentina;Paraguay;Argentina;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;France;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Bolivia;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Cape_Verde;Mozambique;Portugal;Macau;Philippines;Romania;Ukraine;Argentina;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Argentina;Paraguay;Venezuela;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;Mexico;New_Zealand;Argentina;Bolivia;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;United_States;Venezuela;Canada;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;United_Kingdom;United_States;Mexico;Argentina;Argentina;Australia;Australia;Brazil;Canada;Canada;European_Union;European_Union;France;France;Germany;Germany;Italy;Italy;Japan;Japan;Mexico;Mexico;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;Argentina;Chile;Malaysia;Mexico;Peru;Sri_Lanka;Venezuela;Zimbabwe;Argentina;Benin;Cape_Verde;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Macau;Macau;Macau;Brazil;Brazil; Brazilian_Real The real ( / r eɪ ˈ ɑː l / ; Brazilian Portuguese : [ʁeˈaw] ; pl. reais ) is the present-day currency of Brazil . Its sign is R$ and its ISO code is BRL . It is subdivided into 100 centavos ("hundredths"). The modern real was introduced in 1994 as part of the Plano Real , a substantial monetary reform package that aimed to put an end to three decades of rampant inflation . At the time it was meant to have approximately fixed 1:1 exchange rate with the United States dollar . It suffered a sudden devaluation to a rate of about 2:1 in 1999, reached almost 4:1 in 2002, then partly recovered and has been approximately 2:1 since 2006. The exchange rate as of June 15, 2012 is BRL 2.05 to USD 1.00. In Portuguese the word real means both "royal" and "real". The name of the historic real derived from the first sense. The name of the modern currency is generally understood to refer both to the historic unit and to the second sense. [ citation needed ] The dollar-like sign ( cifrão ) in the currency's symbol (both historic and modern), and in all the other past Brazilian currencies, is officially [ citation needed ] written with two vertical strokes ( ) rather than one. However Unicode considers the difference to be only a matter of font design, and does not have a separate code for the two-stroked version. Brazil;Brazil;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Economics;USD;Stainless_steel;Trademark;Jaguar;Brazil;North_America;Canadian_dollar;Danish_krone;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Puerto_Rico;United_States_dollar;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;United_States_dollar;Ecuador; Break.com Break.com (formerly Big-boys.com ) is a humor website founded in 1998 that features comedy videos, flash games, and pictures among other material. The chief executive officer of Break is Steve Boss. The web site's target audience is men 18-35. [ 2 ] Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Flash;NBC_Universal;Metacafe;YouTube;CNN;BusinessWeek;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Break.com;Break.com; Brewster_Kahle Brewster Kahle ( / ˈ k eɪ l / KAYL ; [ 2 ] born 1960) [ 1 ] [ 3 ] is an American computer engineer , Internet entrepreneur , internet activist, advocate of universal access to knowledge, and digital librarian . Internet_Archive;Computer_science;AOL;Amazon.com;Internet_Archive;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Google;The_Guardian;Internet_Archive;Project_Gutenberg;Brewster_Kahle;Brewster_Kahle; Brian_Krebs Brian Krebs (born in Alabama in 1972) is an American journalist and investigative reporter . Krebs is the author of KrebsOnSecurity.com, a daily blog on computer security and cybercrime . From 1995 to 2009, Krebs was a reporter for The Washington Post , where he covered tech policy, privacy and computer security, and authored the Security Fix blog [ 1 ] United_States;Blog;The_Washington_Post;Estonia;Cisco_Systems;CNET;Poland;Canada;Austria;MarketWatch;Brian_Krebs;Brian_Krebs; Brian_Lam Brian Lam (born 1977) is a writer and the former Editorial Director at Gizmodo , a blog focusing on technology. Gizmodo is owned by Gawker Media , where Lam first worked as a writer in 2006. Lam's apartment in San Francisco also acts as Gizmodo's headquarters in the city [ 1 ] (Gizmodo also has an office in New York City). [ 2 ] Before working for Gizmodo, Lam was a contributor and assistant editor for Wired magazine . He used to kickbox . [ 1 ] Brian semi-retired from Gizmodo on Sept 4th 2008. [ 3 ] On June 22, 2011, Lam announced, via a Gizmodo post, that he was stepping down completely from the site. [ 4 ] In September 2011 Lam started The Wirecutter which started as his personal blog and a list of his personal recommendations for gadgets. [ 5 ] ^ a b Adler, Carlye (2008-03-24). "Gear Blog Rivals Engadget and Gizmodo Turn the Competition Up to 11" . Wired . http://www.wired.com/entertainment/theweb/magazine/16-04/mf_gadgetblogs?currentPage=all . Retrieved 2010-04-22 . ^ Leonard, Tom (2010-04-20). "Engineer leaves new generation Apple iPhone on bar stool" . Telegraph . http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/7611045/Engineer-leaves-new-generation-Apple-iPhone-on-bar-stool.html . Retrieved 2010-04-22 . ^ "Notes: Promotions, Evolutions and Unlikely Alliances" . Gizmodo . http://gizmodo.com/5045236/notes-promotions-evolutions-and-unlikely-alliances . ^ "See you later" . Gizmodo . http://gizmodo.com/5814501/see-you-later . ^ "A list of the best gadgets" . The Wirecutter . http://thewirecutter.com/ . Retrieved 2011-11-8 . Q A: The Coolest Bloggers at Time magazine Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Lam oldid=487026053 " Categories : 1977 births Living people American bloggers Hidden categories: Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2012 All articles with topics of unclear notability Persondata templates without short description parameter Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;Brian_Lam;Brian_Lam; Bridge_tied_load Electrical_impedance; Brightcove Brightcove ( NASDAQ : BCOV ) is a Cambridge, MA based company that produces an online video platform. NASDAQ;TiVo;Content_delivery_network;UK;Reuters;About.com;Sony_BMG;Television;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Brightcove;Brightcove; Brit_Awards The Brit Awards (stylised as the BRIT Awards ; often simply called the Brits ) are the British Phonographic Industry 's annual pop music awards and the British equivalent of the American Grammy Awards . The name was originally a shortened form of "British", "Britain" or "Britannia", but subsequently became a backronym for British Record Industry Trust . [ 1 ] In addition, an equivalent awards ceremony for classical music , called the Classic BRIT Awards , is held each May. Robbie Williams holds the record for the most Brit Awards, having won a total of 12 as a solo artist and another five awards as part of Take That . The awards began in 1978 and as annual event in 1982 under the auspices of the British record industry's trade association, the BPI. The last BPI Awards show was the first of the ceremonies to be broadcast on television, by the BBC. In 1989 they were renamed the Britannia Music Awards to echo sponsorship by Britannia Music Club and this was shortened to BRIT Awards. MasterCard has been the long-time sponsor of the event. The Brit Awards were broadcast live until 1989, when Samantha Fox and Mick Fleetwood hosted a widely criticised show in which little went as rehearsed. Subsequently, the event was recorded and broadcast the following night. This was part of a revamp by Jonathan King , who had hosted the show in 1987. He created the "BRITs" moniker and released a megamix of British dance acts, including S'Express and A Guy Called Gerald , called BRITs 1990 . From 2007, the Brit Awards reverted to a live broadcast on British television, on 14 February on ITV . In that year, comedian Russell Brand was presenter and three awards were dropped from the ceremony: Best British Rock Act, Best British Urban Act and Best Pop Act. On 18 February 2009, the venue for the BRITs was once again the Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London. The 2011 Brit Awards were held at The O2 Arena in London for the first time in its history, moving from the original venue of Earls Court. British_Phonographic_Industry;British_Phonographic_Industry;Pop_music;Classical_music;Classic_Brit_Awards;ITV;The_Beatles;Paul_McCartney;Coldplay;Rolling_Stones;YouTube;The_Beatles;Coldplay;The_Beatles;Classic_Brit_Awards;ITV;Classic_Brit_Awards;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Classic_Brit_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;UK_Singles_Chart;NME;Brit_Awards;Brit_Awards; British_English British English (or BrEn , BrE , BE , en-UK or en-GB [ 1 ] ), is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere. [ 2 ] The Oxford English Dictionary applies the term to English "as spoken or written in the British Isles; esp[ecially] the forms of English usual in Great Britain", reserving " Hiberno-English " for the "English language as spoken and written in Ireland". [ 3 ] Nevertheless, Hiberno-English forms part of the broad British English continuum. Others, such as the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary, define it as the "English language as it spoken and written in England ." [ 4 ] There are slight regional variations in formal written English in the United Kingdom . For example, although the words wee and little are interchangeable in some contexts, wee (as an adjective) is almost exclusively written by some people from some parts of northern Britain (and especially Scotland ) or from Northern Ireland , whereas in Southern England and Wales , little is used predominantly. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term British English . The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken, [ 5 ] so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to the spoken language. According to Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English , "For many people . . . especially in England [ British English ] is tautologous ," and it shares "all the ambiguities and tensions in the word British , and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity." [ 6 ] United_States;American_English;United_Kingdom;English_language;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;English_language;Germany;Netherlands;English_language;Scottish_English;United_Kingdom;BBC_News;ISO_standard;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Scottish_English;American_English;Canadian_English;Australian_English;Australian_English;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;British_English;British_English; British_Phonographic_Industry The British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) is the British record industry's trade association . Warner_Music_Group;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Copyright_infringement;United_Kingdom;Album;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;United_States;Brit_Awards;Classic_Brit_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;UK_Singles_Chart;NME;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;Financial_Times;The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;The_Mail_on_Sunday;ITV;ITV;BBC_iPlayer;ITV;TVCatchup;TiVo;Zattoo;EMI;Reuters;British_Phonographic_Industry;British_Phonographic_Industry; Britney_Spears Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American recording artist and entertainer . Born in McComb, Mississippi , and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana , Spears began performing as a child, landing acting roles in stage productions and television shows. She signed with Jive Records in 1997 and released her debut album ...Baby One More Time in 1999, which became the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist. [ 2 ] During her first decade in the music industry, she became a prominent figure in mainstream popular music and popular culture, followed by a much-publicized personal life. Her first two albums established her as a pop icon and broke sales records, while title tracks " ...Baby One More Time " and " Oops!... I Did It Again " became international number-one hits. Spears was credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s, and became the 'best-selling teenaged artist of all time' before she turned 20, [ 3 ] garnering her honorific titles such as " Princess of Pop " [ 4 ] . In 2001, she released her third studio album Britney and expanded her brand, playing the starring role in the film Crossroads . She assumed creative control of her fourth studio album, In the Zone (2003), which yielded chart-topping singles " Me Against the Music ", " Toxic " and " Everytime ". After the release of two compilation albums, Spears experienced personal struggles and her career went into hiatus. Her fifth studio album, Blackout , was released in 2007 and despite receiving little promotion, it spawned hits " Gimme More " and " Piece of Me ". In 2008, her erratic behavior and hospitalizations caused her to be placed in a conservatorship . The same year, her sixth studio album Circus was released, with the global chart-topping lead single " Womanizer ", and hits such as " Circus " and " If U Seek Amy ". She embarked on her highest-grossing global concert tour, [ 5 ] The Circus Starring Britney Spears , in 2009. In October of the same year, she released a chart-topping single, " 3 ", which became her third single to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Her seventh studio album Femme Fatale , released in 2011, has become the first of her albums to yield three top ten singles in the United States, " Hold It Against Me ", " Till the World Ends " and " I Wanna Go ". The same year, she also gained her fifth number one single when she featured on the remix of " S M " alongside Rihanna . Spears's work has earned her numerous awards and accolades, including a Grammy Award , 6 MTV Video Music Awards including the Lifetime Achievement Award , 9 Billboard Music Awards , and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2009, Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade, [ 6 ] and also recognized her as the best-selling female artist of the first decade of the 21st century, as well as the fifth overall. [ 7 ] The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) also recognized Spears as the seventh [ not in citation given ] top-selling female artist in the United States, with 34 million certified albums. [ 8 ] Nielsen SoundScan ranked Spears the tenth best-selling digital artist of the country, with more than 28.6 million digital singles as of January 2012. [ 9 ] She has sold over 100 million albums worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. [ 10 ] Rolling Stone recognized her instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time, [ 11 ] while VH1 ranked her eleventh on their "100 Greatest Women in Music" list in 2012, [ 12 ] and Billboard named her the sexiest woman in music. [ 13 ] Forbes also revealed that Spears was the sixth most powerful celebrity, and the third best paid musician of 2011–12, having topped the list back in 2002. [ 14 ] Pop_music;Dance_music;Record_label;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;Rolling_Stone;Forbes;Audio_engineering;Music_recording_sales_certification;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Rolling_Stone;Pepsi;Entertainment_Weekly;Forbes;Compilation_album;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Rolling_Stone;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Entertainment_Weekly;Entertainment_Weekly;Pepsi;Sony;Saturday_Night_Live;Saturday_Night_Live;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Rovi_Corporation;Nielsen_Company;Rotten_Tomatoes;Microsoft;CBS_Interactive;NBC_Universal;Microsoft;Time_Warner;Tribune_Company;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Tribune_Company;About.com;Rovi_Corporation;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Facebook;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears; Britney_spears_circus Circus is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Britney Spears . The album was first released on November 28, 2008 by Jive Records . Spears started work on the album in early 2008 with a range of producers including long-time producers Bloodshy Avant and Danja . The album consists of pop music and dance-pop . [ 3 ] The album received positive reviews from critics and drew heavy comparisons to her previous studio album Blackout . The album proved popular with Spears' fan base, and produced Spears' second number 1 "Womanizer" since 1999, in the US. The album's lead single " Womanizer " became a worldwide hit and broke records for registering the largest jump to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 after debuting at number ninety-six on the chart. The song became her best-selling single in the US since her debut single " ...Baby One More Time ". The second single " Circus " debuted and peaked at number 3 in the US. The third single " If U Seek Amy " created controversy for its double entendre, but managed to peak at number 19 in the US. Circus is Spears's second album since ...Baby One More Time to have two top-ten hits and three top-twenty hits. It was her first album to have 2 first top 5 hits. The album gained a Grammy Award nomination for Best Dance Recording for "Womanizer," but lost to Lady Gaga's " Poker Face ." The album has become her biggest-selling album since In the Zone selling over fifteen million combined sales of digital tracks and over 4 million copies worldwide. [ 4 ] Spears embarked on her fifth concert tour to support the album named The Circus Starring Britney Spears . The tour kicked off on March 3, 2009 in New Orleans ' New Orleans Arena and finished in Adelaide 's Adelaide Entertainment Centre . Spears embarked on four legs of the tour visiting North America twice performing elsewhere in Europe and Australia . The tour gained controversy in Australia due to accusations of lip-synching. Elsewhere Spears promoted the album, performing on several television shows and releasing a promotional music video for the track " Kill the Lights ". Britney_Spears;Pop_music;Record_label;Record_producer;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Pop_music;Grammy_Award;Australia;MTV;Dance_music;Celebrity;Entertainment_Weekly;The_Guardian;NME;Rolling_Stone;USA_Today;Rolling_Stone;The_New_York_Times;The_Guardian;NME;Los_Angeles_Times;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Fuse_TV;Amazon.com;Australia;Britney_Spears;ITunes_Store;Amazon.com;Artists_and_repertoire;ARIA_Charts;British_Phonographic_Industry;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;British_Phonographic_Industry;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Tribune_Company;Los_Angeles_Times;HitQuarters;The_Guardian;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Music_Canada;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Nielsen_Company;Fuse_TV;Nielsen_Company;MTV;MTV;MTV;British_Phonographic_Industry;British_Phonographic_Industry;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears; Broadcatching Broadcatching is the downloading of digital content that has been made available over the Internet using RSS . The general idea is to use an automated mechanism to aggregate various web feeds and download content for viewing or presentation purposes. Internet;RSS;File_sharing;Internet_television;Internet_radio;Podcast;Transcode;Australia;United_Kingdom;United_States;BitLord;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Internet_television;Internet_radio;Podcast;LimeWire;QBittorrent;Vuze;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;News_aggregator;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Broadcatching;Broadcatching; Broadcom Broadcom Corporation is a fabless semiconductor company in the wireless and broadband communication business. The company is headquartered in Irvine, California , USA. Broadcom was founded by a professor-student pair Henry Samueli and Henry T. Nicholas III from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) at Los Angeles , California in 1991. In 1995, the company moved from its Westwood, California , office to Irvine, California. [ 1 ] In 1998, Broadcom became a public company on the NASDAQ exchange (ticker symbol: BRCM) and now employs approximately 11,000 people worldwide in more than 15 countries. Broadcom is among Gartner 's Top 10 Semiconductor Vendors by revenue. [ 2 ] In 2011, Broadcom's total revenue was $7.39 billion. In 2011, Broadcom was No. 343 on the Fortune 500 , climbing 117 places from its 2010 ranking of No. 460. [ 3 ] Broadcom first landed on the Fortune 500 in 2009. The Broadcom logo is inspired from the Mathematical Sinc function . NASDAQ;California;United_States;Gigabit_Ethernet;Bluetooth;VoIP;GPS;United_States_dollar;California;NASDAQ;Gartner;Sinc_function;Ethernet;Local_area_network;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Bluetooth;Apple_Computer;Motorola;IBM;Dell;Logitech;TiVo;Cisco_Systems;Dell;IBM;IPhone;IPod;Personal_digital_assistant;Bluetooth;ARM_architecture;Free_Software_Foundation;Bangalore;Digital_signal_processing;VOIP;VOIP;Forbes;BusinessWeek;The_Register;Associated_Press;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Vodafone;Software;Google;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Mobile_phone;Dell;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Broadcom;Broadcom; Broadway_Video Broadway Video is a media production and distribution company located within the Brill Building on Broadway , New York , United States . Founded in 1979 as a production house tasked with post-production work on Saturday Night Live , Broadway Video has since become one of the largest independent production companies within New York. It has won several awards, including an Emmy for production work on the television program 30 Rock . The company was founded by Lorne Michaels in 1979. In addition to an increased focus on distribution, Broadway Video increased its production of television series, typically starring Saturday Night Live alums. The company saw its first major success with the release of the primetime NBC comedy series, 30 Rock . Broadway Video is an independent entertainment company. With headquarters in New York , and offices in Los Angeles, are responsible for the production and distribution of numerous television and film titles. Founded by Lorne Michaels in 1979, the initial focus of the company was the handling of post-production duties of NBC 's Saturday Night Live . Subsequently, Broadway Video has expanded into the production and select distribution of television and film titles in a variety of genres. More recently, Broadway Video has been involved in the production of short-form media, including television commercials and broadcast promotions. [ 2 ] In 2009, Broadway Video Entertainment was issued the trademark rights to "Broadway Video" by the USPTO . [ 3 ] Television_program;United_States;Saturday_Night_Live;Saturday_Night_Live;NBC;Saturday_Night_Live;NBC;NBC;Saturday_Night_Live;Saturday_Night_Live;NBC;Saturday_Night_Live;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Saturday_Night_Live;Broadway_Video;Broadway_Video; Bromazine InChI=1S/C17H20BrNO/c1-19(2)12-13-20-17(14-6-4-3-5-7-14)15-8-10-16(18)11-9-15/h3-11,17H,12-13H2,1-2H3 Y Key:NUNIWXHYABYXKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Bromazine ( Ambrodyl , Ambrodil and others), also known as bromodiphenhydramine , is an antihistamine and anticholinergic . It is a halogenated form of diphenhydramine and in many respects is somewhat stronger than the parent compound. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Bromazine;Bromazine; Brompheniramine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Pheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Triprolidine;Dexbrompheniramine;Antidepressant;Sweden;Antimuscarinic;Diphenhydramine;Dexbrompheniramine;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Brompheniramine;Brompheniramine; Bruce_Leak Bruce Leak is an American inventor and entrepreneur . He was one of three co-founders of WebTV and is credited with making several major advances in the Macintosh operating system. Wired magazine described him as an "Apple Hero," saying that he "kick-started the multimedia revolution, bringing quality video to the Mac a year before anything even remotely comparable hit Windows." [ 1 ] United_States;MSN_TV;Macintosh;Stanford_University;Microsoft;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Excel;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;QuickDraw;MSN_TV;Bruce_Leak;Bruce_Leak; Brunei Brunei i / b r uː ˈ n aɪ / , officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace [ 8 ] ( Malay : Negara Brunei Darussalam , Jawi : نڬارا بروني دارالسلام , Arabic : دولة بروناي، دار السلام ‎), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo , in Southeast Asia . Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea , it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak , Malaysia , and it is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang . It is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo , with the remainder of the island belonging to Malaysia and Indonesia . Brunei's population was 401,890 in July 2011. [ 9 ] The official national history claims that Brunei can trace its beginnings to the 7th century, when it was a subject state of the Srivijayan empire under the name P'o-li . It later became a vassal state of Majapahit empire before converting to Islam in the 15th century. At the peak of its empire , the sultanate had control that extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah , the Sulu archipelago , and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo . The thalassocracy was visited by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and fought the Castille War in 1578 against Spain . Its empire began to decline with the forced ceding of Sarawak to James Brooke and the ceding of Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . After the loss of Limbang , Brunei finally became a British protectorate in 1888, receiving a resident in 1906. In the years after the Japanese wartime occupation during World War II , it formalised a constitution and fought an armed rebellion . [ 10 ] Brunei regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. Economic growth during the 1970s and 1990s, averaging 56% from 1999 to 2008, has transformed Brunei Darussalam into a newly industrialised country. Brunei has the second highest Human Development Index among the South East Asia nations after Singapore , and is classified as a developed country . [ 11 ] According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brunei is ranked 5th in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity . The IMF also states in a 2011 estimate that Brunei was one of two countries (the other being Libya ) with their public debt 0% of the national GDP. Forbes also ranks Brunei as the fifth richest nation out of 182 nations due to its extensive petroleum and natural gas fields. [ 12 ] Malaysia;Malaysia;Spain;United_Kingdom;Singapore;Forbes;Philippines;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Japan;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Fiji;United_Kingdom;Philippines;Singapore;Philippines;English_language;Chinese_language;Malaysia;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Asia;Bhutan;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Papua_New_Guinea;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;Australia;Taiwan;Asia;Bhutan;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Australia;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Australia;Cambodia;Japan;Laos;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;United_States;Albania;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;The_Gambia;Kyrgyzstan;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mozambique;Sierra_Leone;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Thailand;Taiwan;Cambodia;Fiji;Guam;Malaysia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Philippines;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Vietnam;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;Brunei;Brunei; Buclizine InChI=1S/C28H33ClN2/c1-28(2,3)25-13-9-22(10-14-25)21-30-17-19-31(20-18-30)27(23-7-5-4-6-8-23)24-11-15-26(29)16-12-24/h4-16,27H,17-21H2,1-3H3 Y Key:MOYGZHXDRJNJEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Buclizine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the piperazine derivative family. It is considered to be an antiemetic , similar to meclozine . In the United Kingdom , buclizine is one of three drugs contained in Migraleve tablets, marketed by McNeil Healthcare at migraine sufferers. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Meclozine;United_Kingdom;Cetirizine;Cyclizine;Meclozine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Meclozine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Buclizine;Buclizine; Buddy_profile AOL_Instant_Messenger;Buddy_profile;Buddy_profile; Buffer_overrun Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;JPEG;.NET_Framework;Mac_OS_X;Proprietary_software;Unix;Xbox; Bulgaria Coordinates : 42°45′N 25°30′E  /  42.75°N 25.5°E  / 42.75; 25.5 Republic of Bulgaria Република България (Bulgarian) Republika Balgariya (transliteration) Motto: Unity makes strength Съединението прави силата (Bulgarian) Saedinenieto pravi silata (transliteration) " Dear Motherland " "Мила Родино" (Bulgarian) "Mila Rodino" (transliteration) Location of Bulgaria ( green ) – in Europe ( light-green grey ) – in the European Union ( light-green ) — [ Legend ] 42°41′N 23°19′E  /  42.683°N 23.317°E  / 42.683; 23.317 Official language(s) Ethnic groups (2011) 0.8% indefinable [ 1 ] Unitary parliamentary republic Independence from the Ottoman Empire Principality of Bulgaria Declaration of Independence 110,994 km 2 ( 105th ) 7,364,570 [ 2 ] ( 98th ) 66.2/km 2 ( 139th ) $101.036 billion [ 3 ] ( 66th ) $13,597 [ 3 ] ( 68th ) $53.514 billion [ 3 ] ( 72th ) $7,202 [ 3 ] ( 74th ) Bulgaria i / b ʌ l ˈ ɡ ɛər i ə / ( Bulgarian : България , IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ] ) is a country located in Southeastern Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country . Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Cultures began developing in the area during the Neolithic period , and ancient history saw the presence of the Thracians , Greeks , and Romans . The First Bulgarian Empire was established in 681, and dominated most of the Balkans in the 9th-10th centuries and functioned as a Slavic cultural hub. After a short period of Byzantine rule, the Second Bulgarian Empire emerged and lasted until 1396, when its territories came under Ottoman control. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 created the Third Bulgarian State, which became independent in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system. In until 1989 the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections, following which Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy. The population of 7.36 million people is predominantly urban and mainly concentrated in the administrative centres of its 28 provinces . Most commercial and cultural activities are concentrated in the capital Sofia . The strongest sectors of the economy are heavy industry, power engineering and agriculture, all relying on local natural resources. The current political structure dates to the adoption of a democratic constitution in 1991. Bulgaria is a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative and economic centralisation. It is a member of the European Union , NATO and the Council of Europe , a founding state of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and has taken a seat at the UN Security Council three times. Europe;European_Union;Romania;Greece;European_Union;European_Union;Vietnam;Eurozone;Grammy_Award;Jazz;Icon;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Bloomberg_Businessweek;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Commission;European_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Daily_Telegraph;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Bulgaria;European_Union;Romania;Bulgaria;Greece;Bulgaria;Bulgaria; Bundled_software In the software industry , bundled software is software distributed with another product such as a piece of computer hardware or other electronic device, or a group of software packages which are sold together. A software suite is an example of bundled software, as is software which is pre-installed on a new computer. Software;Bundled_software;Bundled_software; Burimamide International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Histamine;Cimetidine;Metiamide;Cimetidine;International_Standard_Book_Number;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Burimamide;Burimamide; Burkina_Faso French_language;France;Benin;French_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Benin;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Benin;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Benin;Chad;The_Gambia;Liberia;Sierra_Leone;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Albania;Benin;Brunei;Chad;The_Gambia;Kyrgyzstan;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mozambique;Sierra_Leone;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Thailand;The_Gambia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Liberia;Benin;Benin;Chad;The_Gambia;Liberia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Benin;Chad;Benin;Liberia;Benin;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Burkina_Faso;Burkina_Faso; Bus_contention Bus contention , in computer design , is an undesirable state of the bus in which more than one device on the bus attempts to place values on the bus at the same time. Most bus architectures require their devices follow an arbitration protocol carefully designed to make the likelihood of contention negligible. [ 1 ] However, when devices on the bus have logic errors, manufacturing defects or are driven beyond their design speeds, arbitration may break down and contention may result. Contention may also arise on systems which have a programmable memory mapping and when illegal values are written to the registers controlling the mapping. Contention can lead to erroneous operation, and in unusual cases, damage to the hardware—such as fusing of the bus wiring. Bus contention is sometimes countered by buffering the output of memory-mapped devices. However, it has been noted that high impedance from one device will still interfere with the bus values of other devices. Currently, no standard solution exists for data-bus contention between memory devices, such as EEPROM and SRAM. International_Standard_Book_Number;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Bus_contention;Bus_contention; BusinessWeek Bloomberg_L.P.;English_language;Bloomberg_L.P.;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Bloomberg_L.P.;Forbes;News_release;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Bloomberg_L.P.;Bloomberg_News;Forbes;Bloomberg_L.P.;MarketWatch;Reuters;Bloomberg_Businessweek;Bloomberg_Businessweek; Business_intelligence Business intelligence ( BI ) is defined as the ability for an organization to take all its capabilities and convert them into knowledge. This produces large amounts of information which can lead to the development of new opportunities for the organization. When these opportunities have been identified and a strategy has been effectively implemented, they can provide an organization with a competitive advantage in the market, and stability in the long run (within its industry). [ 1 ] BI technologies provide historical, current and predictive views of business operations. Common functions of business intelligence technologies are reporting, online analytical processing , analytics , data mining , process mining , complex event processing , business performance management , benchmarking , text mining , predictive analytics and prescriptive analytics . Business intelligence aims to support better business decision-making. Thus a BI system can be called a decision support system (DSS). [ 2 ] Though the term business intelligence is sometimes used as a synonym for competitive intelligence , because they both support decision making, BI uses technologies, processes, and applications to analyze mostly internal, structured data and business processes while competitive intelligence gathers, analyzes and disseminates information with a topical focus on company competitors. Business intelligence understood broadly can include the subset of competitive intelligence. [ 3 ] IBM;Forrester_Research;Metadata;Mobile_business_intelligence;Cloud_computing;Mobile_business_intelligence;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Database;Metadata;Business_intelligence;Business_intelligence; Butaclamol Butaclamol ( AY-23,028 ) is an antipsychotic which was never marketed. [ 1 ] Sold as the hydrochloride salt for use in research, the compound acts as a dopamine receptor antagonist. [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Butaclamol;Butaclamol; Butaperazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Butaperazine;Butaperazine; Butriptyline International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Europe;Amitriptyline;Sedation;Iprindole;Trimipramine;Amitriptyline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Butriptyline;Butriptyline; BuyMusic Online_music_store;ITunes_Music_Store;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;United_States_dollar;Microsoft_Windows;Internet_Explorer;Web_browser;Apple_Inc.;ITunes_Music_Store;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;BuyMusic;BuyMusic; CALO Intelligent_software_assistant;DARPA;SRI_International;SRI_International;SRI_International;Stanford_University;John_Markoff;New_York_Times;Digital_object_identifier;CALO;CALO; CAMAL The CAMAL (CAMbridge ALgebra system) is a computer algebra system written at Cambridge University by David Barton , Steve Bourne , and John Fitch was initially used for computations in celestial mechanics [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and general relativity . The foundation code was written in Titan computer assembler [ 3 ] , but in 1973 when the Titan was replace with a IBM370/85 it was rewritten in ALGOL 68C and then BCPL [ 4 ] where it could run on IBM mainframes and assorted microcomputers . [ 5 ] Software_developer;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems; CAS_registry_number International_Chemical_Identifier;PubChem;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Chemical_formula;CAS_registry_number;CAS_registry_number; CBS 480i ( 16:9 SDTV ) C olumbia B roadcasting S ystem (former legal name) By state or By DMA CBS Broadcasting Inc. ( CBS ) is a major US commercial broadcasting television network , which started as a radio network, and continues to operate a radio network and a portfolio of large market television and radio stations. The name is derived from the initials of the network's former name, Columbia Broadcasting System . It is the second largest broadcaster in the world behind the BBC . The network is sometimes referred to as the "Eye Network" in reference to the shape of the company's logo. It has also been called the "Tiffany Network," which alludes to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of its founder William S. Paley . [ 1 ] It can also refer to some of CBS's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany Co. building in New York City in 1950. [ 2 ] The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc., a collection of 16 radio stations that was bought by William S. Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. [ 3 ] Under Paley's guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States and then one of the big three American broadcast television networks. In 1974, CBS dropped its full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 and eventually adopted the name of the company it had bought to become CBS Corporation . In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom , which coincidentally had begun as a spin-off of CBS in 1971. In late 2005, Viacom split itself and reestablished CBS Corporation with the CBS television network at its core. CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , its parent. Hertz;Paramount_Pictures;NBC;Associated_Press;CBS_Interactive;CNET;Los_Angeles_Times;NBC;National_Football_League;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;EMI;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;Sony_BMG;Ziff_Davis;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Country_Music_Television;Time_Warner;NBC;Super_Bowl;CBS_Interactive;International_Standard_Book_Number;JPEG;Bloomberg_L.P.;YouTube;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;YouTube;United_States;NBC;Spanish_language;Digital_video_recorder;IPTV;MSN_TV;Video_on_demand;Warner_Bros.;CBS_Interactive;ZDNet;Last.fm;United_States_dollar;CBS;CBS; CBS_Interactive CBS Interactive (formerly CBS Digital Media Group ) is an American company and is a division of the CBS Corporation . It is an online content network for information and entertainment. Its websites cover news, sports, entertainment, technology and business. [ 1 ] It is headed by Jim Lanzone . [ 2 ] CBS Interactive coordinates with CBS Network Sales to bring together ad sales operations, as well as the Corporation's television, sports, and news groups, who will continue to be involved in program development. San_Francisco;United_States;CNET;United_States;Last.fm;Video_game;CNET;Australia;United_Kingdom;Asia;United_Kingdom;Podcast;Web_application;News.com;ZDNet;Last.fm;CNET;Last.fm;ZDNet;CBS;Warner_Bros.;CBS;ZDNet;Last.fm;United_States_dollar;CBS_Interactive;CBS_Interactive; CD DVD-A , HVD , EcoDisc Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) Enhanced Versatile Disc ( EVD ) Forward Versatile Disc ( FVD ) Holographic Versatile Disc ( HVD ) China Blue High-definition Disc ( CBHD ) HD DVD : HD DVD-R , HD DVD-RW , HD DVD-RAM High definition Versatile Multilayer Disc ( HD VMD ) MiniDisc: MD , Hi-MD Laserdisc: LD , LD-ROM Video Single Disc ( VSD ) Ultra Density Optical ( UDO ) Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk ( SVOD ) Five dimensional disc ( 5D DVD ) Nintendo optical disc ( NOD ) Mount Rainier (packet writing) Mount Fuji (layer jump recording) Apple ISO 9660 Extensions Universal Disk Format ( UDF ) History of optical storage media High definition optical disc format war The Compact Disc , or CD for short, is an optical disc used to store digital data . It was originally developed to store and play back sound recordings only, but the format was later adapted for storage of data ( CD-ROM ), write-once audio and data storage ( CD-R ), rewritable media ( CD-RW ), Video Compact Discs ( VCD ), Super Video Compact Discs ( SVCD ), PhotoCD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982. Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) and can hold up to 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or 700 MB (700 × 2 20 bytes) of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio or delivering device drivers . CD-ROMs and CD-Rs remain widely used technologies in the computer industry . The CD and its extensions are successful: in 2004, worldwide sales of CD audio, CD-ROM, and CD-R reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. [ 1 ] Compact Discs are increasingly being replaced or supplemented by other forms of digital distribution and storage, such as downloading and flash drives , with audio CD sales dropping nearly 50% from their peak in 2000. [ 2 ] Megabyte;Infrared;Red;Sony;Video_CD;DVD;Megabyte;Sony;Sony;Netherlands;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Germany;English_language;Polycarbonate;DVD;Megabyte;NTSC;PAL;Video_CD;Hidden_track;Backward_compatibility;Video_CD;JVC;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Linux;Linux_distribution;Megabyte;Digital_rights_management;DVD;Digital_rights_management;DVD;Home_cinema;BBC_News;Digital_object_identifier;BBC_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sony;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sony;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Compact_Disc;Compact_Disc; CDMA Code division multiple access ( CDMA ) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne , CDMA2000 (the 3G evolution of cdmaOne) and WCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSM carriers), which are often referred to as simply CDMA , and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth ). This concept is called multiple access . CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access ( TDMA ) divides access by time , while frequency-division multiple access ( FDMA ) divides it by frequency . CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated. An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can communicate. The technology of code division multiple access channels has long been known. In the USSR, the first work devoted to this subject was published in 1935 by professor Dmitriy V. Ageev . [ 1 ] It was shown that through the use of linear methods, there are three types of signal separation: frequency, time and compensatory. The technology of CDMA was used in 1957, when the young military radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich in Moscow, made an experimental model of a wearable automatic mobile phone, called LK-1 by him, with a base station. LK-1 has a weight of 3 kg, 20–30 km operating distance, and 20–30 hours of battery life. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The base station, as described by the author, could serve several customers. In 1958, Kupriyanovich made the new experimental "pocket" model of mobile phone. This phone weighed 0.5 kg. To serve more customers, Kupriyanovich proposed the device, named by him as correllator. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In 1958, the USSR also started the development of the " Altai " national civil mobile phone service for cars, based on the Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The phone system weighed 11 kg and was approximately 3 cubic meters in size [ dubious – discuss ] . It was placed in the trunk of the vehicles of high-ranking officials and used a standard handset in the passenger compartment. The main developers of the Altai system were VNIIS (Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications) and GSPI (State Specialized Project Institute). In 1963 this service started in Moscow and in 1970 Altai service was used in 30 USSR cities. [ citation needed ] Multiplexing;GSM;Mobile_phone;Global_Positioning_System;Mobile_phone;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Global_Positioning_System;GLONASS;Bluetooth;Mobile_phone;Code_division_multiple_access;Code_division_multiple_access; CD_Baby CD Baby is an online music store specializing in the sale of CDs and digital music downloads from independent musicians to consumers. The company is also a digital aggregator of independent music recordings, distributing content to several online digital music retailers. CD Baby has achieved recent value as one of the few sources of information on physical CD sales in the independent music industry, surprising analysts by reporting continued increases in independent CD sales all the way through its most recent report at the end of 2008, apparently showing that independent CD sales move separately from the major label sales reported in the press. CD Baby was the trading name of Hit Media, Inc., a Nevada Corporation [ 1 ] founded by Derek Sivers in 1997. Sivers sold CD Baby to Disc Makers in 2008 for what Sivers has reported to be $22 million, bequeathing, upon Sivers' death, the principal to a charitable trust for music education.; while alive, according to Sivers, it "pays out 5% of its value per year to me. [1] " The firm currently operates out of Portland, Oregon . [ 2 ] CD Baby allows artists to set their price point for selling physical compact discs – CD Baby retains $4 of every CD sale, the remainder gets paid out to the artist on a weekly basis. They also charge a one-time $49 setup fee per album and $9.99 per single song. Online_music_store;CD;Musician;ITunes;Napster;Spotify;Grammy_Award;Record_label;Extended_play;Sara_Bareilles;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;CD_Baby;CD_Baby; CELT Constrained Energy Lapped Transform ( CELT ) is an open, royalty-free lossy audio compression format and a free software codec with especially low algorithmic delay for use in low-latency audio communication. The algorithms are openly documented and may be used free of software patent restrictions. Development of the format is maintained by the Xiph.Org Foundation (as part of the Ogg codec family) and is currently coordinated by the Opus working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The software library libcelt serves as the reference implementation for CELT, written in C and published as free software under Xiph's own 3-clause BSD-ish license. CELT is meant to bridge the gap between Vorbis and Speex for applications where both high quality audio and low delay are desired. [ 1 ] It is suitable for both speech and music. It borrows ideas from the CELP algorithm, but avoids some of its limitations by operating in the frequency domain exclusively. [ 1 ] The first development version of CELT was published in December 2007. [ 2 ] Ogg;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Lossy_compression;Free_software;Ogg;Free_software;Vorbis;Speex;Vorbis;Speex;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Broadcom;SILK;Voice_over_IP;FFmpeg;Ogg;Vorbis;Theora;FLAC;Speex;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;CELT;CELT; CNBC Coordinates : 40°53′55″N 73°56′21″W  /  40.89861°N 73.93917°W  / 40.89861; -73.93917 This article is about the business news channel in the United States. For all international CNBC channels, see List of CNBC channels . For other uses, see CNBC (disambiguation) . "First in Business Worldwide" Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey , United States Dish Network (U.S.) AMC-10, Channel 101 Shaw Direct (Canada) Available on most US and Canadian cable systems Check local listings for channels In-House (Washington) Bell Fibe TV (Canada) Internet television (US$9.95/month or US$99.95/year) [ 1 ] CNBC (officially the Consumer News and Business Channel until 1991) [ 3 ] is a satellite and cable television business news channel in the United States owned and operated by NBCUniversal . The network and its international spinoffs cover business headlines and provide live coverage of financial markets . The combined reach of CNBC and its siblings is 390 million viewers around the world. In 2007, the network was ranked as the 19th most valuable cable channel in the United States, worth roughly $4 billion. [ 4 ] It is headquartered in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey . [ 5 ] NBCUniversal;HDTV;NBC;Weather_Channel;IPTV;Internet_television;Television;United_States;NBCUniversal;NBC;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Digital_video;NASDAQ;NBC;National_Hockey_League;CNet;New_Jersey;CNN;CNN;NBC_Universal;MarketWatch;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;AOL;Thomson_Reuters;Reuters;Webcam;NBC;Singapore;Poland;Canada;NBC;Korean_language;MarketWatch;BlackBerry;IPhone;IPad;The_New_York_Times;NBC_Universal;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;USA_Today;NBC;Financial_Times;USA_Today;YouTube;YouTube;Financial_Times;MarketWatch;YouTube;YouTube;Forbes;The_New_York_Times;MarketWatch;USA_Today;International_Herald_Tribune;International_Herald_Tribune;The_New_York_Times;CNN;Spanish_language;Channel_NewsAsia;CNN;CNN;CNN;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;CNN;CNN;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;Universal_Studios;NBC;NBC;Hulu;NBCNews.com;Universal_Music_Group;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;CNBC;CNBC; CNET CNET (stylized as c|net ) is a tech media website that publishes news, articles, blogs, and podcasts on technology and consumer electronics . Originally founded in 1994 by Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie, it was the flagship brand of CNET Networks and became a brand of CBS Interactive through CNET Networks' acquisition in 2008. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] CNET originally produced content for radio and television in addition to its website and now uses new media distribution methods through its Internet television network , CNET TV , and its podcast and blog networks. CBS_Interactive;Slogan;CBS_Interactive;CBS_Interactive;Internet_television;CBS_Interactive;United_States;CNBC;Switzerland;ZDNet;Ziff_Davis;Ziff_Davis;Gartner;United_States_dollar;CBS_Interactive;Eric_Schmidt;Blog;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Reuters;CBS_Interactive;Last.fm;ZDNet;CNET;CNET; CNN Cable News Network ( CNN ) is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980 by American media mogul and philanthropist Ted Turner . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, [ 3 ] and the first all-news television channel in the United States. [ 4 ] While the news channel has numerous affiliates , CNN primarily broadcasts from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta , the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. , and Los Angeles. CNN is owned by parent company Time Warner , and the U.S. news channel is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System . [ 5 ] CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S. to distinguish the American channel from its international counterpart, CNN International . As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U.S. households. [ 6 ] Broadcast coverage extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, [ 6 ] and the U.S broadcast is also shown in Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories. [ 7 ] Starting late 2010, the domestic version CNN/U.S., is available in high definition to viewers in Japan under the name CNN HD. Time_Warner;HDTV;United_States;Video_on_demand;United_States;Canada;Canada;Japan;IPTV;Time_Warner;New_York_Times;YouTube;Fox_News;Fox_News;Social_networking;Facebook;Social_media;Microsoft_Windows;RealNetworks;RSS;Podcast;YouTube;Blog;Chile;San_Francisco;Italy;Thailand;Colombia;France;Brazil;Chile;Brazil;Australia;Fox_News;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;CNBC;Spanish_language;GameTap;Time_Warner;Asia;Entertainment_Weekly;NME;GameTap;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros._Television;Rotten_Tomatoes;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;CNBC;CNBC;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;CNBC;CNBC;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;Channel_NewsAsia;CNBC;Delta_Air_Lines;CNN;CNN; CNN.com Cable News Network ( CNN ) is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980 by American media mogul and philanthropist Ted Turner . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, [ 3 ] and the first all-news television channel in the United States. [ 4 ] While the news channel has numerous affiliates , CNN primarily broadcasts from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta , the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. , and Los Angeles. CNN is owned by parent company Time Warner , and the U.S. news channel is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System . [ 5 ] CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S. to distinguish the American channel from its international counterpart, CNN International . As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U.S. households. [ 6 ] Broadcast coverage extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, [ 6 ] and the U.S broadcast is also shown in Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories. [ 7 ] Starting late 2010, the domestic version CNN/U.S., is available in high definition to viewers in Japan under the name CNN HD. Time_Warner;HDTV;United_States;Video_on_demand;United_States;Canada;Canada;Japan;IPTV;Time_Warner;New_York_Times;YouTube;Fox_News;Fox_News;Social_networking;Facebook;Social_media;Microsoft_Windows;RealNetworks;RSS;Podcast;YouTube;Blog;Chile;San_Francisco;Italy;Thailand;Colombia;France;Brazil;Chile;Brazil;Australia;Fox_News;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;CNBC;Spanish_language;GameTap;Time_Warner;Asia;Entertainment_Weekly;NME;GameTap;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros._Television;Rotten_Tomatoes;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;CNBC;CNBC;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;CNBC;CNBC;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;Channel_NewsAsia;CNBC;Delta_Air_Lines;CNN;CNN; CNet CNET (stylized as c|net ) is a tech media website that publishes news, articles, blogs, and podcasts on technology and consumer electronics . Originally founded in 1994 by Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie, it was the flagship brand of CNET Networks and became a brand of CBS Interactive through CNET Networks' acquisition in 2008. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] CNET originally produced content for radio and television in addition to its website and now uses new media distribution methods through its Internet television network , CNET TV , and its podcast and blog networks. CBS_Interactive;Slogan;CBS_Interactive;CBS_Interactive;Internet_television;CBS_Interactive;United_States;CNBC;Switzerland;ZDNet;Ziff_Davis;Ziff_Davis;Gartner;United_States_dollar;CBS_Interactive;Eric_Schmidt;Blog;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Reuters;CBS_Interactive;Last.fm;ZDNet;CNET;CNET; CPAN CPAN , the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network , is an archive of over 100,000 modules of software written in Perl , as well as documentation for it. [ 1 ] It has a presence on the World Wide Web at www.cpan.org and is mirrored worldwide at more than 200 locations. [ 2 ] CPAN can denote either the archive network itself, or the Perl program that acts as an interface to the network and as an automated software installer (somewhat like a package manager ). Most software on CPAN is free and open source software . [ 3 ] Perl;Package_manager;Programming_language;Compiler;Operating_system;GitHub;SQL;Database;Gzip;Data_compression;Gigabyte;RubyGems;Perl;CPAN;CPAN; CPU The central processing unit ( CPU , occasionally central processor unit [ 1 ] ) is the hardware within a computer system which carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. [ 2 ] The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their fundamental operation remains much the same. On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards . On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single silicon chip called a microprocessor . Since the 1970s the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations. Modern CPUs are large scale integrated circuits in packages typically less than four centimeters square, with hundreds of connecting pins. Two typical components of a CPU are the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations, and the control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary. Not all computational systems rely on a central processing unit. An array processor or vector processor has multiple parallel computing elements, with no one unit considered the "center". In the distributed computing model, problems are solved by a distributed interconnected set of processors. Computer;Integrated_circuit;Software;Integrated_circuit;Hertz;Integrated_circuit;IBM;Intel;Personal_computer;Integrated_circuit;Random_access_memory;PowerPC;ARM_architecture;Direct_memory_access;SPARC;Video_game_console;Multimedia;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;Hertz;Integrated_circuit;CPU;System_on_a_chip;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Central_processing_unit;Central_processing_unit; CSS Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language . Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML , but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain XML , SVG and XUL . CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation, including elements such as the layout , colors , and fonts . [ 1 ] This separation can improve content accessibility , provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share formatting, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing for tableless web design ). CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader ) and on Braille -based, tactile devices. It can also be used to allow the web page to display differently depending on the screen size or device on which it is being viewed. While the author of a document typically links that document to a CSS style sheet, readers can use a different style sheet, perhaps one on their own computer, to override the one the author has specified. CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade , priorities or weights are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable. The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type ( MIME type ) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998), and they also operate a free CSS validation service . [ 2 ] Filename_extension;HTML;HTML;XHTML;HTML;XHTML;XML;Accessibility;Screen_reader;CSS;HTML;Web_browser;Microsoft;Apple_Macintosh;Computing_platform;Workaround;Web_browser;WebKit;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Firefox;WebKit;Apple_Inc.;Google_Chrome;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;HTML;MathML;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;XHTML;XML;XQuery;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Cascading_Style_Sheets; CVI Chemical vapor infiltration , a chemical vapor deposition type process used for ceramic matrix composites Chronic venous insufficiency , a medical condition affecting veins of the leg Colloid Vibration Current , an electroacoustic phenomena in colloids Commercial Vehicle Inspection , enforcement of safety laws regarding commercial vehicles Creative Vitality™ Index , a research-based economic development tool that provides data about the health of an area's creative sector Cortical visual impairment , a form of brain-related visual impairment CVI (automobile) , an automobile produced in 1907-08 LabWindows/CVI , an event-driven, ANSI C programming environment 106 in Roman numerals Cyber-Viral Implant , a fictional technology in the television series Earth: Final Conflict Cvi, a verbal formation in classical Sanskrit connected with the Devi and Vrkis feminines Component Video Input, a video connection mode. cerebral vascular insufficiency This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CVI oldid=482906197 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Article Feedback Blacklist Featured content Donate to Wikipedia Community portal Contact Wikipedia Create a book Download as PDF Printable version This page was last modified on 20 March 2012 at 14:37. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Mobile view mw.loader.state({"site":"loading","user":"ready","user.groups":"ready"}); mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.user","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.legacy.mwsuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.vector.collapsibleNav","ext.vector.collapsibleTabs","ext.vector.editWarning","ext.vector.simpleSearch","ext.UserBuckets","ext.articleFeedback.startup","ext.markAsHelpful","ext.Experiments.lib","ext.Experiments.experiments"], null, true); CVI;CVI; C_Programming_Language In computing , C ( / ˈ s iː / , like the letter C ) is a general-purpose programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs . [ 4 ] Its design provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions, and therefore it found lasting use in applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language , most notably system software like the Unix computer operating system . [ 5 ] C is one of the most widely used programming languages of all time, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] and there are very few computer architectures for which a C compiler does not exist. Many later languages have borrowed directly or indirectly from C, including: C# , D , Go , Java , JavaScript , Limbo , LPC , Perl , PHP , Python , and Unix's C Shell . The most pervasive influence on these languages has been syntactical , and they tend to combine the recognizable expression and statement syntax of C with underlying type systems and data models that can be radically different. C++ started as a preprocessor for C and is currently nearly a superset of C . [ 8 ] Before there was an official standard for C, many users and implementors relied on an informal specification contained in text files and later published in a book by Ritchie and Brian Kernighan ; that version is generally referred to as "K R" C. In 1989 the American National Standards Institute published the standard ANSI X3.159-1989 "Programming Language C" (generally called " ANSI C " or "C89"). The next year, the same specification was approved by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (generally called "C90"). ISO later released an extension to the internationalization support of the standard in 1995, and a revised standard (known as " C99 ") in 1999. The current version of the standard (now known as " C11 ") was approved in December of 2011. Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Procedural_programming;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Type_system;Type_system;Weak_typing;Assembly_language;FORTRAN;JavaScript;Perl;Operating_system;Filename_extension;C;Programming_language;Assembly_language;Unix;Operating_system;Compiler;JavaScript;Perl;American_National_Standards_Institute;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Internationalization_and_localization;Imperative_programming;Procedural_programming;Compiler;Assembly_language;Recursion;Type_system;Functional_programming;Weak_typing;Source_code;Unix;Unix;American_National_Standards_Institute;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Graphical_user_interface;Fortran;Weak_typing;Type_system;Linear_algebra;ISO_standard;Embedded_systems;Unix;Perl;Operating_system;Embedded_system;Perl;Mathematica;MATLAB;JavaScript;Perl;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Freeware;Xcode;Retail_software; C_Spire_Wireless Cellular South Inc. , doing business as C Spire Wireless , [ 1 ] headquartered in Ridgeland, Mississippi , is the eighth largest wireless provider in the United States. [ 2 ] C Spire has approximately 900,000 customers in Mississippi , the Memphis Metropolitan Area, the Florida Panhandle , parts of Alabama including Mobile , and Rome, Georgia . [ 3 ] The company also holds 700 MHz and AWS licenses covering most of Tennessee and Alabama, though it has not yet extended service to these areas. On September 20, 2011 Cellular South, Inc. filed a trademark application for the C Spire Wireless name and two days later announced that it would market its services under the C Spire Wireless brand effective September 26. [ 4 ] C Spire Wireless is owned by the holding company Telapex, Inc [ citation needed ] ., which also owns Telepak Networks, Inc., a provider of broadband internet and phone service, as well as several smaller Mississippi telecoms. Wireless;United_States;Text_messaging;BlackBerry;Windows_Phone;Netbook;IPhone;Apple_Inc.;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;C_Spire_Wireless;C_Spire_Wireless; Cabel_Sasser Panic is an Oregon -based American software company that specializes in shareware applications for Mac OS X . It was founded by Steven Frank [ 1 ] and Cabel Sasser. Their flagship program is Transmit , an FTP client , [ 2 ] first released in 1998. The program currently competes with Fetch , Interarchy and Cyberduck , the other popular FTP clients for Mac OS X . Transmit has won a number of design awards, including Macworld Best of Show in 2005 [ 3 ] and a 2005 Apple Design Award , for the Best Use of Mac OS X Tiger Technologies. [ 4 ] Audion , released in 1999, was a skinnable MP3 media player that competed with MacAMP and SoundJam MP the only other Mac OS MP3 players at the time. Once Apple's iTunes was released in 2001, Audion's days were numbered and in 2004 Panic retired Audion's development and began releasing it free of charge. [ 5 ] In 2004, Panic released their third major program, Unison , a Usenet reader. Unison also won an 2004 Apple Design Award, for Best Mac OS X User Experience, and was runner-up for Best Mac OS X Product of the year. [ 6 ] In 2005 Panic expanded their offerings to include T-shirts. [ 7 ] In 2007, the company released their fourth major program, Coda , a web development application [ 8 ] for which Panic was awarded the 2007 Apple Design Award for Best User Experience, [ 9 ] taking the award for a 2nd time. [ 6 ] Software;Software;Shareware;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Macworld;SoundJam_MP;ITunes; Cakewalk_Sonar Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;DirectX;Video;Surround_sound;Software_synthesizer;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Cakewalk_Sonar;Cakewalk_Sonar; Calculus_ratiocinator The Calculus Ratiocinator is a theoretical universal logical calculation framework, a concept described in the writings of Gottfried Leibniz , usually paired with his more frequently mentioned characteristica universalis , a universal conceptual language. Gottfried_Leibniz;Characteristica_universalis;Inference_engine;Begriffsschrift;Gottfried_Leibniz;Characteristica_universalis;Characteristica_universalis;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Calculus_ratiocinator;Calculus_ratiocinator; California California ( i / ˌ k æ l ə ˈ f ɔr n j ə / ) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States . It is by far the most populous U.S. state , [ 15 ] and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas ). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas ( Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area , respectively), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities ( Los Angeles , San Diego , San Jose , San Francisco , Fresno , Sacramento , Long Beach and Oakland ). [ 16 ] The capital city is Sacramento. California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood – Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley , a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States ( Mount Whitney and Death Valley ), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida ). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire : about 37,000 are recorded annually. [ 17 ] The name California once referred to a large area of North America claimed by Spain that included much of modern-day Southwestern United States and the Baja California peninsula . Beginning in the late 18th century, the area known as Alta California , comprising the California territory north of the Baja Peninsula, was colonized by the Spanish Empire as part of New Spain . In 1821, Alta California became a part of Mexico following its successful war for independence. Shortly after the beginning of the Mexican-American War in 1846, a group of American settlers in Sonoma declared an independent California Republic in Alta California. Though its existence was short-lived, its flag became the precursor for California's current state flag. American victory in the war led to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , in which Mexico ceded Alta California to the United States. Western areas of Alta California became the state of California, which was admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The California Gold Rush beginning in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic change, with large scale immigration from the U.S. and abroad and an accompanying economic boom. Key developments in the early 20th century included the emergence of Los Angeles as the center of the American entertainment industry , and the growth of a large, state-wide tourism sector. The late 20th century saw the development of the technology and information sectors, punctuated by the growth of Silicon Valley . California's prosperous agricultural industry also emerged; at least half of the fresh fruit produced in the United States are now cultivated in California, and the state also leads in the production of vegetables. [ 18 ] Other important contributors to its economy include aerospace, education, and manufacturing. If California were a country, it would be the eighth-largest economy in the world [ 19 ] and the 34th most populous nation. Spanish_language;Chinese_language;United_States_House_of_Representatives;San_Francisco;Mexico;Mexico;Philippines;Mexico;Mexico;Stanford_University;Korean_language;Stanford_University;National_Football_League;Super_Bowl;National_Football_League;Major_League_Baseball;National_Hockey_League;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times_Company;Los_Angeles_Times;Tribune_Company;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;United_States;Indiana;Kansas;Massachusetts;Michigan;New_Jersey;Guam;Puerto_Rico;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Mexico;California;California; Caller_ID Caller ID ( caller identification , CID ), also called calling line identification ( CLID ), calling number delivery ( CND ), calling number identification ( CNID ) or calling line identification presentation ( CLIP ), is a telephone service, available in analog and digital phone systems and most voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications, that transmits a caller 's number to the called party 's telephone equipment during the ringing signal , or when the call is being set up but before the call is answered. Where available, caller ID can also provide a name associated with the calling telephone number. The information made available to the called party may be displayed on a telephone's display, on a separately attached device, or be processed by an attached computer with appropriate interface hardware. Caller ID may be used to display a caller's telephone number (and, in association with a database, name) on a called user's telephone. This works in most countries; although systems are incompatible, each country will have appropriate equipment. A modem can pass CLID information to a computer for purposes of call logging or blocking, but this can be problematic as modems in different countries have different systems, causing hardware or software incompatibilities. However, many modems are designed and programmed to handle multiple signalling methods and can be configured to use the local standard. Caller ID may be used to track down or limit the impact of telemarketers , prank calls , and other annoyances. However, it can also impede communication by enabling users to become evasive. The concept behind caller ID is the value of informed consent ; however, it also poses problems for personal privacy . Another problem is that the possibility of caller ID spoofing makes it unreliable. Computer;Prank_call;Canada;United_States;Mobile_phone;Greece;New_Jersey;Voice_over_IP;VOIP;Skype;United_Kingdom;Anonymity;Skype;GSM;GSM;Skype;Caller_ID;Caller_ID; Cambodia in ASEAN ( dark grey ) — [ Legend ] 11°33′N 104°55′E  /  11.55°N 104.917°E  / 11.55; 104.917 Official language(s) Khmer or Cambodian Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy President of National Assembly Heng Samrin ( CPP ) French Colonization Independence from France 181,035 km 2 ( 88th ) 14,138,000 [ 1 ] ( 65th ) 81.8/km 2 ( 118th ) $36.010 billion [ 3 ] 2012 (est.) estimate $14.204 billion [ 3 ] 43 [ 4 ] ( medium ) The US Dollar is often used This article contains Khmer text. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script . Cambodia ( i / k æ m ˈ b oʊ d i ə / ; [ 6 ] Khmer : ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា , Kampuchea , IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə] ), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia , is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia . With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism , which is practiced by approximately 95% of the Cambodian population. The country's minority groups include Vietnamese , Chinese , Chams and 30 various hill tribes . [ 7 ] The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh , the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni , a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council , as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen , who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years. In 802 AD Jayavarman II declared himself king marking the beginning of the Khmer Empire which flourished for over 600 years and allowing successive kings to dominate much of Southeast Asia and accumulate immense power and wealth. The Indianized kingdom built monumental temples such as Angkor Wat and facilitated the spread of first Hinduism , then Buddhism to much of Southeast Asia. After the fall of Angkor to Ayutthaya in the 15th century, Cambodia was ruled as a vassal between its neighbors until it was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. Cambodia gained independence in 1953. The Vietnam War extended into Cambodia, giving rise to the Khmer Rouge , which took Phnom Penh in 1975. Cambodia reemerged several years later within a socialistic sphere of influence as the People's Republic of Kampuchea until 1993. After years of isolation, the war-ravaged nation was reunited under the monarchy in 1993 and has seen rapid progress in the economic and human resource areas while rebuilding from decades of civil war . Cambodia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with economic growth averaging 6.0% for the last 10 years. Strong textiles, agriculture, construction, garments, and tourism sectors led to foreign investments and international trade. [ 8 ] In 2005, oil and natural gas deposits were found beneath Cambodia's territorial waters, and once commercial extraction begins in 2013, the oil revenues could profoundly affect Cambodia's economy. [ 9 ] France;Thailand;Laos;Vietnam;Sri_Lanka;Portugal;Vietnam;United_States;Vietnam;Philippines;Laos;Thailand;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Cambodia;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Brunei;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;Australia;Taiwan;Brunei;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Australia;Brunei;Japan;Laos;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;United_States;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;Argentina;Brazil;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Malta;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Cambodia;Cambodia; Camcorder A camcorder (formally a video cam era re corder ) is an electronic device that combines a video camera and a video recorder into one unit; typically for out-of-studio consumer video recording. [ 1 ] Equipment manufacturers do not seem to have strict guidelines for the term usage; for instance marketing materials may present the device by its colloquial term camcorder , while full name on the package and manual is often video camera recorder . The majority of devices that are capable of recording video are camera phones and digital cameras primarily intended for still pictures, but the term "camcorder" is often restricted to mean a portable, self-contained device having video capture and recording as its primary function. [ 2 ] The earliest types were tape-based camcorders, which recorded analog signals onto videotape cassettes. In the 21st century digital recording became the norm, with tape dwindling away gradually, replaced with other storage media such as internal flash memory , hard drive , and SD card . [ 3 ] Camcorders that do not use magnetic tape are often called tapeless camcorders , while camcorders that permit using more than one type of medium, like built-in hard disk drive and memory card, are sometimes called hybrid camcorders . Video_camera;Camera_phone;Digital_camera;Flash_memory;Hard_drive;Secure_Digital;Television;JVC;Sony;Video_editing;Data_compression;DV;Video_codec;HDV;AVCHD;Data_storage_device;JVC;Aperture;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Data_storage_device;Digital_video;DVD;Hard_disk_drive;Flash_memory;PAL;NTSC;Video_compression;Microdrive;Flash_memory;Hard_disk;DV;HDV;FireWire;PAL;NTSC;Camera_phone;Video_editing;Personal_computer;Video_editing_software;Hard_drive;Mobile_phone;Digital_camera;Autofocus;Camera_phone;Sony;Film;United_States;DVD;Surround_sound;DV;Sony;Microsoft_Windows;Open_source;HDV;AVCHD;Cinelerra;Linux;Sony;Digital_video;DV;HDV;Hard_disk_drive;AVCHD;USB;Camcorder;Camcorder; Camera_Link Camera Link is a serial communication protocol standard [ 1 ] designed for computer vision applications based on the National Semiconductor interface Channel-link . It was designed for the purpose of standardizing scientific and industrial video products including cameras, cables and frame grabbers. The standard is maintained and administered by the Automated Imaging Association or AIA, the global machine vision industry's trade group. Camera Link is a registered trademark of the AIA. Pixel;Megabyte;Megabyte;Megabyte;Megabyte;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Camera_Link; Camera_phone A camera phone is a mobile phone which is able to capture still photographs (and usually video ). Since early in the 21st century the majority of mobile phones in use are camera phones. [ 1 ] Most camera phones are simpler than separate digital cameras . Their usual fixed focus lenses and smaller sensors limit their performance in poor lighting. Lacking a physical shutter, most have a long shutter lag . Flash , where present, is usually weak. Optical zoom [ 2 ] and tripod screws are rare. Some also lack a USB connection, removable memory card , or other way of transferring their pictures more quickly than by the phone's inherent communication feature. Some of the more expensive camera phones have only a few of these technical disadvantages, which apply most acutely in low light conditions and in any case have not inhibited their widespread use. Most model lines improve in these regards every year or two. Some, such as the Droid Incredible only have a menu choice to start an application program to activate the camera. [ 3 ] Others, such as the BlackBerry Storm2 , Droid X , Motorola V980 and Nokia 5800 also have a separate camera button for quickness and convenience. Windows Phones can be configured to operate as a camera even if the phone is asleep. [ 4 ] Some camera phones are designed to resemble separate low-end digital compact cameras in appearance and to some extent in features and picture quality, and are branded as both mobile phones and cameras, including certain Sony phones . The principal advantages of camera phones are cost and compactness; indeed for a user who carries a mobile phone anyway, the additional size and cost are negligible. Smartphones that are camera phones may run mobile applications to add capabilities such as geotagging and image stitching . A few high end phones can use their touch screen to direct their camera to focus on a particular object in the field of view, giving even an inexperienced user a degree of focus control exceeded only by seasoned photographers using manual focus. Mobile_phone;Videophone;Mobile_phone;Photograph;Video;Digital_camera;Fixed_focus;USB;Windows_Phone;Smartphone;Geotagging;Touch_screen;Smartphone;Megapixel;Autofocus;Digital_camera;Videophone;Smartphone;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Internet;GPRS;Sprint_Nextel;Smartphones;Toshiba;Nokia;Samsung;Motorola;Siemens_AG;Sony_Ericsson;Pixel;Toshiba;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;VGA;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Copyright_infringement;Sony_Ericsson;CNN;Compass;Videoconferencing;USA_Today;International_Standard_Book_Number;Camera_phone;Camera_phone; Camino Camino (from the Spanish word camino meaning "path") is a free , open source , GUI-based Web browser based on Mozilla 's Gecko layout engine and specifically designed for the OS X operating system . In place of an XUL -based user interface used by most Mozilla-based applications, Camino uses Mac-native Cocoa APIs . As Camino's aim is to integrate as well as possible with OS X, it uses the Aqua user interface and integrates a number of OS X services and features such as the Keychain for password management and Bonjour for scanning available bookmarks across the local network. Other notable features include an integrated pop-up blocker and ad blocker , and tabbed browsing that includes an overview feature allowing tabs to be viewed all at once as pages. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The browser is developed by the Camino Project, a community organization. Mike Pinkerton has been the technical lead of the Camino project since Dave Hyatt moved to the Safari team at Apple Inc. in mid-2002. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Web_browser;Software_license;Spanish_language;Free_software;Open_source;Graphical_user_interface;Web_browser;OS_X;Operating_system;Application_programming_interface;Apple_Inc.;Mozilla_Firefox;Microsoft;America_Online;Spanish_language;Open_source_software;Google;Universal_binary;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Kazehakase;OmniWeb;Netscape_Browser;Mozilla_Firefox;Internet_Explorer;SeaMonkey;ICab;Maxthon;AOL_Explorer;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Web_browser;SeaMonkey;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Camino;Camino; Canada Canada ( i / ˈ k æ n ə d ə / ) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories . Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean , and northward into the Arctic Ocean . Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area , and its common border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples . Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America to Britain in 1763 after the Seven Years' War . In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy, culminating in the Canada Act 1982 . Canada is a federal state governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy , with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. The country is officially bilingual and multicultural at the federal level. As of 2011, it has a population of approximately 33.4 million. Canada's economy is one of the world's largest and is reliant upon its natural resources and international trade, particularly with the United States, with which it also has a long and complex relationship . Per capita income is the world's ninth highest , and the country ranks sixth in human development. Canada is a member of the G7 , G8 , G20 , NATO , OECD , WTO , Commonwealth of Nations , Francophonie , OAS , APEC , and United Nations . Canadian_English;Canadian_French;United_Kingdom;Canadian_dollar;North_America;United_States;North_America;Barack_Obama;Norway;Mexico;Fiscal_year;Science_and_technology_in_Canada;Smartphone;Research_In_Motion;Canadian_English;Canadian_French;Juno_Award;National_Hockey_League;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Daily_Telegraph;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Canadian_dollar;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;North_America;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Netherlands;Panama;United_States;Puerto_Rico;Australia;Brunei;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Canada;Canada; Canadian_Dollar The Canadian dollar ( sign : $ ; code : CAD ) is the currency of Canada . As of 2011, the Canadian dollar is the 7th most traded currency in the world, accounting for 5.3% of the world's daily share. [ 2 ] It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $ , or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar -denominated currencies. [ 3 ] It is divided into 100 cents . Canada;France;Canada;United_States_dollar;Canadian_English;American_English;French_language;Canadian_French;United_States;United_States_dollar;European_Union;Japan;United_Kingdom;Australia;Switzerland;Swiss_franc;Canada;Hong_Kong;Sweden;Swedish_krona;New_Zealand;Singapore;Norway;Norwegian_krone;Mexico;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;Switzerland;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States_dollar;North_America;Danish_krone;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Puerto_Rico;United_States_dollar;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;United_States_dollar;Ecuador;Canada;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Canadian_dollar;Canadian_dollar; Canadian_English Canadian English ( CanE , CE , en-CA [ 1 ] ) is the variety of English spoken in Canada . English is the first language , or "mother tongue", of approximately 24 million Canadians (77%), and more than 28 million (86%) are fluent in the language. [ 2 ] 82% of Canadians outside Quebec speak English natively, but within Quebec the figure drops to just 7.7% as most residents are native speakers of Quebec French . [ 3 ] Canadian English contains elements of British English and American English in its vocabulary, as well as many distinctive Canadianisms. In many areas, speech is influenced by French , and there are notable local variations. [ 4 ] The phonetics , phonology , morphology , syntax and lexicon for most of Canada are similar to that of the Western and Midland regions of the United States . [ 4 ] The Canadian Great Lakes region has similarities to that of the Upper Midwest Great Lakes region and/or Yooper dialect (in particular Michigan which has extensive cultural and economic ties with Ontario ), while the phonological system of western Canadian English is virtually identical to that of the Pacific Northwest of the United States, and the phonetics are similar. [ 5 ] As such, Canadian English and American English are sometimes classified together as North American English , emphasizing the fact that the vast majority of outsiders even from English speaking countries (and even Canadians and Americans themselves), cannot distinguish Canadian English from American English by sound. Canadian English spelling is largely a blend of British and American conventions. English_language;Canada;British_English;American_English;Canadian_French;United_States;Michigan;American_English;Z;Germany;Ukraine;Germany;Europe;Asia;Scottish_English;French_language;Canadian_French;Canadian_French;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;Australian_English;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;Australian_English;Australia;National_Hockey_League;Canadian_French;ISO_standard;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;British_English;Scottish_English;American_English;Australian_English;Australian_English;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Canadian_English;Canadian_English; Canadian_French (mother tongue) 7 million in Canada [ 1 ] Smaller numbers in the U.S. ( date missing ) Official language in Canada (as French ) Canadian French (French: Français canadien ) is an umbrella term referring to the varieties of French spoken in Canada . French is the mother tongue of nearly seven million Canadians, a figure constituting roughly 22% of the national population. [ 1 ] At the federal level it has co-official status alongside English . Provincially , it tends to have more limited status, except in the case of New Brunswick , which is officially bilingual (with English), and in Quebec , where it is the only official language. Government services are also offered in French at the provincial level in certain areas in Ontario (through the French Language Services Act ) and Manitoba, and to a variable extent elsewhere. French is also co-official in the three territories . New England French , a variety spoken in parts of New England in the United States, is essentially a variety of Canadian French. [ 2 ] Canada;French_language;French_language;Canada;Canadian_English;United_States;United_States;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;French_language;Swiss_French;Canadian_French;Canadian_French; Canadian_dollar The Canadian dollar ( sign : $ ; code : CAD ) is the currency of Canada . As of 2011, the Canadian dollar is the 7th most traded currency in the world, accounting for 5.3% of the world's daily share. [ 2 ] It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $ , or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar -denominated currencies. [ 3 ] It is divided into 100 cents . Canada;France;Canada;United_States_dollar;Canadian_English;American_English;French_language;Canadian_French;United_States;United_States_dollar;European_Union;Japan;United_Kingdom;Australia;Switzerland;Swiss_franc;Canada;Hong_Kong;Sweden;Swedish_krona;New_Zealand;Singapore;Norway;Norwegian_krone;Mexico;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;Switzerland;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States_dollar;North_America;Danish_krone;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Puerto_Rico;United_States_dollar;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;United_States_dollar;Ecuador;Canada;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Canadian_dollar;Canadian_dollar; Cantonese 广州话 / 廣州話 China, overseas communities the Pearl River Delta ( Guangzhou /Canton, Zhongshan , Foshan , Shenzhen , Hong Kong , Macao ), western Hainan Official language in ( de facto official spoken form of Chinese in the Hong Kong government) Official Language Division [ 1 ] Civil Service Bureau Government of Hong Kong This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols . Cantonese , or Standard Cantonese , is a language that originated in the vicinity of Canton (i.e. Guangzhou ) in southern China , and is often regarded as the prestige dialect of Yue Chinese . In mainland China , it is a lingua franca in Guangdong Province and some neighbouring areas, such as the eastern part of Guangxi Province . Outside mainland China, it is spoken by the majority population of Hong Kong and Macau in everyday life. It is also spoken by overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia (like Malaysia , Singapore , Christmas Island ), the United States , Canada , Brazil , Peru , Cuba , Panama , Australia , and New Zealand , as well as parts of Europe , and is the most widely spoken non- Mandarin Sinitic language in the world. While the term "Cantonese" refers narrowly to the prestige dialect described in this article, it is often used in a broader sense for the entire Yue branch of Chinese, including related dialects such as Taishanese . The Cantonese language is also viewed as part of the cultural identity for the native speakers across large swathes of southern China, Hong Kong and Macau. Although Cantonese shares much vocabulary with Mandarin Chinese , the two languages are not mutually intelligible largely because of pronunciation and grammatical differences. Sentence structure, in particular the placement of the verb, sometimes differs between the two languages. The use of vocabulary in Cantonese also tends to have more historic roots. The most notable difference between Cantonese and Mandarin is how the spoken word is written; with Mandarin the spoken word is written as such, where with Cantonese there may not be a direct written word matching what was said. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This results in the situation in which a Mandarin and Cantonese text almost look the same, but both are pronounced differently. Shenzhen;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Macau;Hong_Kong;Macau;Malaysia;Singapore;United_States;Canada;Brazil;Peru;Panama;Australia;New_Zealand;Europe;Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese;Hong_Kong;Macau;Hong_Kong;English_language;Chinese_language;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Singapore;UK;Malaysia;Singapore;San_Francisco;Mandarin_Chinese;Vietnam;Asia;Republic_of_China;Singapore;Chinese_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Chinese_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Cantonese;Cantonese; Capacitive_stylus In electrical engineering , capacitive sensing is a technology based on capacitive coupling which takes human body capacitance as input. Capacitive sensing is used in many different types of sensors, including those to detect and measure proximity, position or displacement , humidity , fluid level, and acceleration . Capacitive sensing as a human interface device (HID) technology, for example to replace the computer mouse , is growing increasingly popular. [ 1 ] Capacitive touch sensors are used in many devices such as laptop trackpads, digital audio players , computer displays , mobile phones , mobile devices , tablets and others. More and more design engineers are selecting capacitive sensors for their versatility, reliability and robustness, unique human-device interface and cost reduction over mechanical switches. Capacitive sensors detect anything that is conductive or has a dielectric different than that of air. While capacitive sensing applications can replace mechanical buttons with capacitive alternatives, other technologies such as multi-touch and gesture-based touchscreens are also premised on capacitive sensing. [ 2 ] Accelerometer;Digital_audio_player;Mobile_phone;Mobile_device;Tablet_computer;Touchscreen;Capacitor;Pixel;Liquid_crystal_display;Capacitor;International_Standard_Book_Number; Capacitive_touchscreen A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term generally refers to touching the display of the device with a finger or hand . Touchscreens can also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus . Touchscreens are common in devices such as game consoles , all-in-one computers , tablet computers , and smartphones . The touchscreen has two main attributes. First, it enables one to interact directly with what is displayed, rather than indirectly with a pointer controlled by a mouse or touchpad . Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring any intermediate device that would need to be held in the hand (other than a stylus , which is optional for most modern touchscreens). Such displays can be attached to computers, or to networks as terminals. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as the personal digital assistant (PDA) , satellite navigation devices, mobile phones , and video games . The popularity of smartphones , tablet computers and many types of information appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable and functional electronics. With a display of a simple smooth surface, and direct interaction without any hardware ( keyboard or mouse ) between the user and content, fewer accessories are required. Touchscreens are popular in the medical field, and in heavy industry , as well as kiosks such as museum displays or room automation , where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a suitably intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display's content. Historically, the touchscreen sensor and its accompanying controller-based firmware have been made available by a wide array of after-market system integrators , and not by display, chip, or motherboard manufacturers. Display manufacturers and chip manufacturers worldwide have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touchscreens as a highly desirable user interface component and have begun to integrate touchscreens into the fundamental design of their products. Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Touchpad;Stylus;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Video_game;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;User_interface;Infrared;Sony;General_Motors;General_Motors;Software;Handheld_game_console;Sega;Mobile_device;Capacitor;Capacitor;Infrared;Photodetector;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Touchscreen_remote_control;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Touchscreen;Touchscreen; Capacitor A capacitor (originally known as condenser ) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field . The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance , measured in farads . This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates," referring to an early means of construction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage , while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance . Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies , in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies , in electric power transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes. [ 1 ] Power_supply;Netherlands;Electrical_impedance;Rechargeable_battery;Power_supply;Sensor;Sensor;Accelerometer;AA_battery;Short_circuit;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Photodetector;Cathode_ray_tube;AC_power_plugs_and_sockets;Capacitor;Capacitor; Cape_Verde Cape Verde i / ˌ k eɪ p ˈ v ɜr d / ( Portuguese : Cabo Verde , pronounced: [ˈkabu ˈveɾdɨ] ), officially the Republic of Cape Verde , is an island country , spanning an archipelago of 10 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean , 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa . The islands, covering a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi), are of volcanic origin and while three of them ( Sal , Boa Vista and Maio ) are fairly flat, sandy and dry, the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation. However, because of infrequent rainfall, the islands are not particularly green. The name of the country stems from the nearby Cap Vert , on the Senegalese coast, [ 5 ] which in its turn was originally named "Cabo Verde" when it was sighted by Portuguese explorers in 1444, a few years before the islands were discovered ( verde is Portuguese for "green"). The previously uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th Century, and became important in the Atlantic slave trade for their location. The islands' prosperity often attracted privateers and pirates , including Sir Francis Drake , a corsair (privateer) under the authority of the British crown, who twice sacked the (then) capital Ribeira Grande , in the 1580s. The islands were also visited by Charles Darwin 's expedition in 1832. The decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis for the islands. With few natural resources, and without strong sustainable investment from the Portuguese, the citizens grew increasingly discontent with the colonial masters, who nevertheless refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy. This discontent festered and culminated in 1975, when a movement originally led by Amílcar Cabral (who was assassinated on 20 January 1973) then passed onto his half-brother Luís Cabral , achieved independence for the archipelago. The country has an estimated population (most of creole ethnicity) of about 500,000, with its capital city Praia accounting for a quarter of its citizens. Nearly 38% of the population lives in rural areas according to the 2010 Cape Verdean census; about 20% lives below the poverty threshold , [ 6 ] and the literacy rate is around 85%. Politically, the country is a very stable democracy, with notable economic growth and improvements of living conditions despite its lack of natural resources, and has garnered international recognition by other countries and international organizations, which often provide development aid . Since 2007, Cape Verde has been classified as a developing nation . Tough economic times during the last decades of its colonization and the first years of Cape Verde's independence led many to migrate to Europe, the Americas and other African countries. This migration was so significant that the number of Cape Verdeans and their descendants living abroad currently exceeds the population of Cape Verde itself. Historically, the influx of remittances from these immigrant communities to their families has provided a substantial contribution to help strengthen the country's economy. Currently, the Cape Verdean economy is mostly service-oriented with a growing focus on tourism and foreign investment, which benefits from the islands' warm climate throughout the year, diverse landscape, welcoming people [ citation needed ] and cultural wealth, especially in music . Portugal;Portugal;Italy;Portugal;Portugal;Mauritania;Europe;Portugal;France;Italy;Spain;Argentina;Brazil;Macau;Brazil;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Cape_Verde;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Brazil;Mozambique;Portugal;Macau;Philippines;Romania;Ukraine;Canada;Chile;Costa_Rica;Czech_Republic;El_Salvador;Finland;Hungary;Italy;Japan;Lithuania;Mexico;Mongolia;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Sweden;United_States;Argentina;Benin;Brazil;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Macau;Macau;Macau;Cape_Verde;Cape_Verde; Capitol_Records Capitol Records is a major American record label , formerly located in Los Angeles, but as of 2011 [update] operating in New York City as part of Capitol Music Group . Its former headquarters building, the Capitol Tower , is a major landmark near the corner of Hollywood and Vine . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of EMI . EMI;Record_label;EMI;Paramount_Pictures;Paramount_Pictures;EMI;Abbey_Road_Studios;Warner_Bros.;The_Beatles;Bob_Seger;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Hip_hop_music;Garth_Brooks;Coldplay;EMI;Vimeo;The_Beatles;Brazil;EMI;EMI;YouTube;Capitol_Records;Capitol_Records; Captodiame InChI=1S/C21H29NS2/c1-4-5-16-23-20-13-11-19(12-14-20)21(24-17-15-22(2)3)18-9-7-6-8-10-18/h6-14,21H,4-5,15-17H2,1-3H3 Y Key:IZLPZXSZLLELBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Captodiame ( INN ), also known as captodiamine , is an antihistamine sold under the trade names Covatine , Covatix , and Suvren which is used as a sedative and anxiolytic . It is a derivative of diphenhydramine . [ 1 ] A 2004 study suggested captodiame may be helpful in preventing benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome in people discontinuing benzodiazepine treatment. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Sedative;Diphenhydramine;Diphenhydramine;Hydroxyzine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Histamine_antagonist;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Captodiame;Captodiame; Carbamazepine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Oxcarbazepine;Erythromycin;Cimetidine;Enzyme;Bioavailability;Switzerland;United_Kingdom;United_States;New_Zealand;Poland;Sweden;Chile;Germany;Oxcarbazepine;Dibenzazepine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Licarbazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Cinnarizine;Flunarizine;Monatepil;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Licarbazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Carbamazepine;Carbamazepine; Carbinoxamine InChI=1S/C16H19ClN2O/c1-19(2)11-12-20-16(15-5-3-4-10-18-15)13-6-8-14(17)9-7-13/h3-10,16H,11-12H2,1-2H3 Y Key:OJFSXZCBGQGRNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Carbinoxamine ( Clistin , Palgic , Rondec , Rhinopront ) antihistamine and anticholinergic . It was first launched in the United States by the McNeil Corporation under the brand name Clistin. It is now available under the brand name Palgic as 4 mg tablets or 4 mg/5 mL liquid. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (specifically at the 4 mg dose/strength) for hay fever (a.k.a. allergic rhinitis, SAR and PAR); vasomotor rhinitis; mild urticaria ; angioedema, dermatographism and allergic conjunctivitis. Carbinoxamine is available in various countries around the world by itself, combined with decongestants such as pseudoephedrine, and also with other ingredients including paracetamol, aspirin, codeine hydrochloride c. In June 2006 the FDA announced that more than 120 branded pharmacy products containing carbinoxamine were being illegally marketed, and demanded they be removed from the marketplace. This action was precipitated by twenty-one reported deaths in children under the age of two who had been administered carbinoxamine-containing products. Despite the fact that the drug had not been studied in this age group, a multitude of OTC preparations containing carbinoxamine were being marketed for infants and toddlers. At present, all carbinoxamine-containing formulations are approved only for adults or children ages 3 or older. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Hay_fever;Urticaria;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Carbinoxamine;Carbinoxamine; Carbon Hydrogen;Carbon;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;CAS_registry_number;Nitrogen;Hydrogen;Oxygen;Chlorine;Oxygen;United_States;Mexico;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Canada;Brazil;Australia;Nitrogen;Hydrogen;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;English_language;French_language;German_language;Brazil;Australia;Canada;Australia;Gastrointestinal_tract;Integrated_circuit;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;YouTube;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Chlorine;Carbon;Carbon; Carl_Crawford Carl Demonte "The Perfect Storm" [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Crawford (born August 5, 1981, in Houston, Texas ) is an American professional baseball outfielder who plays for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball . He bats and throws left-handed . Crawford has more triples (110) than any other active baseball player. United_States;Major_League_Baseball;Major_League_Baseball;Carl_Crawford;Carl_Crawford; Carphenazine InChI=1S/C24H31N3O2S/c1-2-22(29)19-8-9-24-21(18-19)27(20-6-3-4-7-23(20)30-24)11-5-10-25-12-14-26(15-13-25)16-17-28/h3-4,6-9,18,28H,2,5,10-17H2,1H3 Key:XZSMZRXAEFNJCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carphenazine is an antipsychotic agent, [ 1 ] mainly used for the treatment of chronic schizophrenia . [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Antipsychotic;DrugBank;Carphenazine;Carphenazine; Carpipramine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Atypical_antipsychotic;Anxiety;France;Japan;Tricyclic;Imipramine;Clocapramine;Mosapramine;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Carpipramine;Carpipramine; Carvedilol International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Trade_name;Inverse_agonist;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Carvedilol;Carvedilol; Cascading_Style_Sheets Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language . Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML , but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain XML , SVG and XUL . CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation, including elements such as the layout , colors , and fonts . [ 1 ] This separation can improve content accessibility , provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share formatting, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing for tableless web design ). CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader ) and on Braille -based, tactile devices. It can also be used to allow the web page to display differently depending on the screen size or device on which it is being viewed. While the author of a document typically links that document to a CSS style sheet, readers can use a different style sheet, perhaps one on their own computer, to override the one the author has specified. CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade , priorities or weights are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable. The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type ( MIME type ) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998), and they also operate a free CSS validation service . [ 2 ] Filename_extension;HTML;HTML;XHTML;HTML;XHTML;XML;Accessibility;Screen_reader;CSS;HTML;Web_browser;Microsoft;Apple_Macintosh;Computing_platform;Workaround;Web_browser;WebKit;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Firefox;WebKit;Apple_Inc.;Google_Chrome;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;HTML;MathML;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;XHTML;XML;XQuery;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Cascading_Style_Sheets; Cathode_ray_tube The cathode ray tube ( CRT ) is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun (a source of electrons or electron emitter) and a fluorescent screen used to view images. It has a means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam onto the fluorescent screen to create the images. The image may represent electrical waveforms ( oscilloscope ), pictures ( television , computer monitor ), radar targets and others. CRTs have also been used as memory devices , in which case the visible light emitted from the fluoresecent material (if any) is not intended to have significant meaning to a visual observer (though the visible pattern on the tube face may cryptically represent the stored data). The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep (i.e. long from front screen face to rear end), fairly heavy, and relatively fragile. As a matter of safety, the face is typically made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions, particularly if the CRT is used in a consumer product. CRTs have largely been superseded by more modern display technologies such as LCD , plasma display , and OLED , which as of 2012 offer lower manufacturing and distribution costs. Television;LCD;Television;Liquid_crystal_display;United_Kingdom;Liquid_crystal_display;Backlight;Backlight;Hertz;NTSC;PAL;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Display_device;Liquid_crystal_display;TFT_LCD;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Photodetector;AC_power_plugs_and_sockets;Capacitor;Cathode_ray_tube;Cathode_ray_tube; Celebrity A celebrity , also referred to as a celeb in popular culture , is a person who has a prominent profile and commands a great degree of public fascination and influence in day-to-day media . The term is synonymous with wealth (commonly denoted as a person with fame and fortune ), implied with great popular appeal, prominence in a particular field, and is easily recognized by the general public. Various careers within the fields of sports and entertainment are commonly associated with celebrity status. These fields have produced prominent figures within these two industries. Many professional athletes have risen to fame such as golfer Tiger Woods , former boxer Muhammad Ali , football player Tom Brady , hockey player Wayne Gretzky , and basketball player Michael Jordan . Prominent entertainment figures have also reached celebrity status such as models Sofía Vergara , Gisele Bündchen , and Adriana Lima , authors J. K. Rowling of Harry Potter and Stephenie Meyer of Twilight , pop singers Britney Spears , Lady Gaga , Rihanna , Taylor Swift , Miley Cyrus , Katy Perry and Justin Bieber , rappers Eminem , Jay-Z , Tupac Shakur , Biggie Smalls , Drake , Lil Wayne and Kanye West , musicians Jimi Hendrix , Bob Dylan , Elvis Presley , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , Mick Jagger , artists Damien Hirst , Salvador Dalí , Pablo Picasso , Andy Warhol , Lucian Freud , radio personalities Don Imus and Howard Stern , political pundits and infotainers Bill O'Reilly , Ann Coulter , Bill Maher , Jon Stewart , Rush Limbaugh , and Glenn Beck , television talk show hosts Barbara Walters , Larry King and Oprah Winfrey , movie actresses Julia Roberts , Demi Moore , and Jessica Alba , television actors Charlie Sheen and Ashton Kutcher , national television correspodents Anderson Cooper , Katie Couric , and Meredith Vieira or comedians Ellen DeGeneres , Joan Rivers , Jay Leno and George Lopez . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] While people may gain celebrity status as a result of a successful career in a particular field (primarily in the areas pertaining towards sports and entertainment), in other cases, people become celebrities due to media attention for their extravagant lifestyle or wealth (as in the case of a socialite such as Kim Kardashian ); for their connection to a famous person (as in the case of a relative of a famous person, such as Chaz Bono ); or even for their misdeeds (as in the case of a well-known criminal such as Ronnie Biggs ). Celebrities may be known around the world (e.g., pop stars Celine Dion and Michael Jackson , film actors Jackie Chan , Rajinikanth ), within a specific country (e.g., a top Australian rugby player); or within a region (e.g., a local TV news anchor). Harry_Potter;Britney_Spears;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;Barack_Obama;Google;Harry_Potter;Film;Television;Comedy;USD;Television;Film;USD;United_States;USD;Film;Television;Musician;Movie;Musician;Talent_manager;Musician;Music_industry;Disc_jockey;Musician;Forbes;Record_label;USD;Film;Television;Video_game;Television;Record_label;Internet;Film;Credit_card;Record_label;Social_networking;Facebook;Television;Reuters;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Celebrity;Celebrity; CellCognition CellCognition is a free open-source computational framework for quantitative analysis of high-throughput fluorescence microscopy ( time-lapse ) images in the field of bioimage informatics and systems microscopy. The CellCognition framework uses image processing , computer vision and machine learning techniques for single-cell tracking and classification of cell morphologies. This enables measurements of temporal progression of cell phases, modeling of cellular dynamics and generation of phenotype map. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Image_processing;Software_license;Image_processing;Application_software;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;VIGRA;Graphical_user_interface;GitHub;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;CellCognition;CellCognition; CellProfiler CellProfiler is free, open-source software designed to enable biologists without training in computer vision or programming to quantitatively measure phenotypes from thousands of images automatically. Advanced algorithms for image analysis are available as individual modules that can be placed in sequential order together to form a pipeline ; the pipeline is then used to identify and measure biological objects and features in images, particularly those obtained through fluorescence microscopy . Distributions are available for Microsoft Windows , Mac OS , Mac OS X , and Linux . The source code for CellProfiler is freely available . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] CellProfiler is developed by the Broad Institute's Imaging Platform. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Image_processing;Software_license;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Linux;NumPy;SciPy;ImageJ;Ilastik;MATLAB;Algorithm;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Free_software;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;CellProfiler;CellProfiler; Cello The cello ( / ˈ tʃ ɛ l oʊ / CHEL -oh ; plural cellos or celli ) is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It is a member of the violin family of musical instruments, which also includes the violin , viola , and double bass . A person who plays a cello is called a cellist . The cello is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music , in a string orchestra , and as a member of the string section of an orchestra . It is the second largest bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra , the double bass being the largest. Cellos were derived from other mid- to large-sized bowed instruments in the 16th century, such as the viola da gamba , and the generally smaller and squarer viola da braccio , and such instruments made by members of the Amati family of luthiers . The invention of wire-wrapped strings in Bologna gave the cello greater versatility. By the 18th century, the cello had largely replaced other mid-sized bowed instruments. Musical_instrument;Violin;Viola;Double_bass;Violin;Viola;Double_bass;Double_bass;Italian_language;Violin;Viola;Violin;Viola;Double_bass;Pop_music;Rock_music;Musical_instrument;Violin;Double_bass;Violin;Viola;Piano;Pop_music;Rock_music;Violin;The_Beatles;OneRepublic;Folk_music;Jazz;Folk_music;The_Beatles;Guitar;Pizzicato;Staccato;Legato;Violin;Tempo;Double_bass;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;Cello;Cello; Cellular_network A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver , known as a cell site or base station . In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell. When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones , pagers , etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission. Cellular networks offer a number of advantages over alternative solutions: flexible enough to use the features and functions of almost all public and private networks [ 1 ] larger coverage area reduced interference from other signals An example of a simple non-telephone cellular system is an old taxi drivers' radio system, in which a taxi company has several transmitters based around a city that can communicate directly with each other. Mobile_phone;Code_division_multiple_access;Code_division_multiple_access;Mobile_phone;GSM;CDMA;Short_message_service;GSM;Mobile_phone;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;CDMA;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;GPRS;GSM;Code_division_multiple_access;CDMA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Code_division_multiple_access;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Cellular_network;Cellular_network; CenterStage CenterStage , now obsolete , was a media center software application with a 10-foot user interface design for the living-room TV that allows digital content stored on an Apple Macintosh computer running Mac OS X to be played on a standard television set. Active development and support of CenterStage is no longer underway in lieu of other media application availability. The program relied heavily upon the existing iLife software suite, notably iPhoto and iTunes , as well as Elgato 's EyeTV software for television show recordings by reading the media files organised in those applications. CenterStage also reads and plays back file types not supported by Apple in their suite of applications, either by reading the files found in your Home directory folders, or by organising them in the accompanying BackStage application. The user can then browse the Photo, Music, Movie and Television collections that have been stored, managed, and categorized then present them fullscreen on a Television set. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Home_theater_PC;Software_license;Home_theater_PC;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS_X;ILife;IPhoto;ITunes;Elgato;Mac_Mini;ILife;ITunes;Xvid;Audio_Video_Interleave;Boxee;ITheater;SageTV;XBMC_Media_Center;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;CenterStage;CenterStage; Centerfield A center fielder , abbreviated CF , is the outfielder in baseball who plays defense in center field – the baseball fielding position between left field and right field . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the center fielder is assigned the number 8. Centericq Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Instant_messaging;ICQ;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;ICQ;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;.Mac;Mac_OS_X;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;PC_Magazine;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Instant_messaging;Kopete;Miranda_IM;Qnext;Web_application;Web_browser;BitlBee;Centericq;Centericq; Central_processing_unit Computer;Integrated_circuit;Software;Integrated_circuit;Hertz;Integrated_circuit;IBM;Intel;Personal_computer;Integrated_circuit;Random_access_memory;PowerPC;ARM_architecture;Direct_memory_access;SPARC;Video_game_console;Multimedia;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;Hertz;Integrated_circuit;CPU;System_on_a_chip;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Central_processing_unit;Central_processing_unit; Cetirizine InChI=1S/C21H25ClN2O3/c22-19-8-6-18(7-9-19)21(17-4-2-1-3-5-17)24-12-10-23(11-13-24)14-15-27-16-20(25)26/h1-9,21H,10-16H2,(H,25,26) Y Key:ZKLPARSLTMPFCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Cetirizine ( / s ɛ ˈ t ɪr ɨ z iː n / ), a second-generation [ 1 ] antihistamine , is a major metabolite of hydroxyzine , and a racemic selective H 1 receptor inverse agonist used in the treatment of allergies , hay fever , angioedema , and urticaria . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Hydroxyzine;Inverse_agonist;Allergies;Hay_fever;Urticaria;Generic_drug;Levocetirizine;Levocetirizine;Levocetirizine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Carbinoxamine;Clemastine;Chlorphenoxamine;Diphenylpyraline;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimetindene;Pheniramine;Talastine;Chloropyramine;Histapyrrodine;Mepyramine;Methapyrilene;Tripelennamine;Phenothiazine;Alimemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isothipendyl;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Oxomemazine;Promethazine;Buclizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Levocetirizine;Niaprazine;Oxatomide;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Ebastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Pyrrobutamine;Rupatadine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Loratadine;Terfenadine;Bamipine;Chloropyramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Clemastine;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Isothipendyl;Mepyramine;Promethazine;Thenalidine;Antazoline;Azelastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Olopatadine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Cetirizine;Cetirizine; ChEMBL ChEMBL or ChEMBLdb is a manually curated chemical database of bioactive molecules with drug-like properties. [ 1 ] It is maintained by the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), based on the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus , Hinxton, UK. The database, originally known as StARlite, was developed by a biotechnology company, Inpharmatica Ltd. latterly acquired by Galapagos NV . The data was acquired for EMBL in 2008 with an award from The Wellcome Trust , resulting in the creation of the ChEMBL chemogenomics group at EBI, led by John Overington. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] United_Kingdom;Software_license;PubChem;PubChem;ChemSpider;DrugBank;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;ChEMBL;ChEMBL; Ch_interpreter Ch ( / ˌ s iː ˈ eɪ tʃ / ) is a proprietary cross-platform C and C++ interpreter originally designed by Harry H. Cheng as a scripting language for beginners to learn mathematics, computing, numeric methods , and programming in C/C++. Ch is now developed and marketed by SoftIntegration, Inc. A student edition is freely available. Ch can be embedded into the C/C++ application programs. It has numerical computing and graphical plotting features. ChIDE provides quick code navigation and step-by-step debug features. It is based on embedded Ch, Scite and Scintilla. [ 1 ] Ch can also be run as an interactive shell to execute C statements and scripts. Unix commands can run in Unix Ch shell, and Windows commands can run in Windows Ch Shell. [ 2 ] Ch is written in C and runs under Microsoft Windows , Linux , Mac OS X , FreeBSD , AIX , Solaris , QNX , and HP-UX . It supports C90 and major C99 features, but it does not support the full set of C++ features. C99 complex number, IEEE-754 floating-point arithmetic, and variable-length array features were supported in Ch before they became part of the C99 standard. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] An article published by CRN named Ch as notable among C-based virtual machines for its functionality and the availability of third-party libraries. [ 7 ] Ch is now used and integrated into curriculum by many universities and high schools for learning computing and programming in C/C++. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;QNX;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number; Chad Chad i / ˈ tʃ æ d / ( French : Tchad , Arabic : تشاد ‎ Tšād ), officially known as the Republic of Chad , is a landlocked country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Chad is divided into multiple regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad , after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara , and N'Djamena , (formerly Fort-Lamy ), the capital, is the largest city. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups . Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions. Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires rose and fell in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa . In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye . Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979, the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the south's hegemony. However, the rebel commanders fought amongst themselves until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. He was overthrown in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby . Since 2003, the Darfur crisis in Sudan has spilt over the border and destabilised the nation , with hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees living in and around camps in eastern Chad. While many political parties are active, power lies firmly in the hands of President Déby and his political party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement . Chad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état (see Battle of N'Djamena (2006) and Battle of N'Djamena (2008) ). Chad is one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world; most inhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers . Since 2003, crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings, superseding the traditional cotton industry. Chad is considered a failed state by the Fund for Peace . French_language;French_language;France;French_language;French_language;The_Washington_Post;Peru;United_States_dollar;French_language;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;News_release;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Benin;Burkina_Faso;The_Gambia;Liberia;Sierra_Leone;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Albania;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Brunei;The_Gambia;Kyrgyzstan;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mozambique;Sierra_Leone;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Thailand;Mauritania;Malta;Mauritania;Chad;Chad; Channel_NewsAsia Channel NewsAsia (abbreviated CNA) is an English language pan- Asian news network based in Singapore and owned by MediaCorp . [ 1 ] Started on 1 March 1999 based in Singapore by Television Corporation of Singapore , it was launched internationally on 12 February 2001 as the international broadcasting arm of Channel NewsAsia. It is now viewed in 24 territories across Asia. The satellite footprint of the channel stretches across the Middle East, much of Asia, and Australia. It is a major Asian news broadcaster with programmes telecast to more than 10 Asian countries and territories. Singapore;English_language;IPTV;Internet_television;English_language;Asia;Singapore;Malaysia;Brunei;Philippines;Asia;Asia;United_States;Japan;Malaysia;Thailand;Laos;Cambodia;Vietnam;Philippines;Sri_Lanka;Australia;United_States;Europe;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;Cambodia;Malaysia;Singapore;Thailand;CNN;CNBC;Channel_NewsAsia;Channel_NewsAsia; Characteristica_universalis The Latin term characteristica universalis , commonly interpreted as universal characteristic , or universal character in English, is a universal and formal language imagined by the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz able to express mathematical, scientific, and metaphysical concepts. Leibniz thus hoped to create a language usable within the framework of a universal logical calculation or calculus ratiocinator . The characteristica universalis is a recurring concept in the writings of Gottfried Leibniz . When writing in French, he sometimes employed the phrase spécieuse générale to the same effect. The concept is sometimes paired with his notion of a calculus ratiocinator and with his plans for an encyclopaedia as a compendium of all human knowledge. Gottfried_Leibniz;Calculus_ratiocinator;Gottfried_Leibniz;Begriffsschrift;John_Wilkins;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Science;Begriffsschrift;Calculus_ratiocinator;Calculus_ratiocinator;Language;Science;Engineering;John_Wilkins;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Begriffsschrift;Calculus_ratiocinator;Gottfried_Leibniz;Calculus_ratiocinator;Begriffsschrift;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Kibibyte;Kibibyte;Calculus_ratiocinator;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Characteristica_universalis;Characteristica_universalis; Charlie_Brooker Charlton "Charlie" Brooker (born 3 March 1971) is a British journalist, screenwriter and broadcaster. His style of humour is savage, profane and often controversial, with surreal elements and a consistent satirical pessimism . He presents TV shows Screenwipe , Gameswipe and Newswipe , wrote a review column for The Guardian newspaper and currently writes a comment piece each Monday for The Guardian supplement G2, and is one of four creative directors of comedy production company Zeppotron . His five-part horror drama Dead Set for E4 earned him a nomination for a BAFTA . Brooker won Columnist of the Year at the 2009 British Press Awards for his column, [ 2 ] and the Best Newcomer at the British Comedy Awards 2009. He is co-presenter of 10 O'Clock Live on Channel 4 . He has also presented the documentary series How TV Ruined Your Life on BBC Two and created the Channel 4 satirical drama trilogy Black Mirror (writing and co-writing Episodes 1 and 2 respectively). The_Guardian;The_Guardian;The_Guardian;Smartphone;The_Guardian;Charlie_Brooker;Charlie_Brooker; Chat_log A chat archive is an archive of transcripts from online chat and instant messaging conversations. Many chat or IM applications allow for the client-side archiving of online chat conversations, while a subset of chat or IM clients (i.e., Google Talk and Yahoo! Messenger 11 Beta) allow for the saving of chat archives on a server for future retrieval. The latter trend has been adopted by the applications' vendors because of the decreasing cost of web server hard drive space. Instant_messaging;Google_Talk;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Chat_log;Chat_log; Chatterbot Natural_language_processing;Database;Natural_language_processing;Renault;Windows_Live_Messenger;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Instant_messaging;Stanford_University;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Chatterbot;Chatterbot; Cheetah_News Cheetah News is a free web-based personal news aggregator , capable of reading Atom and RSS feeds online. It was founded in July 2005 by Wojciech Polak. Cheetah News is optimized for reading and managing large feed lists. [ 1 ] News_aggregator;RSS_enclosure;English_language;Spanish_language;Mozilla_Firefox;Google_Chrome;Internet_Explorer;JavaScript;List_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Cheetah_News;Cheetah_News; ChemSpider ChemSpider is a free chemical database , owned by the Royal Society of Chemistry . Internet;Database;KEGG;PubChem;DrugBank;ChEMBL;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;ChemSpider;ChemSpider; Chemical_class Chemical classification systems attempt to classify as elements or compounds according to certain chemical functional or structural properties. Whereas the structural properties are largely intrinsic , functional properties and the derived classifications depend to a certain degree on the type of chemical interaction partners on which the function is exerted. Sometimes other criteria like purely physical ones (e.g. molecular weight ) or - on the other hand - functional properties above the chemical level are also used for building chemical taxonomies . Some systems mix the various levels, resulting in hierarchies where the domains are slightly confused, for example having structural and functional aspects end up on the same level. Whereas chemical function is closely dependent on chemical structure, the situation becomes more involved when e.g. pharmacological function is integrated, because the QSAR can usually not be directly computed from structural qualities. Enzyme;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System; Chemical_formula A chemical formula or molecular formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound . The chemical formula identifies each constituent element by its chemical symbol and indicates the number of atoms of each element found in each discrete molecule of that compound. If a molecule contains more than one atom of a particular element, this quantity is indicated using a subscript after the chemical symbol (although 18th-century books often used superscripts) and also can be combined by more chemical elements. For example, methane , a small molecule consisting of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, has the chemical formula CH 4 . The sugar molecule glucose has six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms, so its chemical formula is C 6 H 12 O 6 . Chemical formulas may be used in chemical equations to describe chemical reactions . For ionic compounds and other non-molecular substances an empirical formula may be used, in which the subscripts indicate the ratio of the elements. The 19th-century Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius worked out this system for writing chemical formulas. Carbon;Hydrogen;Oxygen;Carbon;Hydrogen;Carbon;Hydrogen;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Chemical_formula;Chemical_formula; Chile Chile ( i / ˈ tʃ ɪ l iː / [ 10 ] or /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ), officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈtʃile] ( listen ) ), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Along with Ecuador , it is one of two countries in South America that do not border Brazil . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas and Easter Island . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica , although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty . Chile's distinctive shape—4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide—makes it the longest country in the world in terms of length-to-width ratio, with the fifth lengthiest coastline at over 78 thousand kilometers. [ 11 ] [ dead link ] The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama —through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an Oceanic climate , including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. [ 12 ] The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals , twisting peninsulas, and islands. [ 13 ] Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, northern and central Chile was under Inca rule while independent Mapuche inhabited south-central Chile. Chile declared its independence from Spain on 12 February 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879–83), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia and won its current northern territory. It was not until the 1880s that the Mapuche were completely subjugated. [ 14 ] Although relatively free of the coups and arbitrary governments that blighted South America, Chile endured a 16½-year long military dictatorship (1973–1990) that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing. [ 12 ] Today, Chile is one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations, [ 12 ] a recognized middle power [ 15 ] and an emerging economy . [ 16 ] It leads Latin American nations in human development , competitiveness , income per capita , globalization , economic freedom , and low perception of corruption . [ 17 ] It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state , democratic development and state of peace . However, it has a high economic inequality , as measured by the Gini index . [ 18 ] In May 2010, Chile became the first South American nation to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . [ 19 ] Chile is a founding member of the United Nations , the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States . Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Peru;Bolivia;Argentina;Ecuador;Brazil;Nicaragua;Argentina;Argentina;Brazil;France;Argentina;Good_Friday;Folk_music;Italy;Argentina;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Colombia;Ecuador;France;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Canada;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;United_States;Venezuela;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Colombia;Ecuador;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Argentina;Brazil;Malaysia;Mexico;Peru;Sri_Lanka;Venezuela;Zimbabwe;Argentina;Brazil;Paraguay;Venezuela;Bolivia;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;Mexico;New_Zealand;Canada;Cape_Verde;Costa_Rica;Czech_Republic;El_Salvador;Finland;Hungary;Italy;Japan;Lithuania;Mexico;Mongolia;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Sweden;United_States;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Chile;Chile; Chinese_language People's Republic of China Republic of China (Taiwan) Singapore (one of four official languages) Recognised minority language in United States (minority and auxiliary) Malaysia (minority and auxiliary) In the PRC: National Commission on Language and Script Work [ 2 ] In the ROC: National Languages Committee In Singapore: Promote Mandarin Council / Speak Mandarin Campaign [ 3 ] zho – inclusive code och – Old Chinese ltc – Late Middle Chinese lzh – Classical Chinese Map of the Sinophone world. Countries identified Chinese as a primary, administrative, or native language Countries with more than 5,000,000 Chinese speakers Countries with more than 1,000,000 Chinese speakers Countries with more than 500,000 Chinese speakers Countries with more than 100,000 Chinese speakers Major Chinese speaking settlements This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. Chinese languages (Spoken) Traditional Chinese Alternative Chinese name Traditional Chinese Chinese language (Written) This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters . The varieties of spoken Chinese ‹The template Reference necessary is being considered for merging .› [ citation needed ] in Eastern China and Taiwan The Chinese language ( 汉语 / 漢語 Hànyǔ ; 华语 / 華語 Huáyǔ ; 中文 Zhōngwén ) is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. [ 4 ] Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China , it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages. About one-fifth of the world's population, or over one billion people, speaks some variety of Chinese as their native language . Internal divisions of Chinese are usually perceived by their native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, rather than separate languages, although this identification is considered inappropriate by some linguists and sinologists . [ 5 ] Chinese is distinguished by its high level of internal diversity, although all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic . There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese (depending on classification scheme), of which the most spoken, by far, is Mandarin (about 850 million), followed by Wu (90 million), Cantonese (Yue) (70 million) and Min (50 million). Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and the Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms and some degree of intelligibility. Standard Chinese (Putonghua / Guoyu / Huayu) is a standardized form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin Chinese , referred to as 官话 / 官話 Guānhuà or 北方话 / 北方話 Běifānghuà in Chinese. Mandarin Chinese history can be dated back to the 19th century, particularly by the upper classes and ministers in Beijing. [ 6 ] Standard Chinese is the official language of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC, also known as Taiwan), as well as one of four official languages of Singapore . It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is influential in Guangdong Province and Cantonese-speaking overseas communities, and remains one of the official languages of Hong Kong (together with English ) and of Macau (together with Portuguese ). Min Nan , part of the Min language group, is widely spoken in southern Fujian , in neighbouring Taiwan (where it is known as Taiwanese or Hoklo) and in Southeast Asia (known as Hokkien in Philippines , Singapore and Malaysia ). There are also sizeable Hakka and Shanghainese diaspora , for example in Taiwan, where most Hakka communities maintain diglossia by being conversant in Taiwanese and Standard Chinese. Taiwan;Singapore;Malaysia;United_States;Philippines;Australia;Thailand;Vietnam;Peru;Mandarin_Chinese;Taiwan;Singapore;United_States;Malaysia;Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese;Taiwan;Language;Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese;Taiwan;Singapore;Cantonese;Hong_Kong;English_language;Macau;Philippines;Singapore;Malaysia;Sweden;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Japan;Vietnam;Korean_language;Japanese_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Cantonese;Republic_of_China;Singapore;Mandarin_Chinese;Taiwan;Taiwan;Mandarin_Chinese;Instant_messaging;Kyrgyzstan;Hong_Kong;Taiwan;Macau;Singapore;Malaysia;Singapore;Malaysia;Internet;Mandarin_Chinese;Singapore;Taiwan;Australia;Europe;United_States;Japanese_language;Korean_language;United_Kingdom;Bluetooth;French_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Mandarin_Chinese;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Google_Books;Mandarin_Chinese;Cantonese;Cantonese;English_language;French_language;Spanish_language;Chinese_language;Chinese_language; Chitika Chitika, Inc. ( pronounced CHIH-tih-ka ) is a search-targeted advertising network and research firm. Based in Westborough, Massachusetts, the company was co-founded in 2003 by Chief Executive Officer Venkat Kolluri and Chief Technology Officer Alden DoRosario, both former Terra Lycos data mining engineers. The name Chitika means "in a snap" in the South Indian language of Telugu . Chitika offers search-targeted advertising solutions. The ad units can be used on websites alongside with Google AdSense or as an AdSense alternative. Google;Skype;YouTube;HTML;RSS;Software_widget;Facebook;Chitika;Chitika; Chlorcyclizine InChI=1S/C18H21ClN2/c1-20-11-13-21(14-12-20)18(15-5-3-2-4-6-15)16-7-9-17(19)10-8-16/h2-10,18H,11-14H2,1H3 Y Key:WFNAKBGANONZEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Chlorcyclizine ( Di-Paralene , Mantadil , Pruresidine , Trihistan ) is a first-generation antihistamine of the phenylpiperazine class marketed in the United States and certain other countries. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is used primarily to treat allergy symptoms such as rhinitis , urticaria , and pruritus , and may also be used as an antiemetic . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In addition to its antihistamine effects, chlorcyclizine also has some anticholinergic , antiserotonergic , and local anesthetic properties. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;United_States;Urticaria;Cyclizine;Homochlorcyclizine;Meclozine;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Carbinoxamine;Clemastine;Chlorphenoxamine;Diphenylpyraline;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimetindene;Pheniramine;Talastine;Chloropyramine;Histapyrrodine;Mepyramine;Methapyrilene;Tripelennamine;Phenothiazine;Alimemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isothipendyl;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Oxomemazine;Promethazine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Cinnarizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Levocetirizine;Niaprazine;Oxatomide;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Ebastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Pyrrobutamine;Rupatadine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Loratadine;Terfenadine;Bamipine;Chloropyramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Clemastine;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Isothipendyl;Mepyramine;Promethazine;Thenalidine;Antazoline;Azelastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Olopatadine;Cimetidine;Cyclobenzaprine;Hydroxyzine;Orphenadrine;Clozapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Promethazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Chlorcyclizine;Chlorcyclizine; Chlorine Hydrogen;Carbon;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Chlorine;CAS_registry_number;Polycarbonate;Oxygen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Hydrogen;Stainless_steel;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Hydrogen;Carbon;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Chlorine;Chlorine; Chloropyramine InChI=1S/C16H20ClN3/c1-19(2)11-12-20(16-5-3-4-10-18-16)13-14-6-8-15(17)9-7-14/h3-10H,11-13H2,1-2H3 Y Key:ICKFFNBDFNZJSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Chloropyramine is a classical ("old" or first generation) antihistamine drug approved in some Eastern European countries for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis , allergic rhinitis , bronchial asthma , and other atopic (allergic) conditions. Related indications for clinical use include Quincke's edema , allergic reactions to insect bites, food and drug allergies, and anaphylactic shock . Chloropyramine is known as a competitive reversible H1-receptor antagonist (also known as an H1 inverse agonist), meaning that it exerts its pharmacological action by competing with histamine for the H1 subtype histamine receptor. By blocking the effects of histamine, the drug inhibits the vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and tissue edema associated with histamine release in the tissue. The H1-antagonistic properties of chloropyramine can be used by researchers for the purposes of blocking the effects of histamine on cells and tissues. In addition, chloropyramine has some anticholinergic properties. Chloropyramine's anticholinergic properties and the fact that it can pass through the blood–brain barrier are linked to its clinical side effects: drowsiness, weakness, vertigo, fatigue, dryness in the mouth, constipation, and rarely - visual disturbances and increase of intraocular pressure. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine;Histamine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Mepyramine;Thenalidine;Tripelennamine;Promethazine;Tolpropamine;Dimetindene;Clemastine;Bamipine;Isothipendyl;Diphenhydramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Chloropyramine;Chloropyramine; Chlorothen Chlorothen is an antihistamine and anticholinergic . [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Digital_object_identifier;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Chlorothen;Chlorothen; Chlorphenamine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Australia;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Urticaria;Antidepressant;Pheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Brompheniramine;Dexbrompheniramine;Triprolidine;Brompheniramine;Diphenhydramine;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenamine; Chlorphenoxamine InChI=1S/C18H22ClNO/c1-18(21-14-13-20(2)3,15-7-5-4-6-8-15)16-9-11-17(19)12-10-16/h4-12H,13-14H2,1-3H3 Y Key:KKHPNPMTPORSQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Chlorphenoxamine ( Phenoxene ) is an antihistamine and anticholinergic used as an antipruritic and antiparkinsonian agent. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Mepyramine;Thenalidine;Tripelennamine;Chloropyramine;Promethazine;Tolpropamine;Dimetindene;Clemastine;Bamipine;Isothipendyl;Diphenhydramine;Benzatropine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Profenamine;Tropatepine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Chlorphenoxamine; Chlorpromazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Sedation;Atypical_antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Insomnia;Trifluoperazine;Olanzapine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Phenothiazine;Phenothiazine;Bioavailability;Phenothiazine;Bioavailability;Isoenzyme;Mesoridazine;Histamine_receptor;Promazine;Thioridazine;Sedation;Sedation;Promazine;Promethazine;Phenothiazine;Antipsychotic;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorpromazine; Chlorprothixene InChI=1S/C18H18ClNS/c1-20(2)11-5-7-14-15-6-3-4-8-17(15)21-18-10-9-13(19)12-16(14)18/h3-4,6-10,12H,5,11H2,1-2H3/b14-7- Y Key:WSPOMRSOLSGNFJ-AUWJEWJLSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Chlorprothixene ( Cloxan , Taractan , Truxal ) is a typical antipsychotic drug of the thioxanthene class and was the first of the series to be synthesized. [ 1 ] It was introduced in 1959 by Lundbeck . [ 2 ] Chlorprothixene is not approved for use in the United States. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Chlorpromazine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Typical_antipsychotic;Thioxanthene;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Chlorprothixene;Chlorprothixene; Choice_Music_Prize The Choice Music Prize , sponsored since 2011 by Meteor, [ 1 ] is an annual music prize awarded to the best album from Ireland. Republic_of_Ireland;Meteor_Music_Awards;United_Kingdom;Canada;Hot_Press;Hot_Press;Hot_Press;Republic_of_Ireland;Hot_Press;Hot_Press;Hot_Press;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Choice_Music_Prize;Choice_Music_Prize; Chris_Breen Christopher Breen is a writer and editor whose professional career has been spent covering Apple Inc. 's Apple Macintosh computers and related technologies for such publications as MacUser, MacWEEK, and Macworld. [ citation needed ] In addition to his technology career, Breen is also a musician who has performed professionally for two decades. [ citation needed ] He is currently a senior editor at Mac Publishing , a division of International Data Group which publishes the U.S. edition of Macworld . [ citation needed ] His "Mac 911" column appears monthly in that magazine. He also hosts the Macworld Podcast . [ citation needed ] Before working at Macworld , Breen was contributing editor and Help Desk columnist for the U.S. edition of MacUser magazine. [ citation needed ] Breen is the author of numerous technology books, including Secrets of the iPod , The iPod and iTunes Pocket Guide, Mac 911 , and My iMac. He has created a variety of video training courses for Lynda.com, including Mac OS X Leopard Essential Training, Screencasting for the Mac, iPad Tips and Tricks, and Lion Essential Training. Breen lives in Northern California with his wife and daughter. [ citation needed ] Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_Publishing;Macworld;California;Chris_Breen;Chris_Breen; Christian_music Christian_music_industry;Christian_music_industry;CD;DVD;Gospel_music;Open_Directory_Project;Gospel_music;Christian_music_industry;Christian_music;Christian_music; Christian_music_industry The Christian music industry is a small part of the larger music industry , that focuses on traditional Gospel music , Southern Gospel music , Contemporary Christian music , and alternative Christian music . It is sometimes called the gospel music industry , although this designation is not a limitation on the musical styles represented. The industry has roots in Jesus Music , although in order to commercialize and gain a wide appeal, the music had to largely move away from the form of that movement. Christian artists generally use secular styles, pairing them with lyrics that display faith and spirituality to varying degrees. Generally speaking, the industry is influenced by mainstream culture. Musical trends, for instance, follow those of the secular scene, though usually a few years behind. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The Christian music industry carries the distinction of being the only music subculture whose content is labeled by its lyrical dimension rather than its music. [ citation needed ] Still, music within the industry is sold by its musical style rather than lyrical content. Christian music's critics point to the divergent interests of commercialization and ministry, which have, according to some, polar opposite goals. Aspects of Christian music have long struggled to gain general acceptance, even within the Christian community. What some see as secularization and a lacking of direct theology, others see as artistic ministry. This opens up questions of the definition of "Christian music" that have lingered over the industry since its inception. The Christian music industry experienced explosive growth in the 1990s. Christian music sales grew to exceed those for classical, jazz, and new age music. [ 4 ] Even so, the Christian music industry has experienced the same issues as the general market in recent years. Music_industry;Gospel_music;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Best_Buy;Target_Corporation;The_New_York_Times;Grammy_Award;RIAA_certification;MTV;Time_Warner;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Christian_music;Gospel_music;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Christian_music_industry;Christian_music_industry; Christopher_Breen Christopher Breen is a writer and editor whose professional career has been spent covering Apple Inc. 's Apple Macintosh computers and related technologies for such publications as MacUser, MacWEEK, and Macworld. [ citation needed ] In addition to his technology career, Breen is also a musician who has performed professionally for two decades. [ citation needed ] He is currently a senior editor at Mac Publishing , a division of International Data Group which publishes the U.S. edition of Macworld . [ citation needed ] His "Mac 911" column appears monthly in that magazine. He also hosts the Macworld Podcast . [ citation needed ] Before working at Macworld , Breen was contributing editor and Help Desk columnist for the U.S. edition of MacUser magazine. [ citation needed ] Breen is the author of numerous technology books, including Secrets of the iPod , The iPod and iTunes Pocket Guide, Mac 911 , and My iMac. He has created a variety of video training courses for Lynda.com, including Mac OS X Leopard Essential Training, Screencasting for the Mac, iPad Tips and Tricks, and Lion Essential Training. Breen lives in Northern California with his wife and daughter. [ citation needed ] Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_Publishing;Macworld;California;Chris_Breen;Chris_Breen; Chroma_keying Compositing;Video;Pinnacle_Studio;Digital_compositing;Harry_Potter;Film;Green;LED;Compositing;Signal_processing;International_Standard_Book_Number;Virtuality;Compositing; Chromatic_aberration In optics , chromatic aberration (CA, also called achromatism or chromatic distortion ) is a type of distortion in which there is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same convergence point. It occurs because lenses have a different refractive index for different wavelengths of light (the dispersion of the lens). The refractive index decreases with increasing wavelength. Chromatic aberration manifests itself as "fringes" of color along boundaries that separate dark and bright parts of the image, because each color in the optical spectrum cannot be focused at a single common point. Since the focal length f of a lens is dependent on the refractive index n , different wavelengths of light will be focused on different positions. Infrared;JPEG;Nikon;Chromatic_aberration;Chromatic_aberration; Chrysler Chrysler Group LLC ( / ˈ k r aɪ s l ər / ) is an American-based, multinational automaker , in global strategic alliance with its majority owner, Italian manufacturer Fiat , since 2009. Chrysler was first organized as the Chrysler Corporation in 1925. [ 2 ] Its core brands which it produces are Chrysler, Jeep, Dodge, Ram, SRT, Fiat, and Mopar vehicles and products. The Company is headquartered in Auburn Hills, Michigan , United States. [ 3 ] On June 10, 2009, Chrysler LLC emerged from a government backed Chapter 11 reorganization as Chrysler Group LLC, in alliance with the Italian automaker Fiat . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Initially holding a 20% interest in Chrysler Group, Fiat's stake was increased to 58.5% (fully diluted) following acquisition of the equity interests held by the U.S. Treasury (6% on June 3, 2011) and Canada (1.5% on July 21, 2011) [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The stake was further increased to 61.8% in July 2012. [ 11 ] Italy;General_Motors;Audi;Super_Bowl;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;Alfa_Romeo;Italy;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;France;Spain;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;Canada;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;Australia;Canada;United_States;United_States;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Ferrari;Alfa_Romeo;General_Motors;Chrysler;Chrysler; Cianopramine Cianopramine ( Ro 11-2465 ), also known as 3-cyanoimipramine , is a tricyclic antidepressant which is related to imipramine and acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor [ 1 ] and weak serotonin receptor antagonist . [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Imipramine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Cianopramine;Cianopramine; Ciclazindol International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Antidepressant;Chemical_class;Mazindol;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Pseudoephedrine;Diphenylpyraline;Amineptine;Mazindol;Oxaprotiline;Tandamine;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Mazindol;Pseudoephedrine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Ciclazindol;Ciclazindol; Ciclindole International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Flucindole;Iprindole;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Ciclindole;Ciclindole; Ciclopramine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Ciclopramine;Ciclopramine; Cimetidine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Australia;United_Kingdom;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Trade_name;Histamine_receptor;Histamine;Burimamide;Metiamide;Ranitidine;Famotidine;Blockbuster_drug;Ranitidine;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Pirenzepine;Telenzepine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Enzyme;Ketoconazole;Ketoconazole;Cimetidine;Cimetidine; CineFX Jahshaka (formerly known as CineFX) aims to become a cross-platform , open source , free, video editing software , effects, and compositing suite. It is currently in alpha stage , supporting realtime effects rendering, but lacking useful implementations of many features such as the non-linear editing system. It is written using Qt , but its user interface is written using an OpenGL library to create GUIs . Since it uses OpenGL and OpenML , it could be ported to many different platforms that have the necessary computing power. Jahshaka is released under the GNU General Public License . The project has come under criticism as the latest update, being in October 2006, has been abandoned by developers due to inefficient code and excessive glitches. After the version 2 abandonment, developers have been promising a newly coded, reliable version 3. [ 1 ] The developers had been updating OpenLibraries, pushing the development of version 3 further in an unannounced time table. [ 2 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_video;Software_license;Open_source;Video_editing_software;User_interface;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;Jahshaka;Jahshaka; CineForm Video_codec;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;CineForm;CineForm; Cinelerra Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Linux;Operating_system;Free_software;Compositing;Display_resolution;Frame_rate;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Final_Cut_Pro;Adobe_After_Effects;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;Compiler;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Kdenlive;PiTiVi;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Cinelerra;Cinelerra; Cineon Cineon System was a computer based system, integrating a film scanner and recorder hardware, digital software for compositing and effects, image restoration, color management and the development of a proprietary file format designed by Kodak . These components were created to support the work flow of digital intermediate film production. Tape drives and workstations were also included in the system. The system was first released in 1993 and was abandoned by 1997. As an end-to-end solution for 2K and 4K digital film production, the system was well ahead of its time. The major components of the system (scanner, workstation software, and recorder) have all received AMPAS Scientific and Technical Awards. Kodak no longer sells the system or its components; however, the “Cineon” (.cin) file format that Kodak defined still is commonly used in the film visual effects world. (The Digital Picture Exchange (DPX) file format is also used in those applications; DPX files commonly store pixel data encoded according to Cineon Printing Density.) Eastman_Kodak;Visual_effects;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Tagged_Image_File_Format;JPEG;OpenEXR;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Cineon;Cineon; Cinepak Cinepak is a video codec developed by Peter Barrett at SuperMac Technologies , and released in 1991 with the Video Spigot, and then in 1992 as part of Apple Computer's QuickTime video suite. It was designed to encode 320x240 resolution video at 1x (150 kbyte /s) CD-ROM transfer rates. The codec was ported to the Microsoft Windows platform in 1993. It was also used on first-generation and some second-generation CD-ROM game consoles, such as the Atari Jaguar CD , Sega CD , Sega Saturn , and 3DO . It was the primary video codec of early versions of QuickTime and Microsoft Video for Windows , but was later superseded by Sorenson Video , Intel Indeo , and most recently MPEG-4 and H.264 . However, movies compressed with Cinepak are generally still playable in most media players. Cinepak is based on vector quantization , which is a significantly different algorithm from the discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm used by most current codecs (in particular the MPEG family, as well as JPEG ). This permitted implementation on relatively slow CPUs (video encoded in Cinepak will usually play fine even on a 25 MHz Motorola 68030 , consoles like the Sega CD usually used even slower CPUs, e.g. a 12.5MHz 68000), but tended to result in blocky artifacting at low bitrates , which explained the criticism levelled at the FMV-based video games. Cinepak divides a movie into key images and intra-coded images. Each image is divided into a number of horizontal bands which have individual 256-color palettes transferred in the key images. Each band is subdivided into 4x4 pixel blocks. The compressor uses vector quantization to determine the one or two band palette colors which best match each block and encodes runs of blocks as either one color byte or two color bytes plus a 16-bit vector which determines which pixel gets which color, similarly to S3 Texture Compression . The data rate can be controlled within a narrow range by adjusting the rate of key versus intra-coded frames and by adjusting the permitted error in each block and the block run-length. The original name of this codec was CompactVideo, which is why its FourCC identifier is "CVID". Cinepak files tend to be about 70% larger than similar quality MPEG-4 or Ogg files. Video_codec;SuperMac;QuickTime;Microsoft_Windows;QuickTime;Video_for_Windows;Sorenson_Video;Indeo;MPEG;JPEG;Ogg;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Multimedia;Software;Cinepak;Cinepak; Cinnarizine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Clozapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Promethazine;Betahistine;Flunarizine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Cinnarizine;Cinnarizine; Cipralisant International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Cipralisant;Cipralisant; Ciproxifan International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine;Inverse_agonist;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Inverse_agonist;Clozapine;Ciproxifan;Ciproxifan; Cirrus_Logic United_States;NASDAQ;Microsoft_Windows;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Megabyte;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Megabyte;Industry_Standard_Architecture;VESA_Local_Bus;Graphics_processing_unit;Cirrus_Logic;Cirrus_Logic; Cisco_Systems Cisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Jose , California, United States, [ 5 ] that designs, manufactures, and sells networking equipment . The stock was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average on June 8, 2009, and is also included in the S P 500 Index , the Russell 1000 Index , NASDAQ 100 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index. [ 6 ] NASDAQ;Computer_networking_device;Wireless;VOIP;NASDAQ;Stanford_University;Sun_Microsystems;Ethernet;Ethernet;Bangalore;VOIP;Voice_over_IP;Time_Warner;Skype;Microsoft;Free_Software_Foundation;Wired_News;Operating_system;MarketWatch;Reuters;Reuters;General_Motors;Intel;IBM;Microsoft;Walmart;The_Walt_Disney_Company;General_Motors;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Cisco_Systems;Cisco_Systems; CitySearch Jay Herratti, President Christophe Louvion, CTO Pay For Performance Advertising IAC/InterActiveCorp Citysearch is an online city guide that provides information about businesses in the categories of dining, entertainment, retail, travel, and professional services in cities throughout the United States. Visitors to each of Citysearch's local city guides will find contact information, maps, driving directions, editorial, and user reviews for the businesses listed. Citysearch is headquartered in West Hollywood , California and is an owned and operated web site of CityGrid Media , which is an operating business of IAC/InterActiveCorp ( NASDAQ : IACI ). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Original office was in Pasadena, California. Citysearch was founded in September 1995 by Jeffrey Brewer, Caskey Dickson, Brad Haaugard, Taylor Wescoatt, and Tamar Halpern. Charles Conn was then recruited to lead the new company. The idea, initiative, and seed capital came initially from Bill Gross . [ citation needed ] In 1999, Citysearch acquired the competing Sidewalk.com website from Microsoft [ 3 ] , and merged the two sites together. In 2007, another competitor, Insider Pages was acquired. [ 4 ] In June 2010, Citysearch LLC rebranded as CityGrid Media . The flagship product of CityGrid Media is CityGrid, a content and ad network for local. CityGrid Media also owns and operates leading local consumer properties which include Citysearch, Insider Pages , and Urbanspoon . [ 5 ] While many local search sites have mushroomed over the past few years, Citysearch's biggest competition comes from the fast growing Yelp, Inc. Yelp has been growing at 80% while Citysearch has remained flat. [ 6 ] Local search engines from Bing, Google and Yahoo are also widely used alternatives to finding local businesses on the internet. California;NASDAQ;Microsoft;Newsweek;Vimeo; Civilization_IV Windows 2000 / XP / Vista 1.2 GHz Processor 1.7 GB free space DirectX 9.0c –compatible 64 MB video card with hardware T L pixel shader DirectX 9.0c-compatible sound card Sid Meier's Civilization IV (also known as Civilization 4 or Civ4 ) is a turn-based strategy , 4X computer game released in 2005 and developed by lead designer Soren Johnson under the direction of Sid Meier and Meier's studio Firaxis Games . It is the fourth installment of the Civilization series . Civilization IV was released between October 25 and November 4, 2005, in North America, Europe and Australia. Civilization IV is a turn-based game in which the player builds an empire from very limited initial resources. All standard full-length games begin in 4000 BC with a settler who builds a single city. From there, the player expands an empire while contending with rival nations, using the geography, developing infrastructure and encouraging scientific and cultural progress. By default, players can win the game by accomplishing one of five goals: conquering all other civilizations, controlling a supermajority of the world's land and population, being the first to land a sleeper ship in the Alpha Centauri star system, increasing the Culture ratings of three different cities to "legendary" levels, or by being declared "World Leader" by winning a popularity election through the United Nations . If the game's clock runs out (by default in the year 2050 AD) with none of these goals fulfilled by any nation, the nation with the highest score is declared the winner. The game's first expansion, Warlords , was released on July 24, 2006 in North America and July 28, 2006 in the European Union . A second expansion, Beyond the Sword , was released worldwide between July 18 and July 30, 2007. A remake of Sid Meier's Colonization , based on a total conversion of the Civilization IV engine, Colonization , was released on September 23, 2008. As of March 26, 2008, Civilization IV has sold 3 million copies, according to Take-Two Interactive . [ 3 ] The game was re-released along with both of its expansions in 2007 in an edition entitled Sid Meier's Civilization IV: Complete ; the North American version of this compilation was released on May 12, 2009 in a DRM free package that contains the core game, the two expansions, and the 2008 Colonization remake. Aspyr;Computing_platform;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;North_America;CD;DVD;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;Random_access_memory;Gigabyte;DVD;Science;North_America;European_Union;Digital_rights_management;Steve_Wozniak;CPU;Stanford_University;XML;XML;Software_development_kit;Source_code;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Aspyr;Universal_binary;PowerPC;GameTap;Eurogamer;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Civilization_IV;Civilization_IV; Classic_Brit_Awards The Classic BRIT Awards (previously Classical BRIT Awards) are an annual awards ceremony held in the United Kingdom covering aspects of classical music , and are the classical equivalent of pop music's BRIT Awards . The awards are organised by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and were inaugurated in 2000 "in recognition of the achievements of classical musicians and the growth of classical music sales in the UK." The ceremony takes place in the Royal Albert Hall each May. The event combines live performances with specially commissioned awards presented throughout the evening. Voting for the awards is done by "an academy of industry executives, the media, the British Association of Record Dealers (BARD), members of the Musicians Union, lawyers, promoters, and orchestra leaders," except for "Album of the Year" which is voted for by listeners of Classic FM . Since 2011, the ceremony has been known as "Classic BRIT Awards". Classical_music;British_Phonographic_Industry;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Brit_Awards;British_Phonographic_Industry;Paul_McCartney;Facebook;Brit_Awards;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Brit_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;UK_Singles_Chart;NME;Classic_Brit_Awards;Classic_Brit_Awards; Classic_Environment Classic , or Classic Environment , is a hardware and software abstraction layer in early versions of Mac OS X that allows applications compatible with Mac OS 9 to run on the Mac OS X operating system . The name "Classic" is also sometimes used by software vendors to refer to the application programming interface available to "classic" applications, to differentiate between programming for Mac OS X and the previous version of the Mac OS. Classic is supported on PowerPC -based Macs running versions of Mac OS X up to v10.4 Tiger , but is not supported on v10.5 Leopard and later, nor on Intel-based Macs running any version of Mac OS X. Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Software;Mac_OS_X;Application_software;Operating_system;Application_programming_interface;PowerPC;New_World_ROM;XNU;Apple_Macintosh;Macintosh_Quadra;Power_Macintosh;PowerPC;Motorola;CNET;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Classic_Environment;Classic_Environment; Classical_Archives Classical Archives is an online digital music store focused exclusively on classical music . Originally opening as the Classical MIDI Archives in 1994 primarily as a repository for free MIDI sequences of classical music works, in August, 2000 the site incorporated as Classical Archives, LLC, and has since been also offering commercial label recordings for both streaming and downloading . Non-members can stream 60-second samples from any track on the Classical Archives. For a monthly fee of $5.99 (or $59.90 a year) members can stream any track , work , or album in its entirety from the site’s catalogue, and receive a discount of 10% on the price of downloads. [ 2 ] Both members and non-members can access detailed musicological information for each work: movements , genre , principal instruments , year of composition, and key . Additionally, nearly every composer’s biography is provided. [ 3 ] Free streaming radio is available for computers and mobile devices that also includes a device to close the connection in one hour, if desired. [ 4 ] Classical Archives uses a proprietary system (called the Contextual Metadata Engine) that allows for the ingestion and cataloguing of all recordings based on musicologically accurate and uniform metadata. Because of the Contextual Metadata Engine, visitors can search and cross-reference by various relevant criteria: composer, work title, artist, albums, historical period, instrument, and genre, in order to find and compare different recordings. [ 5 ] Classical Archives was founded by CEO Pierre R. Schwob. The cataloguing of the Classical Archives database is carried out by a team of musicologists led by Chief Musicologist and Artistic Director Dr. Nolan Gasser . [ 2 ] Audio_file_format;Streaming_media;Online_music_store;Classical_music;MIDI;Record_label;Streaming_media;Album;Musical_instrument;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Universal_Music_Group;Classical_Archives;Classical_Archives; Classical_music Classical music is the art music produced in, or rooted in, the traditions of Western liturgical and secular music , encompassing a broad period from roughly the 11th century to present times. [ 1 ] The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period . It should not be confused with the Classical Era . European music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation , in use since about the 16th century. [ 2 ] Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitch , speed , meter , individual rhythms and exact execution of a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation , that are frequently heard in non-European art music and popular music. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to "canonize" the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. [ 6 ] The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. [ 1 ] [ 7 ] Musical_notation;Tempo;Musical_notation;Piano;Electric_guitar;Synthesizer;Acoustic_guitar;Equal_temperament;Jazz;Musical_notation;Musical_notation;Equal_temperament;Italy;Tempo;Folk_music;Music_education;Music_education;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Union;Musical_notation;Music_education;Music_industry;Musician;Extended_play;Album;Compilation_album;Record_label;Record_producer;Latin_American_music;Musical_instrument;Violin;Viola;Cello;Double_bass;Piano;Classical_music;Classical_music; Clavinet The Clavinet is a type of electro-mechanical keyboard instrument built by the Hohner company of Trossingen, West Germany from 1964 to the early 1980s. It is essentially an electrically amplified clavichord , analogous to an electric guitar . Various models were produced over the years designated as I, II, L, C, D6, E7 and Duo. Its distinctive bright staccato sound has appeared particularly in funk , disco , rock , and reggae songs. Musical_instrument;Electric_piano;Musical_instrument;Electric_guitar;Funk;Reggae;Ben_Folds;Led_Zeppelin;Clavinet;Clavinet; Claws_Mail Claws Mail is a free , GTK+ -based, open source email and news client . It offers easy configuration and an abundance of features. It stores mail in the MH mailbox format and also the Mbox mailbox format via a plugin. Claws Mail runs on both Windows and Unix-like systems such as Linux , BSD , Solaris , and Mac OS X . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Open_source;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;WebKit;Perl;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Email_client;Open_source_software;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Claws_Mail;Claws_Mail; Clemastine InChI=1S/C21H26ClNO/c1-21(17-7-4-3-5-8-17,18-10-12-19(22)13-11-18)24-16-14-20-9-6-15-23(20)2/h3-5,7-8,10-13,20H,6,9,14-16H2,1-2H3/t20-,21-/m1/s1 Y Key:YNNUSGIPVFPVBX-NHCUHLMSSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Clemastine , also known as meclastin , is an antihistamine and anticholinergic . Unlike loratadine or fexofenadine , clemastine is a sedating antihistamine, however it exhibits fewer other side effects than most of the widely used antihistamines. [ citation needed ] Clemastine is also classified as an antipruritic (i.e. it stops itching). International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;Renal;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Loratadine;Fexofenadine;Sedative;Histamine;Gastrointestinal_tract;Digital_object_identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Mepyramine;Thenalidine;Tripelennamine;Chloropyramine;Promethazine;Tolpropamine;Dimetindene;Bamipine;Isothipendyl;Diphenhydramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Clemastine;Clemastine; Clemizole InChI=1S/C19H20ClN3/c20-16-9-7-15(8-10-16)13-23-18-6-2-1-5-17(18)21-19(23)14-22-11-3-4-12-22/h1-2,5-10H,3-4,11-14H2 Key:CJXAEXPPLWQRFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Clemizole is an antihistamine . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Clemizole;Clemizole; Cleve_Moler Computer_science;Stanford_University;University_of_New_Mexico;Stanford_University;MATLAB;Numerical_analysis;LINPACK;EISPACK;Fortran;MATLAB;University_of_New_Mexico;MathWorks;John_N._Little;Stanford_University;Stanford_University;University_of_New_Mexico;MathWorks;Cleve_Moler;Cleve_Moler; Clobenpropit International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Histamine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Clobenpropit;Clobenpropit; Clobenzepam International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Clobenzepam;Clobenzepam; Clobenztropine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Clobenztropine;Clobenztropine; Clocapramine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Atypical_antipsychotic;Japan;Antidepressant;Anxiety;Typical_antipsychotic;Insomnia;Carpipramine;Mosapramine;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Amitriptyline;Desipramine;Imipramine;Opipramol;Gevotroline;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Clocapramine;Clocapramine; Clocinizine 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Clomipramine 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ransporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Clomipramine;Clomipramine; Clorotepin InChI=1S/C19H21ClN2S/c1-21-8-10-22(11-9-21)17-12-14-4-2-3-5-18(14)23-19-7-6-15(20)13-16(17)19/h2-7,13,17H,8-12H2,1H3 Key:XRYLGRGAWQSVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Clorotepine ( INN ; Clotepin , Clopiben ), also known as octoclothepin or octoclothepine , is a very potent atypical neuroleptic and central depressant of the tricyclic series which was derived from perathiepin in 1965 and soon thereafter marketed in the Czech Republic by Spofa for the treatment of schizophrenic psychosis . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is known to have high affinity for the D 1 , [ 5 ] D 2 , [ 6 ] D 3 , [ 6 ] D 4 , [ 6 ] 5-HT 2A , [ 5 ] 5-HT 2B , [ 7 ] 5-HT 2C , [ 7 ] 5-HT 6 , [ 8 ] 5-HT 7 , [ 8 ] α 1A -adrenergic , [ 9 ] α 1B -adrenergic , [ 9 ] α 1D -adrenergic , [ 9 ] and H 1 receptors , [ 10 ] where it has been it has been confirmed to act as an antagonist (or inverse agonist ) at most sites (and likely is as such at all of them based on structure-activity relationships ), and it also blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine via inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter . [ 11 ] Due to its very potent activity at the D 2 receptor, along with tefludazine , clorotepine was used as the basis for developing a 3-dimensional (3D) pharmacophore for D 2 receptor antagonists. [ 12 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Tricyclic;Perathiepin;Czech_Republic;Inverse_agonist;Metitepine;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine; Closed_captioning Television;Video;Display_device;Sound;Television_program;United_States;Canada;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;Soundtrack;NTSC;PAL;MTV;Australia;French_language;Spanish_language;Television;VGA;LED;Surround_sound;CD;Video_game;YouTube;Silverlight;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;QuickTime;ITunes;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPad;HDTV;Sony_Vegas;Apple_Inc.;Final_Cut_Pro;QuickTime;NBC;Barack_Obama;C;Trademark;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Open_Directory_Project;Video;Video;NTSC;PAL;Surround_sound;Progressive_scan;Surround_sound;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_transport_stream;Video_on_demand;Closed_captioning;Closed_captioning; Closed_device Proprietary hardware is computer hardware whose interface is controlled by the proprietor , often under patent or trade-secret protection . Historically, most early computer hardware was designed as proprietary until the 1980s, when IBM PC changed this paradigm. Earlier, in 1970s, many vendors tried to challenge IBM's monopoly in the mainframe computer market by reverse engineering and producing hardware components electrically compatible with expensive equipment and (usually) able to run the same software. Those vendors were nicknamed plug compatible manufacturers (PCMs). Reverse_engineering;Micro_Channel_architecture;Proprietary_software; Clotiapine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Atypical_antipsychotic;Dibenzothiazepine;Chemical_class;Quetiapine;Digital_object_identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Clotiapine;Clotiapine; Cloud_computing Internet;Application_software;Web_browser;Thin_client;CPU;Amazon.com;Application_programming_interface;Computing_platform;Google_Apps;Laptop;Tablet_computer;Smartphones;Engineering;European_Union;Google;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_software;Switzerland;Gartner;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Web_browser;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Operating_system;IOS;Google_Apps;Internet;Web_service;Cloud_computing;Cloud_computing; Cloverfield Cloverfield is a 2008 American sci-fi monster horror film directed by Matt Reeves , produced by J. J. Abrams and written by Drew Goddard . Before settling on an official title, the film was marketed as 1-18-08 . The film follows six young New Yorkers attending a going-away party on the night that a gigantic monster attacks the city. First publicized in a teaser trailer in screenings of Transformers , the film was released on January 17 in New Zealand and Australia ; January 18 in North America; January 24 in South Korea ; January 25 in Taiwan ; January 31 in Germany; and February 1 in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Italy. In Japan, the film was released on April 5. VFX and CGI were performed by effects studios Double Negative and Tippett Studio . Paramount_Pictures;New_Zealand;Australia;Republic_of_China;Visual_effects;Japan;Paramount_Pictures;Japan;YouTube;Encoder;Paramount_Pictures;USA_Today;Compilation_album;Electronic_music;ITunes;Gorillaz;Rotten_Tomatoes;Entertainment_Weekly;The_New_York_Times;Best_Buy;Target_Corporation;Ringtone;Borders_Group;YouTube;Paramount_Pictures;Paramount_Pictures;Entertainment_Weekly;Paramount_Pictures;Fearnet;Entertainment_Weekly;Rotten_Tomatoes;Adobe_Flash_Player;Rotten_Tomatoes;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;Cloverfield;Cloverfield; Clozapine InChI=1S/C18H19ClN4/c1-22-8-10-23(11-9-22)18-14-4-2-3-5-15(14)20-16-7-6-13(19)12-17(16)21-18/h2-7,12,20H,8-11H2,1H3 Y Key:QZUDBNBUXVUHMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Solubility in water 0.1889 [ 1 ] mg/mL (20 °C) Y (what is this?) (verify) Clozapine (sold as Clozaril , Gen-Clozapine in Canada, Azaleptin , Leponex , Fazaclo , Froidir ; Denzapine , Zaponex in the UK; Klozapol in Poland, Clopine in Australia and New Zealand ) is an atypical antipsychotic medication used in the treatment of schizophrenia , and is also used off-label in the treatment of bipolar disorder . In 2005 three pharmaceutical companies marketed this drug: Novartis Pharmaceuticals (manufacturer), Mylan Laboratories and Ivax Pharmaceuticals (market generic clozapine). [ 2 ] The first of the atypical antipsychotics to be developed, it was first introduced in Europe in 1971, but was voluntarily withdrawn by the manufacturer in 1975 after it was shown to cause agranulocytosis , a condition involving a dangerous decrease in the number of white blood cells , that led to death in some patients. In 1989 after studies demonstrated that it was effective in treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia [ 3 ] the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of clozapine's solely for that use, requiring regular white blood cell and absolute neutrophil counts . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The FDA also requires clozapine to carry five black box warnings for agranulocytosis , seizures , myocarditis , for "other adverse cardiovascular and respiratory effects", and for "increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis." [ 6 ] In 2002 the FDA approved clozapine for reducing the risk of suicidal behavior for patients with schizophrenia . Clozapine is usually used as a last resort in patients that have not responded to other anti-psychotic treatments due to its danger of causing agranulocytosis as well as the costs of having to have blood tests continually during treatment. It is, however, one of the very effective anti-psychotic treatment choices. [ 7 ] Patients are monitored weekly for the first six months. If there are no low counts the patient can be monitored every two weeks for an additional six months. Afterwards, the patient may qualify for every four week monitoring. [ 8 ] Clozapine has numerous severe side effects including agranulocytosis , bowel infarction , [ 9 ] and seizures, [ 10 ] and has been associated with myocarditis [ 11 ] and diabetes [ 12 ] though those relationships have not been confirmed. Additionally, it also often causes less serious side effects such as hypersalivation and weight gain . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Australia;New_Zealand;Atypical_antipsychotic;Generic_drug;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Sedation;Europe;Insomnia;Anxiety;Olanzapine;Dibenzodiazepine;Loxapine;Digital_object_identifier;Atypical_antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Histamine_receptor;Bioavailability;Isoenzyme;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Clozapine;Clozapine; Cmus cmus (C* Music Player) is a small and fast console audio player for Unix-like operating systems. cmus is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) and operates exclusively through a text-based user interface , built with ncurses . The text-only design reduces the resources needed to run the program, making it a strong choice for older or less-powerful computers as well as systems where a graphical environment (such as the X Window System ) is not available. Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;SourceForge;Ogg;Vorbis;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Musepack;WavPack;WAV;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Apple_Lossless;Windows_Media_Audio;Shorten;Gapless_playback;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Cmus;Cmus; CoCoA_System CoCoA ( Co mputations in Co mmutative A lgebra) is a free computer algebra system to compute with numbers and polynomials . The CoCoA Library is available under GNU General Public License . Has been ported to many operating systems including Macintosh on PPC and x86, Linux on x86, x86-64 PPC, Sun Solaris on SPARC and Windows on x86. The CoCoA Library is mainly used by researchers, but can be useful even for "simple" computations. CoCoA's features include: Very big integers and rational numbers using the GNU Multi-Precision Library Geographical map colouring Computer_algebra_system;Apple_Macintosh;Linux;SPARC;Microsoft_Windows;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems; Coating Anodizing;Coating;Coating; Coaxial_power_connector A coaxial power connector is a miniature power connector used for attaching extra-low voltage devices such as consumer electronics to external electricity . Also known as barrel connectors , concentric barrel connectors or tip connectors , these small cylindrical connectors come in an enormous variety of sizes. The primary use of these plugs is as a DC connector (or sometimes AC) on the cable that comes from an external power supply . The matching jack or socket is then mounted in the equipment to be powered. Some of these jacks contain a normally closed switch; the switch can disconnect internal batteries whenever the external power supply is connected, to avoid the risk of battery leakage or explosion posed by incorrect recharging of the batteries. Power_connector;Power_supply;TRS_connector;Short_circuit;Apple_Inc.;MagSafe;Sony;Apple_Inc.;MagSafe;Coaxial_power_connector;Coaxial_power_connector; Cocoa_Touch Cocoa Touch is a UI framework for building software programs to run on the iPhone , iPod Touch , and iPad from Apple Inc. Cocoa Touch provides an abstraction layer of iOS , the operating system for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad. Cocoa Touch is based on the Mac OS X Cocoa API toolset and, like it, is primarily written in the Objective-C language. Cocoa Touch allows the use of hardware and features that are not found in Mac OS X computers and are thus unique to the iOS range of devices. Just like Cocoa, Cocoa Touch follows a Model-View-Controller (MVC) software architecture. Tools for developing applications based on Cocoa Touch are included in the iOS SDK . Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;IOS_SDK;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;Cocoa_Touch;Cocoa_Touch; Code_division_multiple_access Code division multiple access ( CDMA ) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne , CDMA2000 (the 3G evolution of cdmaOne) and WCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSM carriers), which are often referred to as simply CDMA , and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth ). This concept is called multiple access . CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access ( TDMA ) divides access by time , while frequency-division multiple access ( FDMA ) divides it by frequency . CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated. An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can communicate. The technology of code division multiple access channels has long been known. In the USSR, the first work devoted to this subject was published in 1935 by professor Dmitriy V. Ageev . [ 1 ] It was shown that through the use of linear methods, there are three types of signal separation: frequency, time and compensatory. The technology of CDMA was used in 1957, when the young military radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich in Moscow, made an experimental model of a wearable automatic mobile phone, called LK-1 by him, with a base station. LK-1 has a weight of 3 kg, 20–30 km operating distance, and 20–30 hours of battery life. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The base station, as described by the author, could serve several customers. In 1958, Kupriyanovich made the new experimental "pocket" model of mobile phone. This phone weighed 0.5 kg. To serve more customers, Kupriyanovich proposed the device, named by him as correllator. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In 1958, the USSR also started the development of the " Altai " national civil mobile phone service for cars, based on the Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The phone system weighed 11 kg and was approximately 3 cubic meters in size [ dubious – discuss ] . It was placed in the trunk of the vehicles of high-ranking officials and used a standard handset in the passenger compartment. The main developers of the Altai system were VNIIS (Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications) and GSPI (State Specialized Project Institute). In 1963 this service started in Moscow and in 1970 Altai service was used in 30 USSR cities. [ citation needed ] Multiplexing;GSM;Mobile_phone;Global_Positioning_System;Mobile_phone;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Global_Positioning_System;GLONASS;Bluetooth;Mobile_phone;Code_division_multiple_access;Code_division_multiple_access; Code_signing Code signing is the process of digitally signing executables and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted since it was signed by use of a cryptographic hash . Code signing can provide several valuable features. The most common use of code signing is to provide security when deploying; in some programming languages, it can also be used to help prevent namespace conflicts. Almost every code signing implementation will provide some sort of digital signature mechanism to verify the identity of the author or build system, and a checksum to verify that the object has not been modified. It can also be used to provide versioning information about an object or to store other meta data about an object. Digital_signature;Executable;ActiveX;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Lotus_Notes;JavaScript;Code_signing;Code_signing; Codec A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding or decoding a digital data stream or signal . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The word codec is a portmanteau of " co der- dec oder" or, less commonly, " co mpressor- dec ompressor". A codec (the program ) should not be confused with a coding or compression format or standard – a format is a document (the standard), a way of storing data, while a codec is a program (an implementation ) which can read or write such files. In practice, however, "codec" is sometimes used loosely to refer to formats. A codec encodes a data stream or signal for transmission, storage or encryption , or decodes it for playback or editing. Codecs are used in videoconferencing , streaming media and video editing applications. A video camera's analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts its analog signals into digital signals, which are then passed through a video compressor for digital transmission or storage. A receiving device then runs the signal through a video decompressor, then a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for analog display. The term codec is also used as a generic name for a videoconferencing unit. Encoder;Encryption;Streaming_media;Video_editing;Video_codec;Video_codec;Hard_disk;DVD;DV;Multimedia;Sound;Video;Audio_Video_Interleave;ISO_standard;Ogg;Advanced_Systems_Format;QuickTime;RealMedia;Matroska;MPEG_transport_stream;MPEG_program_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;Digital_signal_processing;Lossless_data_compression;Lossy_compression;Transcoding;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Data_compression;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_codec;Video_codec;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Codec;Codec; Colbie_Caillat Colbie Marie Caillat ( i / ˈ k oʊ l b i k ə ˈ l eɪ / ; born May 28, 1985) is an American pop singer-songwriter and acoustic guitarist from Malibu, California . She debuted in 2007 with Coco , which included hit singles " Bubbly " and " Realize ". In 2008, she recorded a duet with Jason Mraz , " Lucky ", which won a Grammy . Caillat released her second album, Breakthrough , in August 2009. Breakthrough was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2010 Grammy Awards. She was also part of the group that won Album of the Year at the 2010 Grammys for her background vocals and writing on Taylor Swift 's Fearless album. She has sold over six million albums worldwide and sold over 10 million singles. In 2009, Billboard magazine's 94th-best-selling music artist of the 2000–2009 decade. [ 1 ] Pop_music;Folk_music;Acoustic_guitar;Record_label;Acoustic_guitar;National_Football_League;Norway;Disney_Channel;NBC;Saturday_Night_Live;Grammy_Award;Ryan_Tedder;Colbie_Caillat;Colbie_Caillat; Coldplay Coldplay are a British rock band formed in 1996 by lead vocalist Chris Martin and lead guitarist Jonny Buckland at University College London . [ 3 ] After they formed Pectoralz, Guy Berryman joined the group as a bassist and they changed their name to Starfish. [ 4 ] Will Champion joined as a drummer, backing vocalist, and multi-instrumentalist, completing the line-up. Manager Phil Harvey is often considered an unofficial fifth member. [ 5 ] The band renamed themselves "Coldplay" in 1998, [ 6 ] before recording and releasing three EPs; Safety in 1998, Brothers Sisters as a single in 1999 and The Blue Room in the same year. The latter was their first release on a major label, after signing to Parlophone . [ 7 ] They achieved worldwide fame with the release of the single " Yellow " in 2000, followed by their debut album released in the same year, Parachutes , which was nominated for the Mercury Prize . The band's second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head (2002), was released to critical acclaim and won multiple awards, including NME 's Album of the Year, and has been widely considered the best of the Nelson-produced Coldplay albums. Their next release, X Y , the best-selling album worldwide in 2005, was met with mostly positive reviews upon its release, though some critics felt that it was inferior to its predecessor. The band's fourth studio album, Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (2008), was produced by Brian Eno and released again to largely favourable reviews, earning several Grammy nominations and wins at the 51st Grammy Awards . [ 8 ] On 24 October 2011, they released their fifth studio album, Mylo Xyloto , which topped the charts in over 34 countries, and was the UK's best-selling rock album of 2011. [ 9 ] The band has won a number of music awards throughout their career, including seven Brit Awards —winning Best British Group three times, four MTV Video Music Awards , and seven Grammy Awards from twenty nominations. As one of the world's best-selling music artists , Coldplay have sold over 55 million records worldwide. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In December 2009, Rolling Stone readers voted the group the fourth best artist of the 2000s. [ 12 ] Coldplay have been an active supporter of various social and political causes, such as Oxfam 's Make Trade Fair campaign and Amnesty International . The group have also performed at various charity projects such as Band Aid 20 , Live 8 , Sound Relief , Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief , The Secret Policeman's Ball , and the Teenage Cancer Trust . [ 13 ] Record_label;Capitol_Records;Rock_music;NME;MTV_Video_Music_Award;Grammy_Award;Rolling_Stone;UK_Singles_Chart;UK_Singles_Chart;Capitol_Records;Brit_Awards;George_Harrison;Nine_Inch_Nails;Brit_Awards;Rolling_Stone;New_York_Times;NME;Brit_Awards;UK_Singles_Chart;Copyright_infringement;Grammy_Award;Rolling_Stone;MuchMusic;HitQuarters;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Brit_Awards;George_Harrison;George_Harrison;Johnny_Cash;ITunes_Store;ITunes;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Barack_Obama;Paul_McCartney;Guitar;Piano;MTV_Video_Music_Award;World_Music_Awards;Grammy_Award;International_Standard_Book_Number;HitQuarters;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;The_Daily_Telegraph;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;EMI;Norah_Jones;Norah_Jones;Norah_Jones;Coldplay;Coldplay; Collaborative_filtering Collaborative filtering ( CF ) is a technique used by some recommender systems . Collaborative filtering has two senses, a narrow one and a more general one. [ 1 ] In general, collaborative filtering is the process of filtering for information or patterns using techniques involving collaboration among multiple agents, viewpoints, data sources, etc. [ 1 ] Applications of collaborative filtering typically involve very large data sets. Collaborative filtering methods have been applied to many different kinds of data including sensing and monitoring data - such as in mineral exploration, environmental sensing over large areas or multiple sensors; financial data - such as financial service institutions that integrate many financial sources; or in electronic commerce and web 2.0 applications where the focus is on user data, etc. The remainder of this discussion focuses on collaborative filtering for user data, although some of the methods and approaches may apply to the other major applications as well. In the newer, narrower sense, collaborative filtering is a method of making automatic predictions (filtering) about the interests of a user by collecting preferences or taste information from many users (collaborating). The underlying assumption of the collaborative filtering approach is that if a person A has the same opinion as a person B on an issue, A is more likely to have B's opinion on a different issue x than to have the opinion on x of a person chosen randomly. For example, a collaborative filtering recommendation system for television tastes could make predictions about which television show a user should like given a partial list of that user's tastes (likes or dislikes). [ 2 ] Note that these predictions are specific to the user, but use information gleaned from many users. This differs from the simpler approach of giving an average (non-specific) score for each item of interest, for example based on its number of votes . Television;Amazon.com;YouTube;Last.fm;Recommendation_system;Digital_object_identifier;Collaborative_filtering;Collaborative_filtering; Colombia Colombia ( / k ə ˈ l ʌ m b i ə / kə- LUM -biə , or / k ə ˈ l ɒ m b i ə / kə- LOM -biə ), officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja] ), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments . The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama ; to the north by the Caribbean Sea ; to the east by Venezuela [ 9 ] and Brazil ; [ 10 ] to the south by Ecuador and Peru ; [ 11 ] and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico . Colombia is a middle power , with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia produces coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. These products comprise the primary sector of the economy. The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and Tairona . The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and colonization ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada (comprising modern-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, north-western Brazil and Panama), with its capital at Bogotá . [ 12 ] Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 " Gran Colombia " had collapsed with the secession of Venezuela and Ecuador. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada . The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. [ 13 ] Panama seceded in 1903. Colombia was the first constitutional government in South America, and an important promoter of the Pan American organizations, initially through the Congress of Panama and later as founder of the Organization of American States . The Liberal and Conservative parties, founded in 1848 and 1849, are two of the oldest surviving political parties in the Americas. Colombia is ethnically diverse. The interaction between descendants of the original native inhabitants, Spanish colonists, Africans brought as slaves and twentieth-century immigrants from Europe and the Middle East has produced a varied cultural heritage. [ 14 ] This has also been influenced by Colombia's varied geography. The majority of the urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains , but Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest , tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines. Ecologically, Colombia is one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries , and is considered the most megadiverse per square kilometer. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Tensions between political parties have frequently erupted into violence, most notably in the Thousand Days War (1899–1902) and La Violencia , beginning in 1948. Since the 1960s, government forces , left-wing insurgents and right-wing paramilitaries have been engaged in the continent's longest-running armed conflict . [ 17 ] Fueled by the cocaine trade , this escalated dramatically in the 1980s. Since 2010 the violence has decreased, with some paramilitary groups demobilising as part of a controversial peace process and the guerrillas losing control of much of the territory they once dominated. [ 13 ] Meanwhile Colombia's homicide rate almost halved between 2002 and 2006. [ 18 ] As of 2011 Colombia remains the world's largest producer of cocaine , [ 19 ] although production has been falling . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Spanish_language;Spain;Spanish_language;Panama;Venezuela;Brazil;Ecuador;Peru;Mexico;Venezuela;Panama;Ecuador;Venezuela;Panama;Brazil;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;BusinessWeek;Continental_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;Air_France;Mexico;Spain;Argentina;Brazil;Argentina;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Ecuador;France;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Ecuador;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Bolivia;Ecuador;Peru;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Paraguay;Venezuela;Mexico;Panama;Argentina;Brazil;Paraguay;Venezuela;Bolivia;Chile;Ecuador;Peru;Mexico;New_Zealand;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Canada;Chile;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;United_States;Venezuela;Colombia;Colombia; ColorSync ColorSync is Apple Inc 's color management API for the Mac OS and Mac OS X . QuickDraw;Core_OpenGL;Core_Image;Core_Animation;Core_Video;QuickTime;Apple_Inc;API;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Adobe_Systems;SDK;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mac_OS_X;PDF;DigitalColor_Meter;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;ColorSync;ColorSync; ComScore comScore is an Internet analytics company providing marketing data and analytics to many of the world's largest enterprises, agencies, and publishers. NASDAQ;Internet;NPD_Group;IMesh;Proxy_server;Wired_News;CNET;CNET;CNET;ComScore;ComScore; Combination_lock A combination lock is a type of lock in which a sequence of numbers or symbols is used to open the lock. The sequence may be entered using a single rotating dial which interacts with several discs or cams , by using a set of several rotating discs with inscribed numerals which directly interact with the locking mechanism, or through an electronic or mechanical keypad. Types range from inexpensive three-digit luggage locks to high-security safes. Google_Books;Combination_lock;Combination_lock; Combo_drive A Combo drive is a type of optical drive that combines CD-R / CD-RW recording capability with the ability to read (but not write) DVD media. The term is used almost exclusively by Apple Inc. as a name for the low-end substitute for their high-end SuperDrive , which was designed to both read and write DVD and DVD recordable media. The device was created as a mid-range option between a CD burner and a DVD burner , which at the time the Combo drive was introduced was generally an expensive option costing in excess of US$300 a unit. Combo drives are becoming less and less common on new systems, though they do occasionally appear in lieu of CD-only drives on low-end computers and business computers to lower production and sale costs. The cost difference between a Combo drive and DVD burner has been steadily declining in recent years, so most new PCs (except for the low-end budget computers) have a DVD burner (which also reads and writes CDs). In current Apple computers, none contain Combo Drives. As of October 2008, the MacBook comes with a SuperDrive as standard, and as of March 2009, the Mac mini comes with a SuperDrive as opposed to the usual Combo Drive. [ 1 ] More recently the term "combo drive" is used to refer to an optical drive that can read write CDs and DVDs, but only read Blu-ray Disc/ BD-ROM . [ 2 ] DVD;Apple_Inc.;SuperDrive;DVD_burner;Apple_Inc.;Combo_drive;Combo_drive; Comedy Television;Film;Greece;Genre;Genre;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;Open_Directory_Project;Prank_call;Comedy_rock;Comedy;Comedy; Comedy_rock Comedy rock is rock music mixed with comedy , often satire and parody. [ 1 ] Rock_music;Electric_guitar;Rock_music;John_Lennon;International_Standard_Book_Number;Rock_music;Heavy_metal_music;Comedy;Prank_call;Comedy_rock;Comedy_rock; Comic_book_archive Filename_extension;Multimedia;Portable_Network_Graphics;JPEG;Lossy_compression;GIF;Tagged_Image_File_Format;STDU_Viewer;Comparison_of_image_viewers;DjVu;Open_Directory_Project;BBeB;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Comic_book_archive;Comic_book_archive; Command_key The Command key ( ⌘ ), also historically known as the Apple key , open-Apple key , waffle key [ citation needed ] or meta key , is a modifier key present on Apple Keyboards . The Command key's purpose is to allow the user to enter keyboard shortcut commands to GUI applications. An "extended" Macintosh keyboard—the most common type—has two command keys, one on each side of the space bar ; some compact keyboards have one only on the left. The Bowen knot symbol was chosen after Steve Jobs decided that the use of the Apple logo in the menu system (where the keyboard shortcuts are displayed) would be an over-use of the logo. Apple_Keyboard;Steve_Jobs;Apple_III;Apple_IIe;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Macintosh;Macintosh_SE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Option_key;Microsoft_Windows;Option_key;Apple_Macintosh;Steve_Jobs;Sweden;Mac_OS_X;Sun_Microsystems;USB;Linux;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Option_key;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;Sun_Microsystems;Keyboard_layout;Command_key;Command_key; Commercial_software Commercial software , or less commonly, payware , is computer software that is produced for sale [ 1 ] or that serves commercial purposes. Commercial software is most often proprietary software , but free software packages may also be commercial software. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ better source needed ] All or parts of software packages and services that support commerce are increasingly made available as free software [ citation needed ] . This includes products from Red Hat , Apple Computer , Sun Microsystems , Google , and Microsoft Corporation . Microsoft Corporation uses "commercial software", to describe their business model . [ 5 ] Proprietary_software;Free_software;Free_software;Apple_Computer;Sun_Microsystems;Google;Free_software;Free_Software_Foundation;Proprietary_software;Open_source;Proprietary_software;Retail_software;Proprietary_software;Shareware;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Software_license;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Shareware;Digital_distribution;Software;Commercial_software;Commercial_software; Common_Unix_Printing_System Software_design;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Free_software;Linux_distribution;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Raster_graphics;HTML;USB;Launchd;Graphical_user_interface;Portable_Document_Format;XML;System_Preferences;Microsoft_Windows;Context_menu;Server_Message_Block;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution; Commonsense_knowledge_base In artificial intelligence research, commonsense knowledge is the collection of facts and information that an ordinary person is expected to know. The commonsense knowledge problem is the ongoing project in the field of knowledge representation (a sub-field of artificial intelligence ) to create a commonsense knowledge base : a database containing all the general knowledge that most people possess, represented in a way that it is available to artificial intelligence programs that use natural language or make inferences about the ordinary world. Such a database is a type of ontology of which the most general are called upper ontologies . The problem is considered to be among the hardest in all of AI research because the breadth and detail of commonsense knowledge is enormous. Any task that requires commonsense knowledge is considered AI-complete : to be done as well as a human being does it, it requires the machine to appear as intelligent as a human being. These tasks include machine translation , object recognition , text mining and many others. To do these tasks perfectly, the machine simply has to know what the text is talking about or what objects it may be looking at, and this is impossible in general unless the machine is familiar with all the same concepts that an ordinary person is familiar with. Information in a commonsense knowledge base may include, but is not limited to, the following: An ontology of classes and individuals Parts and materials of objects Properties of objects (such as color and size) Functions and uses of objects Locations of objects and layouts of locations Locations of actions and events Durations of actions and events Preconditions of actions and events Effects (postconditions) of actions and events Subjects and objects of actions Behaviors of devices Stereotypical situations or scripts Human goals and needs Plans and strategies Database;Natural_language_processing;Cyc;True_Knowledge;Commonsense_reasoning;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_knowledge_base; Commonsense_reasoning Cyc;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Commonsense_reasoning;Commonsense_reasoning; CompTime CompTime : A proprietary digital compositing Software from ILM that is only for their in-house use. Digital_compositing;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;CompTime;CompTime; CompactPCI Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Rack_unit;Backplane;VMEbus;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Ethernet;PCI_Express;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;PXI;VMEbus;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;CompactPCI;CompactPCI; Compact_Disc Megabyte;Infrared;Red;Sony;Video_CD;DVD;Megabyte;Sony;Sony;Netherlands;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Germany;English_language;Polycarbonate;DVD;Megabyte;NTSC;PAL;Video_CD;Hidden_track;Backward_compatibility;Video_CD;JVC;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Linux;Linux_distribution;Megabyte;Digital_rights_management;DVD;Digital_rights_management;DVD;Home_cinema;BBC_News;Digital_object_identifier;BBC_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sony;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sony;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Compact_Disc;Compact_Disc; Compact_Macintosh " Compact Macintosh " or " Classic Macintosh " [1] are informal terms that refer to the direct descendants of the original Macintosh personal computer case design by Apple Computer, Inc. All of them are all-in-one desktop computer designs with the display integrated in the computer case, but not the keyboard. These terms are only used for the models using the case style of the original Macintosh sold between 1984 and the mid-90s — later, larger all-in-one models like the Macintosh LC 500 series , the Macintosh Performa 5xxx series or the iMac are not usually called "Compact" and definitely not "Classic". The Apple Lisa -derived Macintosh XL is a borderline case, and is included by Apple in their "Classic" spec page, but not counted among the Compact range by others. Apple divides these models into five form factors: The Macintosh 128K and the very similar Macintosh SE , the also similar but already "retro" Macintosh Classic (all of them with a 9 in (23 cm) black and white screen), the modernized Macintosh Color Classic with a 10 in (25 cm) color screen and the very different Macintosh XL. Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Macintosh;Macintosh_Performa;IMac;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_SE;Snow_White_design_language;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_LC;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;IMac;EMac;Mac_OS_X;Macintosh_TV;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Compact_Macintosh;Compact_Macintosh; Compact_disc DVD-A , HVD , EcoDisc Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) Enhanced Versatile Disc ( EVD ) Forward Versatile Disc ( FVD ) Holographic Versatile Disc ( HVD ) China Blue High-definition Disc ( CBHD ) HD DVD : HD DVD-R , HD DVD-RW , HD DVD-RAM High definition Versatile Multilayer Disc ( HD VMD ) MiniDisc: MD , Hi-MD Laserdisc: LD , LD-ROM Video Single Disc ( VSD ) Ultra Density Optical ( UDO ) Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk ( SVOD ) Five dimensional disc ( 5D DVD ) Nintendo optical disc ( NOD ) Mount Rainier (packet writing) Mount Fuji (layer jump recording) Apple ISO 9660 Extensions Universal Disk Format ( UDF ) History of optical storage media High definition optical disc format war The Compact Disc , or CD for short, is an optical disc used to store digital data . It was originally developed to store and play back sound recordings only, but the format was later adapted for storage of data ( CD-ROM ), write-once audio and data storage ( CD-R ), rewritable media ( CD-RW ), Video Compact Discs ( VCD ), Super Video Compact Discs ( SVCD ), PhotoCD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982. Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) and can hold up to 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or 700 MB (700 × 2 20 bytes) of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio or delivering device drivers . CD-ROMs and CD-Rs remain widely used technologies in the computer industry . The CD and its extensions are successful: in 2004, worldwide sales of CD audio, CD-ROM, and CD-R reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. [ 1 ] Compact Discs are increasingly being replaced or supplemented by other forms of digital distribution and storage, such as downloading and flash drives , with audio CD sales dropping nearly 50% from their peak in 2000. [ 2 ] Megabyte;Infrared;Red;Sony;Video_CD;DVD;Megabyte;Sony;Sony;Netherlands;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Germany;English_language;Polycarbonate;DVD;Megabyte;NTSC;PAL;Video_CD;Hidden_track;Backward_compatibility;Video_CD;JVC;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Linux;Linux_distribution;Megabyte;Digital_rights_management;DVD;Digital_rights_management;DVD;Home_cinema;BBC_News;Digital_object_identifier;BBC_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sony;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sony;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Compact_Disc;Compact_Disc; Comparison_of_Macintosh_models This is a comparison of Macintosh models , produced by Apple Inc. This list encompasses current models only. Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Desktop_computer;Mac_mini;Mac_Pro;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_OS_X_Server;France;DVD;SuperDrive;PCI_Express;Graphics_processing_unit;Display_resolution;Mac_mini;Hard_disk_drive;Intel;Mac_mini;Intel;IMac;IMac;IMac;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;Graphics_processing_unit;Display_resolution;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;ISight;Photo_Booth;MagSafe;Universal_Serial_Bus;Gigabit_Ethernet;Bluetooth;Video;Secure_Digital;ExpressCard;ISight;Apple_Remote;Mac_mini;HDMI;Mac_mini;HDMI;IMac;SuperDrive;IMac;SuperDrive;IMac;SuperDrive;IMac;SuperDrive;Mac_Pro;SuperDrive;Mac_Pro;SuperDrive;Mac_Pro;SuperDrive;Xserve;SuperDrive;Xserve;SuperDrive;MacBook;SuperDrive;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;SuperDrive;MacBook_Pro;SuperDrive;MacBook_Pro;SuperDrive;MacBook_Pro;SuperDrive;MacBook_Pro;SuperDrive;Mac_mini;Mac_mini;Mac_Pro;Xserve;MacBook;Polycarbonate;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;Hard_disk_drive;Mac_mini;IMac;Mac_Pro;PCI_Express;Xserve;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;ExpressCard;Mac_mini;IMac;Mac_Pro;Xserve;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;Mac_OS_X;ILife;Xserve;Mac_OS_X_Server;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;List_of_Macintosh_software;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models; Comparison_of_audio_formats The following tables compare general and technical information for a variety of audio formats and audio compression formats. For listening tests comparing the perceived audio quality of audio formats and codecs, see the article Codec listening test . Encoder;Proprietary_software;Digital_rights_management;Advanced_Audio_Coding;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;FAAC;ITunes;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;FairPlay;Dolby_Digital;FFmpeg;Apple_Lossless;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;QuickTime;ITunes;FFmpeg;Audio_Lossless_Coding;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;FFmpeg;QuickTime;QuickTime;Bluetooth;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;Sony;VAIO;RealPlayer;FFmpeg;CELT;FFmpeg;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;FLAC;FFmpeg;VoIP;FFmpeg;VoIP;VoIP;VoIP;QuickTime;VoIP;VoIP;FFmpeg;VoIP;VoIP;VoIP;FFmpeg;VoIP;Skype;VoIP;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;FFmpeg;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;LAME;FFmpeg;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;DVD;TooLAME;FFmpeg;DVD;Musepack;Musepack;FFmpeg;Adobe_Flash;FFmpeg;VoIP;Shorten;FFmpeg;SILK;Skype;AMSN;Speex;Speex;SVOPC;Skype;TwinVQ;Winamp;FFmpeg;Vorbis;Ogg;FFmpeg;WavPack;WavPack;FFmpeg;Windows_Media_Audio;Microsoft;Windows_Media_Encoder;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Media_Encoder;Encoder;Proprietary_software;Digital_rights_management;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;Palm_OS;Symbian_OS;Rockbox;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Apple_Lossless;CELT;FLAC;Musepack;RealAudio;Speex;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;DirectShow;QuickTime;FFmpeg;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Apple_Lossless;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;FLAC;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;WavPack;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Shorten;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Ffdshow;RealAudio;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Speex;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Vorbis;Ogg;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Windows_Media_Audio;Ffdshow;Perian;Windows_Media_Audio;Ffdshow;Perian;Windows_Media_Audio;Ffdshow;Perian;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Audio;Musepack;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;OptimFROG;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;Perian;QCELP;Ffdshow;Ffdshow;DirectShow;QuickTime;FFmpeg;Algorithm;Variable_bit_rate;Stereophonic_sound;Surround_sound;Advanced_Audio_Coding;CELT;Half_Rate;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;MPEG_Multichannel;Musepack;RealAudio;RealAudio;RealAudio;SILK;Speex;Vorbis;Ogg;WavPack;Algorithm;Stereophonic_sound;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;RealAudio;RealAudio;RealAudio;WavPack;Algorithm;Variable_bit_rate;Stereophonic_sound;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Reverse_engineering;Reverse_engineering;Windows_Media_Components_for_QuickTime;Windows_Media_Player;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Comparison_of_audio_formats; Comparison_of_audio_player_software The following comparison of audio players compares general and technical information for a number of software media player programs. For the purpose of this comparison, "audio players" are defined as any media player which can only play audio files. Players capable of video playback are included under comparison of video player software , even if they are primarily well known for audio playback. Comparison_of_video_player_software;Portable_media_player;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Software_license;Multimedia_framework;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Xine;MPlayer;VLC_media_player;DirectShow;QuickTime;Proprietary_software;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Creative_Technology;Proprietary_software;Exaile;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;JuK;Proprietary_software;MediaMonkey;Proprietary_software;MediaMonkey;Proprietary_software;MediaMonkey;Proprietary_software;Music_on_Console;Music_Player_Daemon;MusicBee;Proprietary_software;MusikCube;BSD_License;Proprietary_software;RealNetworks;Proprietary_software;Rhythmbox;Proprietary_software;Spotify;Proprietary_software;Style_Jukebox;Proprietary_software;Winamp;Proprietary_software;Windows_Media_Player;Proprietary_software;Windows_Media_Center;Proprietary_software;XMMS;Zinf;Software_license;Multimedia_framework;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;PowerPC;Cmus;Exaile;JuK;MediaMonkey;Music_Player_Daemon;MusicBee;Musicmatch_Jukebox;MusikCube;Rhythmbox;Spotify;Winamp;Windows_Media_Center;XMMS;Zinf;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Gapless_playback;Music_visualization;Cmus;Exaile;JuK;MediaMonkey;Music_Player_Daemon;MusicBee;Musicmatch_Jukebox;MusikCube;Rhythmbox;Winamp;XMMS;Zinf;Gapless_playback;Music_visualization;Cmus;Exaile;JuK;MediaMonkey;MusicBee;Musicmatch_Jukebox;MusikCube;Rhythmbox;XMMS;Zinf;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Lossy_compression;Windows_Media_Audio;RealAudio;Vorbis;Musepack;Advanced_Audio_Coding;FLAC;Apple_Lossless;Shorten;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Cmus;Exaile;JuK;MediaMonkey;Music_Player_Daemon;MusicBee;Musicmatch_Jukebox;MusikCube;Rhythmbox;XMMS;Zinf;Windows_Media_Audio;RealAudio;Vorbis;Musepack;Advanced_Audio_Coding;FLAC;Apple_Lossless;Shorten;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Audio_Video_Interleave;Advanced_Systems_Format;QuickTime;Ogg;Matroska;Flash_Video;Cmus;JuK;MediaMonkey;MusicBee;Musicmatch_Jukebox;MusikCube;Rhythmbox;XMMS;Zinf;Audio_Video_Interleave;Advanced_Systems_Format;QuickTime;Ogg;Matroska;Flash_Video;Matroska;Adobe_Flash;Silverlight;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;SVG;MIDI;MIDI;MIDI;MIDI;MIDI;Cmus;JuK;MediaMonkey;MusicBee;Musicmatch_Jukebox;MusikCube;Rhythmbox;VLC_media_player;XMMS;Zinf;Adobe_Flash;Silverlight;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;SVG;MIDI;MIDI;MIDI;MIDI;MIDI;Streaming_media;Cmus;JuK;MediaMonkey;MusicBee;Musicmatch_Jukebox;MusikCube;Rhythmbox;XMMS;Zinf;Playlist;Cmus;Exaile;JuK;MediaMonkey;MusicBee;Musicmatch_Jukebox;MusikCube;Rhythmbox;XMMS;Zinf;Cmus;JuK;MediaMonkey;MusicBee;Musicmatch_Jukebox;MusikCube;Rhythmbox;XMMS;Zinf;Compact_Disc;Compact_disc;Cmus;JuK;MediaMonkey;MusicBee;Musicmatch_Jukebox;MusikCube;Rhythmbox;XMMS;Zinf;Compact_disc;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;Winamp;FFmpeg;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software; Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems The following tables provide a comparison of computer algebra systems (CAS). Computer_algebra_system;United_States_dollar;Open_source;Algebrator;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;CoCoA_System;Proprietary_software;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Proprietary_software;GAP_computer_algebra_system;LiveMath;Proprietary_software;Macsyma;Proprietary_software;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Mathcad;Proprietary_software;Mathematica;Wolfram_Research;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Mathomatic;Proprietary_software;Microsoft;Proprietary_software;MuMATH;Proprietary_software;MuPAD;Proprietary_software;MathWorks;Mathematica;Proprietary_software;SINGULAR;Mathcad;Proprietary_software;Mobile_device;MATLAB;MathWorks;MATLAB;Proprietary_software;SymPy;Proprietary_software;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;Proprietary_software;Computer_algebra_system;Proprietary_software;Computer_algebra_system;Xcas;Yacas;United_States_dollar;Open_source;Algebrator;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;Mathomatic;MATLAB;SymPy;Wolfram_Alpha;Yacas;Xcas;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Algebrator;CoCoA_System;IRIX;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;Mathomatic;MuMATH;MuPAD;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;MATLAB;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;United_States_dollar;Open_source;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Open_source;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Open_Directory_Project;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems; Comparison_of_feed_aggregators The following is a comparison of notable RSS feed aggregators . Often e-mail programs and web browsers have the ability to display RSS feeds. They are listed here, too. Many BitTorrent clients support RSS feeds for broadcatching (see Comparison of BitTorrent clients ). RSS;Feed_aggregator;Broadcatching;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;Claws_Mail;FeedDemon;FreeRange_WebReader;Gnus;Google_Reader;Hubdog;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Internet_Explorer;ITunes;Kazehakase;Liferea;Maxthon;MediaMonkey;Mindity;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;NetNewsWire;Netscape_Browser;NewsAccess;NewsFire;OmniWeb;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Rhythmbox;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Shiira;Snarfer;Winamp;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;Claws_Mail;FeedDemon;FreeRange_WebReader;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Gnus;DOS;Hubdog;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Internet_Explorer;ITunes;Kazehakase;Liferea;Maxthon;MediaMonkey;Mindity;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;NetNewsWire;IOS;Netscape_Browser;IOS;NewsAccess;NewsFire;OmniWeb;Opera_Mail;QNX;Pegasus_Mail;Rhythmbox;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Snarfer;Winamp;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;RSS_enclosure;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;Claws_Mail;FeedDemon;FreeRange_WebReader;Gnus;Hubdog;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Internet_Explorer;ITunes;Kazehakase;Liferea;Maxthon;MediaMonkey;Mindity;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;NetNewsWire;Netscape_Browser;NewsAccess;NewsFire;OmniWeb;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Rhythmbox;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Snarfer;Winamp;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;RSS_enclosure;Web_browser;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;Claws_Mail;FeedDemon;FreeRange_WebReader;Gnus;Hubdog;IBM_Lotus_Notes;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Internet_Explorer;ITunes;Podcast;Kazehakase;Liferea;Maxthon;MediaMonkey;Mindity;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;NetNewsWire;Netscape_Browser;NewsAccess;NewsFire;OmniWeb;OmniWeb;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Mac_OS_X;Rhythmbox;RSS_Bandit;.NET_Framework;RSSOwl;SeaMonkey;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Snarfer;Winamp;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Google_Reader;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;Claws_Mail;FeedDemon;FreeRange_WebReader;Gnus;Hubdog;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Internet_Explorer;ITunes;Kazehakase;Liferea;Maxthon;MediaMonkey;Mindity;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;NetNewsWire;Netscape_Browser;NewsAccess;NewsFire;OmniWeb;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Rhythmbox;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Snarfer;Winamp;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Google_Reader;Open_Directory_Project;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;RSS_enclosure;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators; Comparison_of_file_archivers The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of file archivers . Please see the individual products' articles for further information. They are neither all-inclusive nor are some entries necessarily up to date. Unless otherwise specified in the footnotes section, comparisons are based on the stable versions-- without add-ons, extensions or external programs. United_States_dollar;Proprietary_software;ALZip;Proprietary_software;Archive_Utility;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Proprietary_software;Bandizip;Proprietary_software;BetterZip;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Explorer;Proprietary_software;File_Roller;Filzip;Proprietary_software;FreeArc;Proprietary_software;IZArc;Proprietary_software;KGB_Archiver;PeaZip;PKZIP;Proprietary_software;PowerArchiver;Proprietary_software;StuffIt;Proprietary_software;The_Unarchiver;TUGZip;Proprietary_software;WinAce;Proprietary_software;WinRAR;Proprietary_software;WinZip;Proprietary_software;Shareware;Proprietary_software;Xarchiver;ZipGenius;Proprietary_software;United_States_dollar;Software_license;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;DOS;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;ALZip;Archive_Utility;Bandizip;BetterZip;File_Roller;Filzip;FreeArc;IZArc;KGB_Archiver;PeaZip;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;The_Unarchiver;TUGZip;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Xarchiver;ZipGenius;Microsoft_Windows;DOS;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;Data_compression;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;Bandizip;BetterZip;File_Roller;Filzip;FreeArc;IZArc;KGB_Archiver;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;The_Unarchiver;TUGZip;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Xarchiver;ZipGenius;Data_compression;Windows_Explorer;Xz;StuffIt;StuffIt;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;ALZip;ALZip;Archive_Utility;Bandizip;BetterZip;File_Roller;Filzip;FreeArc;IZArc;KGB_Archiver;PeaZip;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;The_Unarchiver;TUGZip;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Xarchiver;ZipGenius;Xz;StuffIt;StuffIt;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;ALZip;Compress;Gzip;Disk_Utility;Gzip;Xz;StuffIt;StuffIt;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;ALZip;ALZip;Archive_Utility;Bandizip;BetterZip;File_Roller;Filzip;FreeArc;IZArc;KGB_Archiver;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;TUGZip;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Xarchiver;ZipGenius;Gzip;Xz;StuffIt;StuffIt;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;ALZip;PAQ;FreeArc;Hierarchical_File_System;Xz;Data_compression;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers; Comparison_of_iPod_managers This article is about alternative software applications (besides iTunes ) to manage iPod contents. This includes the transferring of music, photos, and videos between an iPod and a computer. iTunes is the official manager of all iPods, but other software has been created that can be used to update iPods with different content, often to work around restrictions in iTunes. For example, if a user transfers music to an iPod using iTunes they cannot transfer the music from the iPod to another computer (or even the same computer after re-installing the operating system). ITunes;IPod;ITunes;Software_license;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;ITunes;Apple_Inc.;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Rhythmbox;Proprietary_software;Winamp;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Software_license;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Digital_rights_management;Digital_rights_management;ITunes;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Digital_rights_management;Digital_rights_management;IPod_touch;IPhone;Gapless_playback;Metadata;ITunes;Rhythmbox;Winamp;IPod_touch;IPhone;Gapless_playback;Metadata;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPhone;ITunes;Rhythmbox;Winamp;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod;ITunes;IPhone;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;Comparison_of_iPod_managers; Comparison_of_image_processing_software The following table provides a comparison of image processing software. Extract alpha channel Bilateral filtering Intensity thresholding Validating binary image Find uniform borders Bottom-hat transform Box kernel creation Active contour segmentation Chessboard distance Morphological closing Partitioning around medoids Color channel combining Convert RGB to Grayscale Multilevel thresholding Convert index to RGB Convert to signed int16 Convert labels to RGB Extract color channels Zero and Zero-crossings Harris-Stephens corners Minimum eigenvalue corners Harmonic Mean of eigenvalues corners Cross matrix creation Live image capturing Curvature flow filtering Remove border components Remove small components Otsu's size clustering Derivative filtering Create diamond matrix Distance transformation Canny edge detector Sobel edge detector Shen-Castan edge detector Prewitt edge detector Robert's edge detector Trace region boundaries Trace object bounday Hole filling with ROI Find geometric transform Otsu's intensity thresholding Entropy minimization thresholding Minimum error thresholding Gaussian kernel creation Binary Geodesic reconstruction Geodesic reconstruction Geometric mean filtering Harmonic mean filtering Hit-miss transformation Find contrast stretch limit Histogram equalization Adaptive histogram equalization Arbitrary pixel operation Image aspect ratio Create an image montage Pixel value clipping Co-occurrence matrix Properties of cooccurrence matrix Image corresponding points Richardson-Lucy deconvolution Regularized deconvolution Wiener deconvolution Dampled least square deconvolution Tikhonov deconvolution Truncated SVD deconvolution Tikhonov-Golub-Kahan deconvolution Blind deconvolution Solarization effect Uniform noise effect Salt pepper noise effect Gaussian noise effect Poisson noise effect Speckle noise effect Arbitrary local filtering Image foresting components Forward geometric transform Hough line detection Detecting peaks of Hough transform Image parititioning Perspective transform Arbitrary geometric transform Isotropic diffusion inpainting Total variation inpainting Fast marching inpainting Navier-Stokes inpainting Inverse distance transform Inverse radon transform Karhunen-Loeve decomposition Decorrelation stretch Laplacian filtering Laplacian of Gaussian filtering Region-of-interest processing Regional maxima detection Extended maxima detection Mean shift filtering Regional minima detection Extended minima detection Hysteresis thresholding Branch point detection Connected component labeling Nested component labeling Convex component labeling Overlapping convex hull labeling Oerlapping bounding box labeling Bounding disk component labeling Create graph from image Binary neighborhood operation Binary morphological operations Perona-Malik diffusion filtering Principal components transform Morphological pruning Create random image Region growing segmentation Resampling methods Standard deviation filtering Morphological thinning Medical axis detection Threshold image value Total variation filtering Beucher-Meyer modified watershed Osma-Ruiz rainfall watershed Vincent-Soille watershed immersion Gradient descent watershed Default imaging device Available imaging devices Quadtree decomposition Quadtree block values Quadtree set block values Matlab is taken to include the Matlab Image Processing Toolbox Image_processing;Matlab;Mathematica;Aspect_ratio;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;Comparison_of_image_processing_software; Comparison_of_image_viewers Exif;USD;Metadata;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Raw_image_format;JPEG;USD;BlueMarine;Exif;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;GPS;Exif;Exif;Flickr;Picasa;Facebook;Freeware;Freeware;IPhoto;Phase_One_Media_Pro;Picasa;Facebook;Flickr;Quick_Look;Comic_book_archive;STDU_Viewer;Windows_Live_Photo_Gallery;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;GPS;Adobe_Systems;IPhoto;Macintosh;ILife;Apple_Computer;Comic_book_archive;Portable_Document_Format;BMP_file_format;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;TIFF;Graphics_Interchange_Format;PCX;Audio_Video_Interleave;MPEG;ARJ;Gzip;PCX;MPEG;Audio_Video_Interleave;Advanced_Systems_Format;SVG;Truevision_TGA;PCX;Raw_image_format;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Truevision_TGA;PCX;Truevision_TGA;Raw_image_format;Raw_image_format;Raw_image_format;Raw_image_format;SVG;Raw_image_format;Raw_image_format;Raw_image_format;SVG;MacPaint;PCX;Truevision_TGA;Raw_image_format;IPhoto;QuickTime;Phase_One_Media_Pro;Picasa;Truevision_TGA;Raw_image_format;QuickTime;FFmpeg;Raw_image_format;Core_Image;STDU_Viewer;Exif;Raw_image_format;Truevision_TGA;PCX;Comic_book_archive;Portable_Document_Format;BMP_file_format;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;TIFF;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;IBM;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;IPhoto;Phase_One_Media_Pro;Picasa;STDU_Viewer;Windows_Live_Photo_Gallery;Geotagging;Flickr;Flickr;Universal_Serial_Bus;DirectX;JPEG_XR;Picasa;Geotagging;STDU_Viewer;GPS;ILife;IDVD;IMovie;ITunes;IWeb;GarageBand;Core_Image;QuickTime;JPEG;Apple_Icon_Image_format;TIFF;Portable_Network_Graphics;PDF;BMP_file_format;Comparison_of_image_viewers;Comparison_of_image_viewers; Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of instant messaging clients. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. This article is not all-inclusive or necessarily up-to-date. External links lead to extensions that add a feature to a client. Instant_messaging;Adium;AOL_Instant_Messenger;AOL;AMSN;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;Emesene;FaceTime;Proprietary_software;Gajim;Google_Talk;Google;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;IBM;IChat;Apple_Inc.;ICQ;Instantbird;IMVU;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;Apple_Inc.;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Microsoft;Palringo;Microsoft_Windows;IOS;Mac_OS_X;Windows_Phone;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Qnext;Skype;AMSN;Tkabber;Windows_Live_Messenger;Microsoft;WhatsApp;Xfire;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;OS_X;Windows_Phone;BlackBerry_OS;IOS;WebOS;Web_application;Palm_OS;Video_game_console;Adium;AOL_Instant_Messenger;AMSN;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;Emesene;FaceTime;Gajim;Google_Talk;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;IChat;ICQ;IMVU;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;Microsoft_Lync;Miranda_IM;Palringo;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Tkabber;Windows_Live_Messenger;Xfire;Linux;Source_code;Windows_Live_Messenger;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Novell_GroupWise;Tencent_QQ;Xfire;Skype;Adium;MobileMe;Nate;AOL_Instant_Messenger;AMSN;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;Emesene;Google_Talk;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;IChat;MobileMe;ICQ;IMVU;IMVU;Instantbird;SIMPLE;Jitsi;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Kopete;Meebo;Miranda_IM;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Palringo;Nate;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Windows_Live_Messenger;Adium;BitlBee;Gajim;Google_Talk;IChat;Jitsi;Kopete;Tkabber;Emoticon;Adium;AOL_Instant_Messenger;AMSN;Ayttm;BitlBee;Java_ME;Centericq;EBuddy;Gajim;Google_Talk;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;IChat;ICQ;IMVU;Kopete;Miranda_IM;Palringo;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Qnext;Tencent_QQ;Skype;Tkabber;Windows_Live_Messenger;Xfire;Adium;AOL_Instant_Messenger;AMSN;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;Gajim;Google_Talk;IChat;ICQ;IMVU;Kopete;Meebo;Miranda_IM;Qnext;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Tencent_QQ;Skype;Windows_Live_Messenger;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Tkabber;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients; Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols Basic general information about the protocols: creator, version, amongst others. First public release date Identity (not inc. alias) Asynchronous message relaying Transport Layer Security Unlimited number of contacts Bulletins to all contacts One-to-many routing 4 Group, channel or conference support Media synchronisation Nickname ! Username @ hostname e.g. user!~usr@a.b.com 1 Yes, but via a memo system that differs from the main system Yes, depending on individual server support Simplistic multicast Yes (everyone, multiple simultaneous, any size) Microsoft Messenger service Proprietary (Discontinued) MSNP ( Windows Live Messenger , etc.) Email address ( Microsoft account ) Only for certified robots Only for certified robots OSCAR ( AIM , ICQ ) Username , Email Address or UIN Yes (Aim Pro, Aim Lite) Yes (Multiple, simultaneous) RVP ( Windows Messenger , etc.) Proprietary (Discontinued) Windows Active Directory Login SteamID/Username or Unique Number No, although rising Proprietary (Discontinued) paying members only XMPP / Jingle ( Google Talk ) Jeremie Miller , standardized via IETF e.g. usr@a.b.c/home 2 Several Standardized Types YMSG ( Yahoo! Messenger ) Zephyr Notification Service Kerberos principal e.g. user@ATHENA.MIT.EDU Note 1: In ~usr@a.b.com , the a.b.com part is known as the "hostmask" and can either be the server being connected from or a "cloak" granted by the server administrator; a more realistic example is ~myname@myisp.example.com . The tilde generally indicates that the username provided by the IRC client on signon was not verified with the ident service. Note 2: In usr@a.b.c/home , the home part is a "resource", which distinguishes the same user when logged in from multiple locations, possibly simultaneously; a more realistic example is user@xmppserver.example.com/home Note 3: Scalability issue: The protocol gets increasingly inefficient with the number of contacts. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Note 4: One-to-many / many-to-many communications primarily comprise presence information , publish/subscribe and groupchat distribution. Some technologies have the ability to distribute data by multicast , avoiding bottlenecks on the sending side caused by the number of recipients. Efficient distribution of presence is currently however a technological scalability issue for both XMPP and SIP/SIMPLE. Note 5: There have been reports from users that the antispam filter is used to censor links to other IM programs and some websites. Proprietary_software;Internet_Relay_Chat;Microsoft;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;Windows_Live_Messenger;Microsoft;Proprietary_software;OSCAR_protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;AOL;Proprietary_software;Windows_Messenger;Microsoft;Proprietary_software;Session_Initiation_Protocol;SIMPLE;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Skype_protocol;Skype;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;TOC_protocol;AOL;Proprietary_software;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Talk;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Proprietary_software;Presence_information;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Instant_messaging;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols; Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software Numerical_analysis;United_States_dollar;ADMB;DADiSP;FreeMat;Fortran;LabVIEW;National_Instruments;Graphical_programming;Computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Computer_algebra_system;Mathematica;Wolfram_Research;MATLAB;MathWorks;GNU_Octave;Perl_Data_Language;Scilab;VisSim;Visual_programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;DOS;ADMB;DADiSP;FreeMat;LabVIEW;Mathematica;MATLAB;GNU_Octave;Perl_Data_Language;Scilab;VisSim;Executable;Graphical_user_interface;Fortran;MATLAB;Mathematica;.NET_Framework;FORTRAN;OpenCL;.NET_Framework;Microsoft_Excel;LabVIEW;AppleScript;MATLAB;MATLAB;FORTRAN;ActiveX;Mathematica;.NET_Framework;Microsoft_Excel;GNU_Octave;GiNaC;FORTRAN;Perl;Perl;FORTRAN;MATLAB;Microsoft_Excel;.NET_Framework;Microsoft_Excel;United_States_dollar;.NET_Framework;SciPy;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;DOS;SciPy;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Wolfram_Research;Wolfram_Research;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software; Comparison_of_online_music_stores For streaming services, see list of online music databases . The following table lists online music stores that carry a selection of songs by many record labels and artists. The stores listed below access passive databases and require access through a computer or some allow access and downloads through a mobile phone. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] 10000000000000020000000 20 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000000005000 0.005 01010101010101010101010101010129999999 30-60 10000000000000018000000 18 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000090000000 90 10000000000000000012000 0.012 10000000000000011000000 11 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000000010000 0.010 10000000000000002500000 2.5 10000000000000002000000 2 10000000000000120000000 120 10000000000000120000000 120 10000000000000001000000 1 PlaysForSure [ 14 ] 10000000000000003000000 3 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000000620000 0.62 10000000000000060000000 60 10000000000000060000000 60 10000000000000000404000 0.404 10000000000000130000000 130 eBay Digital Music Center 10000000000000060000000 60 10000000000000013000000 13 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000016000000 16 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000002600000 2.6 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000008000000 8 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000019000000 19 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000001000000 1 10000000000000028000000 28 10000000000000090000000 90 10000000000000000210000 0.21 Juno / Juno Download 10000000000000060000000 60 KlickTrack [ 26 ] 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000000010000 0.01 10000000000000006299999 6.3 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000000010000 0.01 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000012000000 12 PlaysForSure [ 29 ] 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000000002500 0.0025 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000001000000 1 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000001899999 1.9 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000004000000 4 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000003000000 3 PlaysForSure [ 34 ] 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000007200000 7.2 10000000000000060000000 60 10000000000000010000000 10 Real DNA [ 38 ] [ 39 ] 10000000000000030000000 30 Rhino Entertainment 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000015000000 15 10000000000000000500000 0.5 10000000000000060000000 60 10000000000000006000000 6 10000000000000030000000 30 10000000000000013000000 13 10000000000000005000000 5 10000000000000000300000 0.3 10000000000000060000000 60 10000000000000014000000 14 256/320 kbps [ 42 ] 10000000000000030000000 30 Wal-Mart Stores operated an online music store, but discontinued it in 2011. [ 44 ] Online_music_store;FLAC;Apple_Lossless;WAV;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Vorbis;Digital_Rights_Management;Google_Play;Bandcamp;Beatport;BuyMusic;Classical_Archives;EMusic;HMV_Group;IMesh;ITunes_Store;FairPlay;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Magnatune;Nimbit;Puretracks;Spotify;Vodafone;WiMP;FLAC;Apple_Lossless;WAV;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Digital_Rights_Management;Walmart;Comparison_of_online_music_stores;Comparison_of_online_music_stores; Comparison_of_portable_media_players Portable_media_player;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Flash_memory;Portable_media_player;Portable_media_player;Hard_disk;Toshiba;Handheld_game_console;IPod_classic;Apple_Inc.;IPod_nano;Apple_Inc.;IPod_touch;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Sony;Samsung;Samsung;Creative_Technology;Microsoft;Pixel;Frame_rate;Component_video;Composite_video;Dock_connector;Component_video;Composite_video;Touchscreen;Touchscreen;Touchpad;Universal_Serial_Bus;Bluetooth;Linux;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;USB_mass_storage_device_class;Mac_OS_X;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Windows_Media_Player;JetAudio;JetAudio;ITunes;Media_Go;IPod_Touch;Apple_Inc.;ITunes;Spotify;Samsung;Sony_PSP;Sony;NetFront;PlayStation_Store;Sony;NetFront;Creative_Technology;Microsoft;FairPlay;Apple_Lossless;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;WAV;Audible.com;Vorbis;FLAC;Dolby_Digital;Dolby_Digital;Dolby_Digital;Dolby_Digital;Musepack;WavPack;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;FairPlay;Apple_Lossless;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;WAV;Audible.com;Vorbis;FLAC;Advanced_Systems_Format;Windows_Media_Video;DivX;Xvid;Audio_Video_Interleave;Matroska;Matroska;VOB;AMV_video_format;IPod_Touch;Digital_audio_player;Portable_media_player;Gigabyte;Megabyte;Free_software;Xvid;JetAudio;Windows_Media_Video;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;Comparison_of_portable_media_players; Comparison_of_smartphones Smartphone;Central_processing_unit;Flash_memory;Operating_system;User_interface;Display_resolution;Camera_phone;Graphics_processing_unit;Hertz;Megabyte;QWERTY;Megapixel;Autofocus;Accelerometer;Assisted_GPS;ARM_architecture;Gigabyte;IOS;Proximity_sensor;PowerVR;Photodetector;Bluetooth;Compass;Retina_display;Pixels_per_inch;Geotagging;Gyroscope;Face_detection;Image_stabilization;World_phone;GSM;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;WebOS;Global_Positioning_System;Windows_Phone;Magnetometer;HTC_TyTN;MicroSD;Nvidia;HDMI;GeForce;System_on_a_chip;GeForce;Palm_OS;Palm_Pre;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Storm;Active_noise_control;System_on_a_chip;Touch_screen;Proximity_sensor;Gyroscope;Magnetometer;Accelerometer;Assisted_GPS;GLONASS;Stylus;TRS_connector;Bluetooth;GeForce;NAND_flash;Central_processing_unit;Flash_memory;Operating_system;User_interface;Display_resolution;Camera_phone;Graphics_processing_unit;GSM;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Bluetooth;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Global_Positioning_System;IPhone;Assisted_GPS;World_phone;FM_radio;HTC_TyTN;GSM_frequency_ranges;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;UMTS_frequency_bands;Remote_control;Palm_Pre;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry;GSM;Bluetooth;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Global_Positioning_System;Comparison_of_smartphones;Comparison_of_smartphones; Comparison_of_tablet_computers Tablet_computer;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;LCD;TFT_LCD;LCD;TFT_LCD;MicroSD;HSDPA;Hard_disk_drive;SDXC;WebOS;Secure_Digital;LCD;Motorola;CDMA;Motorola;GSM;HSDPA;EDGE;LG;Samsung;Samsung;LCD;Sony;SDXC;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;Google;HTC_Corporation;Amazon.com;Samsung;Samsung;Samsung;Toshiba;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;IPad;Apple_Inc.;IOS;SDXC;Toshiba;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Dell;TFT_LCD;MicroSD;Samsung;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;TFT_LCD;TFT_LCD;Hard_disk_drive;TFT_LCD;Hard_disk_drive;Windows_XP;Secure_Digital;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X;Nokia;Nokia;Secure_Digital;Nokia;Secure_Digital;Samsung;HSDPA;LCD;Linux;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;TFT_LCD;Hard_disk_drive;Linux;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Display_resolution;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Central_processing_unit;Display_resolution;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Central_processing_unit;Display_resolution;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Windows_XP;Hard_disk_drive;Pentium_M;Tablet_computer;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Adobe_Flash;Comparison_of_tablet_computers;Comparison_of_tablet_computers; Comparison_of_video_codecs A video codec is software or a device that provides encoding and decoding which may or may not include the use of video compression and/or decompression for digital video . The compression may employ lossy data compression , so quality measurement issues become important. Shortly after the compact disc became widely available as a digital-format replacement for analog audio, it became feasible to also store and use video in digital form. A variety of technologies soon emerged to do so. The primary goal for most methods of compressing video is to produce video that most closely approximates the fidelity of the original source and simultaneously deliver the smallest file size possible. However, there are also several other factors that can be used as a basis for comparison. Video_codec;Software;Video_compression;Digital_video;Compact_disc;Linux;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Open_source;DirectShow;Variable_bit_rate;Constant_bitrate;Frame_rate;Frames_per_second;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;Variable_bit_rate;Video_codec;Software_license;OpenCL;Intel;Intel;Xvid;FFmpeg;Libavcodec;Libavcodec;Proprietary_software;DivX;Proprietary_software;DivX;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Nero_Digital;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;Proprietary_software;Sorenson_codec;Proprietary_software;Sorenson_codec;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Google;DNxHD_codec;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Windows_Media_Encoder;Proprietary_software;Cinepak;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;RealVideo;RealNetworks;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Huffyuv;Lagarith;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Video_codec;Mac_OS_X;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Cinepak;DivX;FFmpeg;RealVideo;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Xvid;Video_codec;Algorithm;Image_resolution;Lossy_compression;Cinepak;Sorenson_codec;Theora;RealVideo;Lossy_compression;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Comparison_of_video_codecs; Comparison_of_video_editing_software This is a comparison of non-linear video editing software applications. See also a more complete list of video editing software . Software;List_of_video_editing_software;United_States_dollar;Software_license;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Systems;Proprietary_software;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Systems;Proprietary_software;Avid_Free_DV;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Media_Composer;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Avidemux;AVS_Video_Editor;Proprietary_software;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;PowerDirector;Proprietary_software;Montage_Extreme;Proprietary_software;EditDV;Proprietary_software;Edius;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Final_Cut_Express;Apple_Inc.;Proprietary_software;Final_Cut_Pro;Apple_Inc.;Proprietary_software;FORscene;Proprietary_software;IMovie;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;Proprietary_software;Kdenlive;Lightworks;LiVES;Proprietary_software;MainActor;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;MoviePlus;Proprietary_software;VideoPad;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Pinnacle_Studio;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;PiTiVi;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Proprietary_software;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Proprietary_software;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;Proprietary_software;VideoThang;Proprietary_software;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Microsoft;Proprietary_software;Windows_Movie_Maker;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Proprietary_software;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;CPU;Hard_disk_drive;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Avid_Free_DV;PowerPC;Media_Composer;Avidemux;AVS_Video_Editor;Intel;Cinelerra;PowerDirector;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Studio;Intel;FORscene;IMovie;Kdenlive;Lightworks;LiVES;MainActor;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Pinnacle_Studio;PiTiVi;MoviePlus;Sony_Vegas;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VirtualDub;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Unix;CPU;Hard_disk_drive;Linux;AVCHD;HDV;REDCODE;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Media_Composer;Avidemux;AVS_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;PowerDirector;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Studio;FORscene;Lightworks;LiVES;PiTiVi;Kdenlive;MainActor;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Pinnacle_Studio;MoviePlus;Sony_Vegas;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VirtualDub;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;OpenCL;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Media_Composer;Avidemux;AVS_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;PowerDirector;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Studio;FORscene;PiTiVi;Kdenlive;Lightworks;LiVES;MainActor;OpenShot_Video_Editor;MoviePlus;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Pinnacle_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VirtualDub;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;OpenCL;DVD;QuickTime;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Avidemux;AVS_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;PowerDirector;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Studio;FORscene;.Mac;PiTiVi;Kdenlive;Lightworks;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;MoviePlus;Sony_Vegas;Pinnacle_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VirtualDub;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;DVD;QuickTime;Avidemux;PiTiVi;LiVES;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;IMovie;Avid_Free_DV;Windows_Movie_Maker;AVS_Video_Editor;Pinnacle_Studio;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;LiVES;PiTiVi;OpenShot_Video_Editor;CyberLink;PowerDirector;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;Cinelerra;LiVES;Kdenlive;FORscene;Edius;Final_Cut_Studio;Sony_Vegas;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Lightworks;Media_Composer;List_of_video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software; Comparison_of_video_player_software The following comparison of video players compares general and technical information for notable software media player programs. For the purpose of this comparison, "video players" are defined as any media player which can play video , even if it can also play audio files. Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Portable_media_player;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;Video;Software_license;Multimedia_framework;Proprietary_software;FFmpeg;Creative_Technology;Proprietary_software;CoreAVC;Proprietary_software;CrystalPlayer;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;GOM_Player;Proprietary_software;ITunes;Apple_Inc.;Proprietary_software;QuickTime;Proprietary_software;.NET_Framework;JetAudio;Proprietary_software;JetAudio;Proprietary_software;Kaffeine;Xine;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Assembly_language;Media_Go;Proprietary_software;Media_Player_Classic;DirectShow;MediaPortal;MPlayer;Ogle_DVD_Player;Proprietary_software;PowerDVD;CyberLink;Proprietary_software;PowerDVD;Proprietary_software;PowerDVD;Proprietary_software;QuickTime;Proprietary_software;QuickTime;Proprietary_software;Quintessential_Player;Proprietary_software;RealPlayer;RealNetworks;Proprietary_software;RealPlayer;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Proprietary_software;Winamp;Proprietary_software;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft;Proprietary_software;WinDVD;Proprietary_software;WinDVD;Proprietary_software;XBMC_Media_Center;Xine;Proprietary_software;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;OS_X;IOS;Linux;Unix;DOS;CrystalPlayer;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Kaffeine;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;Ogle_DVD_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;OS_X;IOS;Linux;DOS;Gapless_playback;Music_visualization;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Kaffeine;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;PowerDVD;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Kaffeine;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;PowerDVD;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;WinDVD;XBMC;Xine;XBMC;FTP;Video_compression;Windows_Media_Video;RealVideo;Theora;Macromedia_Flash;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Central_processing_unit;Xbox;FFmpeg;Codec;Xbox;Lossy_compression;Windows_Media_Audio;RealAudio;Vorbis;Musepack;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;FLAC;Apple_Lossless;Shorten;WavPack;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Audio_Video_Interleave;Advanced_Systems_Format;QuickTime;Ogg;Matroska;Flash_Video;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Adobe_Flash;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;MIDI;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Streaming_media;FTP;Server_Message_Block;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;XMMS;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;XMMS;Playlist;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Raster_graphics;Plain_text;Raster_graphics;Plain_text;SubStation_Alpha;SubRip;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;DVD;Closed_captioning;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Ffdshow;XBMC;MPlayer;Advanced_Systems_Format;QuickTime_File_Format;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Compact_Disc;Digital_video;Compact_disc;Video_CD;DVD;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;Ogle_DVD_Player;PowerDVD;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;DirectShow;RealMedia;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Ogg;Vorbis;FLAC;Speex;Theora;Macromedia_Shockwave;QuickTime;QuickTime_Alternative;Open_source;Perian;Video_codec;SubRip;SubStation_Alpha;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_video_player_software; Comparison_of_widget_engines This is a comparison of widget engines . This article is not about widget toolkits that are used in computer programming to build graphical user interfaces . Widget_engine;Software_license;Adesklets;Adobe_Systems;AveDesk;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;DesktopX;Shareware;GDesklets;Google;Freeware;Kapsules;Freeware;Freeware;Microsoft_Gadgets;Microsoft;Windows_Vista;NetFront;Netvibes;Netvibes;Freeware;Screenlets;SuperKaramba;WebKit;Apple_Inc.;WidSets;Nokia;Freeware;Freeware;Software_license;Mac_OS_X;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Linux;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;Screenlets;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Mac_OS_X;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Linux;GDesklets;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X;Mobile_Information_Device_Profile;Programming_language;HTML;XHTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;XML;JavaScript;Perl;Executable;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;Screenlets;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;HTML;XHTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;XML;JavaScript;Perl;Executable;Adobe_Flash;JavaScript;Web_browser;HTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;XML;Mac_OS_X;Adesklets;Adobe_Flash;AveDesk;Dashcode;DesktopX;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;XML;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;Screenlets;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Widget_engine;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Comparison_of_widget_engines; Compass A compass is a navigational instrument that measures directions in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the surface of the earth. The frame of reference defines the four cardinal directions (or points ) – north , south , east , and west . Intermediate directions are also defined. Usually, a diagram called a compass rose , which shows the directions (with their names usually abbreviated to initials), is marked on the compass. When the compass is in use, the rose is aligned with the real directions in the frame of reference, so, for example, the "N" mark on the rose really points to the north. Frequently, in addition to the rose or sometimes instead of it, angle markings in degrees are shown on the compass. North corresponds to zero degrees, and the angles increase clockwise, so east is 90 degrees, south is 180, and west is 270. These numbers allow the compass to show azimuths or bearings , which are commonly stated in this notation. There are two widely used and radically different types of compass. The magnetic compass contains a magnet that interacts with the earth's magnetic field and aligns itself to point to the magnetic poles . The gyrocompass (sometimes spelled with a hyphen, or as one word) contains a rapidly spinning wheel whose rotation interacts dynamically with the rotation of the earth so as to make the wheel precess, losing energy to friction until its axis of rotation is parallel with the earth's. The magnetic compass was first invented as a device for divination as early as the Chinese Han Dynasty . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The compass was used in Song Dynasty China by the military for navigational orienteering by 1040-1044, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] and was used for maritime navigation by 1117. [ 7 ] The use of a compass is recorded in Western Europe between 1187 and 1202 [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] and in Persia in 1232. [ 11 ] The dry compass was invented in Europe around 1300. [ 12 ] This was supplanted in the early 20th century by the liquid-filled magnetic compass. [ 13 ] Smartphone;Magnetometer;IPhone;Accelerometer;Global_Positioning_System;Global_Positioning_System;Magnetometer;Italian_language;United_Kingdom;Denmark;Europe;Germany;Gyroscope;GPS;Magnetometer;Mobile_phone;Australia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Panama;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Gyroscope;Global_Positioning_System;Global_Positioning_System;Compass;Compass; Compilation_album A compilation album is an album (music or spoken-word ) featuring tracks from one or more performers , often culled from a variety of sources (such as studio albums , live albums , singles , demos and outtakes .) The tracks are usually collected according to a common characteristic, such as popularity, genre, source or subject matter. When the tracks are all essentially by the same recording artist, a compilation album is often referred to as a retrospective album . Compilation albums may employ traditional product bundling strategies. Album;Album;Extended_play;Compact_disc;Box_set;Piano;Jazz;Rock_music;Soundtrack;CD;Motown;EMI;CBS;Warner_Music_Group;EMI;Universal_Music_Group;Sony_BMG;Universal_Music_Group;Sony_BMG;Pop_music;Heavy_metal_music;Pop_music;Rock_music;Easy_listening;MTV;Musical_notation;Music_education;Music_industry;Musician;Extended_play;Album;Record_label;Record_producer;Latin_American_music;Compilation_album;Compilation_album; Compiler A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language ) into another computer language (the target language , often having a binary form known as object code ). The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program. The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e.g., assembly language or machine code ). If the compiled program can run on a computer whose CPU or operating system is different from the one on which the compiler runs, the compiler is known as a cross-compiler . A program that translates from a low level language to a higher level one is a decompiler . A program that translates between high-level languages is usually called a language translator , source to source translator , or language converter . A language rewriter is usually a program that translates the form of expressions without a change of language. A compiler is likely to perform many or all of the following operations: lexical analysis , preprocessing , parsing , semantic analysis ( Syntax-directed translation ), code generation , and code optimization . Program faults caused by incorrect compiler behavior can be very difficult to track down and work around; therefore, compiler implementors invest significant effort to ensure the correctness of their software . The term compiler-compiler is sometimes used to refer to a parser generator , a tool often used to help create the lexer and parser . Source_code;Programming_language;Executable;Assembly_language;CPU;Operating_system;CPU;FORTRAN;IBM;Programming_language;Computer_science;Assembly_language;Embedded_system;Assembly_language;Runtime_library;Programming_language;CPU;Prolog;IBM;Intel;Microsoft;Sun_Microsystems;Programming_language;Formal_methods;Assembly_language;Open_Directory_Project;Compiler;Compiler; Component_Object_Model Component Object Model ( COM ) is a binary-interface standard for software componentry introduced by Microsoft in 1993. It is used to enable interprocess communication and dynamic object creation in a large range of programming languages . The term COM is often used in the Microsoft software development industry as an umbrella term that encompasses the OLE , OLE Automation , ActiveX , COM+ and DCOM technologies. Microsoft;ActiveX;Microsoft_Windows;XML;Internet;ActiveX;.NET_Framework;Internet_Explorer;Code_signing;Digital_signature;.NET_Framework;JavaScript;Visual_Studio;Windows_XP;Metadata;XML;DirectX;Internet_Explorer;Application_programming_interface;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;DirectX;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;Microsoft_Gadgets;ActiveX;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;Component_Object_Model;Component_Object_Model; Component_video Component video is a video signal that has been split into two or more component channels. In popular use, it refers to a type of component analog video (CAV) information that is transmitted or stored as three separate signals. Component video can be contrasted with composite video ( NTSC , PAL or SECAM ) in which all the video information is combined into a single line-level signal that is used in analog television . Like composite, component-video cables do not carry audio and are often paired with audio cables. When used without any other qualifications the term component video generally refers to analog YP B P R component video with sync on luma. Digital_video;Composite_video;RCA_connector;Composite_video;NTSC;PAL;Cathode_ray_tube;DVD;VGA_connector;Digital_rights_management;Composite_video;VGA;Sony;JPEG;DVD;RCA_connector;RCA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;NTSC;Luminance;Progressive_scan;Composite_video;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Video_Graphics_Array;HDMI;HDMI;Component_video;Component_video; Composite_image Photomontage is the process and result of making a composite photograph by cutting and joining a number of other photographs. The composite picture was sometimes photographed so that the final image is converted back into a seamless photographic print. A similar method, although one that does not use film, is realized today through image-editing software. This latter technique is referred to by professionals as "compositing", and in casual usage is often called " photoshopping ". [ 1 ] Compositing;Germany;Compositing;Adobe_Photoshop;GIMP;GIMP;United_States;International_Standard_Book_Number;New_York_Times; Composite_video Composite video (1 channel) is an analog video transmission (no audio) that carries standard definition video typically at 480i or 576i resolution. Video information is encoded on one channel in contrast with slightly higher quality S-video (2 channel), and even higher quality component video (3 channels).(see RCA connector ). Composite video is usually in standard formats such as NTSC , PAL , and SECAM and is often designated by the CVBS initialism, meaning "Color, Video, Blanking, and Sync." Component_video;RCA_connector;RCA_connector;Component_video;RCA_connector;NTSC;PAL;Luminance;Video_compression;Digital_video;NTSC;VCR;Component_video;DVD;Video_game_console;North_America;Europe;Component_video;Closed_captioning;Luminance;Component_video;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Video_Graphics_Array;Component_video;Component_video;HDMI;HDMI;NTSC;PAL;Composite_video;Composite_video; Compositing Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live-action shooting for compositing is variously called " chroma key ", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre- digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century; and some are still in use. Digital_compositing;Computer_graphics;Digital_compositing;Virtuality;Compositing;Compositing; Compress Compress is a Unix shell compression program based on the LZC compression method, which is an LZW implementation using variable size pointers as in LZ78 . The uncompress utility will restore files to their original state after they have been compressed using the compress utility. If no files are specified, the standard input will be uncompressed to the standard output. Filename_extension;Data_compression;Filename_extension;Filename_extension;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Gzip;Linux;Unix;Data_compression;Image_compression;Linux;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Compress;Compress; Computability Computability is the ability to solve a problem in an effective manner. It is a key topic of the field of computability theory within mathematical logic and the theory of computation within computer science . The computability of a problem is closely linked to the existence of an algorithm to solve the problem. The most widely-studied models of computability are the Turing-computable and μ-recursive functions , and the lambda calculus , all of which have computationally equivalent power. Other forms of computability are studied as well: computability notions weaker than Turing machines are studied in automata theory , while computability notions stronger than Turing machines are studied in the field of hypercomputation . Computer_science;Algorithm;Programming_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Computability;Computability; Computer A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element and some form of memory . The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. The first electronic digital computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United Kingdom and United States. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). [ 1 ] In this era mechanical analog computers were used for military applications. Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. [ 2 ] Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices , and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries . Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from mp3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. Integrated_circuit;Mobile_device;Icon;Embedded_system;Digital_audio_player;IBM;Computer_science;Algorithm;Integrated_circuit;Smartphone;Web_browser;Assembly_language;Fortran;Programming_language;Compiler;ARM_architecture;Personal_digital_assistant;Personal_computer;Compiler;Video_game_console;Central_processing_unit;Central_processing_unit;Integrated_circuit;Graphics_processing_unit;Operating_system;Embedded_system;Firmware;Flash_memory;Hard_disk_drive;Hard_disk_drive;Floppy_disk;Graphics_processing_unit;Desktop_computer;Internet;DARPA;Ethernet;Netbook;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk;Integrated_circuit;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;SPARC;Embedded_system;Desktop_computer;Laptop;Personal_digital_assistant;Tablet_computer;Image_scanner;Webcam;Microphone;Floppy_disk;Hard_disk_drive;SCSI;Conventional_PCI;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;Operating_system;Unix;IRIX;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;DOS;Mac_OS;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Multimedia;DirectX;File_format;HTML;XML;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft_Windows;QNX;Application_software;Web_browser;Instant_messaging;Computer_graphics;Video_editing;Image_processing;Digital_audio_editor;Software_synthesizer;Compiler;Revision_control;Video_game;Programming_language;Assembly_language;ARM_architecture;Fortran;JavaScript;Perl;Computer_science;American_National_Standards_Institute;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Free_software;Open_source_software;Free_Software_Foundation;List_of_fictional_computers;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Computer;Computer; ComputerWorld Computerworld is an IT magazine that provides information for senior IT leaders. It is published in many countries around the world under the same or similar names. Its publisher is International Data Group . Computerworld serves the needs of IT management via print and online. It also offers numerous Computerworld programs and events, including SNW, Premier 100 IT Leaders, Computerworld Honors, BI Perspectives and Best Places to Work in IT. The Computerworld Web site, the conference series and custom research join the twice-monthly print publication to form the U.S.-based hub of the world's largest (58-edition) global IT media network. The editor-in-chief of Computerworld in the U.S. is Scot Finnie, who leads a staff of more than 20 editors and writers, including executive editor Julia King, managing editor/news Ken Mingis, managing editor/online Sharon Machlis, managing editor/features Ellen Fanning, managing editor/technologies Johanna Ambrosio, managing editor/production Bob Rawson and director of blogs, Joyce Carpenter. Computerworld's vice president and publisher is John Amato, and its vice president and online sales director is Jennell Dill. When IDG established the Swedish edition in 1983, the title Computerworld was already registered in Sweden by another publisher. This is why the Swedish edition is named Computer Sweden. It is distributed as a morning newspaper in tabloid format (41 cm) in 51,000 copies (2007) with an estimated 120,000 readers. In 1999-2008 it was published three days a week, but since 2009 only on Tuesdays and Fridays. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] IDG;Massachusetts;IDG;IDG;GamePro;Macworld; Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control Data_acquisition;Data_acquisition;VMEbus;FASTBUS;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control; Computer_algebra_system Application_software;Programming_language;Application_programming_interface;Applied_mathematics;Computer_graphics;Signal_processing;Image_processing;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;MATLAB;University_of_New_Mexico;MuMATH;Macsyma;Mathematica;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Computer_algebra_system; Computer_and_Video_Games Computer and Video Games ( CVG or C+VG ) is a video game magazine and website published in the United Kingdom . UK;Video_game;United_Kingdom;UK;Computer_and_Video_Games;Computer_and_Video_Games; Computer_graphics Computer graphics are graphics created using computers and, more generally, the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer with help from specialized software and hardware . The development of computer graphics has made computers easier to interact with, and better for understanding and interpreting many types of data. Developments in computer graphics have had a profound impact on many types of media and have revolutionized animation , movies and the video game industry. Computer;Video_game;Computer_science;Computer_science;Cathode_ray_tube;Video_game;DARPA;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Macintosh;Pixar;Multimedia;Video_game;Multimedia;Raster_graphics;Raster_graphics;Software;Pixel;Mobile_phone;Raster_graphics;Pixel;Algorithm;Wire_frame_model;Raster_graphics;Computer;Film;Television;Film;Raster_graphics;Pixel;Photograph;Raster_graphics;Graphics_processing_unit;Central_processing_unit;Pixel;Digital_camera;Cathode_ray_tube;Data_set;Pixel;Wire_frame_model;Computer;Computer;Computer_science;Image_processing;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Photograph;Automation;Computer_science;Engineering;Audio_engineering;Control_engineering;Computer_graphics;Computer_graphics; Computer_networking_device Networking hardware or networking equipment typically refers to devices facilitating the use of a computer network . Typically, this includes gateways , routers , network bridges , switches , hubs , and repeaters . Also, hybrid network devices such as multilayer switches , protocol converters and bridge routers . And, proxy servers , firewalls and network address translators . Also, multiplexers , network interface controllers , wireless network interface controllers , modems , ISDN terminal adapters and line drivers . And, wireless access points , networking cables and other related hardware. Computer networking devices are units that mediate data in a computer network. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Computer networking devices are also called network equipment, Intermediate Systems (IS) [ citation needed ] or InterWorking Unit (IWU). [ citation needed ] Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts or data terminal equipment . [ citation needed ] The most common kind of networking hardware today is copper-based Ethernet adapters , helped largely by its standard inclusion on most modern computer systems. Wireless networking has become increasingly popular, however, especially for portable and handheld devices. Other hardware prevalent within computer networking is datacenter equipment (such as file servers , database servers and storage areas ), network services (such as DNS , DHCP , email etc.) as well as other specific network devices such as content delivery . Other diverse devices which may be considered networking hardware include mobile phones , PDAs and even modern coffee machines . As technology grows and IP -based networks are integrated into building infrastructure and household utilities, network hardware becomes an ambiguous statement owing to the increasing number of "network capable" endpoints. Proxy_server;Ethernet;Email;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Computer;Proxy_server; Computer_science Computer science (abbreviated CS or CompSci ) is the scientific and mathematical approach to computation, and specifically to the design of computing machines and processes. A computer scientist is a scientist who specialises in the theory of computation and the design of computers. [ 1 ] Its subfields can be divided into practical techniques for its implementation and application in computer systems and purely theoretical areas. Some, such as computational complexity theory , which studies fundamental properties of computational problems , are highly abstract, while others, such as computer graphics , emphasize real-world applications. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to description of computations, while the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming languages and complex systems , and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans . Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations Science;Programming_language;Algorithm;IBM;Germany;Science;Internet;Computability;Programming_language;Numerical_analysis;Engineering;Numerical_analysis;Signal_processing;Data_compression;Programming_language;Formal_methods;Software;Database;Database_management_systems;Applied_mathematics;Image_processing;Natural_language_processing;Image_processing;Numerical_analysis;Numerical_analysis;Natural_language_processing;Formal_methods;Computer_graphics;Steven_Levy;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Numerical_analysis;Algorithm;Programming_language;Compiler;Procedural_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Programming_paradigm;Software_design;Formal_methods;Operating_system;Database;SQL;Automated_reasoning;Natural_language_processing;Computer_graphics;Image_processing;User_interface;Numerical_analysis;Automation;Engineering;Audio_engineering;Control_engineering;Computer_science;Computer_science; Computing_platform A computing platform includes a hardware architecture and a software framework (including application frameworks ), where the combination allows software , particularly application software , to run. Typical platforms include a computer's architecture , operating system , programming languages and related user interface ( run-time system libraries or graphical user interface ). A platform is a crucial element in software development. A platform might be simply defined as a place to launch software. The platform provider offers the software developer an undertaking that logic code will run consistently as long as the platform is running on top of other platforms. Logic code includes bytecode , source code , and machine code . It actually means execution of the program is not restricted by the type of operating system provided. It has mostly replaced the machine-independent languages. [ which? ] [ citation needed ] Some software platforms emulate entire hardware platforms - as in systems virtualization . Application_software;Operating_system;Programming_language;Graphical_user_interface;Software_developer;Source_code;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Unix;BlackBerry_OS;IOS;Palm_OS;WebOS;Windows_Phone;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework;Smartphone;Personal_digital_assistant;Java_ME;Microsoft;IBM;Wintel;Microsoft_Windows;ARM_architecture;Linux;Video_game_console;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS;Newton_OS;SPARC;Application_programming_interface;Computing_platform;Computing_platform; Comwave Established in 1999, Comwave is a Canadian telephone company which is available nationwide. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They offer an unlimited mobile phone plan in addition to an unlimited home phone plan. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Comwave is owned and operated by investors who are Canadian. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Other services include Voice over Internet Protocol service and support for businesses . [ 4 ] The services claims that customers on other services like Bell Canada can keep their current phone number . Comwave also has service in the United States of America . [ 2 ] Canada;United_States;Canada;Voice_over_IP;Comwave;Comwave; Conessine CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Histamine_antagonist;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Conessine;Conessine; Conference_call Sound;United_States;Podcast;VoIP;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Conference_call;Conference_call; Connect_Player CONNECT Player is a media player application, developed by Sony Connect , a division of Sony Corporation of America in 2005. It was released for European and Japanese market in November 2005 to be used with Sony's new HDD digital music players - the NW-A Walkman Series. In January 2006, Sony Europe recommended users to change to SonicStage (Sony's earlier media player) pending potential further updates to the CONNECT Player software due to thousands of reports regarding its many problems. [1] [ dead link ] [2] [ dead link ] SonicStage;Multimedia;Software;Connect_Player;Connect_Player; Connexions XML;Connexions;Connexions; Constant_bitrate Constant bitrate (CBR) is a term used in telecommunications , relating to the quality of service . Compare with variable bitrate . When referring to codecs , constant bit rate encoding means that the rate at which a codec's output data should be consumed is constant. CBR is useful for streaming multimedia content on limited capacity channels since it is the maximum bit rate that matters, not the average, so CBR would be used to take advantage of all of the capacity. CBR would not be the optimal choice for storage as it would not allocate enough data for complex sections (resulting in degraded quality) while wasting data on simple sections. The problem of not allocating enough data for complex sections could be solved by choosing a high bitrate (e.g., 256 kbit/s or 320 kbit/s) to ensure that there will be enough bits for the entire encoding process, though the size of the file at the end would be proportionally larger. Most coding schemes such as Huffman coding or run-length encoding produce variable-length codes, making perfect CBR difficult to achieve. This is partly solved by varying the quantization (quality), and fully solved by the use of padding. (However, CBR is implied in a simple scheme like reducing all 16-bit audio samples to 8 bits.) In the case of streaming video as a CBR, the source could be under the CBR data rate target. So in order to complete the stream, it's necessary to add stuffing packets in the stream to reach the data rate wanted. These packets are totally neutral and don't affect the stream. Variable_bitrate;Codec;Variable_bitrate;Data_compression;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Variable_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_codec;Video_codec;Variable_bitrate;Constant_bitrate;Constant_bitrate; Consumer_Electronics_Control Linear_pulse_code_modulation;DVD;AVCHD;Camcorder;Personal_computer;Video_game_console;Tablet_computer;Mobile_phone;Composite_video;Component_video;VGA_connector;Personal_computer;Ethernet;Remote_control;Video_compression;MPEG;HDTV;Camcorder;Sony;Toshiba;Intel;Universal_Studios;Warner_Bros.;The_Walt_Disney_Company;De_facto_standard;PC_Magazine;Dolby_Digital;HDTV;Closed_captioning;HDTV;Equalization;Remote_control;Trade_name;Samsung;Sony;Toshiba;Backward_compatibility;DVD_Video;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Hertz;Hertz;Hertz;Ethernet;Hertz;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Hertz;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Personal_computer;Personal_computer;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Linux;Intel;Dell;Samsung;LG_Display;VGA;BlackBerry_PlayBook;IPad;VGA;VGA;HDTV;PC_Magazine;Engadget;TRS_connector;TOSLINK;VGA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;F_connector;TRS_connector;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Video_Graphics_Array;Component_video;Component_video;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;Advanced_Audio_Coding;HDV;Component_video;VGA_connector;HDMI;HDMI; Consumer_Reports Consumer Reports is an American magazine published monthly by Consumers Union since 1936. It publishes reviews and comparisons of consumer products and services based on reporting and results from its in-house testing laboratory and survey research center. It also publishes cleaning and general buying guides. It has approximately 7.3 million subscribers [ 1 ] and an annual testing budget of approximately US$21 million. [ 2 ] United_States;English_language;United_States;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Washington_Post;Gawker_Media;Canada;BMW;Chrysler;Toyota;Bose_Corporation;Puerto_Rico;California;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post_Company;Forbes;Forbes;TechCrunch;AOL;Consumer_Reports;Consumer_Reports; Consumer_protection Consumer protection consists of laws and organizations designed to ensure the rights of consumers as well as fair trade competition and the free flow of truthful information in the marketplace. The laws are designed to prevent businesses that engage in fraud or specified unfair practices from gaining an advantage over competitors and may provide additional protection for the weak and those unable to take care of themselves. Consumer protection laws are a form of government regulation which aim to protect the rights of consumers . For example, a government may require businesses to disclose detailed information about products—particularly in areas where safety or public health is an issue, such as food. Consumer protection is linked to the idea of "consumer rights" (that consumers have various rights as consumers), and to the formation of consumer organizations , which help consumers make better choices in the marketplace and get help with consumer complaints . Other organizations that promote consumer protection include government organizations and self-regulating business organizations such as consumer protection agencies and organizations, the Federal Trade Commission , ombudsmen , Better Business Bureaus , etc. A consumer is defined as someone who acquires goods or services for direct use or ownership rather than for resale or use in production and manufacturing. [ 1 ] Consumer interests can also be protected by promoting competition in the markets which directly and indirectly serve consumers, consistent with economic efficiency, but this topic is treated in competition law . Consumer protection can also be asserted via non-government organizations and individuals as consumer activism . Ombudsman;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Office_of_Fair_Trading;Australia;New_Zealand;United_States;California;United_States;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Ombudsman;Wikisource;Entertainment_law;Intellectual_property;Consumer_protection;Consumer_protection; Contact_list A contact list is a collection of screen names in an instant messaging or e-mail program or online game or mobile phone . It has various trademarked and proprietary names in different contexts. The contact list just a list: generally a window that has a list of screennames that represent actual other people. Double-clicking on any name will open an instant messaging session and allow you to talk with that person. Usually, if somebody shows up in your contact list, your screen name will show up in theirs. Some text message clients allow you to change your display name at will ( MSN Messenger ), while others only allow you to reformat your screen name (Add/remove spaces and capitalize letters). Generally, it makes no difference other than how it's displayed. With most programs, the contact list can be minimized to keep it from getting in the way, and is accessed again by double-clicking its icon (on a PC). The style of the contact list is different with the different programs, but all contact lists have similar capabilities. Such lists may be used to form contact networks , or social networks with more specific purposes. The list is not the network: to become a network, a list requires some additional information such as the status or category of the contact. Given this, contact networks for various purposes can be generated from the list. Salespeople have long maintained contact networks using a variety of means of contact including phone logs and notebooks. None of them would confuse their list with their network, nor would they confuse a sales contact with a "friend" or person they had already worked with. Instant_messaging;Mobile_phone;Contact_list;Contact_list; Container_format Multiplexing;Container_format;Container_format; Content_delivery_network IP_address;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Telstra;Telus;Application_software;Internet_radio;Internet_television;IPTV;Open_Music_Model;Push_technology;Streaming_media;International_Standard_Book_Number;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_distribution;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Content_delivery_network;Content_delivery_network; Context_menu A context menu (also called contextual , shortcut , and popup or pop-up menu ) is a menu in a graphical user interface (GUI) that appears upon user interaction, such as a right-click mouse operation . A context menu offers a limited set of choices that are available in the current state, or context, of the operating system or application. Usually the available choices are actions related to the selected object . Windows_XP;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Unix;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS;Universal_Access;Microsoft_Word;GUI_widget;Balloon_help;Context_menu;Context_menu; Continental_Airlines Continental Airlines was a major American airline that merged with United Airlines . [ 2 ] On May 3, 2010, Continental Airlines, Inc. and UAL, Inc. (the parent company of United Airlines ) announced a merger via a stock swap, and on October 1, 2010, the merger closed and UAL changed its name to United Continental Holdings , Inc. During the integration period, both airlines were running separate operations under direction of a combined leadership team of the new parent company based in Chicago. [ 5 ] Continental had ownership interests and brand partnerships with several carriers. Continental was a minority owner of ExpressJet Airlines , which operated under the ' Continental Express ' trade name but was a separately managed and public company. Chautauqua Airlines also flew under the Continental Express identity, and Cape Air , Colgan Air , CommutAir , and Silver Airways feed Continental's flights under the Continental Connection identity. Continental did not have any ownership interests in these companies. United_Airlines;United_Airlines;United_Airlines;United_Airlines;Los_Angeles_Times;Guam;Guam;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Alaska_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;Delta_Air_Lines;The_New_York_Times;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines;United_Airlines;United_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;Air_France;Federal_Aviation_Administration;United_Airlines;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Associated_Press;Google_News;Associated_Press;The_New_York_Times;Reuters;USA_Today;USA_Today;United_Airlines;United_Airlines;Alaska_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines;Alaska_Airlines;Alaska_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;Air_France;Delta_Air_Lines;KLM;Continental_Airlines;Continental_Airlines; Contract_manufacturer A contract manufacturer ("CM") is a manufacturer that contracts with a firm for components or products. It is a form of outsourcing . Intellectual_property;Intellectual_property;Contract_manufacturer;Contract_manufacturer; Contrast_ratio The contrast ratio is a property of a display system, defined as the ratio of the luminance of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest color (black) that the system is capable of producing. A high contrast ratio is a desired aspect of any display. It has similarities with dynamic range . There is no official, standardized way to measure contrast ratio for a system or its parts, nor is there a standard for defining "Contrast Ratio" that is accepted by any standards organization so ratings provided by different manufacturers of display devices are not necessarily comparable to each other due to differences in method of measurement, operation, and unstated variables. [ 1 ] Manufacturers have traditionally favored measurement methods that isolate the device from the system, whereas other designers have more often taken the effect of the room into account. An ideal room would absorb all the light reflecting from a projection screen or emitted by a CRT , and the only light seen in the room would come from the display device. With such a room, the contrast ratio of the image would be the same as the contrast ratio of the device . Real rooms reflect some of the light back to the displayed image, lowering the contrast ratio seen in the image. Moving from a system that displays a static motionless image to a system that displays a dynamic, changing picture slightly complicates the definition of the contrast ratio, because of the need to take into account the extra temporal dimension to the measuring process. Thus the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest and the darkest color the system is capable of producing simultaneously at any instant of time is called static contrast ratio , while the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest and the darkest color the system is capable of producing over time is called dynamic contrast ratio . Luminance;Cathode_ray_tube;Display_device;ANSI;Luminance;Contrast_ratio;Contrast_ratio; Control_Strip The Control Strip is a user interface component of the "classic" System 7 Mac OS which remained until the Mac OS X system replaced the classic Mac OS in December 2001. User_interface;PowerBook_Duo;Mac_OS_X;Menu_extra;Internet_Archive;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Control_Strip;Control_Strip; Control_bus A control bus is (part of) a computer bus , used by CPUs for communicating with other devices within the computer. While the address bus carries the information on which device the CPU is communicating with and the data bus carries the actual data being processed, the control bus carries commands from the CPU and returns status signals from the devices, for example if the data is being read or written to the device the appropriate line (read or write) will be active ( logic zero ). Central_processing_unit;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Control_bus;Control_bus; Control_engineering Engineering;Control_theory;Control_theory;Control_theory;Control_theory;Dynamic_systems;Control_theory;Sensor;Computer_science;Embedded_systems;Control_theory;VisSim;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Automation;Computer_science;Engineering;Audio_engineering;Control_engineering;Control_engineering; Control_theory Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with the behavior of dynamical systems with inputs. The external input of a system is called the reference . When one or more output variables of a system need to follow a certain reference over time, a controller manipulates the inputs to a system to obtain the desired effect on the output of the system. The usual objective of a control theory is to calculate solutions for the proper corrective action from the controller that result in system stability, that is, the system will hold the set point and not oscillate around it. The inputs and outputs of a continuous control system are generally related by differential equations. If these are linear with constant coefficients, a transfer function relating the input and output can be obtained by taking their Laplace transform . If the differential equations are nonlinear and have a known solution, it may be possible to linearize the nonlinear differential equations at that solution. [ 1 ] If the resulting linear differential equations have constant coefficients one can take their Laplace transform to obtain a transfer function. The transfer function is also known as the system function or network function. The transfer function is a mathematical representation, in terms of spatial or temporal frequency, of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant solution of the nonlinear differential equations describing the system. Extensive use is usually made of a diagrammatic style known as the block diagram . Dynamical_system;Dynamical_system;Engineering;Economics;Dynamical_system;Sensor;Dynamical_system;United_Kingdom;Automation;Control_engineering;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Dynamical_system;Formal_system;Global_Positioning_System;Operating_system;Linear_algebra;Numerical_analysis;Applied_mathematics;Control_theory;Control_theory; Conventional_PCI Conventional PCI ( PCI is an initialism formed from Peripheral Component Interconnect , [ 1 ] part of the PCI Local Bus standard and often shortened to PCI ) is a computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer . The PCI bus supports the functions found on a processor bus , but in a standardized format that is independent of any particular processor. Devices connected to the bus appear to the processor to be connected directly to the processor bus, and are assigned addresses in the processor's address space. [ 2 ] Attached devices can take either the form of an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself, called a planar device in the PCI specification, or an expansion card that fits into a slot. The PCI Local Bus was first implemented in IBM PC compatibles , where it displaced the combination of ISA plus one VESA Local Bus as the bus configuration. It has subsequently been adopted for other computer types. PCI is being replaced by PCI-X and PCI Express , [ citation needed ] but as of 2011 [update] , most motherboards are still made with one or more PCI slots, which are sufficient for many uses. The PCI specification covers the physical size of the bus (including the size and spacing of the circuit board edge electrical contacts), electrical characteristics, bus timing, and protocols. The specification can be purchased from the PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG). Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards , sound cards , modems , extra ports such as USB or serial , TV tuner cards and disk controllers . PCI video cards replaced ISA and VESA cards, until growing bandwidth requirements outgrew the capabilities of PCI; the preferred interface for video cards became AGP , and then PCI Express. PCI video cards remain available for use with old PCs without AGP or PCI Express slots. [ 3 ] Many devices previously provided on PCI expansion cards are now commonly integrated onto motherboards or available in universal serial bus and PCI Express versions. Intel;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VESA_Local_Bus;PCI_Express;Megabyte;Computer;System_bus;Integrated_circuit;VESA_Local_Bus;PCI_Express;Universal_Serial_Bus;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;SCSI;Intel;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VESA_Local_Bus;Apple_Computer;Power_Macintosh;NuBus;Macintosh_Performa;PCI_Express;Firmware;Operating_system;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;PCI_Express;Megabyte;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Gigabit_Ethernet;SCSI;Rack_unit;Laptop;Direct_memory_access;Fast_Ethernet;Bluetooth;SCSI;SATA;CompactPCI;PCI_Express;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Conventional_PCI;Conventional_PCI; Copyright_infringement Copyright infringement is the unauthorized use of works under copyright , infringing the copyright holder's " exclusive rights ", such as the right to reproduce or perform the copyrighted work, spread the information contained within copyrighted works, or to make derivative works . It often refers to copying " intellectual property " without written permission from the copyright holder, which is typically a publisher or other business representing or assigned by the work's creator. Intellectual_property;Monopoly;DVD;Napster;Napster;Canada;Bootleg_recording;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Intellectual_property;Digital_rights_management;Open_Music_Model;Open_source_software;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Copyright_infringement;Copyright_infringement; CoreAVC CoreAVC is a proprietary codec for decoding the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (Advanced Video Coding) video format. As of 2010 [update] , the decoder is one of the fastest software decoders, but is slower than hardware-based ones. [ 1 ] CoreAVC supports all H.264 Profiles except for 4:2:2 and 4:4:4. CoreAVC now supports two forms of GPU hardware acceleration for h.264 decoding on Windows. Nvidia with CUDA and DXVA for both ATI and Nvidia hardware. CoreAVC is included as a part of the CorePlayer Multimedia Framework and was being used in the now defunct desktop client by Joost [ 2 ] a system that was distributing videos over the Internet using peer-to-peer TV technology . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;IOS;Palm_OS;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Codec;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Codec;Nvidia;Joost;Open_source;MPlayer;DirectShow;Free_software;MythTV;Xine;DMCA;Reverse_engineering;Operating_system;PowerPC;Nvidia;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;CoreAVC;CoreAVC; CoreConnect POWER • POWER1 • POWER2 • POWER3 • POWER4 • POWER5 • RS64 • PPC6xx • PPC7xxx • PPC970 • Gekko • Titan • AIM alliance • RAD6000 PowerPC • e200 • e300 • e500 • e600 • e5500 • QorIQ • POWER6 • POWER7 • PPC4xx • PPC7xx • PPC A2 • PWRficient • Cell • Xenon • Broadway • RAD750 POWER8 • e6500 • Wii U CPU RISC • Blue Gene • Power.org • PAPR • PReP • CHRP • AltiVec • more... CoreConnect is a microprocessor bus -architecture from IBM for system-on-a-chip (SoC) designs. It was designed to ease the integration and reuse of processor, system, and peripheral cores within standard and custom SoC designs. As a standard SoC design point , it serves as the foundation of IBM or non-IBM devices. Elements of this architecture include the processor local bus (PLB), the on-chip peripheral bus (OPB), a bus bridge, and a device control register (DCR) bus. High-performance peripherals connect to the high- bandwidth , low- latency PLB. Slower peripheral cores connect to the OPB, which reduces traffic on the PLB. CoreConnect has bridging capabilities to the competing AMBA bus architecture, allowing reuse of existing SoC-components. IBM makes the CoreConnect bus available as a no-fee, no-royalty architecture to tool-vendors, core IP-companies, and chip-development companies. As such it is licensed by over 1500 electronics companies such as Cadence , Ericsson , Lucent , Nokia , Siemens and Synopsys . The CoreConnect is an integral part of IBM's Power Architecture offering and is used extensively in their PowerPC 4x0 based designs. Xilinx uses CoreConnect as the infrastructure for all of their embedded processor designs even though only a few are Power Architecture based. PowerPC;IBM;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Nokia;Gigabyte;Central_processing_unit;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;CoreConnect;CoreConnect; Core_Animation QuickDraw;Core_OpenGL;Core_Image;Core_Video;ColorSync;QuickTime;Application_programming_interface;Mac_OS_X;Core_Image;Core_Video;IPhone;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Macworld_Expo;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Core_Foundation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;Core_Animation;Core_Animation; Core_Audio Core Audio is a low-level API for dealing with sound in Apple's Mac OS X and iOS operating systems . It includes an implementation of the cross-platform OpenAL library. [ 1 ] Apple's Core Audio documentation states that "in creating this new architecture on Mac OS X, Apple’s objective in the audio space has been twofold. The primary goal is to deliver a high-quality, superior audio experience for Macintosh users. The second objective reflects a shift in emphasis from developers having to establish their own audio and MIDI protocols in their applications to Apple moving ahead to assume responsibility for these services on the Macintosh platform." Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Application_programming_interface;Apple_Computer;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;Apple_Macintosh;MIDI;Audio_Units;Mac_OS_X;Core_Foundation;Core_Animation;Core_Data;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Core_Audio;Core_Audio; Core_Audio_Format The Core Audio Format is a container for storing audio, developed by Apple Inc. . It is compatible with Mac OS X 10.4 and higher; Mac OS X 10.3 needs QuickTime 7 to be installed. Core Audio Format is designed to overcome limitations of older digital audio formats, including AIFF and WAV . Just like the QuickTime .mov container, a .caf container can contain many different audio formats, metadata tracks, and much more data. Not limited to a 4 GB file size like older digital audio formats, a single .caf file can theoretically save hundreds of years of recorded audio due to its use of 64-bit file offsets. Soundtrack Pro and Logic Studio use the .caf format extensively for their loop and sound effects library, particularly for surround-sound audio compressed with the Apple Lossless codec. Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Apple_Inc.;Media_container;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;AIFF;WAV;Gigabyte;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Apple_Lossless;Core_Audio_Format;Core_Audio_Format; Core_Data Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mac_OS_X;IOS;Apple_Inc;XML;SQL;Interface_Builder;Xcode;NeXT;Mac_OS_X;WebObjects;Mac_OS_X;Core_Foundation;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Core_Data;Core_Data; Core_Foundation Core Foundation (also called CF ) is a C application programming interface (API) in Mac OS X iOS , and is a mix of low-level routines and wrapper functions . Apple releases most of it as an open source project called CFLite that can be used to write cross-platform applications for Mac OS X, Linux , and Windows (via Cygwin ) [ 1 ] ; a third-party open-source implementation called OpenCFLite also exists. [ 2 ] Most Core Foundation routines follow a certain naming convention that deal with opaque objects, for example CFDictionaryRef for functions whose names begin with CFDictionary, and these objects are often reference counted (manually) through CFRetain and CFRelease . Internally, Core Foundation forms the base of the types in the Objective-C runtime as well. The most prevalent use of Core Foundation is for passing its own primitive types for data, including raw bytes , Unicode strings , numbers , calendar dates , and UUIDs , as well as collections such as arrays , sets , and dictionaries , to numerous OS X C routines, primarily those that are GUI -related. At the operating system level Core Foundation also provides standardized application preferences management through CFPropertyList , bundle handling, run loops , interprocess communication through CFMachPort and CFNotificationCenter , and a basic graphical user interface message dialog through CFUserNotification . Other parts of the API include utility routines and wrappers around existing APIs for ease of use. Utility routines perform such actions as file system and network I/O through CFReadStream , CFWriteStream , and CFURL and endianness translation (Byte Order Utilities). Some examples of wrapper routines include those for Core Foundation's wrapper routines for Unix sockets, the CFSocket API. Some types in Core Foundation are "toll-free bridged", or interchangeable with a simple cast, with those of their Foundation Kit counterparts. For example, one could create a CFDictionaryRef Core Foundation type, and then later simply use a standard C cast to convert it to its Objective-C counterpart, NSDictionary * , and then use the desired Objective-C methods on that object as one normally would. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;List_of_software_categories;Application_programming_interface;Mac_OS_X;Open_source;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Graphical_user_interface;Graphical_user_interface;WebKit;Mac_OS_X;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Core_Foundation;Core_Foundation; Core_Image QuickDraw;Core_OpenGL;Core_Animation;Core_Video;ColorSync;QuickTime;IPhoto;Xcode;Quartz_Composer;Quartz_Composer;GIMP;Mac_OS_X;Core_Foundation;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Core_Image;Core_Image; Core_Location Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating System ) is software used on most Cisco Systems routers and current Cisco network switches . (Earlier switches ran CatOS .) IOS is a package of routing, switching, internetworking and telecommunications functions integrated into a multitasking operating system. The IOS command line interface provides a fixed set of multiple-word commands . The set available is determined by the "mode" and the privilege level of the current user. "Global configuration mode" provides commands to change the system's configuration, and "interface configuration mode" provides commands to change the configuration of a specific interface. All commands are assigned a privilege level , from 0 to 15, and can only be accessed by users with the necessary privilege. Through the CLI, the commands available to each privilege level can be defined. Software_developer;Cisco_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;English_language;User_interface;Cisco_Systems;QNX; Core_OpenGL Core OpenGL , or CGL , is Apple Inc. 's Macintosh Quartz windowing system interface to the Mac OS X implementation of the OpenGL specification. CGL is analogous to GLX , which is the X11 interface to OpenGL, as well as WGL , which is the Microsoft Windows interface to OpenGL. QuickDraw;Core_Image;Core_Animation;Core_Video;ColorSync;QuickTime;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;API;Central_processing_unit;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Core_Foundation;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Image;Core_Text;Core_Video;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Core_OpenGL;Core_OpenGL; Core_Text Core Text is a Core Foundation style API in Mac OS X , first introduced in Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger , made public in Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard , and introduced for the iPad with iPhone SDK 3.2. Exposing a C API, it replaces the text rendering abilities of the now-deprecated QuickDraw and ATSUI frameworks in previous versions of Mac OS X. According to Apple, Core Text is "designed for high performance and ease of use" and its layout API is "simple, consistent, and tightly integrated with Core Foundation, Core Graphics, and Cocoa." [ 1 ] Core_Foundation;API;Mac_OS_X;IPad;QuickDraw;Mac_OS_X;Core_Foundation;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Video;Core_Text;Core_Text; Core_Video Core Video is the video processing model employed by Mac OS X . It links the process of decompressing frames from a video source to the rest of the Quartz technologies for image rendering and composition. Both QuickTime X and QuickTime 7 depend on Core Video. [ 1 ] QuickDraw;Core_OpenGL;Core_Image;Core_Animation;ColorSync;QuickTime;Mac_OS_X;QuickTime;Core_Image;QuickDraw;Quartz_Extreme;Mac_OS_X;Core_Foundation;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Core_Video;Core_Video; Costa_Rica Spanish_language;Spain;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Panama;Mexico;Guatemala;Panama;Colombia;Nicaragua;Nicaragua;Panama;Panama;Intel;Fiscal_year;Chile;Intel;Financial_Times;Nicaragua;Spanish_language;Chile;Argentina;El_Salvador;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;Spanish_language;The_Guardian;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Financial_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;Panama;North_America;Canada;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Puerto_Rico;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Costa_Rica;Costa_Rica; Costco Costco Wholesale Corporation is the seventh largest retailer in the world. As of July 2012 [update] it was the fifth largest retailer in the United States, and the largest membership warehouse club chain in the United States. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] As of October 2007 [update] , Costco is the largest retailer of wine in the world. [ 4 ] NASDAQ;Taiwan;Canadian_Dollar;Australian_Dollar;Australian_Dollar;Michigan;MXN;United_States;Puerto_Rico;Canada;Mexico;United_Kingdom;Japan;Taiwan;Australia;Walmart;Thomson_Reuters;Associated_Press;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Amazon.com;Starbucks;Alaska_Airlines;Microsoft;Big_Fish_Games;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Canada;Costco;Costco; Cotriptyline Cotriptyline ( SD-2203-01 ) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was never marketed. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Cotriptyline;Cotriptyline; Country_Music_Television Canada;HDTV;United_States;MTV;United_States;Country_music;Music_video;Film;CBS;MTV;MTV;Black_Entertainment_Television;MTV;Black_Entertainment_Television;Paramount_Pictures;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;Country_Music_Television;Country_Music_Television; Country_music High in Australia , Brazil , Canada , United Kingdom , Ireland , and the US , Medium in Scandinavia and New Zealand Low in Asia , Africa , Latin America and mainland Europe . Rock and roll , dansband , roots rock , southern rock , heartland rock Bakersfield sound - Close harmony - Honky tonk - Jug band - Lubbock sound - Nashville sound - Neotraditional country - Outlaw country - Red Dirt - Western swing - Texas country Alternative country - Country rock - Psychobilly - Rockabilly - Gothabilly - Cowpunk - Country-rap - Country pop - Country soul - Sertanejo - Southern soul Country musicians - List of years in country music Country music is genre of American popular music that originated in the rural regions of the Southern United States in the 1920s. [ 1 ] It takes its roots from southeastern American folk music , Western cowboy . Blues mode has been used extensively throughout its recorded history. [ 2 ] Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjoes , electric and acoustic guitars , fiddles , and harmonicas . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music ; it came to encompass Western music , which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute. [ 6 ] Gospel_music;Guitar;Electric_guitar;Double_bass;Piano;Australia;Brazil;Canada;United_Kingdom;United_States;New_Zealand;Asia;Europe;Electric_guitar;Acoustic_guitar;Guitar;North_America;Europe;Germany;Spain;Italy;Jazz;Johnny_Cash;Johnny_Cash;Faith_Hill;Garth_Brooks;Johnny_Cash;Tempo;Garth_Brooks;FM_radio;Rock_music;Garth_Brooks;RIAA_certification;Faith_Hill;Grammy_Award;American_Music_Award;Guitar;ARIA_Music_Awards;Johnny_Cash;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Peru;United_States;Sweden;Poland;France;France;Country_Music_Television;International_Standard_Book_Number;Amazon.com;Amazon.com;The_Washington_Post;International_Standard_Book_Number;Blues;Gospel_music;Jazz;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Country_music;Country_music; Cover_Flow Cover Flow is an animated, three dimensional graphical user interface integrated within iTunes , the Macintosh Finder , and other Apple Inc. products for visually flipping through snapshots of documents, website bookmarks, album artwork, or photographs. Cover Flow is browsed using the on-screen scrollbar, mouse wheel , gestures, or by selecting a file from a list, which flips through the pages to bring the associated image into view. On iPod and iPhone devices, the user slides their finger across the touch screen or uses the click wheel . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;ITunes;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPod_Nano;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Graphical_user_interface;ITunes;Apple_Inc.;Touch_screen;Apple_Inc.;ITunes;IPhone;WWDC;Steve_Jobs;IPod_nano;IPod_classic;IPod_touch;IPod_nano;Open_source;MediaMonkey;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Rockbox;New_York_Times;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Cover_Flow;Cover_Flow; Cowboys_Stadium Dallas Cowboys vs. New York Giants Basketball: 108,713 2010 NBA All-Star Game Manny Pacquiao vs. Joshua Clottey Dallas Cowboys ( NFL ) (2009 – present) Cotton Bowl Classic ( NCAA ) (2009 – present) Big 12 Championship Game ( NCAA ) (2009 – 2010) UIL Texas State Football Finals (2010 – present) Super Bowl XLV (2011) 2010 NBA All-Star Game NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship (2014) Cowboys Stadium is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington, Texas . It serves as the home of the National Football League 's Dallas Cowboys . It replaced the partially covered Texas Stadium , which opened in 1971, and served as the Cowboys' home through the 2008 season. It was completed on May 27, 2009. The stadium seats 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in the NFL by seating capacity . The maximum capacity of the stadium, including standing room, is 110,000. The Party Pass (open areas) sections are behind seats in each end zone and on a series of six elevated platforms connected by stairways. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world, has the world's largest column-free interior and the second largest high definition video screen, which hangs from 20 yard line to 20 yard line. [ 14 ] The facility can also be used for a variety of other activities outside of its main purpose (professional football) such as concerts, basketball games, boxing matches, college football and high school football contests, soccer matches, and motocross races. United_States_dollar;National_Football_League;Super_Bowl_XLV;National_Football_League;Super_Bowl;Super_Bowl_XLV;Super_Bowl_XLV;Paul_McCartney;The_New_York_Times;Associated_Press;Bloomberg_L.P.;Super_Bowl;Super_Bowl_XLV;National_Football_League;Super_Bowl;Super_Bowl_XLV;Cowboys_Stadium;Cowboys_Stadium; Crack_cocaine Crack cocaine is the freebase form of cocaine that can be smoked. It may also be termed rock , hard , iron , cavvy , base , or just crack ; it is the most addictive form of cocaine. [ 1 ] Crack rocks offer a short but intense high to smokers. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Crack appeared primarily in impoverished inner-city neighborhoods in New York , Los Angeles , and Miami in late 1984 and 1985. [ 4 ] Its rise to popularity can be attributed to the discovery that baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate , NaHCO 3 ) was a low-cost and simple replacement for the diethyl ether used in preparation of free base cocaine. The name "crack" refers to the sound generated during its manufacture and when smoked. Oxygen;Pregnancy;Netherlands;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Pseudoephedrine;Diphenylpyraline;Amineptine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Oxaprotiline;Tandamine;Crack_cocaine;Crack_cocaine; Crackberry BlackBerry is a line of smartphone devices developed and designed by Research In Motion (RIM). The first BlackBerry smartphone was released in 1999. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The latest BlackBerry 7 devices were announced in the Summer of 2011. BlackBerry devices are smartphones, which are designed to function as personal digital assistants , portable media players , internet browsers, gaming devices, cameras and much more. They are primarily known for their ability to send and receive ( push ) email and instant messages while maintaining a high level of security through on-device message encryption. BlackBerry devices support a large variety of instant messaging features, with the most popular being the proprietary BlackBerry Messenger service. BlackBerry accounts for 3% of mobile device sales worldwide in 2011, making its manufacturer RIM the sixth most popular device maker (25% of mobile device sales are smartphones). [ 3 ] The consumer BlackBerry Internet Service is available in 91 countries worldwide on over 500 mobile service operators using various mobile technologies. [ 4 ] As of October 2011, there were seventy million subscribers worldwide to BlackBerry. [ 5 ] In 2011 the Caribbean and Latin America, had the highest penetrations of BlackBerry smartphones worldwide – with up to about 45 per cent in the region having a RIM device. [ 6 ] Modern GSM -based BlackBerry handhelds incorporate an ARM 7, 9 or ARM 11 processor, [ 7 ] while older BlackBerry 950 and 957 handhelds used Intel 80386 processors. The latest BlackBerry models called " Torch " (Torch 9850/9860, Torch 9810, and Bold 9900/9930) have a 1.2 GHz MSM8255 Snapdragon processor , 768 MB system memory, and 8 GB of on-board storage. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] All BlackBerry smartphones after OS 5 support up to 32 GB microSD cards. Blackberry;Smartphone;Research_In_Motion;Personal_digital_assistant;Portable_media_player;Push_technology;BlackBerry_Messenger;Mobile_device;GSM;ARM_architecture;BlackBerry_Torch;Secure_Digital;Lexicon_Branding;Web_browsing;DataTac;Palm_Treo;QWERTY;Thumb_keyboard;IDEN;Nextel;Push_to_talk;BlackBerry_OS;Operating_system;Mobile_Information_Device_Profile;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Lotus_Domino;Novell_GroupWise;Lotus_Notes;Digital_signature;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Messenger;Database_management_systems;Customer_relationship_management;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Bloomberg_News;CPU;ARM_architecture;XScale;EDGE;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Lotus_Domino;Novell_GroupWise;Google_Apps;Network_Operations_Center;Push_email;Trilateration;Sun_Microsystems;Java_ME;Triple_DES;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Intranet;Wireless_Application_Protocol;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;HTC_TyTN;Nokia_Eseries;Siemens_AG;Verizon_Wireless;Sprint_Nextel;Smartphones;BlackBerry_Pearl;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Pearl_Flip;Hexadecimal;BlackBerry_Messenger;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;Network_Operations_Center;Research_In_Motion;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia;Rocket_docket;James_R._Spencer;US_Department_of_Justice;US_Supreme_Court;Injunction;US_Department_of_Defense;BlackBerry_Bold;Research_In_Motion;Barack_Obama;West_Yorkshire_Police;PlayBook;Gulf_Cartel;Bangalore;Apple_iPhone;Windows_Phone;Addictiveness;Crack_cocaine;Comparison_of_smartphones;Science_and_technology_in_Canada;PocketMac;CNet;Gartner;Engadget;Crackberry;Bloomberg_News;Reuters;Zimbabwe_Telegraph;Research_In_Motion;International_Standard_Book_Number;Research_In_Motion;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BlackBerry;BlackBerry; Crackle Crackle (formerly known as Grouper ) is a digital network and studio, featuring commercially supported streaming video content in Flash Video format. It is owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment , and its content consists primarily of Sony's library of films and television shows. Crackle provides its content through a web syndication network, including YouTube , Hulu , AOL , MySpace , and mobile service providers. Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;California;United_States;Sony;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;YouTube;Hulu;AOL;Mashable;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Television;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Crackle; Creative_Technology Creative Technology Ltd. ( SGX : C76 , OTC Pink : CREAF ) is a Singapore-based global company headquartered in Jurong East , Singapore. The principal activities of the company and its subsidiaries consist of the design, manufacture and distribution of digitized sound and video boards, computers and related multimedia, and personal digital entertainment products. Singapore;Multimedia;United_States_dollar;Chinese_language;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Digital_audio_player;Portable_media_player;NASDAQ;PC_Magazine;Musical_keyboard;Headphones;Compact_Disc;DVD;Creative_Technology;Creative_Technology; Creator_code A creator code is a mechanism introduced in pre- OS X versions of the Macintosh operating system to link a data file to the application program which created it. The similar type code held the file type, like "TEXT". Together, the type and creator indicated what application should be used to open a file, similar to (but richer than) the file extensions in other operating systems. Creator codes are four-byte OSTypes . For example, the creator code of the HyperCard application and its associated "stacks" is WILD . This allows the application to launch and open a file whenever any of its associated files is double-clicked. Creator codes could contain numbers and some special characters. Occasionally they represented inside jokes. For instance, the Marathon computer game had a creator code of 26.2 (the approximate length, in miles, of a marathon ) and Marathon 2: Durandal had a creator code of 52.4 . The binding are stored inside the resource fork of the application as BNDL and fref resources. These resources maintained the creator code as well as the association with each type code and icon . The OS collected this data from the files when they were copied between mediums, thereby building up the list of associations and icons as software was installed onto the machine. Periodically this "desktop database" would become corrupted, and had to be fixed by "rebuilding the desktop database". [ 1 ] The key difference between extensions and Apple's system is that file type and file ownership bindings are kept distinct. This allows files to be written of the same type - TEXT say - by different applications. Although any application can open anyone else's TEXT file, by default, opening the file will open the original application that created it. With the extensions approach, this distinction is lost - all files with a .txt extension will be mapped to a single text editing application of the user's choosing. A more obvious advantage of this approach is specialized editors for more complex but common file types, like .csv. OS X retains creator codes, but supports extensions as well (However, beginning with OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, creator codes are ignored by the Operating System.). Creator codes have been internally superseded by Apple's Uniform Type Identifier scheme, which manages application and file type identification as well as type codes, creator codes and file extensions. Apple's developer documentation states that applications should continue to set type codes and optionally set creator codes. If either already exists, applications should preserve them. [ 2 ] Furthermore, creator codes are used in document binding prior to the file extension alone. [ 3 ] Creator codes are not readily accessible for users to manipulate, although they can be viewed and changed with certain software, most notably the OS X command line tools GetFileInfo and SetFile which are installed as part of the developer tools into /Developer/Tools . Type_code;ITunes;Winamp;OS_X;Apple_Macintosh;Operating_system;Software;Type_code;OSType;HyperCard;Resource_fork;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Creator_code;Creator_code; Credit_card Japan;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_Kingdom;France;Office_of_Fair_Trading;PDF;Cisco_Systems;Google;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;New_York_Times;Open_Directory_Project;Credit_card;Credit_card; Crisis_pregnancy_center A crisis pregnancy center ( CPC ), sometimes called a pregnancy resource center ( PRC ), [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is a non-profit organization established to counsel pregnant women against having an abortion . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] CPCs generally provide peer counseling related to abortion, pregnancy, and childbirth, and may also offer additional non-medical services such as financial assistance, child-rearing resources, and adoption referrals. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] CPCs that qualify as medical clinics may also provide pregnancy testing, sonograms, and other services; however, the vast majority are not licensed and provide no medical services. [ 1 ] CPCs have been reported to disseminate false medical information , usually but not exclusively about the supposed health risks and mental health risks of abortion. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] CPCs are typically run by pro-life Christians according to a conservative Christian philosophy , [ 13 ] and they often operate in affiliation with one of three non-profit organizations: Care Net , Heartbeat International , and Birthright International . There are over 4,000 CPCs in the United States, as compared with well under 750 abortion clinics . Canada has roughly 200 CPCs and about 25 abortion clinics. [ 14 ] Hundreds more operate outside of the U.S. and Canada. [ 15 ] At least 20 U.S. states provide funding for CPCs, [ 5 ] and from from 2001 to 2005, 50 CPCs received $30 million in funding from the U.S. federal government. [ 1 ] By 2006, U.S. CPCs had received more than $60 million dollars of federal funding, including some funding earmarked for abstinence-only programs . [ 16 ] Legal and legislative action regarding CPCs has generally attempted to curb deceptive advertising, targeting those that present themselves as abortion clinics or requiring centers to disclose that they do not offer certain services or possess certain qualifications. [ 17 ] In 1993, the National Institute of Family and Life Advocates (NIFLA) was formed to provide legal advice to CPCs in the U.S. [ 3 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] American_Civil_Liberties_Union;California;New_Jersey;The_New_York_Times;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;Crisis_pregnancy_center;Crisis_pregnancy_center; Criticism_of_Apple_Inc. Apple Inc. has received criticism for the alleged use of sweatshop labor, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] environmental destruction, and unethical business practices. Additionally, it has been criticized [ 4 ] [ 5 ] for its litigious legal policy of suing before first gathering all the facts necessary to pursue a legitimate lawsuit. [ 6 ] Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;ITunes;ITunes_Store;Steve_Jobs;FairPlay;Digital_Rights_Management;Apple_Lossless;European_Union;ITunes_Store;Office_of_Fair_Trading;European_Commission;IPhone;SDK;Adobe_Flash;Ars_Technica;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Store;IPhone;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Gizmodo;IPhone;Gawker_Media;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Gizmodo;Foxconn;Reuters;Foxconn;IPad;Foxconn;Shenzhen;Foxconn;IPhone;Foxconn;IBook;Sun_Microsystems;Steve_Jobs;Microsoft;Apple_Inc._litigation;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Google;EMac;AirPort;The_Register;Engadget;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;The_Register;Ars_Technica;International_Standard_Book_Number;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Apple_Inc._litigation;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.; Crunchyroll Crunchyroll is an American website and international online community focused on streaming East Asian media including anime , manga , drama , music , electronic entertainment , and auto racing content. Founded in 2006 by a group of UC Berkeley undergraduate students, Crunchyroll's distribution channel and partnership program delivers content to over five million online community members worldwide. Crunchyroll is funded by Venrock . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] California;United_States;Slogan;United_States;United_States_dollar;Roku;Boxee;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;United_States;Crunchyroll;Crunchyroll; CrystalPlayer CrystalPlayer originally made by Kim Bondarenko (Russian software developer) and acquired by Crystal Reality LLC is a compact media player for Windows 98 , 2000 , XP and Vista . CrystalPlayer features an original video kernel, and does not use built-in WindowsMedia environment, so there are fewer limitations implied as with other players using the WindowsMedia environment. Playback engine of CrystalPlayer is a first version of Crystal Reality's playback technology which was later deployed to Yota and SPB Software as the kernel of mobile multimedia services (known as Crystal2 technology ) Crystal Reality planned to release 2.0 version of CrystalPlayer based on Crystal2 technology but for some reason 2.0 version wasn't deployed to the public. CrystalPlayer Professional offers an ability to improve the quality of the videos using video filters , video postprocessing, multisampling and supersampling features. CrystalPlayer can smoothly play video on slow machines (netbooks, etc.). It uses large buffer for decoded frames. This allows to avoid frame-skip and glitches in most cases. Supported formats are including, but not limited to: DivX , XVID , MPEG1 / 2 , MPEG4 , WMV , Real etc. Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;DivX;Playlist;List_of_media_players;Multimedia;Software;CrystalPlayer;CrystalPlayer; Customer_relationship_management Customer relationship management ( CRM ) is a widely implemented model for managing a company’s interactions with customers , clients, and sales prospects. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processes—principally sales activities, but also those for marketing , customer service , and technical support . [ 1 ] The overall goals are to find, attract, and win new clients, nurture and retain those the company already has, entice former clients to return, and reduce the costs of marketing and client service. [ 2 ] Customer relationship management describes a company-wide business strategy including customer-interface departments as well as other departments. [ 3 ] Measuring and valuing customer relationships is critical to implementing this strategy. [ 4 ] Technical_support;Technical_support;Social_media;Facebook;Gartner;Cloud_computing;Facebook;Amazon.com;Business_intelligence;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Customer_relationship_management;Customer_relationship_management; Cyanodothiepin Cyanodothiepin ( BTS-56,424 ) is a drug of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) family which is a potent and highly selective (over norepinephrine and dopamine uptake) inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It also has moderate affinity for the mACh receptors and weak/negligible affinity for the α 1 -adrenergic , 5-HT 2A , D 1 , and D 2 receptors ; [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] the H 1 receptor has not been assayed, [ 3 ] but cyanodothiepin is less sedating than the related drug cianopramine , suggesting its antihistamine activity is not as pronounced as other TCAs. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] Cyanodothiepin is active in the forced swimming test (FST), inferring that it may possess antidepressant properties in humans. However, it is only weakly active compared to cianopramine and imipramine in monoamine depletion-based tests of antidepressant potential. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Sedative;Cianopramine;Antidepressant;Imipramine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Cyanodothiepin;Cyanodothiepin; CyberLink Taiwan;USD;Taiwan;United_States;Japan;Netherlands;PowerDVD;PowerDirector;Video_editing_software;Home_theater_PC;CyberLink_MediaShow;Dell_MediaDirect;PowerDVD;Video_editing_software;CyberLink;CyberLink; CyberLink_MediaShow Software_application;CyberLink;IPhoto;Flickr;YouTube;CPU;GPU;CyberLink_MediaShow;CyberLink_MediaShow; Cyc Cyc is an artificial intelligence project that attempts to assemble a comprehensive ontology and knowledge base of everyday common sense knowledge , with the goal of enabling AI applications to perform human-like reasoning. The project was started in 1984 by Douglas Lenat at MCC and is developed by company Cycorp. Parts of the project are released as OpenCyc , which provides an API, RDF endpoint , and data dump under an open source license. Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;List_of_software_categories;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Open_source;Open_source;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_base;Inference_engine;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Wolfram_Alpha;True_Knowledge;International_Standard_Book_Number;SourceForge;Open_source;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Cyc;Cyc; Cyclizine InChI=1S/C18H22N2/c1-19-12-14-20(15-13-19)18(16-8-4-2-5-9-16)17-10-6-3-7-11-17/h2-11,18H,12-15H2,1H3 Y Key:UVKZSORBKUEBAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Cyclizine is an antihistamine drug used to treat nausea , vomiting and dizziness associated with motion sickness , vertigo and post-operatively following administration of general anaesthesia and opioids . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Australia;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;Route_of_administration;Drug_metabolism;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Antimuscarinic;Urinary_retention;Antimuscarinic;France;Chlorcyclizine;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Carbinoxamine;Clemastine;Chlorphenoxamine;Diphenylpyraline;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimetindene;Pheniramine;Talastine;Chloropyramine;Histapyrrodine;Mepyramine;Methapyrilene;Tripelennamine;Phenothiazine;Alimemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isothipendyl;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Oxomemazine;Promethazine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Hydroxyzine;Levocetirizine;Niaprazine;Oxatomide;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Ebastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Pyrrobutamine;Rupatadine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Loratadine;Terfenadine;Bamipine;Chloropyramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Clemastine;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Isothipendyl;Mepyramine;Promethazine;Thenalidine;Antazoline;Azelastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Olopatadine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Cyclizine;Cyclizine; Cyclobenzaprine InChI=1S/C20H21N/c1-21(2)15-7-12-20-18-10-5-3-8-16(18)13-14-17-9-4-6-11-19(17)20/h3-6,8-14H,7,15H2,1-2H3 Y Key:JURKNVYFZMSNLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Cyclobenzaprine , brand name Flexeril , is a muscle relaxant medication used to relieve skeletal muscle spasms and associated pain in acute musculoskeletal conditions. [ 3 ] It is the most well-studied drug for this application, [ 4 ] and it also has been used off-label for fibromyalgia treatment. [ 5 ] A new bedtime formulation of cyclobenzaprine is under development for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Orphenadrine;Cyclobenzaprine;Cyclobenzaprine; Cydia Cydia ( / s ɪ ˈ d i . ə / ) is a software application for iOS that enables a user to find and install software packages (including apps, interface customizations, and system extensions) on a jailbroken iPhone , iPod Touch or iPad . Cydia is the main independent third-party digital distribution platform for software on iOS. [ 2 ] Many of the software packages available through Cydia are free, and it also includes several hundred packages for sale through the Cydia Store payment system with a commission setup similar to the App Store . [ 3 ] Most of these packages focus on providing customizations and modifications (often called "tweaks") that can only run on jailbroken devices (since the App Store is limited to distributing self-contained apps). [ 4 ] Cydia is a graphical front end to Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) and the dpkg package management system , which means that the packages available in Cydia are provided by a decentralized system of repositories (also called sources) that list these packages. [ 5 ] Cydia is developed by Jay Freeman (also called "saurik") and his company, SaurikIT. [ 1 ] The name "Cydia" is an allusion to the Codling Moth , with a scientific name of Cydia pomonella , which is the proverbial "worm in the apple." [ 6 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;IOS;IOS_jailbreaking;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Graphical_user_interface;Software_license;Open_source;Application_software;IOS;IOS_jailbreaking;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Digital_distribution;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Graphical_user_interface;IOS_jailbreaking;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Open_source;Apple_Inc.;JailbreakMe;PwnageTool;SpringBoard;Software_developer;Google;Facebook;IOS;Digital_signature;JailbreakMe;OS_X;Mac_App_Store;Cydia;Cydia; Cyproheptadine InChI=1S/C21H21N/c1-22-14-12-18(13-15-22)21-19-8-4-2-6-16(19)10-11-17-7-3-5-9-20(17)21/h2-11H,12-15H2,1H3 Y Key:JJCFRYNCJDLXIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Cyproheptadine ( / ˌ s aɪ p r ɵ ˈ h ɛ p t ə d iː n / ), sold under the brand name Periactin , is a first-generation antihistamine with additional anticholinergic , antiserotonergic , and local anesthetic properties. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;Route_of_administration;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Hay_fever;Inverse_agonist;Sedative;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Amitriptyline;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Cinnarizine;Flunarizine;Monatepil;Carbamazepine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Licarbazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Cyproheptadine;Cyproheptadine; Cyprus in the European Union ( light green ) — [ Legend ] Nicosia (Λευκωσία, Lefkoşa) 35°08′N 33°28′E  /  35.133°N 33.467°E  / 35.133; 33.467 Official language(s) Ethnic groups (2011) Unitary presidential constitutional republic Dimitris Christofias House of Representatives Zürich and London Agreement from the United Kingdom 9,251 [ clarification needed ] km 2 ( 167th ) 3,572 ( Includes North ) sq mi ( Does not include North ) ( 159th ) $23.728 billion [ 4 ] $24.949 billion [ 4 ] 29 ( low ) ( 19th ) The .eu domain is also used, shared with other European Union member states. Cyprus i / ˈ s aɪ p r ə s / ( Greek : Κύπρος , Kýpros , IPA: [ˈcipɾos] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs , IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs] ), officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía , IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti] ), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] east of Greece , south of Turkey , west of Syria , Lebanon , northwest of Israel and north of Egypt . Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union . The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict [ 7 ] by UNESCO , along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region . Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. [ 8 ] Cyprus was settled by Mycenean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Middle East, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians , and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 B.C by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Roman Empire , the Byzantines , Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty , and the Venetians , was followed by the Ottoman conquest in 1571. It remained under Ottoman control for over three centuries. Cyprus was placed under British administration in 1878 until it was granted independence in 1960, [ 13 ] becoming a member of the Commonwealth the following year. In 1974, following the intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots , [ 14 ] an attempted coup d'état by Greek Cypriot nationalists [ 15 ] [ 16 ] and elements of the Greek military junta [ 17 ] with the aim of achieving enosis (union of the island with Greece) took place. [ 17 ] Turkey used this as a pretext to invade the northern portion of the island. Turkish forces remained after a cease-fire, resulting in the partition of the island; an objective of Turkey since 1955. [ 17 ] The intercommunal violence and subsequent Turkish invasion led to the displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots [ 18 ] [ 19 ] and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots, [ 20 ] and the establishment of a separate Turkish Cypriot political entity in the north. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of ongoing dispute . The Republic of Cyprus has de jure [ 21 ] sovereignty over the island of Cyprus and its surrounding waters, except for the British military bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia . However, the island is de facto partitioned into two main parts; the area under the effective control of the Republic of Cyprus, comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the Turkish-controlled area in the north, [ 22 ] calling itself the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and recognised only by Turkey , covering about 36% of the island's area. Cyprus is the third most populous island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of its most popular tourist destinations. [ 23 ] An advanced , [ 24 ] high-income economy with a very high Human Development Index , [ 25 ] [ 26 ] the Republic of Cyprus was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] On 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the Eurozone . European_Union;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Greece;European_Union;European_Union;Eurozone;Greece;Greece;Greece;Greece;European_Union;Greece;European_Union;European_Union;Vodafone;Greece;Malta;Greece;Folk_music;Reggae;Heavy_metal_music;European_Union;National_Geographic_Society;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Union;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Associated_Press;International_Herald_Tribune;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Albania;France;Gibraltar;Greece;Italy;Malta;Slovenia;Spain;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Benin;Bhutan;Bolivia;Brunei;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Cape_Verde;Chad;Chile;Colombia;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;The_Gambia;Guatemala;Honduras;Laos;Liberia;Malawi;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mongolia;Mozambique;Namibia;Nepal;Nicaragua;Panama;Papua_New_Guinea;Peru;Philippines;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Venezuela;Vietnam;Zimbabwe;Brazil;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Kyrgyzstan;Mexico;Ukraine;Cyprus;Cyprus; Czech_Republic – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 50°05′N 14°28′E  /  50.083°N 14.467°E  / 50.083; 14.467 Official language(s) Officially recognized Slovak , [ 2 ] Bulgarian , Croatian , German , Greek , Hungarian , Polish , Romani , Russian , Rusyn , Serbian and Ukrainian [ 3 ] Ethnic groups (2011) 29.9% others and unspecified [ 4 ] Parliamentary republic Chamber of Deputies Principality of Bohemia Czech Socialist Republic 78,866 km 2 ( 116th ) $284.952 billion [ 5 ] $215.265 billion [ 5 ] 0.865 [ 6 ] ( very high ) ( 27th ) Czech koruna ( CZK ) 30 June 2010 (See Population changes ). Rank based on 2009 IMF data. Also .eu , shared with other European Union member states. Shared code 42 with Slovakia until 1997. ^ a. Rhetorical question meaning "Those places where my homeland lies". The Czech Republic ( i / ˈ tʃ ɛ k / CHEK ; [ 7 ] Czech : Česká republika , pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen ) , short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ] ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe . The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague . It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy , a member of the European Union , NATO , the OECD , the OSCE , the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group . The Czech Rebublic includes the historical territories of Bohemia and Moravia and a small part of Silesia . Bohemia appeared as a political entity in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under the dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír ). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids . In 1212 the duchy was raised to a kingdom and during the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs , the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the kingdom was significantly affected by the Hussite wars , during which it faced economic embargoes and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts, alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary . The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization . During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I . After the Munich Agreement , Polish annexation of Zaolzie and German occupation of Czechoslovakia and the consequent disillusion with the Western response and gratitude for the liberation of the major portion of Czechoslovakia by the Red Army , the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the majority in the 1946 elections . In the 1948 coup d'état , Czechoslovakia became a communist-ruled state. In 1968, the increasing dissatisfaction culminated in attempts to reform the communist regime. The events, known as the Prague Spring of 1968, ended with an invasion by the armies of the Warsaw Pact countries (with the exception of Romania ); the troops remained in the country until the 1989 Velvet Revolution , when the communist regime collapsed. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved into its constituent states, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic . The Czech Republic is the first former member of the Comecon to achieve the status of a developed country according to the World Bank . [ 8 ] In addition, the country has the highest human development in Central and Eastern Europe , [ 9 ] ranking as a "Very High Human Development" nation. It is also ranked as the third most peaceful country in Europe and most democratic and healthy (by infant mortality) country in the region (see Democracy Index and List of countries by infant mortality rate ). Europe;European_Union;German_language;Slovakia;Poland;Germany;Austria;Slovakia;European_Union;Romania;France;United_Kingdom;Italy;United_States;European_Union;United_States;Germany;European_Union;Germany;Austria;Poland;Slovakia;Norway;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Vodafone;Europe;Estonia;Pepsi;Germany;Netherlands;Finland;Sweden;United_States;Canada;Slovakia;Germany;Slovakia;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Czech_Republic;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chile;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Finland;Hungary;Italy;Japan;Lithuania;Mexico;Mongolia;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Sweden;United_States;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Poland;Slovakia;Bulgaria;Slovenia;Ukraine;Czech_Republic;Czech_Republic; DADiSP DADiSP (Data Analysis and Display, pronounced day-disp) is a computer program developed by DSP Development Corporation which allows one to display and manipulate data series, matrices and images in an environment similar to a spreadsheet . A DADiSP Worksheet consists of multiple interrelated windows such that a change to the data in one window automatically updates all dependent windows. DADiSP includes a series based programming language called SPL (Series Processing Language) used to implement custom algorithms . DADiSP is widely used in the study of signal processing , numerical analysis and statistical data analysis applications. DADiSP was originally developed in the early 1980’s as part of a research project at MIT to explore the aerodynamics of Formula One racing cars. Programming_language;Algorithm;Signal_processing;Numerical_analysis;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Software;DADiSP;DADiSP; DARPA Graphical_user_interface;Global_Positioning_System;Internet;Infrared;Internet;CALO;Internet;Canada;DARPA;DARPA; DIVX DIVX ( Digital Video Express ) was an unsuccessful attempt by Circuit City and the entertainment law firm Ziffren, Brittenham, Branca and Fischer to create an alternative to video rental in the United States . DivX;Entertainment_law;United_States;DVD;Triple_DES;San_Francisco;Paramount_Pictures;Triple_DES;Los_Angeles_Times;DVD;Digital_rights_management;International_Standard_Book_Number;DIVX;DIVX; DMCA The Digital Millennium Copyright Act ( DMCA ) is a United States copyright law that implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures (commonly known as digital rights management or DRM) that control access to copyrighted works. It also criminalizes the act of circumventing an access control, whether or not there is actual infringement of copyright itself. In addition, the DMCA heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the Internet . Passed on October 12, 1998, by a unanimous vote in the United States Senate and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on October 28, 1998, the DMCA amended Title 17 of the United States Code to extend the reach of copyright, while limiting the liability of the providers of on-line services for copyright infringement by their users. On May 22, 2001, the European Union passed the Copyright Directive or EUCD, which addresses some of the same issues as the DMCA. The DMCA's principal innovation in the field of copyright, the exemption from direct and indirect liability of internet service providers and other intermediaries (Title II of the DMCA), was separately addressed, and largely followed, in Europe by means of the separate Electronic Commerce Directive . (Unlike U.S. federal laws and regulations, the execution of European Union directives usually requires separate legislation by or within each of the Union's member countries.) United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States;Digital_rights_management;Internet;Copyright_infringement;European_Union;Rovi_Corporation;Reverse_engineering;DVD;Mobile_phone;Firmware;Screen_reader;Sony;Digital_rights_management;American_Civil_Liberties_Union;RealNetworks;YouTube;Google;Veoh;Transcode;YouTube;Universal_Music_Group;DMCA;Google;Rovi_Corporation;VCR;NTSC;Digital_rights_management;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;IPod;Canada;Canada;Canada;France;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Spain;International_Standard_Book_Number;Portable_Document_Format; DNxHD_codec Avid DNxHD , which stands for "Digital Nonlinear Extensible High Definition", is a lossy high-definition video post-production codec engineered for multi-generation compositing with reduced storage and bandwidth requirements. It is an implementation of SMPTE VC-3 standard. [ 1 ] DNxHD codec was developed by Avid Technology , Inc. Codec;Compositing;JVC;Media_Composer;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X;Open_source;FFmpeg;Linux;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;JPEG;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;DNxHD_codec;DNxHD_codec; DOS DOS ( / d ɒ s / ), short for "Disk Operating System", [ 1 ] is an acronym for several closely related operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 if one includes the partially DOS-based Microsoft Windows versions 95 , 98 , and Millennium Edition . Related systems include MS-DOS , PC-DOS , DR-DOS , FreeDOS , PTS-DOS , ROM-DOS , Novell DOS , OpenDOS and several others. In spite of the common usage, none of these systems were simply named "DOS" (a name given only to an unrelated IBM mainframe operating system in the 1960s). A number of unrelated, non- x86 microcomputer disk operating systems had "DOS" in their name, and are often referred to simply as "DOS" when discussing machines that use them (e.g. AmigaDOS , AMSDOS , ANDOS , Apple DOS , Atari DOS , Commodore DOS , CSI-DOS , ProDOS , and TRS-DOS ). While providing many of the same operating system functions for their respective computer systems, programs running under any one of these operating systems would not run under others. Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;ProDOS;Operating_system;IBM;Apple_II;Central_processing_unit;Microsoft_Windows;Dell;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Linux;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Intel;CPU;Microsoft;Filename_extension;File_Allocation_Table;Windows_NT;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft_Windows;Database;PKZIP;Web_browser;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;DOS;DOS; DV DV is a format for recording and playing back of digital video . It was launched in 1995 with joint efforts of leading producers of video camera recorders . The original DV specification, known as Blue Book , was standardized within the IEC 61834 family of standards. These standards define common features such as physical videocassettes , recording modulation method, magnetization, and basic system data in part 1. Part 2 describes the specifics of 525-60 and 625-50 systems. [ 1 ] The IEC standards are copyrighted publications available for purchase from IEC or ANSI . HDV;Digital_video;Camcorder;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;ANSI;Video_compression;Stereophonic_sound;Audio_Video_Interleave;Material_Exchange_Format;High_definition_video;Backward_compatibility;HDV;Flash_memory;AVCHD;Secure_Digital;HDV;Audio_Video_Interleave;Material_Exchange_Format;Component_video;Audio_Video_Interleave;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;IMovie;Apple_Inc.;Final_Cut_Pro;Apple_Intermediate_Codec;Prores;QuickTime;VLC_media_player;Free_software;MPlayer;FireWire;Audio_Video_Interleave;Video;HDV;Video_CD;DVD;Digital_video;AVCHD;DV;DV; DVBViewer DVBViewer is proprietary, commercial software for viewing recording of DVB TV Radio utilising a TV tuner card or box and a Media Center for viewing Music, Video and Pictures. Among its other features are an electronic program guide (EPG) , remote control support, on-screen display , teletext , time shifting and picture-in-picture . Besides the support for BDA adapters, there is also the ability to use the Hauppauge MediaMVP with DVBViewer. The software also allows Unicable , DiSEqC and usage of CI -Modules with most adapters. The worldwide charge for the application is 15 euro or 22 US Dollars . Additional functions such as video on demand, TV series and movie management, home network distribution of TV to network devices including iPod Touch, iPhone iPad Android devices (with additional remote control features), and a recording service with web interface are provided by free plugins. An MHEG-5 plugin is also available with payment of 10 euro license fee. DVBViewer was the first windows application with HDTV support, right after the Euro 1080 started its transmission via satellite: [ 1 ] Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_ME;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Home_theater_PC;Television;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Software;Remote_control;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;TechniSat;TerraTec;Future_plc;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;DVBViewer;DVBViewer; DVD DVD-A , HVD , EcoDisc Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) Enhanced Versatile Disc ( EVD ) Forward Versatile Disc ( FVD ) Holographic Versatile Disc ( HVD ) China Blue High-definition Disc ( CBHD ) HD DVD : HD DVD-R , HD DVD-RW , HD DVD-RAM High definition Versatile Multilayer Disc ( HD VMD ) MiniDisc: MD , Hi-MD Laserdisc: LD , LD-ROM Video Single Disc ( VSD ) Ultra Density Optical ( UDO ) Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk ( SVOD ) Five dimensional disc ( 5D DVD ) Nintendo optical disc ( NOD ) Mount Rainier (packet writing) Mount Fuji (layer jump recording) Apple ISO 9660 Extensions Universal Disk Format ( UDF ) History of optical storage media High definition optical disc format war DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips , Sony , Toshiba , and Panasonic in 1997. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are known as DVD- ROM , because data can only be read and not written nor erased. Blank recordable DVD discs ( DVD-R and DVD+R ) can be recorded once using a DVD recorder and then function as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs ( DVD-RW , DVD+RW , and DVD-RAM ) can be recorded and erased multiple times. DVDs are used in DVD-Video consumer digital video format and in DVD-Audio consumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring AVCHD discs . DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. Gigabyte;Compact_Disc;Video_CD;Data_storage_device;Sony;Toshiba;Compact_Disc;Video_CD;Compact_Disc;Sony;Toshiba;Time_Warner;Pioneer_Corporation;JVC;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Sun_Microsystems;Dell;ISO;Movie;Netflix;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Kibibyte;Megabyte;Gigabyte;CD;Kibibyte;Gigabyte;Pioneer_Corporation;Digital_Rights_Management;Encryption;MPEG;Copyright_infringement;Digital_rights_management;Harry_Potter;Doctor_Who;Digital_video_recorder;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Video;HDV;Video_CD;Digital_video;DV;AVCHD;DVD;DVD; DVD_Studio_Pro DVD Studio Pro was a high-end software tool published by Apple Inc. to allow users to create DVD masters to be sent out for replication at production houses. Its tight integration with other Apple applications allows users to take Final Cut Pro and Motion projects and render them into the DVD format without encoding to intermediary formats. This streamlines the production workflow and reduces overhead. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;DVD;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;DVD;Final_Cut_Pro;Apple_Motion;Sonic_Solutions;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Studio;Dolby_Digital;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Disk_image;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;DVD_Studio_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro; DVD_Video DVD;Asia;North_America;Europe;Australia;Frames_per_second;Progressive_scan;Dolby_Digital;PAL;NTSC;Dolby_Digital;MPEG_Multichannel;Video_CD;VOB;VOB;MPEG_program_stream;VOB;Closed_captioning;MPlayer;PowerDVD;VLC_media_player;WinDVD;Open_source;Proprietary_software;Reverse_engineering;United_States;Video_game;Home_cinema;Windows_Media_Audio;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;DivX;Xvid;Universal_Serial_Bus;Flash_memory;United_States_dollar;Open_source;Xbox;Jon_Lech_Johansen;Slashdot;BBC_News;Video;HDV;Video_CD;DVD;Digital_video;DV;AVCHD; DVD_burner A DVD recorder (also known as a DVDR, mainly outside of the UK and Ireland), is an optical disc recorder that uses Optical disc recording technologies to digitally record analog signal or digital signals onto blank writable DVD media . Such devices are available as either installable drives for computers or as standalone components for use in television studios or home theater systems . As of March 1, 2007 all new tuner -equipped television devices manufactured or imported in the United States must include ATSC tuner . The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has interpreted this rule broadly so as to include apparatus such as computer with TV tuner cards with video capture ability, videocassette recorders and standalone DVD recorders. NTSC DVD recorders are therefore undergoing a transformation, either adding a digital ATSC tuner or removing over-the-air broadcast television tuner capability entirely. [ 1 ] However these DVD recorders can still record analog audio and analog video . Digital_video_recorder;Home_cinema;United_States;NTSC;DVD;Watt;Pioneer_Corporation;Apple_Computer;SuperDrive;ESATA;Backplane;Japan;United_States_dollar;Hard_disk_drive;VCR;Hard_disk_drive;Digital_video_recorder;North_America;United_States;DVD;VCR;NTSC;HDTV;Digital_camera;Camcorder;Digital_video;Digital_video_recorder;DVD; Dacemazine InChI=1S/C16H16N2OS/c1-17(2)11-16(19)18-12-7-3-5-9-14(12)20-15-10-6-4-8-13(15)18/h3-10H,11H2,1-2H3 Y Key:HKUCYAHWPVLPFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Dacemazine ( INN , also known as Ahistan and Histantine ) [ 1 ] is a phenothiazine derivative which acts as an histamine antagonist at the H 1 subtype. First described in 1951, it was never marketed as a drug on its own, although a combination of dacemazine and di- tert -butylnaphthalenesulfonate was sold as an antispasmodic and antitussive under the trade name Codopectyl . [ 1 ] It was also assessed as a possible anticancer drug. [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Phenothiazine;Histamine_antagonist;International_Standard_Book_Number;Google_Book_Search;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Dacemazine;Dacemazine; DailyMotion France;Slogan;Internationalization_and_localization;France;YouTube;YouTube;Slideshow;Flash_Video;The_New_York_Times;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Dailymotion;Dailymotion; Daily_Mail The Daily Mail is a conservative, British daily middle-market [ 2 ] tabloid newspaper owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust . [ 3 ] First published in 1896 by Lord Northcliffe , it is the United Kingdom's second biggest-selling daily newspaper after The Sun . [ 1 ] Its sister paper The Mail on Sunday was launched in 1982. Scottish and Irish editions of the daily paper were launched in 1947 and 2006 respectively. The Daily Mail was Britain's first daily newspaper aimed at the newly literate "lower-middle class market resulting from mass education , combining a low retail price with plenty of competitions, prizes and promotional gimmicks", [ 4 ] and the first British paper to sell a million copies a day. [ 5 ] It was, from the outset, a newspaper for women, being the first to provide features especially for them, [ 6 ] and is the only British newspaper whose readership is more than 50% female, as 53% of readers are female, compared to 47% for men. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] It had an average daily circulation of 1,991,275 copies in April 2012. [ 10 ] Between June and December 2011 it had an average daily readership of approximately 4.371 million, of whom approximately 3.689 million were in the ABC1 demographic and 1.596 million in the C2DE demographic. [ 10 ] The Daily Mail has had substantial and controversial political positions over its history, including accusations of warmongering before World War I . Lord Rothermere and Lord Beaverbrook were instrumental in launching the United Empire Party in 1929 which sought a British Empire trading block. Rothermere was sympathetic to the fascist movement in the UK until 1934, when the British Union of Fascists held a rally where violence occurred. UK;The_Mail_on_Sunday;The_Guardian;John_Lennon;The_Beatles;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;The_Guardian;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;The_Guardian;The_Mail_on_Sunday;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;Financial_Times;The_Daily_Telegraph;The_Mail_on_Sunday;ITV;ITV;BBC_iPlayer;ITV;TVCatchup;TiVo;Zattoo;EMI;Reuters;British_Phonographic_Industry;The_Guardian;Daily_Mail;Daily_Mail; Dailymotion Dailymotion is a French video-sharing website on which users can upload, share and view videos. Its headquarters are in the 18th arrondissement , Paris , France . [ 2 ] According to Comscore, Dailymotion is the second largest video site in the world after YouTube . As of October 2010 [update] , the site was getting over 93 million unique visitors monthly and is the 32nd most visited website in the world. [ 3 ] Since February 18, 2008, the site supports video content that can play at 720p on a HD set, but the bit rate is significantly less than the 5–9 megabits for expected HD quality . [ 4 ] On January 25, 2011, France Telecom's Orange entered exclusive negotiations with Dailymotion with a view to acquiring a 49% stake in the company for EUR 62M (hence valuing the company at EUR120M). [ 5 ] According to LesEchos.fr, Orange is considering acquiring the remaining 51% of the company to fully own DailyMotion. This potential buyout couldn't exceed €72M, and the transaction date would occur during the first quarter of 2013. [ 6 ] France;Slogan;Internationalization_and_localization;France;YouTube;YouTube;Slideshow;Flash_Video;The_New_York_Times;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Dailymotion;Dailymotion; Damon_Albarn Damon Albarn ( / ˈ d eɪ m ən ˈ æ l b ɑr n / ; born 23 March 1968) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and record producer who has been involved in many high profile projects, coming to prominence as the frontman and primary songwriter of the Britpop band Blur . He is also the primary creative force behind Gorillaz . As well as currently performing and writing new songs with Blur for 2012, [ 2 ] Albarn's also recently toured with Gorillaz ; in addition to writing and performing songs for their 2010 album Plastic Beach . [ 3 ] Dr. Dee is Damon's latest solo project, which has seen Damon write an opera based on the life of Dr. John Dee . [ 4 ] Albarn has also led projects such as The Good, the Bad the Queen , Monkey: Journey to the West , Mali Music and Rocket Juice the Moon . Albarn has released multiple singles and albums which have charted at number one, both in the UK and internationally. Albarn was voted the fourth greatest frontman of all time in a 2010 UK Poll for Q Music magazine. [ 5 ] Electronic_music;Piano;Guitar;Violin;Synthesizer;Record_label;Gorillaz;Gorillaz;Gorillaz;The_Beatles;Brit_Awards;Gorillaz;Gorillaz;Hip_hop_music;Music_recording_sales_certification;Grammy_Award;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Danger_Mouse;Danger_Mouse;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;The_Daily_Telegraph;British_Phonographic_Industry;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;EMI;EMI;Gorillaz;Gorillaz;Gorillaz;Danger_Mouse;Damon_Albarn;Damon_Albarn; Dance_music Dance music is music composed specifically to facilitate or accompany dancing . It can be either a whole musical piece or part of a larger musical arrangement. In terms of performance, the major categories are live dance music and recorded dance music. Electronic_dance_music;Pop_music;Electronic_dance_music;House_music;Personal_computer;MIDI;Musical_instrument;Electronic_music;House_music;Drum_and_bass;Electronica;House_music;Drum_and_bass;Reggae;Jazz;Soul_music;Funk;Motown;Disc_jockey;Funk;Hip_hop_music;Funk;House_music;Hip_hop_music;Drum_and_bass;Hip_hop_music;Drum_and_bass;Electronic_dance_music;House_music;United_Kingdom;Drum_and_bass;Hip_hop_music;Dance_music;Dance_music; Danger_Mouse Brian Joseph Burton (born July 29, 1977), [ 1 ] better known by his stage name Danger Mouse , is an American musician, songwriter and producer . He came to prominence in 2004 when he released The Grey Album , which combined vocal performances from Jay-Z 's The Black Album with instrumentals from the Beatles' White Album . He formed Gnarls Barkley with Cee Lo Green and produced its albums St. Elsewhere and The Odd Couple . He produced the second Gorillaz album, 2005's Demon Days , as well as Beck 's 2008 record Modern Guilt and the album Attack Release with The Black Keys in 2008. He has been nominated for a Grammy Award in the Producer of the Year category five times (2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011), and won the award in 2011. In addition, Burton worked with rapper MF Doom as Danger Doom and released the album The Mouse and the Mask . Danger Mouse most recently produced and co-wrote albums by The Black Keys El Camino , Norah Jones " Little Broken Hearts " and Electric Guest " Mondo ". In 2009 he collaborated with James Mercer of the indie rock band The Shins to form the band Broken Bells . The group's first album was released on March 9, 2010. Danger Mouse was listed as one of Esquire magazine's seventy-five most influential people of the 21st century. In 2010 he began producing an album for U2 . [ 2 ] Hip_hop_music;Electronica;Musician;Piano;Guitar;Record_label;Capitol_Records;EMI;Gorillaz;Norah_Jones;United_States;Record_producer;Gorillaz;United_Kingdom;The_Beatles;Rolling_Stone;Entertainment_Weekly;Damon_Albarn;Gorillaz;Grammy_Award;Gorillaz;Damon_Albarn;Gorillaz;EMI;Gorillaz;Norah_Jones;Norah_Jones;Associated_Press;New_York_Times;NME;Damon_Albarn;Norah_Jones;Danger_Mouse;Danger_Mouse; Danish_krone The krone (plural: kroner ; sign : ,- or kr. ; code : DKK ) has been the official currency of Denmark , Greenland and the Faroe Islands , [ n 1 ] since 1 January 1875. [ 1 ] Both the ISO code "DKK" and currency sign "kr." are in common use; the former precedes the value, the latter usually follows it. The currency is sometimes referred to as the "Danish crown" in English (since krone literally means crown in Danish ). One krone is subdivided into 100 øre (from the Latin aureus ). [ 2 ] The krone is pegged to the euro via the ERM II , the European Union's exchange rate mechanism. Denmark;Denmark;English_language;Denmark;Norway;Sweden;Germany;Sweden;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Norwegian_krone;Swedish_krona;Denmark;Eurozone;Swedish_krona;Europe;European_Union;Swedish_krona;Norwegian_krone;Swiss_franc;North_America;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Puerto_Rico;United_States_dollar;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;United_States_dollar;Ecuador;Danish_krone;Danish_krone; Daring_Fireball Daring Fireball is the web site of John Gruber , an Apple enthusiast and writer. Daring Fireball hosts Gruber's opinions in the form of a blog, and also some of Gruber's software. In April 2006, it became Gruber's full-time job, funded by advertisement revenue, membership fees, T-shirt sales, and donations from software projects also hosted on the site, like Markdown . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Gruber has also had several podcast appearances and a Macworld Expo panel spot. [ 4 ] Gruber covered WWDC 2006 on location. John_Gruber;Apple_Inc;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Amazon.com;John_Gruber;John_Gruber;John_Gruber;John_Gruber;John_Gruber;John_Gruber;John_Gruber;John_Gruber;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;Daring_Fireball; Dashboard_(Mac_OS) Dashboard is an application for Apple 's Mac OS X operating systems, used for hosting mini-applications known as widgets . First introduced in Tiger , it is a semi-transparent layer that is invisible to the user unless activated by clicking its icon in the Dock. Alternatively, the user can invoke Dashboard by moving the cursor into a preassigned hot corner, by pressing a hot key, or mouse button, any of which can be set to the user's preference. When Dashboard is activated, the user's desktop is dimmed and widgets appear in the foreground. Like application windows, they can be moved around, rearranged, deleted, and recreated (so that more than one of the same Widget is open at the same time, possibly with different settings). New widgets can be opened, via an icon bar on the bottom of the layer, by dragging a widget icon out into the layer. After loading, the widget is ready for use. Starting with OS X 10.7 "Lion" , the Dashboard is a Space, accessed by swiping four fingers to the right. 1 Creation of widgets 2 Widget functions and capabilities 4 Comparison with Konfabulator 5 Included widgets [ edit ] Creation of widgets Dashboard widgets are created using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript . Because the same languages are used for creating websites , many web developers can already build them. Widgets themselves are, at the core, simply HTML files that are displayed within the Dashboard layer; they use the WebKit application framework that is also used in Apple's Safari web browser, meaning even users running earlier versions of Mac OS X — where Dashboard is unavailable — can build them. When a Dashboard widget is built, it usually consists of six files: The widget's HTML file, which is the actual file that will be displayed in the Dashboard layer The widget's CSS file, which is used for styling the widget (but is called on from the HTML file) The widget's JavaScript file, although it may be implemented directly within the HTML file if the developer desires The widget's Property List (called “Info.plist”), which is what Dashboard uses to load the widget’s properties (i.e.: name, version, HTML file, etc.) The background image of the widget, in PNG format The icon that is displayed in the menu bar Once all of these files are in the root of a directory, it is given a name and the extension ".wdgt", and then it can be opened up in Dashboard as a widget. More complex widgets may also include a Cocoa widget plugin (for platform-specific functionality), one or more JavaScript files (for text scrolling, preferences, etc.) or multiple images (for personalized select menus or buttons). Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" includes an application called Dashcode , which is a more user-friendly way of creating widgets. Another new feature of Mac OS X Leopard is called "Web Clips" which lets users easily create widgets from parts of a webpage. During the WWDC 2007 keynote, Steve Jobs made widgets out of the following: the featured news headlines on Yahoo.com , the top ten most searched terms on Google , the Photo of the Day on National Geographic , the Dilbert comic strip, and the box office information from Rotten Tomatoes . The user can also customize the border to further personalize the widgets. [ edit ] Widget functions and capabilities Dashboard widgets, like web pages, are capable of many different things, often to perform tasks that would be tedious or complicated for the user to access manually. One example is the Google Search widget, which simply opens up the user's browser and performs a Google search. Other widgets, like Wikipedia, grab the contents of web pages and display them within Dashboard. Some widgets can also serve as games, using Adobe Flash (or another multimedia authoring program) to create games just as if they were in a browser. It is also possible for Mac users to create their own widgets using built-in software. [ edit ] Graphics Dashboard uses a variety of graphical effects for displaying, opening, and using widgets. For instance, a 3-D flip effect is used to simulate the widget flipping around, by clicking on a small i icon in the right bottom corner, the user can change the preferences on the reverse side; other effects include crossfading and scaling from icon to body (when opening widgets), a "spin cycle effect" when a widget is focused and the user presses Command-R or a suck-in effect when they are closed. On sufficiently powered Macs, widgets will produce a ripple effect when they are opened, like a leaf falling onto water. These effects can be taxing and superfluous, consuming CPU resources [ clarification needed ] , but with the help of OS X’s Quartz Extreme and Core Image graphics architectures, sufficient computing power to render them in real time is available. As with Exposé , Front Row and the minimise effect, holding shift down while calling the Dashboard or opening the Dashboard menu bar will display the effect in slow motion . [ edit ] Comparison with Konfabulator Many people have made comparisons between Konfabulator and Apple's Dashboard, especially after Apple announced the feature while Mac OS X v10.4 was in development. It was a subject of debate in the online community following the few months before Mac OS X Tiger's official release. One school of thought came to the conclusion that Dashboard was a "rip-off" of Konfabulator. It points out the visual and functional similarities between Dashboard has been widely compared to Konfabulator (now Yahoo! Widget Engine ) and sometimes called a copy of it, due to the similarities between their graphical aspects and the fact that they both use the term “widgets” to describe the objects in their environments. [ 1 ] Konfabulator may in turn have been based on Apple’s Desk Accessories , first released in 1984 with the original Macintosh . Desk Accessories, similar to widgets, were small mini-applications that operated on a user’s desktop. After the introduction of System 7 and cooperative multitasking, the necessity of creating Desk Accessories was removed and developers were encouraged to create applications instead. The OS continued to support them, for backward compatibility, until the switch to Mac OS X (In fact, the Calculator desk accessory remained in the Mac OS through version 9, 17 years without a significant update). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The code bases for Konfabulator and Dashboard are also different: Konfabulator uses XML and JavaScript to generate Widgets, whereas Dashboard uses HTML , CSS , JavaScript, and Objective-C . [ 4 ] [ edit ] Included widgets In the first version of DashBoard released with Mac OS X v10.4 - v10.4.3 , Apple included 14 widgets. They consisted of: Address Book (application) After the Macworld 2006 keynote, Steve Jobs also announced four new widgets (Ski Report, People Finder, Google Search, and ESPN), as well as significant updates to the Phone Book and Calendar widgets. All of these are available through the Mac OS X v10.4.4 update. In addition, Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" released in late 2007, includes new widgets. One of these is Web Clips, which allows any user to turn a rectangular section of any webpage into a widget (This, however, only works with Safari ). The widget updates as the website does, and all links and other interactive material in the widget's selection of the webpage works as if the website is being accessed from Safari. Another new widget is Movies, which allows users to find currently playing movies at local theaters, view trailers, and purchase tickets directly from Dashboard. [ edit ] Widgets on iOS Apple has not, as of 2011, announced support for the installation of Dashboard widgets on the iOS. Even though, in June 2008, an unannounced update of Dashcode that was packaged with the iPhone SDK allowed for the creation of iPhone-oriented web widgets , it is unknown if this most recent version of Dashcode would support the creation of AJAX-driven mobile widgets that could be installed natively on the iOS. It has been demonstrated by Erica Sadun that installing Dashboard widgets on a jailbroken iOS is possible in theory, but most desktop-oriented widgets 1) are not oriented to usage or interaction on the iOS's multi-touch screen -oriented interface; and 2) rely on DashboardClient's widget JavaScript object, which is not part of the iOS. [ edit ] See also Dashboard (business) Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Widget_engine;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Widget_engine;Hypertext_Markup_Language;Cascading_Style_Sheets;JavaScript;Websites;Software_developer;WebKit;Icon;Dashcode;Google;National_Geographic_Society;Dilbert;Rotten_Tomatoes;Google;Adobe_Flash;Core_Image;Slow_motion;Konfabulator;Desk_Accessory;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS_X;XML;JavaScript;HTML;CSS;ITunes;Steve_Jobs;Web_widget;Mobile_widget;Privilege_escalation;Touchscreen;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment; Dashcode Dashcode is a software application created by Apple Inc. that is included with Mac OS X Leopard and facilitates the development of widgets for Dashboard . It was first included on new MacBooks shipping around the time of May 24, 2006, as part of the Xcode developer tools. The most recent iteration of Dashcode, Version 3.0 (328), is included as part of Apple's Xcode developer tools on the Mac OS X Snow Leopard DVD as an optional install. Software_developer;Apple_Inc;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Apple_Inc.;Widget_engine;MacBook;Xcode;Xcode;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Steve_Jobs;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;IOS_SDK;Xcode;Interface_Builder;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Developer_Tools;Interface_Builder;Xcode;Quartz_Composer;Dashcode;Dashcode; DataTac DataTAC is a wireless data network technology originally developed by Motorola and deployed in the United States as the ARDIS network. DataTAC was also marketed in the mid-1990s as MobileData by Telecom Australia [ 1 ] , and is still used by Bell Mobility as a paging network in Canada. The first public open and mobile data network using MDI DataTac was found in Hong Kong as Hutchison Mobile Data Limited (a subsidiary of Hutchison Telecom ) where public end-to-end data services are provided for enterprises, Fedex, and consumer mobile information services were also offered called MobileQuotes with financial information, news, telebetting and stock data. DataTac is an open standard for point to point wireless data communications, similar to Mobitex . Like Mobitex, it is mainly used in vertical market applications. One of the early DataTac devices was the Newton Messaging Card , a two-way pager connected to a PC card using the DataTac network. The original BlackBerry devices, the RIM 850 and 857 also used the DataTac network. In North America, DataTac is typically deployed in the 800 MHz band. DataTAC was also deployed in the same band by Telecom Australia (now Telstra ). The DataTAC network runs at speeds up to 19.2 kbit/s, which is not sufficient to handle most of the wireless data applications available today. The network runs 25 kHz channels in the 800 MHz frequency bands. Due to the lower frequency bands that DataTAC uses, in-building coverage is typically better than with newer, higher frequency networks. Motorola;Bell_Mobility;BlackBerry;Research_In_Motion;Telstra;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands; Data_acquisition Fortran;LabVIEW;Sensor;Micro_Channel_architecture;Signal_processing;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;LAN_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VMEbus;LabVIEW;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Data_acquisition;Data_acquisition; Data_compression In computer science and information theory , data compression , source coding , [ 1 ] or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Compression can be either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy . No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by identifying marginally important information and removing it. The process of reducing the size of a data file is popularly referred to as data compression, although its formal name is source coding (coding done at the source of the data, before it is stored or transmitted). Compression is useful because it helps reduce resources usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity . Because compressed data must be decompressed to be used, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression, this situation is far from being a free lunch . Data compression is subject to a space-time complexity trade-off. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed, and the option to decompress the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient or require additional storage. The design of data compression schemes involve trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced ( e.g. , when using lossy data compression ), and the computational resources required to compress and uncompress the data. New alternatives to traditional 'sample-sense-compress' systems (which sample a full resolution then compress), provide efficient resource usage based on principles of compressed sensing . Compressed sensing techniques circumvent the need for data-compression by sampling off a cleverly selected basis. Source_code;Computer_science;Lossless_data_compression;PKZIP;Gzip;Portable_Network_Graphics;JBIG;DjVu;Lossless_data_compression;Luminance;JPEG;Image_compression;Digital_camera;DVD;Video_codec;Video_compression;Software;Compact_disc;Vorbis;FLAC;Shorten;Shorten;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Apple_Lossless;WavPack;Internet;Video_codec;Video_codec;Image_compression;Lossy_compression;Pixel;Video_codec;Variable_bitrate;JPEG;Image_compression;DV;Video_compression_picture_types;HDV;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;DVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;DivX;Xvid;Sony;Samsung;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Apple_TV;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Digital_signal_processing;Image_compression;Transcoding;Video_compression_picture_types;International_Standard_Book_Number;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_codec;Video_codec;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Multimedia;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Data_compression;Data_compression; Data_set A data set (or dataset ) is a collection of data , usually presented in tabular form. Each column represents a particular variable. Each row corresponds to a given member of the data set in question. It lists values for each of the variables, such as height and weight of an object. Each value is known as a datum . The data set may comprise data for one or more members, corresponding to the number of rows. Nontabular data sets can take the form of marked up strings of characters, such as an XML file. XML;Software;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Data_set;Data_set; Data_storage_device A data storage device is a device for recording (storing) information (data). Recording can be done using virtually any form of energy , spanning from manual muscle power in handwriting , to acoustic vibrations in phonographic recording, to electromagnetic energy modulating magnetic tape and optical discs . A storage device may hold information, process information, or both. A device that only holds information is a recording medium . Devices that process information (data storage equipment) may either access a separate portable (removable) recording medium or a permanent component to store and retrieve information. Electronic data storage requires electrical power to store and retrieve that data. Most storage devices that do not require vision and a brain to read data fall into this category. Electromagnetic data may be stored in either an analog or digital format on a variety of media. This type of data is considered to be electronically encoded data, whether or not it is electronically stored in a semiconductor device , for it is certain that a semiconductor device was used to record it on its medium. Most electronically processed data storage media (including some forms of computer data storage ) are considered permanent (non-volatile) storage, that is, the data will remain stored when power is removed from the device. In contrast, most electronically stored information within most types of semiconductor (computer chips) microcircuits are volatile memory , for it vanishes if power is removed. With the exception of barcodes and OCR data, electronic data storage is easier to revise and may be more cost effective than alternative methods due to smaller physical space requirements and the ease of replacing (rewriting) data on the same medium. However, the durability of methods such as printed data is still superior to that of most electronic storage media. The durability limitations may be overcome with the ease of duplicating ( backing-up ) electronic data. Musical_instrument;Image_scanner;Microphone;Loudspeaker;Display_device;Multimedia;HD_media_player;Streaming_media;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Hard_disk_drive;Random_access_memory;Software;Floppy_disk;Floppy_disk;CD;DVD;Hard_disk_drive;Flash_memory;Universal_Serial_Bus;Digital_object_identifier;Hard_disk_drive;Floppy_disk;CD;DVD;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Flash_memory;Data_storage_device;Data_storage_device; Database A database is an organized collection of data , today typically in digital form. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies). The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures , and not to the database management system (DBMS). The database data collection with DBMS is called a database system . The term database system implies that the data is managed to some level of quality (measured in terms of accuracy , availability, usability, and resilience) and this in turn often implies the use of a general-purpose database management system (DBMS). [ 1 ] A general-purpose DBMS is typically a complex software system that meets many usage requirements to properly maintain its databases which are often large and complex. The utilization of databases is now so widespread that virtually every technology and product relies on databases and DBMSs for its development and commercialization, or even may have DBMS software embedded in it. Also, organizations and companies, from small to large, depend heavily on databases for their operations. Well known DBMSs include Oracle , IBM DB2 , Microsoft SQL Server , Microsoft Access , PostgreSQL , MySQL , and SQLite . A database is not generally portable across different DBMS, but different DBMSs can inter-operate to some degree by using standards like SQL and ODBC together to support a single application built over more than one database. A DBMS also needs to provide effective run-time execution to properly support (e.g., in terms of performance , availability , and security ) as many database end-users as needed. A way to classify databases involves the type of their contents, for example: bibliographic , document-text, statistical, or multimedia objects. Another way is by their application area, for example: accounting, music compositions, movies, banking, manufacturing, or insurance. The term database may be narrowed to specify particular aspects of organized collection of data and may refer to the logical database, to the physical database as data content in computer data storage or to many other database sub-definitions. Technical_standard;SQL;Database_management_systems;Email;IBM;Microsoft;Open_source;Cloud_computing;Web_browser;Application_software;Embedded_systems;Knowledge_base;Customer_relationship_management;Central_processing_unit;Programming_language;SQL;Type_system;XML;Compiler;SQL;Procedural_programming;Technical_standard;American_National_Standards_Institute;XQuery;XML;XQuery;XML;XQuery;XML;SQL;Encryption;Algorithm;User_interface;Software;SQL;XQuery;User_interface;Application_programming_interface;Metadata;Operating_system;Multimedia;JPEG;Data_compression;Encryption;Terabyte;Integrated_circuit;Gigabyte;Hard_disk_drive;Flash_memory;ISCSI;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Metadata;Business_intelligence;Database;Database; Database_management_systems A database management system ( DBMS ) is a software package with computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of a database . It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications. A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects . A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same database. DBMSs may use a variety of database models , such as the relational model or object model , to conveniently describe and support applications. It typically supports query languages , which are in fact high-level programming languages, dedicated database languages that considerably simplify writing database application programs. Database languages also simplify the database organization as well as retrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for controlling data access , enforcing data integrity , managing concurrency control , and recovering the database after failures and restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database security . Database;Database;Operating_system;Computer;Hard_disk;SQL;SQL;XML;XML;Microsoft;Multimedia;SQL;Application_programming_interface;Data_storage_device;Software;SQL;XQuery;User_interface;Application_programming_interface;Metadata;Operating_system;Multimedia;JPEG;Data_compression;Encryption;Terabyte;Integrated_circuit;Gigabyte;Hard_disk_drive;Flash_memory;ISCSI;Metadata;Database;Database;Database; Dataflow_programming In computer programming , dataflow programming is a programming paradigm that models a program as a directed graph of the data flowing between operations, thus implementing dataflow principles and architecture. Dataflow programming languages share some features of functional languages , and were generally developed in order to bring some functional concepts to a language more suitable for numeric processing. Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Programming_paradigm;Programming_language;Imperative_programming;Imperative_programming;Unix;Operating_system;Compiler;Apple_Macintosh;National_Instruments;LabVIEW;LabVIEW;Visual_programming_language;Quartz_Composer;Apple_Inc.;Simulink;Verilog;VHDL;Digital_signal_processing;Programming_paradigm;Array_programming;Assembly_language;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Logic_programming;Procedural_programming;Visual_programming_language;Dataflow_programming;Dataflow_programming; David_Hilbert David Hilbert , FRS [ 1 ] ( German pronunciation: [ˈdaːvɪt ˈhɪlbɐt] ; January 23, 1862 – February 14, 1943) was a German mathematician . He is recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including invariant theory and the axiomatization of geometry . He also formulated the theory of Hilbert spaces , [ 2 ] one of the foundations of functional analysis . Hilbert adopted and warmly defended Georg Cantor 's set theory and transfinite numbers . A famous example of his leadership in mathematics is his 1900 presentation of a collection of problems that set the course for much of the mathematical research of the 20th century. Hilbert and his students contributed significantly to establishing rigor and developed important tools used in modern mathematical physics. Hilbert is known as one of the founders of proof theory and mathematical logic , as well as for being among the first to distinguish between mathematics and metamathematics . [ 3 ] Germany;Germany;Germany;Germany;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Wikisource;Project_Gutenberg;Logical_atomism;Formal_system;Formal_system;Recursion;Gottlob_Frege;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Germany;David_Hilbert;David_Hilbert; David_Jones_Limited David Jones Limited , colloquially known as DJs , is an up-market Australian department store chain. David Jones was founded in 1838 by David Jones , a Welsh immigrant, and is claimed to be the oldest continuously operating department store in the world still trading under its original name. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It currently has 37 stores located in most Australian states and territories . David Jones' main department store rival is Myer . Australia;Australia;Woolworths_Limited;International_Standard_Book_Number;David_Jones_Limited;David_Jones_Limited; David_Pogue David Welch Pogue (born March 9, 1963) is an American technology writer and TV science host. He is a personal technology columnist for the New York Times , an Emmy -winning tech correspondent for CBS News Sunday Morning , and a columnist for Scientific American . He is also the host of NOVA ScienceNow on PBS and was the host of the NOVA specials Making Stuff in 2011 [ 1 ] and Hunting the Elements in 2012. [ 2 ] Pogue has written or co-written seven books in the For Dummies series (including Macintosh computers, magic , opera , and classical music ). In 1999, he launched his own series of computer how-to books called the Missing Manual series, which now includes over 100 titles covering a variety of Macintosh and Windows operating systems and applications. Among the dozens of books Pogue has authored is The World According to Twitter (2009), written in collaboration with around 500,000 of his Twitter followers. United_States;New_York_Times;Macintosh;Classical_music;Windows;Macworld;IDG;The_New_York_Times;Blog;ITunes;YouTube;TiVo;Social_media;Digital_photography;Gizmodo;Engadget;Verizon_Wireless;Google;IPhone;Hard_drive;The_New_York_Times;United_States;David_Pogue;David_Pogue; Daylife Daylife offers on-demand features and media apps served from the cloud. It provides digital media management tools and content feeds to publishers, brand marketers, and developers. Daylife was founded in 2006 and has raised $15M investment to date, most recently from strategic investor Getty Images [ 1 ] . The company is headquartered in downtown New York City . Daylife's products include the Daylife Publisher Suite, a range of APIs, and a set of hosted solutions including Smart Topics, Smart Galleries, and Smart Sections [ 2 ] . The hosted solutions were all launched in partnership with Getty Images, and they allow publishers to source, manage and compose sites, media components, pages, and complete sections of content. Daylife's technology analyzes over 100,000 curated content feeds and allows publishers to curate and automate media to enhance proprietary content [ 3 ] . Clients include USA Today , Bloomberg Businessweek , NPR , Mashable , Sky News , Forbes , Thomson Reuters , and over 80 others [ 4 ] . Slogan;English_language;USA_Today;Bloomberg_Businessweek;Mashable;Forbes;Thomson_Reuters;BusinessWeek;ReadWriteWeb;The_New_York_Times;Michael_Arrington;Daylife;Daylife; De_facto_standard A de facto standard is a custom, convention , product, or system that has achieved a dominant position by public acceptance or market forces (such as early entrance to the market). De facto is a Latin phrase meaning "concerning the fact" or "in practice". The term " de facto standard" is used in contrast with obligatory standards (also known as " de jure standards"); or to express the dominant voluntary standard, when there is more than one standard available for the same use. In social sciences , a voluntary standard that is also a de facto standard is a typical solution to a coordination problem . [ 1 ] The choice of a de facto standard is the better choice for situations in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. In contrast, an enforced " de jure standard" is a solution to the prisoner's problem . [ 1 ] QWERTY;WAV;Portable_media_player;Media_server;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Systems;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;XML;Microsoft;Reverse_engineering;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Adobe_Flash;QWERTY;De_facto_standard;De_facto_standard; Deep_fryer A deep fryer (also known as a frier , deep fat fryer or fryolator ) is a kitchen appliance used for deep-frying . While commonly used in commercial kitchens, household models are available and have become common. Stainless_steel;Deep_fryer;Deep_fryer; Deezer Deezer is a French web-based music streaming service. It allows users to listen to music on various devices online or offline. It currently has 18 million licensed tracks, over 30,000 radio channels and 22 million users (1.5 million subscribers). Streaming_media;Facebook;Nissan;France;Facebook;The_Beatles;Facebook;Adobe_Flash;France;Belgium;UK;Europe;Spain;Italy;Germany;Canada;Spotify;Grooveshark;Guvera;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Deezer;Deezer; Def_Leppard Def Leppard are an English rock band formed in 1977 in Sheffield as part of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal movement. Since 1992, the band has consisted of Rick Savage (bass, backing vocals), Joe Elliott (lead vocals), Rick Allen (drums, backing vocals), Phil Collen (guitar, backing vocals), and Vivian Campbell (guitar, backing vocals). Therefore, this is the band's longest-standing lineup. The band's strongest commercial success came between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. Their 1981 album High 'n' Dry was produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange , who helped them begin to define their style, and the album's stand out track " Bringin' On the Heartbreak " became one of the first metal videos played on MTV in 1982. The band's next studio album Pyromania in 1983, with the lead single " Photograph ", turned Def Leppard into a household name. In 2004, the album ranked number 384 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . [ 8 ] Def Leppard's fourth album Hysteria , released in 1987, topped the U.S and UK album charts. As of 2009 it has 12x platinum sales in the United States, and has gone on to sell over 20 million copies worldwide. [ 9 ] The album spawned six hit singles, including the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number one " Love Bites ", alongside " Pour Some Sugar on Me ", " Hysteria ", " Armageddon It ", " Animal " and " Rocket ". Their next studio album Adrenalize (the first following the death of guitarist Steve Clark ) reached number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 and UK Album Chart in 1992, and contained several hits including, " Let's Get Rocked " and " Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad ". Their 1993 album Retro Active contained the acoustic hit song " Two Steps Behind ", while their greatest hits album Vault released in 1995 featured the new track " When Love Hate Collide ". As one of the world's best-selling music artists , Def Leppard have sold more than 100 million albums worldwide, [ 10 ] and have two albums with RIAA diamond certification , Pyromania and Hysteria . [ 11 ] They are one of only five rock bands with two original studio albums selling over 10 million copies in the U.S. [ 12 ] The band were ranked No. 31 in VH1 's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock" [ 13 ] and ranked No. 70 in "100 Greatest Artists Of All Time". [ 14 ] Def Leppard are currently touring in support of their recently released live album , Mirrorball . [ 15 ] Heavy_metal_music;Record_label;Universal_Music_Group;Rock_music;MTV;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;Led_Zeppelin;MTV;MTV;RIAA_certification;UK_Singles_Chart;Brit_Awards;UK_Singles_Chart;Saturday_Night_Live;RIAA_certification;The_Beatles;Led_Zeppelin;Rolling_Stone;Rolling_Stones;About.com;The_Beatles;Led_Zeppelin;Open_Directory_Project;Def_Leppard;Def_Leppard; Deferral Deferred , in accrual accounting , is any account where the asset or liability is not realized until a future date ( accounting period ), e.g. annuities , charges , taxes , income , etc. The deferred item may be carried, dependent on type of deferral, as either an asset or liability. See also accrual . Unfortunately, the term deferral is also often used as an abbreviation for the terms deferred expense and deferred revenue that share the common name word, but they have the opposite economic / accounting characteristics. Deferred expense: Expense is recognized after cash is paid out. Deferred revenue: Revenue is recognized after cash is received. Software_license;Fiscal_year;International_Standard_Book_Number;Deferral;Deferral; Defunct Defunct;Defunct; Dell Dell Inc. ( NASDAQ : DELL ) is an American multinational computer technology corporation based in 1 Dell Way, Round Rock, Texas , United States, that develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. Bearing the name of its founder, Michael Dell , the company is one of the largest technological corporations in the world, employing more than 103,300 people worldwide. [ 2 ] Dell is listed at number 41 in the Fortune 500 list. [ 3 ] It is the third largest PC vendor in the world after HP and Lenovo . [ 4 ] Dell has grown by both increasing its customer base and through acquisitions since its inception; notable mergers and acquisitions including Alienware (2006) and Perot Systems (2009). As of 2009, the company sold personal computers, servers , data storage devices , network switches , software , and computer peripherals . Dell also sells HDTVs , cameras, printers, MP3 players and other electronics built by other manufacturers. The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce . Fortune Magazine listed Dell as the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue. [ 5 ] It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas – behind AT T – and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. [ 6 ] NASDAQ;Desktop_computer;Netbook;Laptop;Image_scanner;Smartphone;Alienware;NASDAQ;Alienware;Data_storage_device;HDTV;Supply_chain_management;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Sony;ISCSI;USA_Today;Thin_client;Panama;Desktop_computer;Laptop;Linux;ISCSI;Alienware;LCD;Personal_digital_assistant;Alienware;European_Union;Malaysia;El_Salvador;Best_Buy;Costco;Best_Buy;Best_Buy;Woolworths_Limited;Toshiba;Sony;IBM;Samsung;Apple_Inc.;Sun_Microsystems;Alienware;Gartner;IBM;ISCSI;Data_storage_device;Intel;International_Standard_Book_Number;Associated_Press;PC_Magazine;Engadget;Reuters;BBC_News;USA_Today;Reuters;Alienware;Alienware;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;National_Instruments;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Dell;Dell; Dell_MediaDirect Dell MediaDirect is a software application that is published by Dell, Inc. and is pre-installed on the computers they sell. It attempts to provide DVD and CD playback and recent editions include features such as an address book and calendar. It is a custom version of CyberLink PowerCinema developed and licensed to Dell by CyberLink . MediaDirect works in conjunction with the operating system and the Dell QuickSet application. Windows_Vista;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Dell;CyberLink;CyberLink;CyberLink;Hard_drive;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Dell_MediaDirect;Dell_MediaDirect; Delta_Air_Lines Delta Air Lines, Inc. ( NYSE : DAL ), operating as Delta Air Lines , is a major United States airline headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia , in the United States. [ 10 ] The airline operates an extensive domestic and international network serving all continents except Antarctica . Delta Air Lines and its subsidiaries operate over 5,000 flights every day with approximately 75,000 employees. [ 11 ] The airline's hub at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport is the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic (88 million passengers per year) and number of landings and takeoffs. Delta is the sixth-oldest operating airline by foundation date, and the oldest airline still operating in the United States. Delta Air Lines is one of the four founding members of the SkyTeam airline alliance, [ 11 ] the other three being Korean Air , Air France , and Aeroméxico . The loyalty program for Delta Air Lines is SkyMiles . Delta Air Lines is the world's largest airline in terms of fleet size, revenue passenger-kilometers flown, and scheduled passenger traffic. Air_France;KLM;Air_France;United_Airlines;Alaska_Airlines;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;Sony;LCD;Continental_Airlines;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;Associated_Press;The_New_York_Times;USA_Today;Associated_Press;Fox_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;Alaska_Airlines;United_Airlines;Air_France;KLM;Continental_Airlines;Air_France;KLM;Alaska_Airlines;United_Airlines;Alaska_Airlines;United_Airlines;United_Airlines;Continental_Airlines;Alaska_Airlines;CNN;Delta_Air_Lines;Delta_Air_Lines; Demexiptiline Demexiptiline ( Deparon , Tinoran ) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in France for the treatment of depression . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It acts primarily as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor similarly to desipramine . [ 3 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;France;Desipramine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Demexiptiline;Demexiptiline; Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo French_language;French_language;Belgium;French_language;Belgium;The_Guardian;French_language;Chad;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Argentina;Benin;Brazil;Cape_Verde;The_Gambia;Liberia;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;The_Gambia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Liberia;Burkina_Faso;Benin;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;The_Gambia;Liberia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Liberia;Benin;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo; Denmark – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Denmark (dark green) 55°43′N 12°34′E  /  55.717°N 12.567°E  / 55.717; 12.567 Official language(s) Recognised regional languages Faroese , Greenlandic , German [ c ] Danish or Dane (s) Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Helle Thorning-Schmidt Speaker of the Folketing 43,094 km 2 [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ( 134th ) 2,166,086 km 2 (836,330 sq mi) 1,399 km 2 (540.16 sq mi) 5,543,453 [ 4 ] ( 111th ) - Density (Denmark) 57,695 [ 5 ] [ d ] 49,483 [ 6 ] [ d ] 128/km 2 (333/sq mi) $206.586 billion [ 7 ] [ e ] ( 52nd ) $37,151 [ 7 ] ( 20th ) $333.238 billion [ 7 ] [ e ] ( 32nd ) $59,928 [ 7 ] ( 7th ) 24.7 [ e ] ( low ) ( 1st ) Danish krone [ f ] ( DKK ) CET ( UTC +1 [ e ] ) Denmark ( i / ˈ d ɛ n m ɑr k / ; Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ˈd̥ɛnmɑɡ̊] ( listen ) ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark ( Danish : Kongeriget Danmark , [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈd̥ɛnmɑɡ̊] ( listen ) ), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe , with two additional overseas constituent countries also forming integral parts of the kingdom; the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America . Denmark proper [ b ] is the southernmost of the Nordic countries , located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , and bordered to the south by Germany . The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand , Funen , Lolland , Falster and Bornholm , as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. The Kingdom of Denmark is a constitutional monarchy organised in the form of a parliamentary democracy , with its seat of government in the capital city of Copenhagen . The kingdom is unitary , with powers to manage internal affairs being devolved from the central government to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as rigsfælleskabet (the Danish Realm ). Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power reside. [ 9 ] The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Denmark's history has particularly been influenced by its geographical location between the North and Baltic seas. This meant that it was between Sweden and Germany and thus at the center of the mutual struggle for control of the Baltic Sea ; before the digging of the Kiel Canal , water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the " Danish straits ". Denmark was long in disputes with Sweden over control of Skånelandene ( Scanian War ) and Norway , and in disputes with the Hanseatic League over the duchies of Schleswig (a Danish fief ) and Holstein (a German fief). Eventually Denmark lost the conflicts and ended up ceding first Skånelandene to Sweden and later Schleswig-Holstein to the German Empire . Denmark obtained Greenland and the Faroe Islands in 1814 after the dissolution of a personal union with Norway , although the Danish monarchy , which had ruled over both Norway and Denmark, had been in possession of the colonies since the fourteenth century. The Faroe Islands and Greenland both became integral parts of the Danish Realm in the twentieth century and were granted home rule in 1948 and 1979 respectively. Denmark became a member of the European Union in 1973 but remains outside the Eurozone , while both Greenland and the Faroe Islands have exercised their right to remain outside the EU entirely. A founding member of the United Nations , NATO and the OECD , Denmark is also a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). With a mixed market economy and a large welfare state , Denmark ranks as having the world's highest level of income equality , [ i ] and has the world's seventh highest per capita income . It has frequently ranked as the happiest [ 13 ] [ 14 ] and least corrupt country in the world. [ 15 ] In 2011, Denmark was listed 16th on the Human Development Index (8th on the inequality-adjusted HDI ), 3rd on the Democracy Index and 2nd on the Corruption Perceptions Index . The national language , Danish , is closely related to Swedish and Norwegian , with which it shares strong cultural and historical ties . Denmark, along with Sweden and Norway, is part of the cultural region known as " Scandinavia " and is also a member of the Nordic Council . Europe;European_Union;German_language;Danish_krone;North_America;Sweden;Norway;Germany;Sweden;Germany;Norway;European_Union;Eurozone;Europe;Canada;France;Europe;Germany;Norway;Sri_Lanka;European_Union;Germany;European_Union;European_Union;Estonia;Latvia;Lithuania;Danish_krone;Eurozone;GSM;Switzerland;German_language;Australia;Finland;New_Zealand;Jazz;Pop_music;European_Union;Forbes;Forbes;International_Standard_Book_Number;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Danish_krone;Norway;United_Kingdom;Sweden;Denmark;Germany;Poland;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Estonia;Finland;Germany;Latvia;Lithuania;Poland;Sweden;European_Union;International_Organization_for_Standardization;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Finland;Norway;Sweden;Estonia;Latvia;Lithuania;European_Union;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;Denmark;Denmark; Depramine Depramine ( INN ; GP-31,406 ), also known as balipramine ( BAN ) and as 10,11-dehydroimipramine , is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was never marketed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Desipramine;International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Depramine;Depramine; Deptropine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Deptropine;Deptropine; Der_Spiegel Newsweek;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;International_Herald_Tribune;Der_Spiegel;Der_Spiegel; Design_by_committee Design by committee is a term referring to a style of design and its resultant output when a group of entities comes together to produce something (often the design of technological systems or standards), particularly in the presence of poor leadership. The defining characteristics of "design by committee" are needless complexity, internal inconsistency, logical flaws, banality, and the lack of a unifying vision. The term is especially common in technical parlance , and it legitimizes the need and general acceptance of a unique systems architect . Often, when software is designed by a committee, the original motivation, specifications and technical criteria take a backseat and poor choices may be made merely to appease the egos of several individual committee members. Such products and standards end up doing too many things or having parts that fit together poorly (because the entities who produced those parts were unaware of each other's requirements for a good fit). One such example was the decision for an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cell size of 53 bytes. The choice of 53 bytes was political rather than technical. [ 1 ] When the CCITT was standardizing ATM, parties from the United States wanted a 64-byte payload. Parties from Europe wanted 32-byte payloads. Most of the European parties eventually came around to the arguments made by the Americans, but France and a few others held out for a shorter cell length of 32 bytes. A 53-byte size (48 bytes plus 5 byte header) was the compromise chosen. Computer and network systems typically work in 32-byte and 64-byte sizes. The term is also common in other fields of design such as graphic design, architecture or industrial design. In automotive design this process is often attributed to poorly designed or unpopular cars. [ 2 ] One maxim is that a camel is a horse designed by committee ; this has been attributed to Vogue magazine , July 1958, to Sir Alec Issigonis and also to University of Wisconsin philosophy professor Lester Hunt. [ 3 ] Software;Software_design;Flowchart;Design_by_committee;Design_by_committee; Desipramine Depramine;International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;Renal;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Imipramine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Desipramine;Desipramine; Desk_Accessory A desk accessory (DA) is a small helper-type application that can be run concurrently with any other application on the system. Early examples, such as SideKick and Macintosh desk accessories, used special programming models to provide a small degree of multitasking on a system that initially did not have any other multitasking ability. Mac_OS;Apple_Macintosh;Software;Resource_fork; DesktopX DesktopX is a shareware desktop enhancement program that allows users to build their own custom desktops. Amongst its features is a complete widget engine for Windows as well as a desktop object system. User creations can be exported as .desktop files or as widgets. The program is distributed with Object Desktop as well as stand-alone. DesktopX was released by Alberto Riccio in 1999 as VDE ( Verona Desktop Enhancer), and bought in 2000 by Stardock . Mini-applications created with it were called "object packs" but later rebranded as "widgets" to standardize the term. Most users used DesktopX to build alternative desktop environments. The mini-application creation ability was there from the start but did not gain widespread use until the release of DesktopX 2 in 2003. Current versions run on Windows 2000 and above. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Shareware;Shareware;Widget_engine;Microsoft_Windows;ITunes;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Vista;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Stardock_Central;DesktopX;DesktopX; Desktop_background Wallpaper (also desktop picture and desktop background ) is an image used as a background of a graphical user interface on a computer screen or mobile communications device. On a computer it is usually for the desktop , while for a mobile phone it is usually the background for the 'home' or 'idle' screen. Though most devices comes with a default picture, users can usually change it to files of their choosing. [ 1 ] "Wallpaper" is the term used in Microsoft Windows before Windows Vista (where it is called the Desktop "Background"), while Mac OS X calls it a "desktop picture" (previously, the term desktop pattern was used to refer to a small pattern that was repeated to fill the screen). Graphical_user_interface;Mobile_phone;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X;Free_software;GIF;Sun_Microsystems;BMP_file_format;Dithering;Freeware;Mac_OS_X;Open_Directory_Project; Desktop_computer A desktop computer is a personal computer (PC) in a form intended for regular use at a single location, as opposed to a mobile laptop or portable computer . Early desktop computers are designed to lay flat on the desk, while modern towers stand upright. Most modern desktop computers have separate screens and keyboards. Prior to the widespread use of microprocessors, a computer that could fit on a desk was considered remarkably small. Early personal computers, like the IBM PC , were "desktop" machines, with a horizontally-oriented computer case , usually intended to have the display screen placed on top to save space on the desktop. In modern usage the word "desktop" usually refers to tower cases that are in fact more often located on the floor under the desk than on a desk. Technically speaking desktop and tower computers are two different styles of computer case that use desk space in varying ways. [ original research? ] Cases intended for home theater PC systems are usually considered to be desktop cases in both senses, regardless of orientation and placement. [ original research? ] Personal_computer;Personal_computer;Laptop;Home_theater_PC;Cathode_ray_tube;Apple_II_series;Macintosh;IMac;Laptop;Conventional_PCI;ExpressCard;Hard_disk;Intel;WiFi;Bluetooth;Operating_system;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Linux;Windows_Vista;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Linux_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Netbook;Laptop;Personal_computer;Operating_system;Software;Personal_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Desktop_computer;Desktop_computer; Desloratadine InChI=1S/C19H19ClN2/c20-16-5-6-17-15(12-16)4-3-14-2-1-9-22-19(14)18(17)13-7-10-21-11-8-13/h1-2,5-6,9,12,21H,3-4,7-8,10-11H2 Y Key:JAUOIFJMECXRGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Desloratadine is a drug used to treat allergies . It is marketed under several trade names such as NeoClarityn , Claramax , Clarinex , Larinex , Aerius , Dazit , Azomyr , Deselex and Delot . It is an active metabolite of loratadine , which is also on the market. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Loratadine;Loratadine;Fexofenadine;Loratadine;Canada;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Desloratadine;Desloratadine; Desperate_Housewives Desperate Housewives is an American television dramedy - mystery series created by Marc Cherry and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . It aired on ABC from October 3, 2004 to May 13, 2012. Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner . Other executive producers since the fourth season included Marc Cherry , Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee , Joey Murphy , David Grossman , Larry Shaw and Sabrina Wind. The main setting of the show is Wisteria Lane , a street in the fictional American town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State. The show follows the lives of a group of women, seen through the eyes of their dead neighbor, who committed suicide in the very first episode. They work through domestic struggles and family life, while facing the secrets, crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their — at the surface — beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood. [ 2 ] The show features an ensemble cast , headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer , Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo , Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis . Brenda Strong narrates the show as the deceased Mary Alice Young , appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences. [ 3 ] Since its premiere on ABC on October 3, 2004, the show has been well received by viewers and critics alike. The show is a multiple Emmy , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild award winner. The series premiere drew 21.6 million viewers [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and the show's first season finale attracted over 30 million viewers. [ 6 ] In 2007 it was reported to be the most popular show in its demographic worldwide, with an audience of approximately 120 million [ 7 ] and was also reported that the series is the third most watched TV show in a study of ratings in 20 countries. [ 8 ] In 2010, it was the most-watched comedy series internationally, with an average viewership of 51.6 million viewers across 68 territories. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] It has held this position since 2006. [ 12 ] Moreover, it was the third-highest revenue earning show for 2010, with US$2.74 million per half hour. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The show placed #56 on Entertainment Weekly ' s "New TV Classics" list. [ 15 ] Desperate Housewives was officially renewed by ABC on May 17, 2011 for an eighth season . [ 16 ] The season premiere episode was broadcast on Sunday, September 25. [ 17 ] The eighth season was the show's final season. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The series concluded on May 13, 2012. By the end of its eighth season , it had surpassed Charmed as the longest running hour-long drama featuring all female leads. Internationally, Desperate Housewives is broadcast on Channel 4 , Seven Network , RÚV , TV2 , ABC HD , E4 , TVNZ , Arena , STAR World , OSN First , RAI , Hot 3 and RTÉ . Surround_sound;United_States;Entertainment_Weekly;CBS;NBC;Sound_recording;USA_Today;CBS;New_Jersey;Doctor_Who;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Colombia;Ecuador;Spanish_language;Video_game;Entertainment_Weekly;The_Daily_Telegraph;The_Daily_Telegraph;USA_Today;USA_Today;USA_Today;USA_Today;USA_Today;Entertainment_Weekly;USA_Today;Desperate_Housewives;Desperate_Housewives; Desura Desura is a digital distribution platform developed by DesuraNET for Microsoft Windows and Linux platforms. Visiting the site on Mac OS X reveals a message that they are working on a Mac OS X client with an option to be notified by email when it is available. Mac OS X downloads from their website are supported. The platform is used to distribute games and related media online, with a primary focus on small independent developers rather than larger software houses. Desura also offers community features, automated game updates, and developer resources. Desura is the only distribution platform supporting Linux with a client and it is distribution agnostic. Desura is also the first to support all three PC platforms of Linux , Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows . Some of the developers who have games on their service include Frozenbyte , Frictional Games , Introversion Software , Basilisk Games , S2 Games , and Running with Scissors, Inc. , as well as selling many games that were previously included in Humble Indie Bundle initiatives as well as numerous other commercial titles. They also have several different freeware and free software games available through their service. Software_developer;Computing_platform;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Freeware;Social_networking;Digital_rights_management;Linux_distribution;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Free_software;Google;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Desura;Desura; Deutsche_Telekom Deutsche Telekom AG (abbreviated DTAG , English: German Telecom) is a German telecommunications company headquartered in Bonn , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is the largest telecommunications company in Europe . Deutsche Telekom was formed in 1996 as the former state-owned monopoly Deutsche Bundespost was privatized. As of June 2008, the German government still holds a 15% stake in company stock directly, and another 17% through the government bank KfW . The former CEO Kai-Uwe Ricke was ousted by the board of the company because of slumping sales and the flight of customers to cheaper competitors. More than 1.5 million customers changed to rival companies during 2005 and 2006 and as a result, Deutsche Telekom laid off more than 30,000 workers. [ 3 ] The new CEO was announced on November 12, 2006 after a long-night board session: René Obermann , the former CEO of T-Mobile International . [ 4 ] The predecessor of Ricke, Ron Sommer , chairman of Deutsche Telekom between 1995 and 2002, was ousted because of the drop in the share price of the company in 2002. [ 5 ] At the height of the dot-com bubble , the share was valued at over €100 but fell significantly to about €12/share during a couple of months. [ 5 ] Sommer said that "he had some opinion-based difficulties between him and board of the Telekom". As part of the Deutsche Telekom eavesdropping controversy , charges were filed against the company for allegedly abusing call data to snoop on supervisory board members and journalists. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In October 2008 the company confirmed that personal information of 17 million mobile phone customers had been copied. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Germany;European_Union;Mobile_phone;Germany;Europe;Monopoly;IPTV;Slovakia;Hungary;Der_Spiegel;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Union;Europe;BMW;Nokia;Germany;Germany;BMW;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Deutsche_Telekom;Deutsche_Telekom; Dewey_Decimal_Classification The Dewey Decimal Classification , or Dewey Decimal System , is a proprietary library classification system created by Melvil Dewey in 1876. [ 1 ] It has been revised and expanded, by Dewey until his death in 1931, through 23 major editions, the latest issued in 2011. [ 2 ] A designation such as Dewey 16 refers to the 16th edition of the DDC. A library assigns a DDC number that unambiguously locates a particular volume to within a short length of shelving which makes it easy to find any particular book and return it to its proper place on the library shelves. [ 3 ] The system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Melvil_Dewey;Project_Gutenberg;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Dewey_Decimal_Classification; Dexbrompheniramine InChI=1S/C16H19BrN2/c1-19(2)12-10-15(16-5-3-4-11-18-16)13-6-8-14(17)9-7-13/h3-9,11,15H,10,12H2,1-2H3/t15-/m0/s1 Y Key:ZDIGNSYAACHWNL-HNNXBMFYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Dexbrompheniramine ( Drixoral ) is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria . It is the pharmacologically active dextrorotatory isomer of brompheniramine . It is marketed under the name Drixoral in the US and Canada, which is a combination of dexbrompheniramine and pseudoephedrine . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;Canada;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Hay_fever;Urticaria;Brompheniramine;Pseudoephedrine;Brompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Pheniramine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexbrompheniramine; Dexchlorpheniramine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Hay_fever;Urticaria;Brompheniramine;Dexbrompheniramine;Pheniramine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine; Diamine_oxidase Enzyme;Histamine;Oxygen;Histamine;Histidine_decarboxylase;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier; Dibenzazepine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Carbamazepine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Doxepin;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Lofepramine;Metapramine;Opipramol;Quinupramine;Trimipramine;Imipramine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzazepine; Dibenzepin International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Europe;Imipramine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Dibenzepin;Dibenzepin; Dibenzocycloheptene International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;International_Chemical_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Butriptyline;Demexiptiline;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Protriptyline;Amitriptyline;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzocycloheptene; Dibenzodiazepine Nitrogen; Dibenzothiazepine Quetiapine;Quetiapine;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine; Dibenzothiepin Dosulepin;Zotepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzothiepin; Dibenzoxazepine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Typical_antipsychotic;Loxapine;Loxapine;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Chlorine; Dictionary.com Reference.com is an online encyclopedia , [ 2 ] thesaurus , [ 3 ] and dictionary . [ 4 ] The site also provides machine translation [ 5 ] and web search . Reference.com was launched by InReference, Inc in February, 1997. [ 6 ] The site was later acquired by Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. In 2005, Lexico announced that Reference.com would begin offering searches of Wikipedia content. [ 7 ] In mid-2007, the site typically ranked in the mid-200s among the most popular websites on the Internet. [ 8 ] The popularity of dictionary.com had been greatly boosted by Google's practice of offering a link at the top of their search results that go to the dictionary.com definition. This exclusive relationship was terminated without explanation to the public when the Google links were redirected to definitions at Answers.com . (In December of 2009, the Answers.com links were replaced with Google's own dictionary.) More recently, Google added a dictionary.com definition link for certain search words in a non-exclusive relationship (along with links to definitions from a few other commercial reference websites). On 3 July 2008, InterActiveCorp acquired Lexico Publishing Group, LLC and its three properties: Thesaurus.com, Reference.com, and Dictionary.com. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Reference.com reproduces content from external sources. [ 11 ] The site's sources include other online dictionaries, encyclopedias, and a search of terms found on other websites such as Wikipedia and the CIA World Factbook . The site can also search Usenet groups and other mailing lists . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Reference.com in 2010 topped the list compiled by The Wall Street Journal ranking websites by how many third-party tracking cookies were added to the user's computer. Reference.com added 234 tracking cookies when encountering a first-time user. [ 14 ] Google;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Reuters;CNet;New_York_Times;Newsweek;Vimeo; DigitalColor_Meter Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Macintosh;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;DigitalColor_Meter;DigitalColor_Meter; Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol Apple_Inc.;ITunes;ITunes;Universal_Serial_Bus;XML;Subnetwork;IPhoto;The_Register;IP_address;Exaile;Rhythmbox;IPhone;ITunes;LimeWire;Windows_Phone;Apple_TV;Rhythmbox;Silverlight;XBMC;Apple_TV;ITunes;Digital_Audio_Control_Protocol;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol; Digital_Audio_Control_Protocol Digital Audio Control Protocol ( DACP ) is a protocol used by the iTunes and other audio player and server applications on Mac , Windows and Linux computers, enabling remote control by mobile devices such as iPhone and Android phones and tablet computers. By connecting the personal computer to loudspeakers the mobile device is used as a two-way remote control, allowing selection and control of music playback within a traditional listening environment such as a home or apartment. ITunes;Macintosh;Windows;Linux;IPhone;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Apple_Inc.;Rhythmbox;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;MediaMonkey;Digital_Audio_Control_Protocol;Digital_Audio_Control_Protocol; Digital_Copy A digital copy is a commercially distributed computer file containing a media product such as a film or music album . The term contrasts the computer file with the physical copy (such as a gramophone record or Blu-ray Disc ) with which the digital copy is usually offered as part of a bundle . Film;Album;Data_storage_device;Digital_rights_management;Transcode;DVD;Display_resolution;Aspect_ratio;Apple_Inc;ITunes;Digital_rights_management;Windows_Media_DRM;FairPlay;Sony;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Los_Angeles_Times;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Los_Angeles_Times;IDG;ITunes; Digital_Performer Digital Performer is a full-featured Digital Audio Workstation / Sequencer software package published by Mark of the Unicorn (MOTU) of Cambridge, Massachusetts for the Apple Macintosh platform. Software_developer;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Music_sequencer;Software;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Apple_Macintosh;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Apple_Macintosh;Music_sequencer;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Pro_Tools;Personal_computer;Digital_signal_processing;Mac_OS_X;Universal_Binary;Pro_Tools;Logic_Pro;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;FL_Studio;Logic_Pro;LMMS;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Steinberg_Cubase;Cakewalk_Sonar;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Apple_Inc.;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Digital_Performer;Digital_Performer; Digital_Picture_Exchange Digital Picture Exchange ( DPX ) is a common file format for digital intermediate and visual effects work and is an ANSI / SMPTE standard (268M-2003). The file format is most commonly used to represent the density of each colour channel of a scanned negative film in an uncompressed " logarithmic " image where the gamma of the original camera negative is preserved as taken by a film scanner . For this reason, DPX is the worldwide-chosen format for still frames storage in most Digital Intermediate post-production facilities and film labs. Other common video formats are supported as well (see below), from video to purely digital ones, making DPX a file format suitable for almost any raster digital imaging applications. DPX provides, in fact, a great deal of flexibility in storing colour information, colour spaces and colour planes for exchange between production facilities. Multiple forms of packing and alignment are possible. Last but not least, the DPX Specification allow for a wide variety of metadata to further clarify information stored (and storable) within each file. The DPX file format was originally derived from Kodak Cineon open file format ( .cin file extension) used for digital images generated by its original film scanner , has then been improved and its latest version (2.0) is currently published by SMPTE as ANSI/SMPTE 268M-2003. Original DPX specifications version 1.0 are part of SMPTE 268M-1994). Filename_extension;File_format;Visual_effects;American_National_Standards_Institute;Cineon;Display_resolution;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Digital_Picture_Exchange; Digital_Rights_Management Digital rights management ( DRM ) is a class of access control technologies that are used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals with the intent to limit the use of digital content and devices after sale . DRM is any technology that inhibits uses of digital content that are not desired or intended by the content provider. DRM also includes specific instances of digital works or devices. Companies such as Amazon , AT T , AOL , Apple Inc. , BBC , Microsoft , Electronic Arts and Sony use digital rights management. In 1998 the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was passed in the United States to impose criminal penalties on those who make available technologies whose primary purpose and function is to circumvent content protection technologies. [ 1 ] The use of digital rights management is controversial. Content providers claim that DRM is necessary to fight copyright infringement online and that it can help the copyright holder maintain artistic control [ 2 ] or ensure continued revenue streams. [ 3 ] Those opposed to DRM contend there is no evidence that DRM helps prevent copyright infringement, arguing instead that it serves only to inconvenience legitimate customers, and that DRM helps big business stifle innovation and competition. [ 4 ] Further, works can become permanently inaccessible if the DRM scheme changes or if the service is discontinued. [ 5 ] Proponents argue that digital locks should be considered necessary to prevent "intellectual property" from being copied freely, just as physical locks are needed to prevent personal property from being stolen. [ 6 ] Digital locks placed in accordance with DRM policies can also restrict users from doing something perfectly legal, such as making backup copies of CDs or DVDs, lending materials out through a library, accessing works in the public domain, or using copyrighted materials for research and education under fair use laws. [ 6 ] Some opponents, such as the Free Software Foundation (FSF) through its Defective by Design campaign, maintain that the use of the word "rights" is misleading and suggest that people instead use the term "digital restrictions management". [ 7 ] Their position is that copyright holders are restricting the use of material in ways that are beyond the scope of existing copyright laws, and should not be covered by future laws. [ 8 ] The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the FSF consider the use of DRM systems to be anti-competitive practice . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Amazon.com;AOL;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Electronic_Arts;Sony;Free_Software_Foundation;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Personal_computer;Ripping;Internet;File_sharing;Apple_Inc.;ITunes_Store;Electronic_Arts;Microsoft_Word;PDF;Intranet;Mobipocket;EPub;PDF;Adobe_Reader;Microsoft_Reader;Amazon.com;Amazon_Kindle;Free_Software_Foundation;DVD;Jon_Lech_Johansen;Linux;Windows_Vista;Disney;Intel;IBM;Toshiba;Compact_Disc;Microsoft_Windows;EMI;Sony_BMG;FairPlay;Windows_Media_Audio;IPod;Zune;MicroSD;SonicStage;Sony_Ericsson;Kazaa;EMusic;Amazon.com;Beatport;Steve_Jobs;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Metadata;European_Union;United_States;Intel;DMCA;Steve_Jobs;EULA;Digital_audio_player;Compact_Disc;Apple_Inc.;Ripping;Disk_image;Major_League_Baseball;Zune;Walmart;Fictionwise;Adobe_Systems;PDF;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Reader;Adobe_Acrobat;File_sharing;Digital_asset_management;Open_Music_Model;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Sweden;Free_Software_Foundation;Engadget;Macworld;Stanford_University;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Intellectual_property;Copyright_infringement;Open_Music_Model;Open_source_software;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Digital_rights_management;Digital_rights_management; Digital_Video_Express DIVX ( Digital Video Express ) was an unsuccessful attempt by Circuit City and the entertainment law firm Ziffren, Brittenham, Branca and Fischer to create an alternative to video rental in the United States . DivX;Entertainment_law;United_States;DVD;Triple_DES;San_Francisco;Paramount_Pictures;Triple_DES;Los_Angeles_Times;DVD;Digital_rights_management;International_Standard_Book_Number;DIVX;DIVX; Digital_asset_management Digital asset management ( DAM ) consists of management tasks and decisions surrounding the ingestion, annotation, cataloguing, storage, retrieval and distribution of digital assets . Digital photographs , animations, videos and music exemplify the target-areas of media asset management (a sub-category of DAM). [ 1 ] Digital asset management systems (DAMS) include computer software and hardware systems that aid in the process of digital asset management. The term "digital asset management" (DAM) also refers to the protocol for downloading, renaming, backing up, rating, grouping, archiving, optimizing, maintaining, thinning, and exporting files. The "media asset management" (MAM) sub-category of digital asset management mainly [ quantify ] addresses audio, video and other media content. The more recent [ when? ] concept of enterprise content management (ECM) often deals with solutions which address similar features but in a wider range of industries or applications. [ 2 ] Smaller DAM systems are easier to categorize as to content and usage since they normally operate in a particular operational context. This would hold true for systems attached to audio or video production systems. The key differentiators here are the type of decoders and I/O (input/output) used for the asset ingest, use and outgest . Since metadata describes the essence (and proxy copies), the metadata can serve as a guide to the playout decoders, transcoders, and channels as well as an input to access control rules. This means that the essence can be treated as a non-described storage object except when being accessed for viewing or editing. There is relevance to this when considering the overall design and use of larger implementations. The closer the asset is to the ingest/edit/playout tool, the greater the technical architecture needs to accommodate delivery requirements such as bandwidth, latency, capacity, access control, availability of resources, etc. The further the asset moves into a general storage architecture (e.g. hierarchical storage management [HSM]) the more it can be treated as a general blob ( binary large object ) that is typically held in the filesystem, not the database. The impact of this set of needs means that it is possible and reasonable to design larger systems using smaller, more expensive performance-systems at the edge of the network where the essence is being used in its intended form and less expensive systems further back for storage and archival. This type of design exemplifies Infrastructure Convergence Architecture , where the line-of-business operations technology and IT technologies depend on one another for functional and performance (non-functional) requirements. Metadata;JPEG;Transcode;Revision_control;Open_source;Comparison_of_image_viewers;Metadata;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_asset_management;Digital_asset_management; Digital_audio_editor A digital audio editor is a computer application for audio editing , i.e. manipulating digital audio . Digital audio editors are the main software component of a digital audio workstation . Application_software;Digital_audio_workstation;Audio_file_format;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Audiobook;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Systems;BIAS_Peak;Creative_Technology;Rogue_Amoeba;Jokosher;LMMS;Logic_Pro;MusE;Pro_Tools;Qtractor;REAPER;ReZound;Rosegarden;MAGIX_Samplitude;Digital_audio_workstation;MAGIX_Sequoia;Digital_audio_workstation;Sound_Forge;Sony;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Systems;Traverso_DAW;WaveLab;WaveSurfer;Digital_audio_workstation;Music_sequencer;Software_synthesizer;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Software;Digital_audio_editor;Digital_audio_editor; Digital_audio_player Hard_disk;Microdrive;Flash_memory;Digital_camera;Kane_Kramer;Apple_Inc.;Hard_disk_drive;Creative_Technology;Microdrive;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Toshiba;Hard_disk_drive;User_interface;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Musicmatch_Jukebox;Microsoft;Creative_Technology;Zune;Flash_memory;Flash_memory;Hard_drive;Hard_disk_drive;DVD;Compact_disc;DVD;USB;Digital_video;Liquid_crystal_display;Microphone;Windows_Media_Audio;Advanced_Audio_Coding;WAV;Vorbis;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Digital_Rights_Management;JPEG;IPod;GIF;Portable_Network_Graphics;TIFF;Windows_Media_Video;Audio_Video_Interleave;DivX;Xvid;FM_radio;Japan;Lossy_compression;Firmware;Computer;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Digital_rights_management;Vorbis;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Speex;WAV;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;USB_mass_storage_device_class;Iriver;Xvid;Flash_memory;IPod_Touch;Hard_disk_drive;IPod;Zune;FM_radio;IPod_Nano;Flash_memory;Hard_disk_drive;Codec;Headphones;Headphones;Loudspeaker;IPod_Shuffle;LCD;IPod_Touch;Personal_computer;USB;Zune;ITunes;WiFi;Bluetooth;ITunes_Store;Digital_rights_management;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;TRS_connector;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;USB_mass_storage_device_class;CNET;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNET;EE_Times;CNET;CNET;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Portable_media_player;Portable_media_player; Digital_audio_workstation A digital audio workstation ( DAW ) is an electronic system designed solely or primarily for recording, editing and playing back digital audio. DAWs were originally tape -less, microprocessor -based systems such as the Synclavier . Modern DAWs are software running on computers with audio interface hardware. [ 1 ] Graphical_user_interface;Music_sequencer;Computer;Digital_audio_editor;MIDI;Smartphone;Stereophonic_sound;Automation;Synchronization;Unibus;Apple_Macintosh;CD;California;Sonic_Solutions;Qtractor;Operating_system;Linux;Rosegarden;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Podcast;Rosegarden;MIDI;MusE;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;GarageBand;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Soundtrack_Pro;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;Tracktion;Zynewave_Podium;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Microphone;Music_sequencer;Compact_Disc;Loudspeaker;Digital_signal_processing;Electronic_music;MIDI;Synthesizer;Software;Digital_audio_editor;Software_synthesizer;Home_cinema;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;GarageBand;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Soundtrack_Pro;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;Tracktion;Zynewave_Podium;Digital_audio_workstation;Digital_audio_workstation; Digital_booklet Digital booklets are the digital equivalent of liner notes that often accompany digital music purchases . They are most commonly distributed in Portable Document Format . One well-known distributor of digital booklets with digital purchases is the iTunes Store ; the first instance of this on the iTunes Store was the release of the album How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb by rock band U2 . [ 1 ] Portable_Document_Format;ITunes_Store;Digital_booklet;Digital_booklet; Digital_camera Video;Photograph;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Camera_phone;Video;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Eastman_Kodak;Image_resolution;Pixel;Raw_image_format;Firmware;Sony;Nikon;Camera_phone;Digital_photography;Lossy_compression;JPEG;Autofocus;Geotagging;Autofocus;Aperture;Image_stabilization;Raw_image_format;JPEG;Autofocus;Camera_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;BlackBerry;Camcorder;JPEG;Personal_computer;USB;Bluetooth;Cellular_network;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Smartphone;HDMI;HDTV;Aperture;Camera_phone;Flash_memory;Microdrive;Hard_disk_drive;Megabyte;Flash_memory;PC_Card;Microdrive;Linux;Free_software;JPEG;TIFF;Raw_image_format;Raw_image_format;Adobe_Systems;Picasa;Audio_Video_Interleave;DV;MPEG;Metadata;Aperture;AA_battery;Rechargeable_battery;Image_scanner;Aperture;Chromatic_aberration;Photograph;Digital_photography;Pixel;Digital_camera;Digital_camera; Digital_cameras A digital camera (or digicam ) is a camera that takes video or still photographs by recording images on an electronic image sensor . Most cameras sold today are digital [ 1 ] , and digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones ) to vehicles. Digital and film cameras share an optical system, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device. The diaphragm and shutter admit the correct amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical. However, unlike film cameras, digital cameras can display images on a screen immediately after being recorded, and store and delete images from memory. Many digital cameras can also record moving video with sound . Some digital cameras can crop and stitch pictures and perform other elementary image editing . Video;Photograph;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Camera_phone;Video;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Eastman_Kodak;Image_resolution;Pixel;Raw_image_format;Firmware;Sony;Nikon;Camera_phone;Digital_photography;Lossy_compression;JPEG;Autofocus;Geotagging;Autofocus;Aperture;Image_stabilization;Raw_image_format;JPEG;Autofocus;Camera_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;BlackBerry;Camcorder;JPEG;Personal_computer;USB;Bluetooth;Cellular_network;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Smartphone;HDMI;HDTV;Aperture;Camera_phone;Flash_memory;Microdrive;Hard_disk_drive;Megabyte;Flash_memory;PC_Card;Microdrive;Linux;Free_software;JPEG;TIFF;Raw_image_format;Raw_image_format;Adobe_Systems;Picasa;Audio_Video_Interleave;DV;MPEG;Metadata;Aperture;AA_battery;Rechargeable_battery;Image_scanner;Aperture;Chromatic_aberration;Photograph;Digital_photography;Pixel;Digital_camera;Digital_camera; Digital_compass Because this article has content useful to Wikipedia's sister project Wiktionary, it has been transwikied there, and its dictionary counterpart can be found at either Wiktionary:Transwiki:Digital compass , Wiktionary:Digital compass , or Wiktionary:digital compass . Wikipedia is not a dictionary , so please either: Edit it so that the article's topic is not a particular word or other morpheme and remove this notice. Note that {{ vocab-stub }} is deprecated. Tag it for deletion. Use {{subst: prod }} Replace it by a soft redirect . Use {{ wi }} {{subst:longcomment}} A digital compass may be either a magnetometer (such as a MEMS magnetometer in hand-held devices) or a fibre optic gyrocompass (as in a ship's navigation system). Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_compass oldid=502905743 " Categories : Navigation Hidden categories: Transwiki cleanup Magnetometer;Digital_compass;Digital_compass; Digital_compositing Film;Compositing;Pixel;Cineon;Compositing;Eyeon_Fusion;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;Cineon;Eyeon_Fusion;Jahshaka;Kdenlive;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Pinnacle_Commotion;Digital_compositing;Digital_compositing; Digital_container_format A container or wrapper format is a metafile format whose specification describes how different data elements and metadata coexist in a computer file . Among the earliest cross-platform container formats were Distinguished Encoding Rules and the 1985 Interchange File Format . Containers are frequently used in multimedia applications. File_format;Metadata;Multimedia;Codec;Microsoft_Windows;Audio_file_format;TIFF;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Mac_OS;WAV;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Microsoft_Windows;Tagged_Image_File_Format;ISO_base_media_file_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Video;Audio_Video_Interleave;Microsoft_Windows;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Proprietary_software;Advanced_Systems_Format;Flash_Video;Adobe_Systems;Matroska;Open_source;QuickTime_File_Format;QuickTime;Apple_Inc.;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;Ogg;Vorbis;Theora;RealMedia;RealVideo;RealAudio;Material_Exchange_Format;RatDVD;VOB;DivX_Media_Format;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Variable_bitrate;Streaming_media;FFmpeg;Open_source;Codec;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Digital_container_format;Digital_container_format; Digital_distribution Digital distribution (also called content delivery , online distribution , or electronic software distribution ( ESD ), among others) describes the delivery of media content such as audio , video , software and video games , without the use of physical media usually over online delivery mediums, such as the Internet . [ 1 ] Digital distribution bypasses conventional physical distribution methods, such as paper or DVDs . The term online distribution is typically applied to freestanding products; downloadable add-ons for other products are more commonly known as downloadable content . With the advancement of network bandwidth capabilities, digital distribution become prominent in the 2000s. Content distributed online may be streamed or downloaded. Streaming involves downloading and using content "on-demand" as it is needed. Meanwhile, fully downloading the content to a hard drive or other form of storage media allows for quick access in the future. Specialist networks known as content delivery networks help distribute digital content over the Internet by ensuring both high availability and high performance. Alternative technologies for content delivery include peer-to-peer file sharing technologies. Content can only be delivered if it exists on a computer that another user has made available to others. If it does not exist, several techniques and methods can be used for content creation or content regeneration. [ original research? ] Alternatively, content delivery platforms create and syndicate content remotely, acting like hosted content management systems . Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Motion_graphics;Software;Video_game;Internet;DVD;Streaming_media;Hard_drive;Content_delivery_network;File_sharing;Digital_rights_management;Open_Music_Model;Online_music_store;United_Kingdom;YouTube;TiVo;Microsoft;Sony;Hard_drive;ITunes;Content_delivery_network;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Video_on_demand;Comparison_of_online_music_stores;Streaming_media;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Software_license;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Commercial_software;Shareware;Digital_distribution;Digital_distribution; Digital_distribution_in_video_games In the video games industry , digital distribution is the process of delivering video game content as digital information, without the exchange or purchase of new physical media. This process has existed since the early 1980s, but it was only with network advancements in bandwidth capabilities in the early 2000s that digital distribution became more prominent as a method of selling games. Currently, the process is dominated by online distribution over broadband internet . To facilitate the sale of games, various game companies have created their own platforms for digital distribution. These platforms, such as Steam (software) , Origin , and Xbox Live Marketplace , provide centralized services to purchase and download digital content for either specific video game consoles or PCs. Some platforms may also serve as digital rights management systems, limiting the use of purchased items to one account. Video_game;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Video_game_console;Digital_rights_management;Sega;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;PlayStation_Store;Mac_OS;Electronic_Arts;GOG.com;Desura;GamersGate;IOS;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;GOG.com;DotEmu;Forbes;Electronic_Arts;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution_in_video_games; Digital_media_receiver A digital media receiver (DMR), also commonly referred to as a media extender , media streamer , digital media hub , or digital media adapter (DMA), is a home entertainment device that can connect to a home network to retrieve digital media files (such as music , pictures , or video ) from a personal computer or other networked media server and play them back on a home theater system or TV . [ 1 ] The DLNA organization refers to these devices as digital media renderers (DMR). Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;Roku;Amazon.com;Netflix;Video;Personal_computer;Media_server;Home_cinema;Television;CD;DVD;Slideshow;Loudspeaker;Television;Apple_TV;Motorola;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;Home_theater_PC;Ethernet;DVD;Home_theater_PC;Smart_TV;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Digital_media_receiver;Digital_media_receiver; Digital_object_identifier A digital object identifier ( DOI ) is a character string (a "digital identifier") used to uniquely identify an object such as an electronic document . Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL , where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata may change. Referring to an online document by its DOI provides more stable linking than simply referring to it by its URL, because if its URL changes, the publisher need only update the metadata for the DOI to link to the new URL. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Organizations that meet the contractual obligations of the DOI system and are willing to pay to become a member of the system can assign DOIs. [ 4 ] The DOI system is implemented through a federation of registration agencies coordinated by the International DOI Foundation, [ 5 ] which developed and controls the system. The DOI system has been developed and implemented in a range of publishing applications since 2000; by late April 2011 more than 50 million DOI names had been assigned by some 4,000 organizations. [ 6 ] The DOI system is part of the larger Handle System . [ 7 ] Metadata;European_Union;Metadata;Uniform_Resource_Locator;International_Standard_Book_Number;Intellectual_property;ISO;International_Standard_Book_Number;BusinessWeek;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;JPEG_XR;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier; Digital_photo Digital photography is a form of photography that uses an array of electronic photodetectors to capture the image focused by the lens , as opposed to an exposure on photographic film . The captured image is then stored as a computer file ready for digital processing, viewing, digital publishing or printing. Until the advent of such technology, photographs were made by exposing light sensitive photographic film , and used chemical photographic processing to develop and stabilize the image. By contrast, digital photographs can be displayed, printed, stored, manipulated, transmitted, and archived using digital and computer techniques, without chemical processing. Digital photography is one of several forms of digital imaging . Digital images are also created by non-photographic equipment such as computer tomography scanners and radio telescopes . Digital images can also be made by scanning conventional photographic images. Nikon;Photodetector;Computer;Image_scanner;Digital_camera;Logitech;Raw_image_format;Flash_memory;Floppy_disk;Floppy_disk;Computer;Webcam;Camcorder;Flash_memory;Digital_camera;Pixel;Megapixel;Raw_image_format;TIFF;JPEG;Pixel;Image_resolution;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Camera_phone;Flash_memory;Email;Camera_phone;Webcam;Nikon;Megapixels;JPEG;NTSC;PAL;HDTV;Flickr;Picasa;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Camcorder;Digital_camera;Exif;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Universal_Serial_Bus;Raw_image_format;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Integrated_circuit;Logic_synthesis;Digital_signal_processing;Digital_video;Aperture;Chromatic_aberration;Photograph;Digital_camera;Pixel;Digital_photography;Digital_photography; Digital_photography Digital photography is a form of photography that uses an array of electronic photodetectors to capture the image focused by the lens , as opposed to an exposure on photographic film . The captured image is then stored as a computer file ready for digital processing, viewing, digital publishing or printing. Until the advent of such technology, photographs were made by exposing light sensitive photographic film , and used chemical photographic processing to develop and stabilize the image. By contrast, digital photographs can be displayed, printed, stored, manipulated, transmitted, and archived using digital and computer techniques, without chemical processing. Digital photography is one of several forms of digital imaging . Digital images are also created by non-photographic equipment such as computer tomography scanners and radio telescopes . Digital images can also be made by scanning conventional photographic images. Nikon;Photodetector;Computer;Image_scanner;Digital_camera;Logitech;Raw_image_format;Flash_memory;Floppy_disk;Floppy_disk;Computer;Webcam;Camcorder;Flash_memory;Digital_camera;Pixel;Megapixel;Raw_image_format;TIFF;JPEG;Pixel;Image_resolution;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Camera_phone;Flash_memory;Email;Camera_phone;Webcam;Nikon;Megapixels;JPEG;NTSC;PAL;HDTV;Flickr;Picasa;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Camcorder;Digital_camera;Exif;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Universal_Serial_Bus;Raw_image_format;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Integrated_circuit;Logic_synthesis;Digital_signal_processing;Digital_video;Aperture;Chromatic_aberration;Photograph;Digital_camera;Pixel;Digital_photography;Digital_photography; Digital_rights The term digital rights describes the protections that allow individuals to access, use, create, and publish digital media or to access and use computers , other electronic devices , or communications networks . The term is particularly related to the protection and realization of existing rights, such as the right to privacy or freedom of expression , in the context of new digital technologies, especially the Internet . [ 1 ] In several countries, including Estonia , [ 2 ] France , [ 3 ] Finland , [ 4 ] Greece [ 5 ] and Spain , [ 6 ] internet access is considered a human right. Digital_rights_management;Internet;Estonia;France;Finland;Greece;Spain;Internet;Internet;Open_source_software;Encryption;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Google;Microsoft;Yahoo;Cisco_Systems;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Digital_rights_management;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_rights;Digital_rights; Digital_rights_management Digital rights management ( DRM ) is a class of access control technologies that are used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals with the intent to limit the use of digital content and devices after sale . DRM is any technology that inhibits uses of digital content that are not desired or intended by the content provider. DRM also includes specific instances of digital works or devices. Companies such as Amazon , AT T , AOL , Apple Inc. , BBC , Microsoft , Electronic Arts and Sony use digital rights management. In 1998 the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was passed in the United States to impose criminal penalties on those who make available technologies whose primary purpose and function is to circumvent content protection technologies. [ 1 ] The use of digital rights management is controversial. Content providers claim that DRM is necessary to fight copyright infringement online and that it can help the copyright holder maintain artistic control [ 2 ] or ensure continued revenue streams. [ 3 ] Those opposed to DRM contend there is no evidence that DRM helps prevent copyright infringement, arguing instead that it serves only to inconvenience legitimate customers, and that DRM helps big business stifle innovation and competition. [ 4 ] Further, works can become permanently inaccessible if the DRM scheme changes or if the service is discontinued. [ 5 ] Proponents argue that digital locks should be considered necessary to prevent "intellectual property" from being copied freely, just as physical locks are needed to prevent personal property from being stolen. [ 6 ] Digital locks placed in accordance with DRM policies can also restrict users from doing something perfectly legal, such as making backup copies of CDs or DVDs, lending materials out through a library, accessing works in the public domain, or using copyrighted materials for research and education under fair use laws. [ 6 ] Some opponents, such as the Free Software Foundation (FSF) through its Defective by Design campaign, maintain that the use of the word "rights" is misleading and suggest that people instead use the term "digital restrictions management". [ 7 ] Their position is that copyright holders are restricting the use of material in ways that are beyond the scope of existing copyright laws, and should not be covered by future laws. [ 8 ] The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the FSF consider the use of DRM systems to be anti-competitive practice . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Amazon.com;AOL;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Electronic_Arts;Sony;Free_Software_Foundation;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Personal_computer;Ripping;Internet;File_sharing;Apple_Inc.;ITunes_Store;Electronic_Arts;Microsoft_Word;PDF;Intranet;Mobipocket;EPub;PDF;Adobe_Reader;Microsoft_Reader;Amazon.com;Amazon_Kindle;Free_Software_Foundation;DVD;Jon_Lech_Johansen;Linux;Windows_Vista;Disney;Intel;IBM;Toshiba;Compact_Disc;Microsoft_Windows;EMI;Sony_BMG;FairPlay;Windows_Media_Audio;IPod;Zune;MicroSD;SonicStage;Sony_Ericsson;Kazaa;EMusic;Amazon.com;Beatport;Steve_Jobs;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Metadata;European_Union;United_States;Intel;DMCA;Steve_Jobs;EULA;Digital_audio_player;Compact_Disc;Apple_Inc.;Ripping;Disk_image;Major_League_Baseball;Zune;Walmart;Fictionwise;Adobe_Systems;PDF;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Reader;Adobe_Acrobat;File_sharing;Digital_asset_management;Open_Music_Model;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Sweden;Free_Software_Foundation;Engadget;Macworld;Stanford_University;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Intellectual_property;Copyright_infringement;Open_Music_Model;Open_source_software;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Digital_rights_management;Digital_rights_management; Digital_signal_processing Digital signal processing ( DSP ) is the mathematical manipulation of an information signal to modify or improve it in some way. It is characterized by the representation of discrete time, discrete frequency, or other discrete domain signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals. Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing . DSP includes subfields like: audio and speech signal processing , sonar and radar signal processing, sensor array processing, spectral estimation, statistical signal processing, digital image processing , signal processing for communications, control of systems, biomedical signal processing, seismic data processing, etc. The goal of DSP is usually to measure, filter and/or compress continuous real-world analog signals. The first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, by sampling and then digitizing it using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which turns the analog signal into a stream of numbers. However, often, the required output signal is another analog output signal, which requires a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Even if this process is more complex than analog processing and has a discrete value range , the application of computational power to digital signal processing allows for many advantages over analog processing in many applications, such as error detection and correction in transmission as well as data compression . [ 1 ] DSP algorithms have long been run on standard computers, on specialized processors called digital signal processor on purpose-built hardware such as application-specific integrated circuit (ASICs). Today there are additional technologies used for digital signal processing including more powerful general purpose microprocessors , field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal controllers (mostly for industrial apps such as motor control), and stream processors , among others. [ 2 ] Signal_processing;Data_compression;Algorithm;Computer;Algorithm;Numerical_analysis;Video_compression;Speech_recognition;Mobile_phone;Computer_graphics;Loudspeaker;Equalization;Electric_guitar;Personal_computer;FPGA;Data_compression;Dataflow_programming;International_Standard_Book_Number;Integrated_circuit;Logic_synthesis;Digital_photography;Digital_video;Digital_signal_processing;Digital_signal_processing; Digital_signature A digital signature or digital signature scheme is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or document. A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender, and that it was not altered in transit. Digital signatures are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions, and in other cases where it is important to detect forgery or tampering. European_Union;Lotus_Notes;Massachusetts;California;Algorithm;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_signature;Digital_signature; Digital_video Digital video is a type of digital recording system that works by using a digital rather than an analog video signal. The terms camera , video camera , and camcorder are used interchangeably in this article. Video_camera;Camcorder;Composite_video;Component_video;Video_compression;QuickTime;Apple_Computer;DVD;DV;Desktop_computer;HDV;AVCHD;Flash_memory;Pixel;Video_compression;Video_compression;Constant_bitrate;Frame_rate;NTSC;PAL;Progressive_scan;Frame_rate;Sound_recording;Mobile_phones;Internet;Video_compression;Megapixel;FireWire;USB;Ethernet;MPEG_transport_stream;Flash_memory;Theora;Sony;DV;HDV;DVD;DVD;HDV;AVCHD;Camcorder;Television;Video;Video_editing_software;Webcam;Integrated_circuit;Logic_synthesis;Digital_signal_processing;Digital_photography;Video;HDV;Video_CD;DVD;DV;AVCHD;Digital_video;Digital_video; Digital_video_recorder A digital video recorder ( DVR ), sometimes referred to by the merchandising term personal video recorder (PVR), is a consumer electronics device or application software that records video in a digital format to a disk drive , USB flash drive , SD memory card or other local or networked mass storage device. The term includes set-top boxes (STB) with direct to disk recording facility, portable media players (PMP) with recording, recorders (PMR) as camcorders that record onto Secure Digital memory cards and software for personal computers which enables video capture and playback to and from a hard disk drive . A television set with built-in digital video-recording facilities was introduced by LG in 2007, [ 1 ] followed by other manufacturers. DVR adoption has rapidly accelerated in recent years: in January 2006, ACNielsen recorded 1.2% of U.S. households having a DVR but by February 2011, this number had grown to 42.2% of viewers in the United States. [ 2 ] Application_software;Portable_media_player;Camcorder;Secure_Digital;Hard_disk_drive;TiVo;TiVo;DVD;TiVo;IPTV;HDMI;Remote_control;Bluetooth;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Free_software;Open_source_software;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;LinuxMCE;XBMC;Elgato;SageTV;SageTV;MythTV;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;MediaPortal;Proprietary_software;CyberLink;SageTV;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;Composite_video;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Vista;Television;Video;NTSC;PAL;VCR;MPEG;Video_compression;DVD;Digital_Rights_Management;Hard_disk_drive;Ripping;Camcorder;Secure_Digital;Bluetooth;MPEG_transport_stream;VOB;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Ogg;Firmware;HDTV;File_Allocation_Table;Embedded_system;Operating_system;Application_software;Firmware;Image_resolution;Internet;Motorola;Boxee;HD_media_player;HDMI;Media_server;MythTV;SubRip;TiVo;Remote_control;XBMC;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_video_recorder;Digital_video_recorder; Digital_zoom Digital zoom is a method of decreasing (narrowing) the apparent angle of view of a digital photographic or video image. Digital zoom is accomplished by cropping an image down to a centered area with the same aspect ratio as the original, and usually also interpolating the result back up to the pixel dimensions of the original. It is accomplished electronically, with no adjustment of the camera's optics, and no optical resolution is gained in the process. This enlargement of the pixels also creates a pixelation/mosaic effect in the image. When comparing the image quality achieved by digital zoom with image quality achieved by resizing the image in post-processing, there's a difference between cameras that perform potentially lossy image compression like JPEG, and those that save images in an always lossless Raw image format . In the former case, digital zoom tends to be superior to enlargement in post-processing, because the camera may apply its interpolation before detail is lost to compression. In the latter case, resizing in post-production yields results equal or superior to digital zoom. Some digital cameras rely entirely on digital zoom, lacking a real zoom lens , as on most camera phones . Other cameras do have a real zoom lens, but apply digital zoom automatically once its longest focal length has been reached. Professional cameras generally do not feature digital zoom. Aspect_ratio;Lossy_compression;Image_compression;Raw_image_format;Camera_phone;Digital_zoom;Digital_zoom; Dilbert ISO_standard;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Economic_Times;American_English;Logitech;International_Standard_Book_Number;Associated_Press;Adobe_Flash;Dilbert;Dilbert; Dimaprit 3-dimethylaminopropyl sulfanylmethanimidamide N (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Dimaprit is a histamine analog working as a H 2 receptor agonist . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Histamine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Dimaprit;Dimaprit; Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Australia;United_States;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Diphenhydramine;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Clozapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Promethazine;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Ibogaine;Ibogaine;Benzatropine;Brompheniramine;Chloropyramine;Clemastine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Orphenadrine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Promethazine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Ibogaine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimenhydrinate; Dimetacrine Dimetacrine ( Istonil , Istonyl , Linostil , Miroistonil ), also known as dimethacrine and acripramine , is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in Europe and formerly in Japan for the treatment of depression . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It has imipramine -like effects; though, in a double-blind clinical trial against imipramine, dimetacrine was found to have lower efficacy in comparison and produced more weight loss and abnormal liver tests . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Little is known about the pharmacology of dimetacrine, but it can be inferred that it acts in a similar manner to other TCAs. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Europe;Japan;Imipramine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Dimetacrine;Dimetacrine; Dimetindene International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Mepyramine;Thenalidine;Tripelennamine;Chloropyramine;Promethazine;Tolpropamine;Clemastine;Bamipine;Isothipendyl;Diphenhydramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Dimetindene;Dimetindene; Diphenhydramine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Sedative;Allergies;Doxylamine;Antipsychotic;Insomnia;Sedative;Dimenhydrinate;Promethazine;Liver;Urinary_retention;Urinary_retention;Dimenhydrinate;Insomnia;Inverse_agonist;Histamine;Antimuscarinic;Antidepressant;Brompheniramine;Acrivastine;Cetirizine;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PDF;Clozapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Meclozine;Promethazine;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Mepyramine;Thenalidine;Tripelennamine;Chloropyramine;Promethazine;Tolpropamine;Dimetindene;Clemastine;Bamipine;Isothipendyl;Chlorphenoxamine;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Ibogaine;Ibogaine;Benzatropine;Brompheniramine;Chloropyramine;Clemastine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Orphenadrine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Promethazine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Ibogaine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Benzatropine;Chlorphenoxamine;Dimenhydrinate;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Profenamine;Tropatepine;Diphenhydramine;Diphenhydramine; Diphenylpyraline InChI=1S/C19H23NO/c1-20-14-12-18(13-15-20)21-19(16-8-4-2-5-9-16)17-10-6-3-7-11-17/h2-11,18-19H,12-15H2,1H3 Y Key:OWQUZNMMYNAXSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Diphenylpyraline ( DPP ; sold as Allergen , Arbid , Belfene , Diafen , Hispril , Histyn , Lergobine , Lyssipol , Mepiben , Neargal ) is a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic effects of the diphenyl piperidine class. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is marketed in Europe for the treatment of allergies . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 5 ] DPP has also been found to act as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor and produces hyperactivity in rodents. [ 6 ] It has been shown to be useful in the treatment of Parkinsonism . [ 7 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Europe;Benzatropine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Carbinoxamine;Clemastine;Chlorphenoxamine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimetindene;Pheniramine;Talastine;Chloropyramine;Histapyrrodine;Mepyramine;Methapyrilene;Tripelennamine;Phenothiazine;Alimemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isothipendyl;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Oxomemazine;Promethazine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Levocetirizine;Niaprazine;Oxatomide;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Ebastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Pyrrobutamine;Rupatadine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Loratadine;Terfenadine;Bamipine;Chloropyramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Clemastine;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Isothipendyl;Mepyramine;Promethazine;Thenalidine;Antazoline;Azelastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Olopatadine;Benzatropine;Chlorphenoxamine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Profenamine;Tropatepine;Pseudoephedrine;Amineptine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Oxaprotiline;Tandamine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Diphenylpyraline;Diphenylpyraline; DirectShow Multimedia_framework;Application_programming_interface;Microsoft;Software_developer;Video_for_Windows;Microsoft_Windows;Component_Object_Model;Programming_language;DirectX;SDK;Windows_Vista;Video_for_Windows;Codec;DirectX;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Video;Audio_Video_Interleave;Advanced_Systems_Format;WAV;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Vorbis;Ogg_Vorbis;Musepack;VLC_media_player;Windows_XP;Windows_Movie_Maker;Frame_rate;Video_for_Windows;DVD;Closed_captioning;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Digital_rights_management;Audio_Video_Interleave;QuickTime;Video_for_Windows;Audio_Video_Interleave;Video_for_Windows;VirtualDub;Open_source;International_Standard_Book_Number;DirectX;Video_for_Windows;Microsoft_Gadgets;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework;DirectShow;DirectShow; DirectX Microsoft DirectX is a collection of application programming interfaces (APIs) for handling tasks related to multimedia , especially game programming and video, on Microsoft platforms. Originally, the names of these APIs all began with Direct, such as Direct3D , DirectDraw , DirectMusic , DirectPlay , DirectSound , and so forth. The name Direct X was coined as shorthand term for all of these APIs (the X standing in for the particular API names) and soon became the name of the collection. When Microsoft later set out to develop a gaming console, the X was used as the basis of the name Xbox to indicate that the console was based on DirectX technology. [ 1 ] The X initial has been carried forward in the naming of APIs designed for the Xbox such as XInput and the Cross-platform Audio Creation Tool (XACT), while the DirectX pattern has been continued for Windows APIs such as Direct2D and DirectWrite . Direct3D (the 3D graphics API within DirectX) is widely used in the development of video games for Microsoft Windows , Microsoft Xbox , Microsoft Xbox 360 and some Sega Dreamcast games. Direct3D is also used by other software applications for visualization and graphics tasks such as CAD/CAM engineering. As Direct3D is the most widely publicized component of DirectX, it is common to see the names "DirectX" and "Direct3D" used interchangeably. The DirectX software development kit (SDK) consists of runtime libraries in redistributable binary form, along with accompanying documentation and headers for use in coding. Originally, the runtimes were only installed by games or explicitly by the user. Windows 95 did not launch with DirectX, but DirectX was included with Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2. [ 2 ] Windows 98 and Windows NT 4.0 both shipped with DirectX, as has every version of Windows released since. The SDK is available as a free download. While the runtimes are proprietary, closed-source software, source code is provided for most of the SDK samples. Starting with the release of Windows 8 Developer Preview, DirectX SDK has been integrated into Windows SDK. [ 3 ] Direct3D 9Ex, Direct3D 10, and Direct3D 11 are only available for Windows Vista and Windows 7 because each of these new versions was built to depend upon the new Windows Display Driver Model that was introduced for Windows Vista. The new Vista/WDDM graphics architecture includes a new video memory manager supporting virtualization of graphics hardware for various applications and services like the Desktop Window Manager . Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Multimedia;Microsoft;Xbox;Video_game;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Xbox;Sega;Software;Software_development_kit;Runtime_library;Windows_Vista;Operating_system;Software;Windows_NT;Engineering;Xbox;Video_game_console;Nvidia;DirectShow;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Xbox;Windows_Vista;Xbox;Raster_graphics;GPU;DirectShow;Streaming_media;Component_Object_Model;Windows_Vista;.NET_Framework;API;OpenCL;ActiveX;International_Standard_Book_Number;Microsoft;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;Application_programming_interface;.NET_Framework;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;Microsoft_Gadgets;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework;DirectX;DirectX; Direct_manipulation In computer science , direct manipulation is a human–computer interaction style which involves continuous representation of objects of interest, and rapid, reversible, incremental actions and feedback. The intention is to allow a user to directly manipulate objects presented to them, using actions that correspond at least loosely to the physical world. An example of direct-manipulation is resizing a graphical shape, such as a rectangle, by dragging its corners or edges with a mouse. Having real-world metaphors for objects and actions can make it easier for a user to learn and use an interface (some might say that the interface is more natural or intuitive), and rapid, incremental feedback allows a user to make fewer errors and complete tasks in less time, because they can see the results of an action before completing the action, thus evaluating the output and compensating for mistakes. The term was introduced by Ben Shneiderman in 1983 within the context of office applications and the desktop metaphor . [ 1 ] Individuals in academia and computer scientists doing research on future user interfaces often put as much or even more stress on tactile control and feedback, or sonic control and feedback than on the visual feedback given by most GUIs . As a result the term has been more widespread in these environments. [ citation needed ] Computer_science;Microsoft_Windows;GUI_widget; Direct_memory_access Direct memory access ( DMA ) is a feature of modern computers that allows certain hardware subsystems within the computer to access system memory independently of the central processing unit (CPU). Without DMA, when the CPU is using programmed input/output , it is typically fully occupied for the entire duration of the read or write operation, and is thus unavailable to perform other work. With DMA, the CPU initiates the transfer, does other operations while the transfer is in progress, and receives an interrupt from the DMA controller when the operation is done. This feature is useful any time the CPU cannot keep up with the rate of data transfer, or where the CPU needs to perform useful work while waiting for a relatively slow I/O data transfer. Many hardware systems use DMA, including disk drive controllers, graphics cards , network cards and sound cards . DMA is also used for intra-chip data transfer in multi-core processors . Computers that have DMA channels can transfer data to and from devices with much less CPU overhead than computers without a DMA channel. Similarly, a processing element inside a multi-core processor can transfer data to and from its local memory without occupying its processor time, allowing computation and data transfer to proceed in parallel. DMA can also be used for "memory to memory" copying or moving of data within memory. DMA can offload expensive memory operations, such as large copies or scatter-gather operations, from the CPU to a dedicated DMA engine. An implementation example is the I/O Acceleration Technology . Computer;Central_processing_unit;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Floppy_disk;Floppy_disk;Hard_disk;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;HyperTransport;Gigabit_Ethernet;Embedded_system;ARM_architecture;Central_processing_unit;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Direct_memory_access;Direct_memory_access; Directory_Utility Directory Utility is a utility included with the Mac OS X operating system to configure connections to directory services . In OS X 10.6 and up, Directory Utility is in the /System/Library/CoreServices/ - it can be accessed through the GUI via the Accounts System Preferences panel, after clicking 'Join' next to Network Account Server, and then clicking 'Open Directory Utility.' [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Prior to Mac OS X 10.5 this tool was named Directory Access. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Directory_Utility;Directory_Utility; Disc_jockey Compact_Disc;Internet_radio;Reggae;Music_sequencer;Headphones;Microphone;Musical_instrument;Synchronization;United_Kingdom;Jazz;United_States;Electronic_music;Hip_hop_music;House_music;Hip_hop_music;Latino;United_States;Europe;MTV;Synthesizer;Compact_Disc;House_music;Macintosh;MPEG;Internet;Napster;International_Standard_Book_Number;CBS;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Hip_hop_music;Disc_jockey;Disc_jockey; Discovery_One United States Spacecraft Discovery One is a fictional spaceship that appears in The Space Odyssey series , including the motion picture 2001: A Space Odyssey . Discovery One is a very large, long, nuclear-powered interplanetary spaceship. United_States;EVA_Pod;Hydrogen;France;IBM;LCD;Oxygen;LCD;User_interface;Discovery_One;Discovery_One; DiskImageMounter DiskImageMounter is the utility that handles mounting disk images in Mac OS X , starting with version 10.3 . Like BOMArchiveHelper it has no GUI when double-clicked ; in fact, doing so does nothing. It is found in /System/Library/CoreServices/DiskImageMounter.app . DiskImageMounter works by either launching a daemon to handle the disk image or by contacting a running dæmon and have it mount the disk. The only GUI the program ever displays is a window with a progress bar and mount options (cancel or skip verification) or an error report on why it could not mount the image. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Disk_image;Mac_OS_X;Graphical_user_interface;OSType;OSType;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Disk_Utility;DiskImageMounter;DiskImageMounter; Disk_Utility Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Disk_image;Hard_disk;Removable_media;Journaling_file_system;Microsoft_Windows;DVD;HFS_Plus;Mac_OS;Drive_Setup;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Free_software;Proprietary_software;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Disk_Utility; Disk_image Hard_drive;Floppy_disk;File_format;Hard_drive;Compact_disc;DVD;Random_access_memory;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Linux_distribution;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Software;Web_browser;Hard_disk_drive;Operating_system;CD;DVD;Commercial_software;Metadata;Linux;Windows_Vista;Hard_drive;SourceForge;Free_software;Proprietary_software;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;File_format;Compact_Disc;Disk_image;Disk_image; Disney The Walt Disney Company ( NYSE : DIS ), commonly referred to as Disney , is an American multinational diversified mass media company headquartered in Walt Disney Studios , Burbank , California, United States. It is the largest media conglomerate in the world in terms of revenue. [ 3 ] Founded on October 16, 1923, by Walt and Roy Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio , Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader in the American animation industry before diversifying into live-action film production, television, and travel. Taking on its current name in 1986, The Walt Disney Company expanded its existing operations and also started divisions focused upon theatre, radio, music, publishing , and online media . In addition, it has created new divisions of the company in order to market more mature content than it typically associates with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its film studio, the Walt Disney Studios , and today one of the largest and best-known studios in Hollywood . Disney also owns and operates the ABC broadcast television network; cable television networks such as Disney Channel , ESPN , A+E Networks , and ABC Family ; publishing , merchandising , and theatre divisions; and owns and licenses 14 theme parks around the world . It also has a successful music division. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6, 1991. An early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, Mickey Mouse , is the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company. Bob_Iger;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Pixar;Hulu;Disney_Channel;Television_program;Paramount_Pictures;Disney_Channel;Paramount_Pictures;Warner_Bros.;Bob_Iger;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Jobs;Pixar;Asia;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;Disney_Channel;Second_screen;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;Hulu;United_States_dollar;Cisco_Systems;Intel;IBM;Microsoft;Walmart;General_Motors;The_Walt_Disney_Company;The_Walt_Disney_Company; Disney_Channel Disney Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television network, owned by the Disney-ABC Television Group division of The Walt Disney Company , and headquartered in Burbank, California . It is under the direction of Disney-ABC Television Group President Anne Sweeney . Disney Channel International Networks, currently run by President Carolina Lightcap, is a group of more than 90 entertainment channels and/or channel feeds for children and families available in over 160 countries and 30 languages. The platform brands are Disney Channel, Disney XD , Disney Junior , Disney Cinemagic , Hungama TV and Radio Disney . The channel specializes in television programming for children through original children's television series and movies, as well as third-party programming. It was originally marketed primarily towards younger children, with the exception of their weekend primetime block that is aimed at pre-teens and teenagers ages 9–14, and the Disney Junior programming block aimed towards toddlers aged 2–5. In recent years, however, the diversity of viewers has increased with an older audience of teenagers, young adults and families. Since November 19, 2010, the channel is offered with an alternate Spanish-language audio feed, either via a separate channel as part of a Spanish-language network package sold by cable and satellite providers or via a separate audio track with the SAP option, depending on the system. The_Walt_Disney_Company;HDTV;United_States;English_language;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Television_program;MTV;NBC;Britney_Spears;Disney;Warner_Bros.;Paramount_Pictures;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Video_on_demand;Time_Warner;Video_on_demand;Website;Hong_Kong;Australia;New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;Netherlands;The_Walt_Disney_Company;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;Wired_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;Hulu;United_States_dollar;United_States;Pixar;Disney_Channel;Disney_Channel; Display_device A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual [ 1 ] or tactile form (the latter used for example in tactile electronic displays for blind people) [ 2 ] . When the input information is supplied as an electrical signal, the display is called an electronic display . Common applications for electronic visual displays are televisions or computer monitors . LED;Television;LED;LCD;Video;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;Graphical_user_interface;Raster_graphics;Computer_graphics;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;TFT_LCD;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Display_device;Display_device; Display_resolution The display resolution of a digital television or display device is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. It can be an ambiguous term especially as the displayed resolution is controlled by all different factors in cathode ray tube (CRT), flat panel or projection displays using fixed picture-element (pixel) arrays. It is usually quoted as width × height , with the units in pixels: for example, "1024 × 768" means the width is 1024 pixels and the height is 768 pixels. This example would normally be spoken as "ten twenty-four by seven sixty-eight" or "ten twenty-four by seven six eight". One use of the term “display resolution” applies to fixed-pixel-array displays such as plasma display panels (PDPs), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), digital light processing (DLP) projectors, or similar technologies, and is simply the physical number of columns and rows of pixels creating the display (e.g., 1920 × 1080). A consequence of having a fixed-grid display is that, for multi-format video inputs, all displays need a "scaling engine" (a digital video processor that includes a memory array) to match the incoming picture format to the display. Note that the use of the word resolution here is a misnomer, though common. The term “display resolution” is usually used to mean pixel dimensions, the number of pixels in each dimension (e.g., 1920 × 1080), which does not tell anything about the resolution of the display on which the image is actually formed: resolution properly refers to the pixel density , the number of pixels per unit distance or area, not total number of pixels. In digital measurement, the display resolution would be given in pixels per inch . In analog measurement, if the screen is 10 inches high, then the horizontal resolution is measured across a square 10 inches wide. This is typically stated as "lines horizontal resolution, per picture height;" [ 1 ] for example, analog NTSC TVs can typically display about 340 lines of "per picture height" horizontal resolution from over-the-air sources, which is equivalent to about 440 total lines of actual picture information from left edge to right edge. [ 1 ] Display_device;Pixel;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;Pixel_density;Pixel_density;NTSC;HDTV;Image_resolution;PAL;NTSC;Television;NTSC;PAL;Progressive_scan;XGA;HDTV;PAL;NTSC;Windows_XP;Linux;Unix;Display_device;Widescreen;Display_resolution;Display_resolution; Dithering Dither is an intentionally applied form of noise used to randomize quantization error , preventing large-scale patterns such as color banding in images. Dither is routinely used in processing of both digital audio and digital video data, and is often one of the last stages of audio production to compact disc . Compact_disc;Digital_signal_processing;Digital_video;Digital_photography;Compact_disc;Computer_graphics;Pixel;Liquid_crystal_display;Mobile_phone;Digital_camera;Web_browser;Adobe_Photoshop;GIF;Portable_Network_Graphics;Algorithm;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier; Ditto_Music Ditto Music is an online music distribution company specialising in supplying unsigned artists with access to distribution stores such as Spotify [ 1 ] , iTunes [ 2 ] , Amazon.com and Emusic . Other services include chart eligibility, royalty collection and online promotion. [ 3 ] In 2007 Ditto Music released “One Off Song For The Summer” by Essex band Koopa . This is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the first single to enter the top 40 singles chart on downloads alone. [ citation needed ] Ditto Music was started by Matt and Lee Parsons who were previously in bands themselves. The company was the first distributor to put an unsigned artist on Spotify [ citation needed ] Music_industry;United_Kingdom;Spotify;ITunes;Amazon.com;ITunes;EMusic;Spotify;Napster;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Ditto_Music;Ditto_Music; DivX DivX is a brand name of products created by DivX, Inc. (formerly DivXNetworks, Inc. , later purchased by Sonic Solutions and currently part of the Rovi Corporation formerly known as Macrovision ), including the DivX Codec which became popular due to its ability to compress lengthy video segments into small sizes while maintaining relatively high visual quality. There are two DivX codecs ; the regular MPEG-4 Part 2 DivX codec and the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC DivX Plus HD codec. It is one of several codecs commonly associated with " ripping ", whereby audio and video multimedia are transferred to a hard disk and transcoded . 2.1 DivX Media Format (DMF) 2.3 DivX profiles 2.4 DivX Video on Demand 3.1 DivX Plus for Windows 3.1.1 DivX Plus Player 3.1.1.1 Supported formats 3.1.2 DivX Plus Converter 3.1.3 DivX Plus Codec Pack 3.2 DivX Plus Web Player 3.3 DivX 7 for Mac 3.3.1 DivX Player for Mac 3.3.2 DivX Converter for Mac 3.3.3 DivX Plus Web Player for Mac 3.5 Community applications 3.5.1 Dr. DivX OSS 3.5.2 DivX H.264 encoder 3.5.3 DivX AAC encoder 3.5.4 DivX MKV Mux 4 Hardware support 4.1 Gaming system compatibility The "DivX" brand is distinct from " DIVX " that was a former video rental system developed by Circuit City Stores which required special discs and players to function. [ 1 ] The winking emoticon in the early " DivX ;-) " codec name was a tongue-in-cheek reference to the DIVX system. Although not created by them, the DivX company adopted the name of the popular DivX ;-) codec. The company dropped the smiley and released DivX 4.0, which was actually the first DivX version, trademarking the word, DivX . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] DivX ;-) (not DivX ) 3.11 Alpha and later 3.xx versions refers to a hacked version of the Microsoft MPEG-4 Version 3 video codec (not to be mistaken with MPEG-4 Part 3) from Windows Media Tools 4 codecs. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The video codec, which was actually not MPEG-4 compliant, was extracted around 1998 by French hacker Jerome Rota (also known as Gej) at Montpellier. The Microsoft codec originally required that the compressed output be put in an ASF file. It was altered to allow other containers such as Audio Video Interleave (AVI). [ 6 ] Rota hacked the Microsoft codec because newer versions of the Windows Media Player wouldn't play his video portfolio and résumé that were encoded with it. Instead of re-encoding his portfolio, Rota and German hacker Max Morice decided to reverse engineer the codec, which "took about a week". [ 7 ] In early 2000, Jordan Greenhall recruited Rota to form a company (originally called DivXNetworks, Inc., renamed to DivX, Inc. in 2005) to develop an MPEG-4 codec, from scratch, that would still be backward-compatible with the Microsoft MPEG-4 Version 3 format. This effort resulted first in the release of the "OpenDivX" codec and source code on 15 January 2001. OpenDivX was hosted as an open-source project on the Project Mayo web site hosted at projectmayo.com [ 8 ] (the name comes from " mayonnaise ", because, according to Rota, DivX and mayonnaise are both "French and very hard to make." [ 7 ] ). The company's internal developers and some external developers worked jointly on OpenDivX for the next several months, but the project eventually stagnated. In early 2001, DivX employee "Sparky" wrote a new and improved version of the codec's encoding algorithm known as "encore2". This code was included in the OpenDivX public source repository for a brief time, but then was abruptly removed. The explanation from DivX at the time was that "the community really wants a Winamp, not a Linux." It was at this point that the project forked . That summer, Rota left the French Riviera and moved to San Diego "with nothing but a pack of cigarettes" [ 9 ] where he and Greenhall founded what would eventually become DivX, Inc. [ 7 ] DivX took the encore2 code and developed it into DivX 4.0, initially released in July 2001. Other developers who had participated in OpenDivX took encore2 and started a new project— Xvid —that started with the same encoding core. DivX, Inc. has since continued to develop the DivX codec, releasing DivX 5.0 in March 2002. By the release of version 5.2.1 on 8 September 2004, the DivX codec was substantially feature-complete. Changes since then have tended to focus on speed, and encouraging wider hardware player support, while the company has also focused its time on the formats and next generation codecs. As of February 2011, the DivX brand has been owned by Rovi Corporation , upon completion of its acquisition of Sonic Solutions . [ 10 ] [ edit ] DivX formats [ edit ] DivX Media Format (DMF) MPEG-4 Part 2–compliant video DivX 6 expanded the scope of DivX from including just a codec and a player by adding an optional media container format called "DivX Media Format" ("DMF") [ 11 ] (with a .divx extension) that includes support for the following DVD-Video and VOB container like features. This media container format is used for the MPEG-4 Part 2 codec. DivX Media Format (DMF) features: Interactive video menus Multiple subtitles (XSUB) Multiple audio tracks Multiple video streams (for special features like bonus/extra content, just like on DVD-Video movies) Other metadata (XTAG) Partial backwards compatibility with AVI This new "DivX Media Format" also came with a " DivX Ultra Certified " profile, and all " Ultra " certified players must support all "DivX Media Format" features. While video encoded with the DivX codec is an MPEG-4 video stream, the DivX Media Format is analogous to media container formats such as Apple's QuickTime. In much the same way that media formats such as DVD specify MPEG-2 video as a part of their specification, the DivX Media Format specifies MPEG-4-compatible video as a part of its specification. However, despite the use of the ".divx" extension, this format is an extension to the AVI file format. The methods of including multiple audio and even subtitle tracks involve storing the data in RIFF headers and other such AVI hacks which have been known for quite a while, such that even VirtualDubMod supports them. DivX, Inc. did this on purpose to keep at least partial backwards compatibility with AVI, so that players that do not support the new features available to the .divx container format (like interactive menus, chapter points and XSUB subtitles) can at least play that primary video stream (usually the main movie if the DMF file contains multiple video streams like special features like bonus materials). Of course, the DivX codec and tools like Dr. DivX still support the traditional method of creating standard AVI files. [ edit ] DivX Plus HD Main article: DivX Plus HD DivX Plus HD is a marketing name for a file type using the standard Matroska media container format (.mkv), rather than the proprietary DivX Media Format. DivX Plus HD files contain an H.264 video bitstream, AAC surround sound audio, and a number of XML-based attachments defining chapters, subtitles and meta data. [ 12 ] This media container format is used for the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codec. [ edit ] DivX profiles ‹ The template below ( Update ) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. › This article is outdated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2010) DivX has defined profiles which are subsets of MPEG-4/AVI and H.264/Matroska standards. Because the grouping is a specific subset of what is in the standards, there are certification processes for each of the profiles that device manufacturers must follow. Hence all DivX certified devices bearing a DivX logo will adhere to one of the profiles outlined in the table below as would any tools that support the DivX profiles. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] DivX Codec (MPEG-4 Part 2) DivX H.264 Codec (MPEG-4 Part 10) Max. resolution (px×px×Hz) 720×480×30, 720×576×25 1920×1080×30, 1280×720×60 Max VBV bitrate ( bit/s ) Min. VBV buffer size ( KiB ) VCL: 3200, NAL: 3840 Macroblocks (per second) 8×SRT, [ 16 ] SSA [ 17 ] [ edit ] DivX Video on Demand DivX Video on Demand (DivX VOD) is DivX's version of digital rights management (DRM) , which allows content owners to control distribution in an effort to thwart piracy. DivX, Inc. has received format approval from major Hollywood studios including Sony, Paramount and Lionsgate, which has allowed content retailers to sell protected videos that will play on current and previous generations of DivX certified devices. [ 18 ] [ edit ] DivX software [ edit ] DivX Plus for Windows DivX Plus for Windows is a suite of software for Microsoft Windows that contains the DivX Codec, a standalone media player , a video converter and media player Plug-in for web browsers. [ 19 ] It was released on 16 March 2010. [ 20 ] DivX Plus for Windows is a successor of DivX suite of software. The latest version of this suite, DivX 7, was released 6 January 2009, which added H.264 video, AAC audio and Matroska container support. [ 21 ] [ edit ] DivX Plus Player http://www.divx.com/software/divx-plus/player DivX Plus Player (version 8) is a standalone media player . [ 22 ] This player is a successor to DivX Player (versions 6 and 7) and Playa (version 5), made by the Project Mayo team that later became DivX, Inc. [ citation needed ] DivX Plus Player also features DivX to Go as an additional panel on the right side of the interface with four buttons targeting consumer electronic devices. When a user drags a video file onto one of the icons, a transfer wizard is invoked, which walks the user through the steps needed to convert and transfer a video file that's compatible with their DivX Certified device, via USB or optical disc. DivX Plus Player also features a media library as well as a set of Digital Rights Management features that help authorize purchased commercial content for the consumer's computer and his DivX Certified devices. [ 22 ] [ edit ] Supported formats DivX Plus Player supports the following media formats: [ 22 ] Video compression algorithms Audio compression algorithms — Native support — Advanced Systems Format Advanced Audio Coding Audio Video Interleave MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 Windows Media Video Windows Media Audio — Extended support — .mpg, .mpe, .mpeg, .m1v MPEG-1 Audio Layer I .vob , .ts , .m2v MPEG-1 Audio Layer II Dolby Digital(AC-3) Has native support in DivX Plus Requires external components installed [ edit ] DivX Plus Converter DivX Plus Converter 8.0.1.49 / 4 June 2010 ; 2 years ago ( 2010-06-04 ) Converter: Freeware Converter Pro: Proprietary commercial software http://www.divx.com/software/divx-plus/converter The DivX Plus Converter (version 8) introduced a dramatically changed interface from its predecessor. The former had a small round interface that allowed for little more than selecting the type of output and displayed the number of videos in the queue. The DivX Plus Converter interface contains a large window that exposes each video that has been added in a row with drop-down options for quality, size, audio, subtitles and more. Another notable change is while both the previous and DivX Plus versions have 15-day trials, the DivX Plus Converter still allows users to create DivX Plus HD files for free after the trial is complete. [ 23 ] DivX Plus Converter can convert AVI files (.avi), MP4 files (.mp4), QuickTime Video files (.mov), Windows Media Video files (.wmv), AVCHD video files ( .mts and .m2ts ) and RMVB files (.rmvb) to DivX Plus HD format (.mkv files). When a DivX Pro license is purchased, it can also convert video files to DivX Media Format (.divx files). In addition with the purchase of an "MPEG-2/DVD Plug-in", the input support range of DivX Plus Converter will be extended to support MPEG video, MPEG-2 video, DVD Video and Video CD . [ 23 ] [ edit ] DivX Plus Codec Pack The DivX Plus Codec Pack is an upgrade to the former DivX Community Codec, which enables system-wide playback of MPEG-4 ASP and H.264 video (DivX Plus files). This pack includes a free H.264 decoder with optional DXVA hardware acceleration that can be activated in the control panel. [ 24 ] [ edit ] DivX Plus Web Player DivX Plus Web Player 2.2.0.52 / 15 December 2011 ; 8 months ago ( 2011-12-15 ) Microsoft Windows / Mac OS X http://www.divx.com/software/divx-plus/web-player DivX Plus Web Player (formerly known as DivX Web Player and DivX Browser Plug-In) is a web browser plug-in for playing embedded video on web pages. Web Player supports playing DivX (.divx), AVI (.avi), Matroska (.mkv), MP4 (.mp4) and QuickTime (.mov) video formats on Google Chrome , Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and Safari . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] It also supports multiple audio tracks and muxed UTF-8 subtitles and is able to save video files locally upon completing of full-length buffer. [ 27 ] On September 2, 2010, a public beta of the Web Player, called DivX HiQ, introduced the following features in the DivX Plus Web Player for Windows: [ 28 ] Support for replacing the playing embedded web video with DivX HiQ instead of the Adobe Flash Player on video portals like YouTube and DailyMotion [ 29 ] Support for H.264 video in MP4 or QuickTime Video files A plug-in that parses HTML5 video tag for the web browser, thus enabling it to play .divx, .avi, .mkv, .mp4 or .mov video embedded in this manner with DivX Web Player Hardware accelerated video decoding of H.264 bitstreams On February 10, 2011, The DivX HiQ Beta experiment is over, and will be uninstalled from any computer system in the latest release of the DivX Plus Web Player. [ 30 ] On December 15, 2011, DivX released the new DivX Web Player 2.2. [ citation needed ] New release information for this version is unknown, and not yet published. [ edit ] DivX 7 for Mac [ edit ] DivX Player for Mac DivX Player for Mac 8.2.2 (Build 10.3.2.1) / 5 May 2012 ; 3 months ago ( 2012-05-05 ) http://www.divx.com/en/software/mac/ DivX Player for Mac, first introduced with DivX 6.5 on the 25 May 2006, is a standalone player that plays DivX encoded files and DivX Media Format features such as subtitles, multiple audio tracks, and DivX VOD content. The DivX Player for Mac also can play DivX Plus HD compatible files — namely .mkv files encoded with H.264 video and AAC audio. Unlike the DivX 7 and DivX Plus (version 8) Windows counterparts, DivX Player for Mac does not include a burn engine or a utility for moving videos to USB. Starting with DivX 7.3, it can now play MP4 and MOV files, and now has HTML5 support. The player has since been updated to 8.2.2. [ edit ] Features Bundled playback of MPEG-4 ASP video with MP3 audio (.divx/.avi) and DivX Plus files (Matroska with H.264 video and AAC audio) Mouse gestures to control video Media manager via a video library window Play any QuickTime supported file Play video as desktop background Manage certified DivX devices to enable playback of purchased/protected content Playback of purchased/protected video content [ edit ] DivX Converter for Mac DivX Converter for Mac has remained virtually unchanged since DivX 6 for Mac, which is most apparent in its small and round interface and lack of ability to generate DivX Plus HD files. [ edit ] DivX Plus Web Player for Mac As of DivX Plus Web Player version 2.0.2, DivX Plus Web Player for Mac has feature parity with the DivX Plus Web Player for Windows. [ edit ] DivX Author DivX Author is a licensed version of Pegasys TMPGEnc DVD Author 3 with DivX Authoring without the DVD output capability. DVD Author 3 is already superseded by TMPGEnc Authoring Works 4 and Pegasys has ceased development since 2008. Even though it's obsolete, DivX is still selling it on their web site. [ edit ] Community applications [ edit ] Dr. DivX OSS Main article: Dr. DivX Dr. DivX OSS 2 for Windows Dr. DivX is an application created by DivX, Inc. that is capable of transcoding many video formats to DivX encoded video. The original closed source Dr. DivX terminated at version 1.06 for DivX 5.21, that was the last version of DivX capable of running under Windows 9x/Me. An open source version has been made, which supports DivX 6. Dr. DivX offers greatly expanded features over the free DivX Converter application, that was bundled with the codec from version 6 onwards. [ 31 ] Dr. Divx is not compatible with DivX Plus HD. [ edit ] DivX H.264 encoder DivX has released a command line interface (CLI) for the divx264 encoder used in the DivX Plus Converter as beta, free for non-commercial use. [ 32 ] [ edit ] DivX AAC encoder To complement the CLI divx264 encoder released on DivX Labs, DivX has also released a DivX AAC encoder CLI as a Windows beta binary. [ 32 ] [ edit ] DivX MKV Mux The DivXMKVMux is a free Windows CLI available through DivX Labs with documentation on the DivX Developer Portal; DivX describes the release as a reference mux to demonstrate DivX Plus MKV extensions like World Fonts and Smooth FF/RW . [ 33 ] [ edit ] Hardware support DivX, Inc. markets a certification program to consumer electronics and IC manufacturers for the purpose of guaranteed compatibility and playback of video files that fall within DivX profiles. Devices that have been DivX certified usually brandish one of the following marks: [ 34 ] DivX Certified for HD 720p and 1080p DivX Certified for DivX Plus HD DivX Certified for DivX Ultra DivX certified devices have included DVD players, car stereos, mobile phones, televisions, Blu-ray players, and even alarm clocks. [ 35 ] Aside from verifying proper decoding of files conforming to the DivX profiles the certification also confirms the device can play back DivX Video on Demand content, which includes Hollywood content that can be purchased from Internet retailers. [ 36 ] [ edit ] Gaming system compatibility The PlayStation 3 button on the DivX to Go interface of the DivX Plus Player. On 4 December 2007, native MPEG-4 ASP playback support was added to the Xbox 360 , [ 37 ] [ dead link ] allowing it to play video encoded with DivX and other MPEG-4 ASP codecs. [ 38 ] On 17 December 2007, firmware upgrade 2.10 was released for the Sony PlayStation 3 , which included official DivX Certification. Firmware version 2.50 (released on 15 October 2008) included support for the DivX Video on Demand (DivX VOD) service, and firmware version 2.60 (released on 20 January 2009) included official DivX Certification and updated Profile support to version 3.11. [ 39 ] With introduction of DivX to Go in the DivX Plus Player for Windows, a PlayStation 3 icon is readily available on the interface, which will invoke a transfer wizard for freely converting and copying video files via USB or optical disc. [ 40 ] The output from DivX to Go's PlayStation 3 preset is also playable on the Xbox 360. [ edit ] Competitors See also: Comparison of video player software , Category:Video conversion software , and Category:Video codecs The main competitors of DivX Inc. in the proprietary commercial software market are Microsoft corporation , Google Inc. and Apple Inc. Microsoft develops Windows Media Video codec (an implementation of VC-1 used on Blu-ray Discs ) as well as Windows Media Player , a video player and Microsoft Expression Encoder , a video converter . Google Inc. develops WebM , a royalty-free video file format chiefly used for online video. Apple Inc. also develops QuickTime , a suite of software that can encode, decode and play digital video (including H.264–compliant video). Additionally, all software products that create (encode) MPEG-4 –compatible digital video also compete with DivX. One of these products that can produce MPEG-4–compliant digital video is Xvid , a free and open source codec that offers comparable quality. Both DivX Codec and Xvid are compliant with MPEG-4 Part 2 (MPEG-4 ASP); however, the most commonly used DivX encoding profile ( Home Theater ) [ 41 ] does not employ the same MPEG-4 ASP features enabled in the most commonly used Xvid encoding profile ( home ). [ 42 ] In a series of subjective quality tests at Doom9.org between 2003 and 2005, the DivX encoder was beaten by the Xvid encoder every year. [ 43 ] Similar tests were not undertaken for newer versions. Another notable codec is libavcodec , a free software library that can create and play digital video formats that comply with MPEG-4 Part 2 and MPEG-4 Part 10. This library is also used by ffdshow , which can be used for playback with most Windows video players and video converters. DIVX;Dr._DivX;DivX_Plus_HD;Sonic_Solutions;Rovi_Corporation;Video_compression;Codec;Ripping;Sound_recording;Video;Hard_disk;Transcoding;Digital_Video_Express;Emoticon;Smiley;Trademark;Microsoft;Jerome_Rota;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Reverse_engineering;Mayonnaise;Xvid;Rovi_Corporation;Sonic_Solutions;Filename_extension;Type_code;Media_container;Audio_Video_Interleave;VOB;Backwards_compatibility;VirtualDubMod;Dr._DivX;DivX_Plus_HD;Matroska;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Kibibyte;Digital_rights_management;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Project_Mayo;Digital_Rights_Management;Advanced_Systems_Format;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Audio_Video_Interleave;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Audio;Matroska;Vorbis;SubRip;SubStation_Alpha;VOB;MPEG_transport_stream;RMVB;RealVideo;RealAudio;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_converter;Software_license;Freeware;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Audio_Video_Interleave;Windows_Media_Video;AVCHD;.mts;RMVB;MPEG;DVD_Video;Video_CD;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Google_Chrome;Mozilla_Firefox;Adobe_Flash_Player;YouTube;DailyMotion;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Mouse_gesture;QuickTime;Desktop_background;Dr._DivX;Dr._DivX;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Microsoft_corporation;Google_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft_Expression_Encoder;Video_converter;WebM;QuickTime;Xvid;Free_and_open_source;Libavcodec;Free_software;Ffdshow;Open_Directory_Project;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;DivX;DivX; DivX_Media_Format DivX is a brand name of products created by DivX, Inc. (formerly DivXNetworks, Inc. , later purchased by Sonic Solutions and currently part of the Rovi Corporation formerly known as Macrovision ), including the DivX Codec which became popular due to its ability to compress lengthy video segments into small sizes while maintaining relatively high visual quality. There are two DivX codecs ; the regular MPEG-4 Part 2 DivX codec and the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC DivX Plus HD codec. It is one of several codecs commonly associated with " ripping ", whereby audio and video multimedia are transferred to a hard disk and transcoded . DIVX;Dr._DivX;DivX_Plus_HD;Sonic_Solutions;Rovi_Corporation;Video_compression;Codec;Ripping;Sound_recording;Video;Hard_disk;Transcoding;Digital_Video_Express;Emoticon;Smiley;Trademark;Microsoft;Jerome_Rota;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Reverse_engineering;Mayonnaise;Xvid;Rovi_Corporation;Sonic_Solutions;Filename_extension;Type_code;Media_container;Audio_Video_Interleave;VOB;Backwards_compatibility;VirtualDubMod;Dr._DivX;DivX_Plus_HD;Matroska;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Kibibyte;Digital_rights_management;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Project_Mayo;Digital_Rights_Management;Advanced_Systems_Format;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Audio_Video_Interleave;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Audio;Matroska;Vorbis;SubRip;SubStation_Alpha;VOB;MPEG_transport_stream;RMVB;RealVideo;RealAudio;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_converter;Software_license;Freeware;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Audio_Video_Interleave;Windows_Media_Video;AVCHD;.mts;RMVB;MPEG;DVD_Video;Video_CD;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Google_Chrome;Mozilla_Firefox;Adobe_Flash_Player;YouTube;DailyMotion;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Mouse_gesture;QuickTime;Desktop_background;Dr._DivX;Dr._DivX;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Microsoft_corporation;Google_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft_Expression_Encoder;Video_converter;WebM;QuickTime;Xvid;Free_and_open_source;Libavcodec;Free_software;Ffdshow;Open_Directory_Project;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;DivX;DivX; DivX_Player DivX is a brand name of products created by DivX, Inc. (formerly DivXNetworks, Inc. , later purchased by Sonic Solutions and currently part of the Rovi Corporation formerly known as Macrovision ), including the DivX Codec which became popular due to its ability to compress lengthy video segments into small sizes while maintaining relatively high visual quality. There are two DivX codecs ; the regular MPEG-4 Part 2 DivX codec and the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC DivX Plus HD codec. It is one of several codecs commonly associated with " ripping ", whereby audio and video multimedia are transferred to a hard disk and transcoded . DIVX;Dr._DivX;DivX_Plus_HD;Sonic_Solutions;Rovi_Corporation;Video_compression;Codec;Ripping;Sound_recording;Video;Hard_disk;Transcoding;Digital_Video_Express;Emoticon;Smiley;Trademark;Microsoft;Jerome_Rota;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Reverse_engineering;Mayonnaise;Xvid;Rovi_Corporation;Sonic_Solutions;Filename_extension;Type_code;Media_container;Audio_Video_Interleave;VOB;Backwards_compatibility;VirtualDubMod;Dr._DivX;DivX_Plus_HD;Matroska;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Kibibyte;Digital_rights_management;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Project_Mayo;Digital_Rights_Management;Advanced_Systems_Format;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Audio_Video_Interleave;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Audio;Matroska;Vorbis;SubRip;SubStation_Alpha;VOB;MPEG_transport_stream;RMVB;RealVideo;RealAudio;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_converter;Software_license;Freeware;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Audio_Video_Interleave;Windows_Media_Video;AVCHD;.mts;RMVB;MPEG;DVD_Video;Video_CD;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Google_Chrome;Mozilla_Firefox;Adobe_Flash_Player;YouTube;DailyMotion;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Mouse_gesture;QuickTime;Desktop_background;Dr._DivX;Dr._DivX;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Microsoft_corporation;Google_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft_Expression_Encoder;Video_converter;WebM;QuickTime;Xvid;Free_and_open_source;Libavcodec;Free_software;Ffdshow;Open_Directory_Project;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;DivX;DivX; DivX_Plus_HD DivX Plus HD was launched in 2009 and is the brand name for the file type that DivX, Inc. has chosen for their high definition video format. DivX Plus HD files consist of high definition H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video with surround sound Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) audio, wrapped up in the open-standard Matroska container, identified by the .mkv file extension. DivX Plus HD files leverage and extend on Matroska's ability to support multiple language tracks, subtitles, chapters, and additional bonus content. DivX;Dr._DivX;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Matroska;DivX;Microsoft_Windows;Web_browser;DirectShow;Kibibyte;Integrated_circuit;Broadcom;Integrated_circuit;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Seagate_Technology;Digital_media_receiver;Open_source;Engadget;AOL;SlashGear;Engadget;AOL;Engadget;AOL;DivX_Plus_HD;DivX_Plus_HD; Division_by_zero In mathematics , division by zero is division where the divisor (denominator) is zero . Such a division can be formally expressed as a /0 where a is the dividend (numerator). Whether this expression can be assigned a well-defined value depends upon the mathematical setting. In ordinary ( real number ) arithmetic, the expression has no meaning, as there is no number which, multiplied by 0, gives a ( a ≠0), and so division by zero is undefined . Since any number multiplied by zero is zero, the expression 0/0 has no defined value and is called an indeterminate form . Historically, one of the earliest recorded references to the mathematical impossibility of assigning a value to a /0 is contained in George Berkeley 's criticism of infinitesimal calculus in The Analyst ("ghosts of departed quantities"). [ citation needed ] In computer programming , an attempt to divide a floating point number by zero will lead to +-infinity by the IEEE 754 floating point standard, however, depending on the programming language and the type of number (e.g. integer) being divided by zero, it may: generate an exception, generate an error message, crash the program being executed, generate either positive or negative infinity, or could result in a special not-a-number value. Linear_algebra;Programming_language;Mathematica;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wired_News;Division_by_zero;Division_by_zero; DjVu DjVu ( / ˌ d eɪ ʒ ə ˈ v uː / DAY -zhə- VOO , [ 3 ] like French : déjà vu [deʒavy] ) is a computer file format designed primarily to store scanned documents , especially those containing a combination of text, line drawings, indexed color images, and photographs. It uses technologies such as image layer separation of text and background/images, progressive loading , arithmetic coding , and lossy compression for bitonal ( monochrome ) images. This allows for high-quality, readable images to be stored in a minimum of space, so that they can be made available on the web . DjVu has been promoted as an alternative [ citation needed ] to PDF , promising smaller files than PDF for most scanned documents. [ 4 ] The DjVu developers report [ 5 ] that color magazine pages compress to 40–70 kB, black and white technical papers compress to 15–40 kB, and ancient manuscripts compress to around 100 kB; a satisfactory JPEG image typically requires 500 kB. Like PDF, DjVu can contain an OCR text layer, making it easy to perform copy and paste and text search operations. Free browser plug-ins and desktop viewers from different developers are available from the djvu.org website. DjVu is supported by a number of multi-format document viewers and e-book reader software on Linux (Okular, Evince), Android (VuDroid), Windows (SumatraPDF), and iPhone/iPad (Stanza). Filename_extension;Type_code;Software_release_life_cycle;French_language;Computer;File_format;Image_scanner;Lossy_compression;Portable_Document_Format;JPEG;Brewster_Kahle;PDF;Internet_Archive;TIFF;Portable_Document_Format;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;DjVu;DjVu; Djshop Djshop Records is a German-based online dance music retail store, selling vinyl records , CDs , music downloads and music accessories, founded by Armin Wirth. [ 1 ] The website was created in 1993. In 1998 the site changed into the European commercial franchise store Djshop , with locations in Poland, Vienna, Switzerland, Neatherland and UK. [ 2 ] During the e-commerce boom of the late 1990s, the site differentiated itself from other dance music stores by maintaining a text-based presentation. In July 2005, djshop Records added MP3 and WAV downloads to its catalogue. In December 2008 djshop release the independent digital music upload portal feiyr [ 3 ] that's allowed every dj and artist to sell their music in real time in the djshop. In 2011 has djshop over 10 000 labels and artists under contracts. [ 4 ] With start 2009 feiyr start the cooperation with serval online shops like iTunes, Amazon, Napster to sell the digital contant from the djs to there shops. [ 5 ] One Year later djshop closed contracts as the first specialized dance store with the big 4 major music compays called Warner, EMI, Sony BMG to sell the major music content in the djshop. [ 6 ] Feiyr and djshop starts in 2010 to press individually download files on vinyl. [ 7 ] In November djshop release the first mobil dance store in the iTunes app store. [ 8 ] In Januar 2011 Djshop won the German biggest Poll from Pioneer and the Raveline Magazin (85 000 readers) as the German most wanted Download Store. Since Januar 2011 djshop presents the digital download charts from the Germany biggest dj mag. [ 9 ] With start 2011 djshop release in Germany’s biggest underground party magazine partysan the music charts. [ 10 ] Operating_system;Audio_file_format;WAV;Digital_Rights_Management;Digital_rights_management;Dance_music;WAV;Facebook;Djshop;Djshop; Dock_Connector A dock connector is a connector used to attach a mobile electronic device simultaneously to multiple external resources. The dock connector will typically carry a variety of signals and power, through a single connector, to simplify the process of docking the mobile device. A dock connector may be embedded in a mechanical fixture used to support or align the mobile device or may be at the end of a cable. The dock connector was originally associated with laptops, but other mobile devices use the concept. Universal_Serial_Bus;ESATA;FireWire;IPod;IPhone;IPad;USB;FireWire;Dock_connector;Dock_connector; Dock_connector A dock connector is a connector used to attach a mobile electronic device simultaneously to multiple external resources. The dock connector will typically carry a variety of signals and power, through a single connector, to simplify the process of docking the mobile device. A dock connector may be embedded in a mechanical fixture used to support or align the mobile device or may be at the end of a cable. The dock connector was originally associated with laptops, but other mobile devices use the concept. Universal_Serial_Bus;ESATA;FireWire;IPod;IPhone;IPad;USB;FireWire;Dock_connector;Dock_connector; Doctor_Who Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC . The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord —a time travelling , humanoid alien with two hearts known as the Doctor . He explores the universe in his TARDIS (Time And Relative Dimension In Space), a sentient , telepathic time-and-space-travel machine that flies through the time vortex. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box , a common sight in 1963, when the series first aired. Along with a succession of companions , the Doctor faces a variety of foes while working to save civilisations, help ordinary people, and right wrongs. The show has received recognition from critics and the public as one of the finest British television programmes, including the 2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005–10) wins at the National Television Awards under Russell T Davies ' reign as Executive Producer . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In 2011, Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . The programme is listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world [ 3 ] and as the "most successful" science fiction series of all time—based on its over-all broadcast ratings, DVD and book sales, and iTunes traffic. [ 4 ] During its original run, it was recognised for its imaginative stories, creative low-budget special effects , and pioneering use of electronic music (originally produced by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop ). The show is a significant part of British popular culture ; [ 5 ] [ 6 ] and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite . The show has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series. [ 7 ] The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. After an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot in the form of a television film , the programme was relaunched in 2005 , produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff . Series 1 in the 21st Century, featuring Christopher Eccleston as the ninth incarnation, was produced by the BBC. Series 2 and 3 had some development money contributed by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), which was credited as a co-producer. [ 8 ] Doctor Who also spawned spin-offs in multiple media, including Torchwood (2006), The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007), K-9 (2009), the four-part video series P.R.O.B.E. (1994), and a single pilot episode of K-9 and Company (1981). There also have been many spoofs and cultural references of the character in other media. The Doctor has been principally played by eleven actors . The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show as regeneration , whereby the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality. Although each portrayal is different, and on occasions the various incarnations have even met one another, they are all meant to be aspects of the same character. The Doctor is currently portrayed by Matt Smith , who took up the role after David Tennant 's final appearance in an episode broadcast on 1 January 2010. [ 9 ] Series 5 of the relaunched programme was first broadcast in 2010, in which the Eleventh Doctor is accompanied by Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ), who is joined later in the series by fiancé (later husband) Rory Williams ( Arthur Darvill ). This was followed by Series 6 in 2011, with Darvill appearing as a regular companion. A seventh series, scheduled to begin broadcast on September 1, 2012 in the UK and September 8, 2012 in the US, entered production in February 2012. [ 10 ] The series will mark its 50th anniversary in 2013. In August 2012, Matt Smith and Steven Moffat also confirmed an eighth series. United_Kingdom;PAL;NTSC;Stereophonic_sound;Electronic_music;Universal_Studios;Trademark;UK_Intellectual_Property_Office;PAL;HDTV;Pop_music;The_Beatles;ITV;New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;Canada;Malaysia;French_language;French_language;Korean_language;Spanish_language;DVD;Saturday_Night_Live;Daily_Mail;Barack_Obama;IOS;Australia;International_Standard_Book_Number;UK_Intellectual_Property_Office;UK_Intellectual_Property_Office;UK_Intellectual_Property_Office;International_Standard_Book_Number;QuickTime;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Peter_Jackson;Peter_Jackson;Peter_Jackson;Doctor_Who;Doctor_Who; Dodge_and_burn Dodging and burning are terms used in photography for a technique used during the printing process to manipulate the exposure of a selected area(s) on a photographic print , deviating from the rest of the image's exposure. In a darkroom print from a film negative, dodging decreases the exposure for areas of the print that the photographer wishes to be lighter, while burning increases the exposure to areas of the print that should be darker. [ 1 ] Any material with varying degrees of opacity may be used, as preferred, to cover and/or obscure the desired area for burning or dodging. One may use a transparency with text, designs, patterns, a stencil, or a completely opaque material shaped according to the desired area of burning/dodging. Many modern digital image editing programs have "dodge" and "burn" tools that mimic the effect on digital images. High_dynamic_range_imaging;International_Standard_Book_Number;Dodging_and_burning;Dodging_and_burning; Dodging_and_burning Dodging and burning are terms used in photography for a technique used during the printing process to manipulate the exposure of a selected area(s) on a photographic print , deviating from the rest of the image's exposure. In a darkroom print from a film negative, dodging decreases the exposure for areas of the print that the photographer wishes to be lighter, while burning increases the exposure to areas of the print that should be darker. [ 1 ] Any material with varying degrees of opacity may be used, as preferred, to cover and/or obscure the desired area for burning or dodging. One may use a transparency with text, designs, patterns, a stencil, or a completely opaque material shaped according to the desired area of burning/dodging. Many modern digital image editing programs have "dodge" and "burn" tools that mimic the effect on digital images. High_dynamic_range_imaging;International_Standard_Book_Number;Dodging_and_burning;Dodging_and_burning; Dolby_Digital Dolby Digital is the name for audio compression technologies developed by Dolby Laboratories . It was originally named Dolby Stereo Digital until 1994 . Except for Dolby TrueHD, the audio compression is lossy . The first use of Dolby Digital was to provide digital sound in cinemas from 35mm film prints. It is now also used for other applications such as HDTV broadcast, DVDs , Blu-ray Discs and game consoles. Lossy_compression;DVD;Stereophonic_sound;Home_cinema;Sony;Dolby_Pro_Logic;Surround_sound;HDMI;Xbox;Codec;Transcoding;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Pro_Logic;Home_cinema;Loudspeaker;Sony;Creative_Technology;Creative_Technology;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Surround_sound;Advanced_Audio_Coding;HDV;Component_video;HDMI;VGA_connector;Dolby_Digital;Dolby_Digital; Dolby_Pro_Logic Dolby Pro Logic is a surround sound processing technology developed by Dolby Laboratories , designed to decode soundtracks encoded with Dolby Surround . Dolby Stereo was originally developed by Dolby in 1976 for analog cinema sound systems. The format was adapted for home use in 1982 as Dolby Surround when HiFi capable consumer VCRs were introduced; it was then replaced by the newer and improved Pro-Logic system in 1987. However, the term " Dolby Surround " is still used to describe the encoding technology or matrix-encoded soundtrack, whereas Pro Logic refers to the decoding technology and processor. It is the domestic equivalent of the theatrical Dolby Stereo technology used in movie cinemas in the 1970s and '80s. The two technologies are mostly identical but a change in marketing was needed so as not to confuse cinema stereo which is at least four channels of audio with home stereo which is only two. Thus Dolby Pro Logic is the consumer version of theatrical Dolby Stereo. Logic_Pro;Surround_sound;VCR;Stereophonic_sound;Video_game;Dolby_Digital;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;Dolby_Pro_Logic;Dolby_Pro_Logic; Dominican_Republic The Dominican Republic ( i / d ə ˌ m ɪ n ɨ k ən r ɨ ˈ p ʌ b l ɪ k / ; Spanish : República Dominicana [reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana] ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola , part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba ), with 48,442 square kilometres (18,704 sq mi) and an estimated 10 million people. [ 2 ] [ 6 ] Taínos inhabited what is now the Dominican Republic since the 7th century. Christopher Columbus landed on it in 1492, and it became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas, namely Santo Domingo , the country's capital and Spain's first capital in the New World . Santo Domingo can boast of many firsts in the Americas, including the first cathedral , and castle , both in the Ciudad Colonial area, a UNESCO World Heritage Site . [ 2 ] [ 7 ] After three centuries of Spanish rule, with French and Haitian interludes, the country became independent in 1821 under the rule of a former colonial judge who maintained the system of slavery and limited rights for the mostly mulatto and black population. The ruler, José Núñez de Cáceres , intended that the Dominican Republic be part of the nation of Gran Colombia , but he was quickly removed by the Haitian government and "Dominican" slave revolts. Victorious in the Dominican War of Independence in 1844, Dominicans experienced mostly internal strife, and also a brief return to Spanish rule, over the next 72 years. The United States occupation of 1916–1924, and a subsequent calm and prosperous six-year period under Horacio Vásquez Lajara , were followed by the dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina until 1961. The civil war of 1965, the country's last, was ended by a U.S.-led intervention , and was followed by the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer , 1966–1978. Since then, the Dominican Republic has moved toward representative democracy , [ 1 ] and has been led by Leonel Fernández for most of the time after 1996. The Dominican Republic has the ninth largest economy in Latin America and the second largest economy in the Caribbean and Central American region. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Though long known for sugar production, the economy is now dominated by services. [ 1 ] The country's economic progress is exemplified by its advanced telecommunication system. [ 10 ] Nevertheless, unemployment, [ 1 ] government corruption, and inconsistent electric service remain major Dominican problems. The country also has "marked income inequality". [ 1 ] International migration affects the Dominican Republic greatly, as it receives and sends large flows of migrants. Haitian immigration and the integration of Dominicans of Haitian descent are major issues; the total population of Haitian origin is estimated at 800,000. [ 11 ] A large Dominican diaspora exists, most of it in the United States, where it numbers 1.3 million. [ 12 ] They aid national development as they send billions of dollars to their families, accounting for one-tenth of the Dominican GDP. [ 1 ] [ 13 ] The Dominican Republic has become the Caribbean's largest tourist destination; the country's year-round golf courses are among the top attractions. [ 10 ] In this mountainous land is located the Caribbean's highest mountain, Pico Duarte , as is Lake Enriquillo , the Caribbean's largest lake and lowest elevation. [ 14 ] Quisqueya, as Dominicans often call their country, has an average temperature of 26 °C (78.8 °F) and great biological diversity. [ 10 ] Music and sport are of the highest importance in Dominican culture, with merengue as the national dance and song and baseball the favorite sport. [ 2 ] Spanish_language;Spain;Spain;Spanish_language;United_Kingdom;Puerto_Rico;Venezuela;Good_Friday;Spanish_language;New_Jersey;Major_League_Baseball;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;IPTV;Hertz;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Dominican_Republic;Puerto_Rico;North_America;Canada;Colombia;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Netherlands;Panama;United_States;Puerto_Rico;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;United_States;Venezuela;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Colombia;Mexico;Puerto_Rico;Venezuela;Dominican_Republic;Dominican_Republic; Dosulepin Dosulepin ( INN ), formerly known as dothiepin ( BAN ), is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It is sold under the brand names Prothiaden , Dothep , Thaden and Dopress . Dosulepin blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, thereby increasing their levels. It is believed that this action is responsible for its mood-elevating effects. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Urinary_retention;Urinary_retention;Astemizole;Terfenadine;Doxepin;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Dosulepin;Dosulepin; DotCMS dotCMS is a free software / open source web content management system (wCMS) for building/managing websites , content and content driven web applications. dotCMS includes features such as support for virtual hosting , WebDav (beta), structured content , clustering and can run on multiple databases PostgreSQL , MySQL , MSSQL and Oracle . It also includes standard wCMS features like page caching , templating, and an API . There are a number of features and modules in dotCMS, including RSS feeds, AJAX calendar, a reporting engine, news listing, blogs , forums, user tracking and tagging , built in search engine and language internationalization to name a few. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Website;Application_programming_interface;Blog;Internationalization_and_localization;DotCMS;DotCMS; DotEmu DotEmu is a French video game company created in 2007 by Xavier Liard and Romain Tisserand, with its headquarters in France . This company initially dedicated to B2B adaptation and emulation of old games and now provides a B2C distribution service on dotemu.com . DotEmu provides in is majority old PC games; they can be purchased and downloaded without digital rights management . The DotEmu distribution service provides users games available in various platforms, such as iPhone / iPod Touch (available in the iTunes Store ), Android (sold via Google Play ) and online games that can be played in a regular web browser . Software_developer;Computing_platform;Microsoft_Windows;IOS;Mac_OS;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Video_game;France;Digital_rights_management;IPhone;IPod_Touch;ITunes_Store;Google_Play;Web_browser;Computing_platform;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Flash_Video;IPhone;IPhone;IPhone;IPhone;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;DotEmu;DotEmu; DoubleTwist San_Francisco;Jon_Lech_Johansen;San_Francisco;Jon_Lech_Johansen;Skype;Apple_Inc.;ITunes;Google;Windows_Media_Player;Apple_Store;Apple_Inc.;DoubleTwist;DoubleTwist; Double_bass The double bass , also called the string bass , upright bass , bass fiddle , bass violin , doghouse bass , contrabass , bass viol , or stand-up bass , is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra , with strings usually tuned to E1, A1, D2 and G2 (see standard tuning ). The double bass is a standard member of the string section of the symphony orchestra [ 1 ] and smaller string ensembles [ 2 ] in Western classical music . In addition, it is used in other genres such as jazz , 1950s-style blues and rock and roll , rockabilly / psychobilly , traditional country music , bluegrass , tango and many types of folk music . A person who plays the double bass is usually referred to as a bassist. The double bass stands around 180 cm (six feet) from scroll to endpin, [ 3 ] and is typically constructed from several types of wood, including maple for the back, spruce for the top, and ebony for the fingerboard. It is uncertain whether the instrument is a descendant of the viola da gamba or of the violin, but it is traditionally aligned with the violin family . While the double bass is nearly identical in construction to other violin family instruments, it also embodies features found in the older viol family. Like many other string instruments , the double bass is played either with a bow (arco) or by plucking the strings ( pizzicato ). In orchestral repertoire and tango music, both arco and pizzicato are employed. In jazz, pizzicato is the norm, except for some solos and also occasional written parts in modern jazz that call for bowing. In other genres, such as blues and rockabilly, the bass is plucked. When playing the double bass, the bassist either stands or sits on a high stool and leans the instrument against the bassist's body with the bass turned slightly inwards in order to more easily reach the strings. This stance is also a key reason for the bass's sloped shoulders, which mark it apart from the other members of the violin family, as the narrower shoulders facilitate playing of the strings in their higher registers. The double bass is a transposing instrument and sounds one octave lower than notated. Musical_instrument;Pizzicato;Musical_instrument;Viola;Cello;Violin;Jazz;Blues;Country_music;Folk_music;Pizzicato;Jazz;Folk_music;Viola;Blues;Classical_music;Jazz;Jazz;Country_music;Pizzicato;Michigan;Gospel_music;Wikisource;Open_Directory_Project;Double_bass;Double_bass; Dow_Jones_and_Company Dow Jones Company is an American publishing and financial information firm. The company was founded in 1882 by three reporters: Charles Dow , Edward Jones , and Charles Bergstresser . Like The New York Times and the Washington Post , the company was in recent years publicly traded but privately controlled. The company was led by the Bancroft family , which effectively controlled 64% of all voting stock, before being acquired by News Corporation . The company became a subsidiary of News Corporation after an extended takeover bid during 2007. [ 2 ] It was reported on August 1, 2007 that the bid had been successful [ 3 ] [ 4 ] after an extended period of uncertainty about shareholder agreement. [ 5 ] The transaction was completed on December 13, 2007. It was worth US$5 billion or $60 a share, giving NewsCorp control of The Wall Street Journal and ending the Bancroft family's 105 years of ownership. [ 6 ] In 2010, the company sold 90% of Dow Jones Indexes to the CME Group , including the Dow Jones Industrial Average . United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Wall_Street_Journal;CNBC;All_Things_Digital;MarketWatch;The_Wall_Street_Journal;National_Geographic_Society;NBCUniversal;Associated_Press;Hulu;NBCUniversal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;NASDAQ;NASDAQ; Doxepin InChI=1S/C19H21NO/c1-20(2)13-7-11-17-16-9-4-3-8-15(16)14-21-19-12-6-5-10-18(17)19/h3-6,8-12H,7,13-14H2,1-2H3 Y Key:ODQWQRRAPPTVAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Doxepin ( / ˈ d ɒ k s ɨ p ɪ n / DOK -sə-pin ) is a psychotropic agent with tricyclic antidepressant and anxiolytic properties, known under many brand-names such as Aponal , the original preparation by Boehringer-Mannheim , now part of the Roche group; Adapine , Doxal ( Orion ), Deptran , Sinquan and Sinequan ( Pfizer ). As doxepin hydrochloride , it is the active ingredient in cream-based preparations ( Zonalon and Xepin ) for the treatment of dermatological itch . Doxepin is also used for the treatment of sleep maintenance, and the tradename of doxepin for this indication is Silenor . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;Renal;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Insomnia;Sedative;Chlorprothixene;United_States;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Doxepin;Doxepin; Doxylamine InChI=1S/C17H22N2O/c1-17(20-14-13-19(2)3,15-9-5-4-6-10-15)16-11-7-8-12-18-16/h4-12H,13-14H2,1-3H3 Y Key:HCFDWZZGGLSKEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Doxylamine is one of the many sedating antihistamines used by itself as a short-term sedative , and in combination with other drugs as a night-time cold and allergy relief drug. It is also used in combination with the analgesics paracetamol (acetaminophen) and codeine as an analgesic/calmative preparation, and is prescribed in combination with vitamin B 6 ( pyridoxine ) to prevent morning sickness in pregnant women. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Sedative;Pregnancy;Diphenhydramine;United_States;Urinary_retention;Australia;United_Kingdom;United_States;Canada;Canada;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Clozapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Promethazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Doxylamine;Doxylamine; Dr._DivX Dr. DivX was an application created by DivX, Inc. that is capable of transcoding many video formats to DivX encoded video. Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Video_converter;Software_license;Open_source_software;Freeware;Transcode;DivX;Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;File_size;DivX;DivX_Plus_HD;Open_source;Audio_Video_Interleave;Dr._DivX;Dr._DivX; Dreambox The Dreambox is a series of Linux -powered DVB satellite , terrestrial and cable digital television receivers ( set-top box ), produced by German multimedia vendor Dream Multimedia . Linux;Germany;Firmware;Ethernet;MPEG_transport_stream;IPTV;XBMC;Digital_video_recorder;STMicroelectronics;PowerPC;PowerPC;PowerPC;PowerPC;PowerPC;HDTV;Universal_Serial_Bus;Hard_disk_drive;HDMI;Liquid_crystal_display;Liquid_crystal_display;Liquid_crystal_display;Component_video;HDMI;Universal_Serial_Bus;Parallel_ATA;Parallel_ATA;Hard_disk_drive;Digital_video_recorder;PowerPC;Fast_Ethernet;ATI_Technologies;Digital_video_recorder;Flash_memory;Serial_ATA;Hard_disk_drive;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;API;Web_browser;VLC_media_player;Streaming_media;Tetris;Internet;HDHomeRun;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Home_theater_PC;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Multimedia;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;TiVo;Roku;Amazon_Kindle;Sony_Reader;Mobile_phone;Palm_Pre;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Dreambox;Dreambox; Drive_Setup Drive Setup is the default disk formatting tool in Mac OS 7.5.2-9.2.2. It supports such features as partitioning , and low-level formatting . It could format hard drives in HFS , HFS Plus file systems , and supported formatting drives for use with Linux and A/UX . "About Drive Setup" from MacOS 9 Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Operating_system;Mac_OS;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Linux;Disk_Utility;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Drive_Setup;Drive_Setup; DrugBank ChemSpider;PubChem;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;DrugBank;DrugBank; Drug_development Drug development is a blanket term used to define the process of bringing a new drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery . It includes pre-clinical research (microorganisms/animals) and clinical trials (on humans) and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval to market the drug. Netherlands;Denmark;Generic_drug;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Timothy_Noah;Drug_development;Drug_development; Drug_metabolism Drug metabolism is the biochemical modification of pharmaceutical substances by living organisms , usually through specialized enzymatic systems. This is a form of xenobiotic metabolism . Drug metabolism often converts lipophilic chemical compounds into more readily excreted polar products. Its rate is an important determinant of the duration and intensity of the pharmacological action of drugs. Drug metabolism can result in toxication or detoxication - the activation or deactivation of the chemical. While both occur, the major metabolites of most drugs are detoxication products. Drugs are almost all xenobiotics . Other commonly used organic chemicals are also xenobiotics, and are metabolized by the same enzymes as drugs. This provides the opportunity for drug-drug and drug-chemical interactions or reactions. Enzyme;Excretion;Enzyme;Phenothiazine;Oxygen;Liver;Gastrointestinal_tract;Canada;Liver;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Excretion;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Inverse_agonist;Drug_metabolism;Drug_metabolism; Drugs.com Drugs.com is an online pharmaceutical encyclopedia which provides drug information for consumers and healthcare professionals primarily in the USA. Thomson_Reuters;Reuters;Drugs.com;Drugs.com; Drum_and_bass Drum and bass ( / ˈ d r ʌ m ə n d ˈ b eɪ s / ) (also written as drum 'n' bass and commonly abbreviated to D B , D+B or DnB ) is a type of electronic music which emerged in the mid 1990s. The genre is characterized by fast breakbeats (typically between 160–180 bpm , [ 1 ] occasional variation is noted in older compositions), with heavy bass and sub-bass lines. Drum and bass began as an offshoot of the United Kingdom rave scene of the very early 1990s. Over the first decade of its existence, the incorporation of elements from various musical genres led to many permutations in its overall style. Hip_hop_music;United_Kingdom;Synthesizer;Music_sequencer;Personal_computer;Electronic_music;Tempo;United_Kingdom;Television;Reggae;Funk;Electronic_dance_music;White_label;Synthesizer;Double_bass;Jazz;Reggae;Jazz;Soul_music;House_music;House_music;Pop_music;Nine_Inch_Nails;Universal_Music_Group;YouTube;Dailymotion;Blog;Television;SoundCloud;Podcast;Podcast;Electronic_music;Electronic_dance_music;House_music;Drum_and_bass;Drum_and_bass; Drums 1 Bass drum | 2 Floor tom | 3 Snare drum 4 Hanging toms | 5 Hi-hat | 6 Crash cymbal 7 Ride cymbal | 8 Splash cymbal | 9 China type Sizzle cymbal Swish cymbal Crash/ride cymbal Cowbell Wood block Tambourine Rototom Octoban Temple block Drum hardware Drum stick Traps case A drum kit , drum set [ 1 ] or trap set is a collection of drums and other percussion instruments set up to be played by a single player. [ 2 ] More specifically, a modern kit (for a right handed player), as used in popular music , taught in many music schools, and for which qualifications are available from Trinity College London [ 3 ] consists of: A snare drum , mounted on a specialised stand , placed between the player's knees and played with drum sticks (which may include rutes or brushes ). A bass drum , played by a pedal operated by the right foot. A hi-hat stand and cymbals, operated by the left foot and played with the sticks, particularly but not only the right hand stick. One or more tom-tom drums , played with the sticks. One or more suspended cymbals , played with the sticks, particularly but not only the right hand stick. A drum kit is usually played seated on a drum stool or throne . Most drummers extend their kits from this basic pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals, and many other instruments. In some styles of music particular extensions are normal, for example double bass drums in heavy metal music . On the other extreme but more rarely, some performers omit elements from even the basic setup, again particularly for particular styles of music. Louis Moholo playing a four-piece kit Heavy_metal_music;Jazz;Ringo_Starr;The_Beatles;Music_sequencer;Jazz;Ringo_Starr;Ringo_Starr;The_Beatles;Jazz;Vorbis;Open_Directory_Project;World_music; Drupal Drupal ( / ˈ d r uː p əl / ) is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) and content management framework (CMF) written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is used as a back-end system for at least 2.1% of all websites worldwide [ 5 ] [ 6 ] ranging from personal blogs to corporate, political, and government sites including whitehouse.gov and data.gov.uk . [ 7 ] It is also used for knowledge management and business collaboration. The standard release of Drupal, known as Drupal core , contains basic features common to content management systems. These include user account registration and maintenance, menu management, RSS feeds, page layout customization, and system administration. The Drupal core installation can be used as a brochureware website, a single- or multi-user blog, an Internet forum , or a community website providing for user-generated content . As of July 2012 [update] , there are about 17,200 free community-contributed addons, known as contrib modules, available to alter and extend Drupal's core capabilities and add new features or customize Drupal's behavior and appearance. Because of this plug-in extensibility and modular design, Drupal is sometimes described as a content management framework . [ 3 ] [ 8 ] Drupal is also described as a web application framework , as it meets the generally accepted feature requirements for such frameworks. Although Drupal offers a sophisticated programming interface for developers, no programming skills are required for basic website installation and administration. [ 9 ] Drupal runs on any computing platform that supports both a web server capable of running PHP (including Apache , IIS , Lighttpd , Hiawatha , Cherokee or Nginx ) and a database (such as MySQL , MariaDB , PostgreSQL , SQLite , MongoDB or Microsoft SQL Server ) to store content and settings. Drupal 6 requires PHP 4.4.0+ while Drupal 7 requires PHP 5.2.5 or higher. [ 4 ] Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Blog;RSS;Internet_forum;Application_programming_interface;Computing_platform;Database;Internet_forum;Open_source;English_language;Internationalization_and_localization;Microsoft;API;API;HTML;CSS;Germany;Metadata;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;JavaScript;Perl;WebGUI;JavaScript;Drupal;Drupal; Dual_core A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual central processing units (called "cores"), which are the units that read and execute program instructions . [ 1 ] The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions such as add, move data, and branch, but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, increasing overall speed for programs amenable to parallel computing . [ 2 ] Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple dies in a single chip package . Processors were originally developed with only one core. A dual-core processor has two cores (e.g. AMD Phenom II X2, Intel Core Duo), a quad-core processor contains four cores (e.g. AMD Phenom II X4, Intel's quad-core processors, see i3 , i5 , and i7 at Intel Core ), a hexa-core processor contains six cores (e.g. AMD Phenom II X6 , Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 980X), an octa-core processor contains eight cores (e.g. Intel Xeon E7-2820 , AMD FX-8150). A multi-core processor implements multiprocessing in a single physical package. Designers may couple cores in a multi-core device tightly or loosely. For example, cores may or may not share caches , and they may implement message passing or shared memory inter-core communication methods. Common network topologies to interconnect cores include bus , ring, two-dimensional mesh, and crossbar . Homogeneous multi-core systems include only identical cores, heterogeneous multi-core systems have cores that are not identical. Just as with single-processor systems, cores in multi-core systems may implement architectures such as superscalar , VLIW , vector processing , SIMD , or multithreading . Multi-core processors are widely used across many application domains including general-purpose, embedded , network , digital signal processing (DSP), and graphics . The improvement in performance gained by the use of a multi-core processor depends very much on the software algorithms used and their implementation. In particular, possible gains are limited by the fraction of the software that can be run in parallel simutaneously on multiple cores; this effect is described by Amdahl's law . In the best case, so-called embarrassingly parallel problems may realize speedup factors near the number of cores, or even more if the problem is split up enough to fit within each core's cache(s), avoiding use of much slower main system memory. Most applications, however, are not accelerated so much unless programmers invest a prohibitive amount of effort in re-factoring the whole problem. [ 3 ] The parallelization of software is a significant ongoing topic of research. Intel;Central_processing_unit;Integrated_circuit;Digital_signal_processing;Graphics_processing_unit;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Laptop;Portable_media_player;Renesas;Graphical_user_interface;Video_codec;Fortran;Broadcom;Digital_signal_processing;SPARC;Graphics_processing_unit;ARM_architecture;IBM;PowerPC;Microsoft;Sony;IBM;Toshiba;Sony;Infineon;Intel;Nvidia;Graphics_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit;Sun_Microsystems;Mobile_phone;Operating_system;OpenCL;Central_processing_unit;System_on_a_chip; Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System Dcas is a dynamic computer algebra system featuring the idea of using identities as rules for manipulation of algebra . Robert Fenichel developed a system called FAMOUS in the 1970s using the LISP programming language pursuing the same aim. A modern system DCAS has been implemented by Martin Johansen called DCAS Ether . The system works by selecting a class of identities based on the form of the input expression. DCAS Ether is licensed under the GNU GPL. Here are two examples of identity collections, one for basic algebra, the other for Boolean algebra . /* Distributivity */ Computer_algebra_system;Programming_language;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System; Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation; Dynamic_random_access_memory Flash_memory;Capacitor;Integrated_circuit;Laptop;Video_game;Flash_memory;IBM;Intel;Linux;Integrated_circuit;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;SDRAM;SDRAM;Megabyte;Intel;SDRAM;Open_source;Apple_Inc.;FileVault;Flash_memory;PDF;Digital_object_identifier;SDRAM; Dynamic_systems A dynamical system is a concept in mathematics where a fixed rule describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space . Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a pipe, and the number of fish each springtime in a lake. At any given time a dynamical system has a state given by a set of real numbers (a vector ) that can be represented by a point in an appropriate state space (a geometrical manifold ). Small changes in the state of the system create small changes in the numbers. The evolution rule of the dynamical system is a fixed rule that describes what future states follow from the current state. The rule is deterministic ; in other words, for a given time interval only one future state follows from the current state. Computer;Image_processing;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Formal_system;Global_Positioning_System;Operating_system;Control_theory;Dynamical_system;Dynamical_system; Dynamic_typing A type system associates a type with each computed value. By examining the flow of these values, a type system attempts to ensure or prove that no type errors can occur. The particular type system in question determines exactly what constitutes a type error, but in general the aim is to prevent operations expecting a certain kind of value being used with values for which that operation does not make sense ( logic errors ); memory errors will also be prevented. Type systems are often specified as part of programming languages , and built into the interpreters and compilers for them; although they can also be implemented as optional tools . In computer science , a type system may be defined as "a tractable syntactic framework for classifying phrases according to the kinds of values they compute". [ 1 ] A compiler may also use the static type of a value to optimize the storage it needs and the choice of algorithms for operations on the value. In many C compilers the float data type , for example, is represented in 32 bits , in accord with the IEEE specification for single-precision floating point numbers . They will thus use floating-point-specific microprocessor operations on those values (floating-point addition, multiplication, etc.). The depth of type constraints and the manner of their evaluation affect the typing of the language. A programming language may further associate an operation with varying concrete algorithms on each type in the case of type polymorphism . Type theory is the study of type systems, although the concrete type systems of programming languages originate from practical issues of computer architecture, compiler implementation, and language design. Weak_typing;Programming_language;Computer_science;Compiler;Programming_language;Computer;Compiler;Division_by_zero;Fortran;Perl;JavaScript;MATLAB;GNU_Octave;Perl;Programming_language;JavaScript;AppleScript;JavaScript;JavaScript;Perl;Programming_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Microsoft;Type_system;Type_system; Dynamical_system A dynamical system is a concept in mathematics where a fixed rule describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space . Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a pipe, and the number of fish each springtime in a lake. At any given time a dynamical system has a state given by a set of real numbers (a vector ) that can be represented by a point in an appropriate state space (a geometrical manifold ). Small changes in the state of the system create small changes in the numbers. The evolution rule of the dynamical system is a fixed rule that describes what future states follow from the current state. The rule is deterministic ; in other words, for a given time interval only one future state follows from the current state. Computer;Image_processing;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Formal_system;Global_Positioning_System;Operating_system;Control_theory;Dynamical_system;Dynamical_system; EBuddy eBuddy is a privately held company which owns a browser-based web and mobile messenger service supporting various instant messaging services. eBuddy was launched in 2003 under the name e-Messenger , located at www.e-messenger.net, before rebranding itself in 2006 to eBuddy. eBuddy supports Windows Live Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger , AIM , Hyves , ICQ , Google Talk , MySpace Instant Messenger and Facebook Chat using one interface. eBuddy can also be accessed from mobile platforms such as Apple iOS , Google Android , Nokia Symbian and Microsoft Windows Phone 7 . The company is backed by Prime Technology Ventures and Lowland Capital Partners. It is headquartered in Amsterdam , Netherlands , and has offices in London , UK and San Francisco , USA . In addition to the software being available on the official website, users may host a log-in widget on their own webpages and blogs to provide direct access to the software more easily. [ 1 ] Netherlands;UK;Slogan;Instant_messaging;Internationalization_and_localization;Mobile_device;Instant_messaging;Windows_Live_Messenger;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;Google_Talk;Facebook;Netherlands;UK;San_Francisco;Mobile_phone;Microsoft;YouTube;Facebook;Google_Chrome;Java_ME;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPhone;Mashable;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;EBuddy;EBuddy; EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution ( EDGE ) (also known as Enhanced GPRS ( EGPRS ), or IMT Single Carrier ( IMT-SC ), or Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ) is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM . EDGE is considered a pre-3G radio technology and is part of ITU 's 3G definition. [ 1 ] EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003 – initially by Cingular (now AT T) in the United States. [ 2 ] EDGE is standardized also by 3GPP as part of the GSM family. Through the introduction of sophisticated methods of coding and transmitting data, EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel, resulting in a threefold increase in capacity and performance compared with an ordinary GSM/GPRS connection. EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet connection. Evolved EDGE continues in Release 7 of the 3GPP standard providing reduced latency and more than doubled performance e.g. to complement High-Speed Packet Access ( HSPA ). Peak bit-rates of up to 1Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of 400kbit/s can be expected. GPRS;Mobile_phone;GSM;Internet;GPRS;HSDPA;WiFi;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution; EE_Times EE Times ( Electronic Engineering Times ) [ 1 ] is an electronics industry magazine published in the USA by UBM Electronics, a division of United Business Media . For more than thirty years, EE Times has been the electronics industry newspaper of record for design and development engineers and technical managers. At its peak, EE Times employed a total of 30 editors, with a readership of 141,100 persons employed in engineering and technical industries . EE Times has editions both in print and online in Europe, Asia and Japan. English_language;Engineering;EE_Times;EE_Times; EISPACK EISPACK is a software library for numerical computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices, written in FORTRAN . It contains subroutines for calculating the eigenvalues of nine classes of matrices : complex general, complex Hermitian , real general, real symmetric, real symmetric banded , real symmetric tridiagonal, special real tridiagonal, generalized real, and generalized real symmetric matrices. In addition it includes subroutines to perform a singular value decomposition . Originally written around 1972–1973, EISPACK, like LINPACK and MINPACK , originated from Argonne National Laboratory , has always been free, and aims to be portable , robust and reliable. The library drew heavily on algorithms developed by James Wilkinson , which were originally implemented in ALGOL . Brian Smith led a team at Argonne developing EISPACK, initially by translating these algorithms into FORTRAN. Jack Dongarra joined the team as an undergraduate intern at Argonne, and later went on create LAPACK , which has largely superseded EISPACK and LINPACK. FORTRAN;LINPACK;LAPACK;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;EISPACK;EISPACK; EMI Music_industry;Record_label;Music_industry;Universal_Music_Group;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;ITV;ITV;Abbey_Road_Studios;The_Beatles;CBS;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Capitol_Records;Capitol_Records;The_Beatles;Streamwaves;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;Digital_rights_management;ITunes_Store;FairPlay;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Paul_McCartney;Universal_Music_Group;Universal_Music_Group;Toshiba;Record_shop;Universal_Music_Group;Sony;Warner_Music_Group;List_of_EMI_labels;List_of_EMI_labels;Streamwaves;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;Financial_Times;The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;The_Mail_on_Sunday;ITV;ITV;BBC_iPlayer;ITV;TVCatchup;TiVo;Zattoo;Reuters;British_Phonographic_Industry;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;EMI;EMI; EMac The eMac , short for education Mac , is a Macintosh desktop computer made by Apple Inc. It was originally aimed at the education market, but was later made available as a cheaper mass market alternative to Apple's second-generation LCD display iMac . The eMac design closely resembles the first-generation iMac . Compared to the first iMac, eMacs feature a PowerPC G4 processor that is significantly faster than the previous generation G3 processors, as well as a 17-inch flat CRT display . Unlike the iMac G3, however, the eMac is not meant to be portable as it weighs 50 pounds and lacks a carrying handle. [ 1 ] The eMac was pulled from retail on October 12, 2005 and was sold exclusively to educational institutions thereafter. It was finally discontinued by Apple on July 5, 2006 and replaced by a cheaper, low-end iMac that, like the eMac, was originally sold exclusively to educational institutions. IMac;Apple_Inc.;Desktop_computer;Central_processing_unit;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;IMac;Liquid_crystal_display;Cathode_ray_tube;Megahertz;Nvidia;Central_processing_unit;ATI_Technologies;SuperDrive;Computer;DVD;ATI_Technologies;Hard_disk;Mac_mini;Mac_OS_X;Display_device;Central_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;Computer_graphics;Hard_drive;AirPort;Bluetooth;Combo_drive;SuperDrive;VGA_connector;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;EMac;EMac; EMusic eMusic is an online music and audiobook store that operates by subscription . In exchange for a monthly subscription eMusic users can download a fixed amount of tracks to their MP3 players per month. It was established in 1998, is headquartered in New York City with an office in London and is owned by Dimensional Associates. [ 1 ] eMusic was [ when? ] the only other provider of music to iPods other than iTunes due to it offering DRM -free music to its customers. Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Audio_file_format;Digital_Rights_Management;Streaming_media;United_States;Canada;European_Union;Norway;Switzerland;Online_music_store;Audiobook;IPod;ITunes;Digital_rights_management;ITunes_Store;European_Union;Digital_rights_management;Open_Music_Model;CD_Baby;Nimbit;Audible.com;Digital_Rights_Management;LAME;Variable_bit_rate;Heavy_metal_music;Jazz;Paul_McCartney;The_Beatles;Starbucks;Warner_Music_Group;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Europe;Online_music_store;CD;Independent_record_label;Ars_Technica;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;EMusic;EMusic; EPUB EPUB (short for electronic publication ; alternatively capitalized as ePub , ePUB , EPub , or epub , with "EPUB" preferred by the vendor) is a free and open e-book standard by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). Files have the extension .epub . EPUB is designed for reflowable content , meaning that an EPUB reader can optimize text for a particular display device. EPUB also supports fixed-layout content. The format is intended as a single format that publishers and conversion houses can use in-house, as well as for distribution and sale. It supersedes the Open eBook standard. [ 3 ] Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;File_format;XHTML;CSS;Raster_graphics;Metadata;Digital_rights_management;CSS;XML;MathML;XHTML;CSS;XML;Metadata;Portable_Network_Graphics;JPEG;GIF;SVG;Metadata;Digital_Rights_Management;Digital_rights_management;Open_source;Web_application;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Aldiko;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Bookglutton;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows;SourceForge;BlackBerry_PlayBook;FBReader;Windows;Windows_Phone;Google_Books;Web_application;IBooks;FairPlay;Mac_OS_X;Lexcycle_Stanza;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Mobipocket;Windows;BlackBerry;Mac_OS_X;Portable_Document_Format;Windows_Phone;Windows;Windows;Adobe_InDesign;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Windows;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Feedbooks;Windows;Windows;IBooks_Author;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Mac_OS_X;IWork;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Windows;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Aldiko;FBReader;Amazon_Kindle;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Bookeen;ESlick;Nokia;Hanlin_eReader;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Lexcycle_Stanza;IBooks;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;Sony_Reader;Windows_Phone;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;EPUB;EPUB; EPub EPUB (short for electronic publication ; alternatively capitalized as ePub , ePUB , EPub , or epub , with "EPUB" preferred by the vendor) is a free and open e-book standard by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). Files have the extension .epub . EPUB is designed for reflowable content , meaning that an EPUB reader can optimize text for a particular display device. EPUB also supports fixed-layout content. The format is intended as a single format that publishers and conversion houses can use in-house, as well as for distribution and sale. It supersedes the Open eBook standard. [ 3 ] Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;File_format;XHTML;CSS;Raster_graphics;Metadata;Digital_rights_management;CSS;XML;MathML;XHTML;CSS;XML;Metadata;Portable_Network_Graphics;JPEG;GIF;SVG;Metadata;Digital_Rights_Management;Digital_rights_management;Open_source;Web_application;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Aldiko;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Bookglutton;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows;SourceForge;BlackBerry_PlayBook;FBReader;Windows;Windows_Phone;Google_Books;Web_application;IBooks;FairPlay;Mac_OS_X;Lexcycle_Stanza;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Mobipocket;Windows;BlackBerry;Mac_OS_X;Portable_Document_Format;Windows_Phone;Windows;Windows;Adobe_InDesign;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Windows;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Feedbooks;Windows;Windows;IBooks_Author;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Mac_OS_X;IWork;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Windows;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Aldiko;FBReader;Amazon_Kindle;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Bookeen;ESlick;Nokia;Hanlin_eReader;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Lexcycle_Stanza;IBooks;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;Sony_Reader;Windows_Phone;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;EPUB;EPUB; ESATA Serial ATA ( SATA or Serial AT Attachment ) is a computer bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives . Serial ATA was designed to replace the older parallel ATA (PATA) standard (often called by the old name IDE ), offering several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (7 conductors instead of 40), native hot swapping , faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol. SATA host-adapters and devices communicate via a high-speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors. In contrast, parallel ATA (the redesignation for the legacy ATA specifications) used a 16-bit wide data bus with many additional support and control signals, all operating at much lower frequency. To ensure backward compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications, SATA uses the same basic ATA and ATAPI command-set as legacy ATA devices. SATA has replaced parallel ATA in consumer desktop and laptop computers , and has largely replaced PATA in new embedded applications. SATA's market share in the desktop PC market was 99% in 2008. [ 2 ] PATA remains widely used in industrial and embedded applications that use CompactFlash storage, though even there, the new CFast storage standard is based on SATA. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from The Serial ATA International Organization (aka. SATA-IO, serialata.org). The SATA-IO group collaboratively creates, reviews, ratifies, and publishes the interoperability specifications, the test cases, and plug-fests. As with many other industry compatibility standards, the SATA content ownership is transferred to other industry bodies: primarily the INCITS T13 subcommittee ATA, the INCITS T10 subcommittee ( SCSI ); a subgroup of T10 responsible for Serial Attached SCSI (SAS). The complete specification from SATA-IO. [ 5 ] The remainder of this article will try to use the terminology and specifications of SATA-IO. Parallel_ATA;Hard_disk_drive;Parallel_ATA;Computer;SCSI;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows_XP;Intel;Hard_disk_drive;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Power_connector;LED;USB;FireWire;FireWire;ESATAp;ExpressCard;ESATAp;FireWire;Netbook;Parallel_ATA;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;SCSI;ESATAp;Parallel_ATA;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;SCSI;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Fibre_Channel;InfiniBand;Universal_Serial_Bus;Engadget;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Encryption;Flash_memory;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;Samsung_Electronics;SATA;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Serial_ATA;Serial_ATA; ESATAp In computing , eSATAp (also known as Power over eSATA, Power eSATA, eSATA/USB Combo, eSATA USB Hybrid Port (EUHP) ) is a combination connection for external storage devices. A single eSATAp, eSATA or USB device can be plugged into an eSATAp port . The socket has keyed cutouts for both types of device to ensure that a connector can only be plugged in the right way round. SATA;Parallel_ATA;ESATA;USB;Computer;ESATA;USB;SATA;Hard_disk_drive;PCI_Express;Hard_disk;Dell;Sony;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;ESATAp;ESATAp; ESlick The eSlick is an e-book reader , an electronic book ( e-book ) reading device developed by Foxit Software . It has a 6 inch E Ink screen, 600x800 pixel resolution with 4-level gray scale and a mass of 180 g. The device supports text and PDF format for reading and includes Foxit's PDF Creator and Reader Pro Pack software. In August 2010, Foxit announced that it would stop further development of the eSlick and focus on licensing PDF software to the makers of other e-book hardware. [ 2 ] Wired attributed the move to a price war between Amazon.com's Kindle and Barnes Noble's Nook which undermined Foxit's claim to offer the cheapest e-book reader on the market. Foxit dropped its support completely and abruptly in 2010, completely deleting all references to the eSlick from its site, including numerous forum threads and all firmware updates. This action has alienated and angered many users, as the solutions to many problems were readily available in these threads. [ 3 ] The device is notable in that it has minimal features (no wireless, no subscription). It can read books in secure eReader format but does not support any other DRM formats. List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Operating_system;Gigabyte;PDF;Amazon.com;Amazon_Kindle;Megabyte;Megabyte;Gigabyte;PDF;EPUB;GIF;BMP_file_format;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;ESlick;ESlick; EULA In the proprietary software industry, an end-user license agreement or software license agreement is the contract between the licensor and purchaser, establishing the purchaser's right to use the software. The license may define ways under which the copy can be used, in addition to the automatic rights of the buyer including the first sale doctrine and 17 U.S.C. § 117 (freedom to use, archive, re-sale, and backup). Many form contracts are only contained in digital form, and only presented to a user as a click-through where the user must "accept". As the user may not see the agreement until after he or she has already purchased the software, these documents may be contracts of adhesion . Software companies often make special agreements with large businesses and government entities that include support contracts and specially drafted warranties. Proprietary_software;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Warranty;Source_code;Warranty;Reverse_engineering;Encryption;Software_license; EUR The euro ( sign : € ; code : EUR ) is the currency used by the Institutions of the European Union and is the official currency of the eurozone , which consists of 17 of the 27 member states of the European Union : Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Spain . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The currency is also used in a further five European countries and consequently used daily by some 332 million Europeans . [ 4 ] Additionally, over 175 million people worldwide—including 150 million people in Africa—use currencies which are pegged to the euro. The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] As of June 2012 [update] , with more than €906 billion in circulation, the euro has the highest combined value of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world, having surpassed the US dollar. [ note 15 ] Based on International Monetary Fund estimates of 2008 GDP and purchasing power parity among the various currencies, the eurozone is the second largest economy in the world. [ 7 ] The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995. [ 8 ] The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743). Euro coins and banknotes entered circulation on 1 January 2002. [ 9 ] While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years (26/10/2000), it has traded above the US dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.5990 on July 15, 2008. [ 10 ] Since late 2009 the euro has been immersed in the European sovereign-debt crisis which has led to the creation of the European Financial Stability Facility as well as other reforms aimed at stabilising the currency. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spain's troubled banking sector. [ 11 ] European_Union;Eurozone;United_Kingdom;France;France;France;Danish_krone;Eurozone;Austria;Belgium;Cyprus;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Portugal;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;United_States_dollar;European_Commission;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Austria;Belgium;Netherlands;Finland;France;Germany;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Luxembourg;Portugal;Spain;Greece;Slovenia;Cyprus;Malta;Slovakia;Estonia;Eurozone;Eurozone;Eurozone;Austria;Belgium;Cyprus;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Portugal;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Eurozone;Eurozone;Danish_krone;United_States;United_States_dollar;European_Union;Japan;United_Kingdom;Australia;Switzerland;Swiss_franc;Canada;Canadian_dollar;Hong_Kong;Sweden;Swedish_krona;New_Zealand;Singapore;Norway;Norwegian_krone;Mexico;Credit_card;European_Union;Swiss_franc;United_States_dollar;Swiss_franc;United_States_dollar;European_Commission;Switzerland;International_Standard_Book_Number;MarketWatch;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Reuters;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Eurozone;Danish_krone;Swedish_krona;European_Union;European_Union;European_Commission;Eurozone;Europe;European_Union;Danish_krone;Swedish_krona;Norwegian_krone;Swiss_franc;Chad;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;United_States_dollar;Zimbabwe;Benin;Burkina_Faso;North_America;Canadian_dollar;Danish_krone;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Puerto_Rico;United_States_dollar;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;United_States_dollar;Ecuador;Asia;Bhutan;United_States_dollar;Singapore;Brunei;United_States_dollar;Cyprus;Estonia;European_Commission;Luxembourg; EVA_Pod Various fictional spacecraft have appeared in the Space Odyssey series by Arthur C. Clarke . Most prominent is the Discovery One - famously controlled by HAL 9000 . The following is a list of craft and space stations depicted in the books and films of the series. Discovery_One;Film;Discovery_One;Movie;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Discovery_One; EWeek eWeek (tagline: The Enterprise Newsweekly ) is a weekly computing business magazine published by Ziff Davis Enterprise . The magazine consists of a print publication and web site covering enterprise topics and is targeted at IT professionals rather than hobbyists. Ziff_Davis;United_States;Ziff_Davis;Ziff_Davis;Ziff_Davis;Ziff_Davis;PC_Magazine;ExtremeTech;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;ZDNet;EWeek;EWeek; Earphone Loudspeaker;Portable_media_player;Mobile_phone;Wireless;Microphone;Electrical_impedance;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Home_cinema;Personal_computer;Digital_audio_player;Mobile_phone;Infrared;Bluetooth;Disc_jockey;TRS_connector;Sony;Electrical_impedance;Headphone_amplifier;Watt;Musician;Microphone;Bluetooth;Electrical_impedance;Loudspeaker;Magnet;Sound;Microphone;Sound;Video_game;Stereophonic_sound;France;Digital_audio_player;Headphone_amplifier;TRS_connector;International_Standard_Book_Number;Hertz;Headphones;Headphones; Eastern_Fare_Music_Foundation Eastern Fare Music Foundation is a music school , a production and a publishing house in Bangalore , Karnataka , India . The institute provides training for instrumental music in Western Classical music , Carnatic music and contemporary style. Bangalore;Bangalore;Classical_music;Musician;Songwriter;Songwriter;Musical_keyboard;English_language;Album;Film;Bangalore;Album;Television;Film;Drums;Facebook;Eastern_Fare_Music_Foundation;Eastern_Fare_Music_Foundation; Eastman_Kodak Eastman Kodak Company ( OTCQB : EKDKQ ), commonly known as Kodak , is an American multinational imaging and photographic equipment, materials and services company headquartered in Rochester, New York , United States and incorporated in New Jersey. [ 3 ] It was founded by George Eastman in 1889. Kodak is best known for photographic film products. During most of the 20th century Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film, and in 1976 had a 90% market share of photographic film sales in the United States. The company's ubiquity was such that its tagline " Kodak moment " entered common lexicon as a personal event that demanded to be recorded for posterity. [ 4 ] Kodak began to struggle financially in the late-1990s as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film and its slowness in transitioning to digital photography , despite having invented the core technology used in current digital cameras. 2007 was the most recent year in which the company made a profit. [ 5 ] As part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak focused on digital photography and digital printing and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would cease making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames and focus on the corporate digital imaging market. [ 11 ] Digital_photography;Apple_Inc.;Sony;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Fixed_focus;Digital_camera;Megapixel;New_Jersey;The_Wall_Street_Journal;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;WSJ;Fox_News;Harman_International_Industries;Nielsen_Company;Dell;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Eastman_Kodak;Eastman_Kodak; Easy_listening Easy listening (also called instrumental pop ) is a broad style of popular music and radio format that emerged in the 1950s, evolving out of big band music, and related to MOR (middle-of-the-road) music as played on many AM radio stations. It encompasses the exotica , beautiful music , light music , lounge music , ambient music , and space age pop genres. [ 1 ] The range of lounge music encompasses soft rock music-influenced instrumentals, modern electronica (with chillout , nu-jazz and downtempo influences), while remaining thematically focused on its retro- space-age cultural elements. It was mostly instrumental music format that was prominent in American radio from the 1960s through the 1980s. Lounge music , beautiful music , and the often derogatory terms Muzak , "doctor's office" and elevator music are other common terms for the format and the style of music that it featured. Beautiful music can also be regarded as a subset of the middle of the road radio format. Easy listening is broad and may include instrumental arrangements of popular music designed for playing in shopping malls , grocery stores , department stores , telephone systems (while the caller is on hold ), cruise ships , airports, doctors' and dentists' offices, and elevators. The term is also frequently applied as a generic (and often derogatory) term for any form of easy listening , smooth jazz , or middle of the road music, or to the type of recordings once commonly heard on " adult contemporary " radio stations. Easy listening music for malls and elevators is typically set to a very simple melody , so that it can be unobtrusively looped back to the beginning. In a mall or shopping center, elevator music of a specific type has been found to have a psychological effect: slower, more relaxed music tends to make people slow down and browse longer. A good deal of easy listening music was pure instrumental (i.e., no main vocal part, although there could be minor vocal parts), which was called lounge music. Sometimes, this music would be theme music from movies or TV shows, although such music could be produced independently from other entertainment productions. These instrumentals could be produced with an orchestral arrangement, or from an arrangement of instruments very similar to that found in jazz, or even rock and roll such as the Hammond organ or electric guitar . Electronica;Electric_guitar;Heavy_metal_music;Hip_hop_music;The_Beatles;Pop_music;Country_music;The_Beatles;New_Age_music;Easy_listening;Easy_listening; Ebastine InChI=1S/C32H39NO2/c1-32(2,3)28-18-16-25(17-19-28)30(34)15-10-22-33-23-20-29(21-24-33)35-31(26-11-6-4-7-12-26)27-13-8-5-9-14-27/h4-9,11-14,16-19,29,31H,10,15,20-24H2,1-3H3 Y Key:MJJALKDDGIKVBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Ebastine (trade names Evastin , Kestine , Ebastel , Aleva ) is a non-sedating H 1 antihistamine . It does not penetrate the blood–brain barrier and thus allows an effective block of the H 1 receptor in peripheral tissue without a central side effect, i.e. not causing sedation or drowsiness. The basic patent for ebastine in Europe is EP-B-134124. It is often provided in micronised form, due to poor water solubility. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Sedative;Urticaria;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ebastine;Ebastine; Ebrotidine InChI=1S/C14H17BrN6O2S3/c15-10-1-3-12(4-2-10)26(22,23)19-9-18-5-6-24-7-11-8-25-14(20-11)21-13(16)17/h1-4,8-9H,5-7H2,(H,18,19)(H4,16,17,20,21) Key:ZQHFZHPUZXNPMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y (what is this?) (verify) Ebrotidine is an H 2 receptor antagonist with gastroprotective activity against ethanol-, aspirin- or stress-induced gastric mucosal damage. [ 1 ] The antisecretory properties of ebrotidine are similar to those of ranitidine , and approximately 10-fold greater than those of cimetidine . Ebrotidine has anti- Helicobacter pylori activity via inhibition of the urease enzyme and the proteolytic and mucolytic activities of the bacterium. However, its activity is synergistic with a number of antibacterial agents. Ebrotidine counteracts the inhibitory effects of H. pylori lipo-polysaccharides. Ebrotidine has been shown to be as effective as ranitidine for the treatment of gastric or duodenal ulcers or erosive reflux oesophagitis , with significantly better ulcer healing rates (albeit inexplicably) in those who smoke. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Ranitidine;Cimetidine;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ebrotidine;Ebrotidine; Economics Monopoly;Monopoly;Applied_mathematics;Linear_algebra;Computer_science;Data_set;Monopoly;Science;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;New_York_Times;Reuters;Digital_object_identifier;Reuters;Open_Directory_Project;Economics;Economics; Ecuador Ecuador ( i / ˈ ɛ k w ə d ɔr / E -kwə-dawr ), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador [reˈpuβlika ðel ekwaˈðor] , which literally translates to the "Republic of the Equator ") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile , that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland. The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish (94% of the population). Languages of official use in native communities include Quichua, Shuar, and 11 other languages. Ecuador straddles the equator , from which it takes its name, [ N 1 ] and has an area of 275,830 km 2 (106,500 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito , which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. [ 8 ] The country's largest city is Guayaquil . With its international port and tuna fishing industry, Manta is the third most important city in the country economically. The historic center of Cuenca , the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. [ 9 ] Ecuador is also home to a great variety of species, many of them endemic , like those of the Galápagos islands . This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. [ 10 ] The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature , or ecosystem rights. [ 11 ] Ecuador is a presidential republic and became independent in 1830, after having been part of the Spanish colonial empire , and for a much shorter time of the republic of Gran Colombia . It is a medium-income country with an HDI score of 0.720 (2011). [ 7 ] Spanish_language;Spain;Colombia;Peru;Chile;Spanish_language;Colombia;Venezuela;Peru;Argentina;Ombudsman;Colombia;Spanish_language;Al_Gore;Digital_object_identifier;Financial_Times;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Bolivia;Colombia;Peru;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Paraguay;Venezuela;Mexico;Panama;Argentina;Brazil;Paraguay;Venezuela;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Peru;Mexico;New_Zealand;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;United_States;Venezuela;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;France;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Ecuador;Ecuador; EditDV EditDV is video editing software released by Radius, Inc. in late 1997 [ 1 ] as an evolution of their earlier Radius Edit product. EditDV was one of the first products providing professional-quality editing of the then new DV format at a relatively affordable cost ($999 including Radius FireWire capture card) and was named "The Best Video Tool of 1998" [ 2 ] . Originally EditDV was available for Macintosh only but in February 2000 EditDV 2.0 for Windows was released. With version 3.0 EditDV's name was changed to CineStream . The EditDV product family included a number of related products, all sharing a similar name: EditDV Video editing software (Mac and Windows) SoftDV A QuickTime software codec for playing DV media, included as part of EditDV (Mac and Windows) MotoDV PCI-based FireWire interface with DV capture software (Mac and Windows) PhotoDV Software to capture high-quality stills from a DV tape using MotoDV hardware (Mac and Windows) RotoDV Software for rotoscoping (painting over video), released in Sept 1999 (Macintosh only) Video_editing_software;DV;QuickTime;Final_Cut_Pro;EditDV;EditDV; Edius EDIUS is a video editing software package originally developed by the Japanese based Canopus Corporation until 2005, when the Canopus Corporation was sold to Grass Valley. The software is capable of 3D editing. The software comes bundled with a large collection of tools. Some of these include NEWBlue Video Filters, ProDad video effects along with image stabilization for those unsteady shots. iZotope VST audio plug-ins: Audio Effects Suite, AudioRestore, AGC Mastering Effects Suite, for the audio mastering needs. Edius is limited to PC users. EDIUS is a non-linear editor (NLE) that works with most modern video formats. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Video_editing_software;International_Standard_Book_Number;Multimedia;Software;Edius;Edius; El_Espectador Colombia;Colombia;Sound;Video;YouTube;Drupal;The_New_York_Times;El_Espectador;El_Espectador; El_Salvador El Salvador i / ɛ l ˈ s æ l v ə d ɔr / (Spanish: República de El Salvador , literally 'Republic of The Savior') is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America . The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador ; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country as well as Central America. El Salvador borders the Pacific Ocean on the south, and the countries of Guatemala to the west and Honduras to the north and east. Its easternmost region lies on the coast of the Gulf of Fonseca , opposite Nicaragua . As of 2009, El Salvador had a population of approximately 5,744,113 people, composed predominantly of Mestizos . [ 3 ] The colón was the official currency of El Salvador from 1892 to 2001, when it adopted the U.S. Dollar . In 2010 El Salvador ranked in the top 10 among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index and in the top 3 in Central America (behind Costa Rica and Panama), due in part to ongoing rapid industrialization . In addition, tropical forests and overall forest cover has expanded by nearly 20% from the year 1992 to 2010, making it one of the few countries experiencing reforestation. [ 8 ] Spanish_language;Spain;Spain;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;Spanish_language;Honduras;Massachusetts;Honduras;Honduras;Dominican_Republic;Chile;Panama;Colombia;Germany;Hungary;Poland;Switzerland;United_States;Honduras;Nicaragua;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;Guatemala;Taiwan;Nicaragua;Costa_Rica;Argentina;Guatemala;Honduras;United_States_dollar;Mayonnaise;Honduras;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Costa_Rica;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;Panama;North_America;Canada;Costa_Rica;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Puerto_Rico;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chile;Costa_Rica;Czech_Republic;Finland;Hungary;Italy;Japan;Lithuania;Mexico;Mongolia;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Sweden;United_States;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;El_Salvador;El_Salvador; Elastic_Reality Elastic Reality was a warping and morphing software application available on Windows , Macintosh and Silicon Graphics workstations , discontinued in 1999. Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Avid_Media_Illusion;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail; Electric_bass The bass guitar [ 1 ] (also called electric bass , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or simply bass ; / ˈ b eɪ s / ) is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb , by plucking, slapping , popping, tapping, thumping, or picking . The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to an electric guitar , but with a longer neck and scale length, and four, five, six, or eight strings . The four-string bass—by far the most common—is usually tuned the same as the double bass , [ 5 ] which corresponds to pitches one octave lower than the four lower strings of a guitar (E, A, D, and G). [ 6 ] The bass guitar is a transposing instrument , as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds (as is the double bass) to avoid excessive ledger lines . Like the electric guitar, the bass guitar is plugged into an amplifier and speaker for live performances. Since the 1960s, the bass guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section . [ 7 ] While the types of basslines performed by the bassist vary widely from one style of music to another, the bassist fulfills a similar role in most types of music: anchoring the harmonic framework and laying down the beat. The bass guitar is used in many styles of music including rock , metal , pop , punk rock , country , reggae , gospel , blues , and jazz . It is used as a soloing instrument in jazz, fusion , Latin , funk , and in some rock and metal styles. Musical_instrument;Pizzicato;Musical_instrument;Electric_guitar;Double_bass;Electric_guitar;Double_bass;Rock_music;Heavy_metal_music;Pop_music;Country_music;Reggae;Gospel_music;Blues;Jazz;Funk;Violin;Paul_McCartney;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Heavy_metal_music;Gospel_music;Digital_signal_processing;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Paul_McCartney;Double_bass;Session_musician;Jazz;Double_bass;Heavy_metal_music;Jazz;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;LED;Electric_guitar;Loudspeaker;Pizzicato;Motown;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Rock_music;Paul_McCartney;Pizzicato;Reggae;Country_music;Blues;Heavy_metal_music;Funk;Jazz;Double_bass;Jazz;International_Standard_Book_Number;Guitar;Guitar;Electric_guitar;Acoustic_guitar; Electric_guitar An electric guitar is a guitar that uses a pickup to convert the vibration of its strings into electrical impulses. The most common guitar pickup uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction . The signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker , so it is amplified before sending it to a loudspeaker. Since the output of an electric guitar is an electric signal, the signal may easily be altered using electronic circuits to add "color" to the sound. Often the signal is modified using effects such as reverb and distortion . Invented in 1931, the electric guitar became a necessity as jazz musicians sought to amplify their sound in the big band format. During the 1950s and 1960s, the electric guitar became the most important instrument in pop music . [ 1 ] It has evolved into a stringed musical instrument that is capable of a multitude of sounds and styles. It served as a major component in the development of rock and roll and many other genres of music. Musical_instrument;Pizzicato;Guitar;Loudspeaker;Pop_music;TRS_connector;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Magnet;Hertz;LED;Microphone;MIDI;Ethernet;Acoustic_guitar;Acoustic_guitar;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Funk;Acoustic_guitar;Country_music;Microphone;Blues;Instrumental;Heavy_metal_music;Heavy_metal_music;George_Harrison;The_Beatles;Acoustic_guitar;Heavy_metal_music;Acoustic_guitar;Country_music;Folk_music;Jazz;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Guitar;Guitar;Acoustic_guitar;Electric_guitar;Electric_guitar; Electric_piano An electric piano is an electric musical instrument . Electric pianos produce sounds mechanically and the sounds are turned into electrical signals by pickups . Unlike a synthesizer , the electric piano is not an electronic instrument , but electro-mechanical. The earliest electric pianos were invented in the late 1920s; the 1929 Neo- Bechstein electric grand piano was among the first. Probably the earliest stringless model was Lloyd Loar 's Vivi-Tone Clavier . The popularity of the electric piano began to grow in the late 1950s, reaching its height during the 1970s, after which they were progressively displaced by electronic pianos capable of piano-like sounds without the disadvantages of moving mechanical parts . Many types were initially designed for home or school use including use in school or college piano labs for the simultaneous tuition of several students using headphones. Another factor driving their development and acceptance was the progressive electrification of popular music and the need for a portable keyboard instrument capable of amplification. Musicians adopted a number of types of domestic electric pianos encouraging their manufacturers to evolve them for stage use and then subsequently develop models primarily intended for stage use. Digital electronic stage pianos have replaced most of the original electro-mechanical instruments in contemporary usage due to their size, weight and versatility. However, In 2009, Rhodes Music Corporation started producing a new line of electro-mechanical pianos, known as the Rhodes Mark 7 followed shortly by an offering from Vintage Vibe. Musical_instrument;Synthesizer;Electric_guitar;Clavinet;Clavinet;Funk;Clavinet;The_Beatles;Led_Zeppelin;Led_Zeppelin;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Electric_piano;Electric_piano; Electrical_impedance Electrical impedance is the measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to the passage of a current when a voltage is applied. In quantitative terms, it is the complex ratio of the voltage to the current in an alternating current (AC) circuit. Impedance extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits, and possesses both magnitude and phase , unlike resistance which has only magnitude. When a circuit is driven with direct current (DC), there is no distinction between impedance and resistance; the latter can be thought of as impedance with zero phase angle. It is necessary to introduce the concept of impedance in AC circuits because there are other mechanisms impeding the flow of current besides the normal resistance of DC circuits. There are an additional two impeding mechanisms to be taken into account in AC circuits: the induction of voltages in conductors self-induced by the magnetic fields of currents ( inductance ), and the electrostatic storage of charge induced by voltages between conductors ( capacitance ). The impedance caused by these two effects is collectively referred to as reactance and forms the imaginary part of complex impedance whereas resistance forms the real part. The symbol for impedance is usually and it may be represented by writing its magnitude and phase in the form . However, complex number representation is often more powerful for circuit analysis purposes. The term impedance was coined by Oliver Heaviside in July 1886. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Arthur Kennelly was the first to represent impedance with complex numbers in 1893. [ 3 ] Impedance is defined as the frequency domain ratio of the voltage to the current. [ 4 ] In other words, it is the voltage–current ratio for a single complex exponential at a particular frequency ω. In general, impedance will be a complex number, with the same units as resistance, for which the SI unit is the ohm (Ω). For a sinusoidal current or voltage input, the polar form of the complex impedance relates the amplitude and phase of the voltage and current. In particular, The magnitude of the complex impedance is the ratio of the voltage amplitude to the current amplitude. The phase of the complex impedance is the phase shift by which the current is ahead of the voltage. The reciprocal of impedance is admittance (i.e., admittance is the current-to-voltage ratio, and it conventionally carries units of siemens , formerly called mhos ). Capacitor;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Electrical_impedance;Electrical_impedance; Electromagnetic_shielding Electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. Shielding is typically applied to enclosures to isolate electrical devices from the 'outside world', and to cables to isolate wires from the environment through which the cable runs. Electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as RF shielding . The shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves , electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields . A conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a Faraday cage . The amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, the size of the shielded volume and the frequency of the fields of interest and the size, shape and orientation of apertures in a shield to an incident electromagnetic field. Mobile_phone;PDF;PDF;Electromagnetic_shielding;Electromagnetic_shielding; Electronic_Arts Electronic Arts, Inc. ( EA ) ( NASDAQ : EA ) [ 3 ] is an American developer , marketer, publisher and distributor of video games. Founded and incorporated on May 28, 1982 by Trip Hawkins , the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games. Electronic Arts is the world's third-largest gaming company by revenue after Nintendo and Activision Blizzard . [ 4 ] Originally, EA was a home computing game publisher. In the late 1980s, the company began developing games in-house and supported consoles by the early 1990s. EA later grew via acquisition of several successful developers. By the early 2000s, EA had become one of the world's largest third-party publishers. On May 4, 2011, EA reported $3.8 billion in revenues for the fiscal year ending March 2011, and on January 13, 2012, EA announced that it had exceeded $1 billion in digital revenue during the previous calendar year. [ 5 ] In a note to employees, EA CEO John Riccitiello called this “an incredibly important milestone” for the company. [ 6 ] EA began to move toward direct distribution of digital games and services with the acquisition of the popular online gaming site Pogo.com in 2001. [ 7 ] In 2009, EA acquired the London-based social gaming startup Playfish , [ 8 ] and in June 2011, EA launched Origin , an online service to sell downloadable games directly to consumers. [ 9 ] In July 2011, EA announced that it had acquired PopCap Games , the company behind hits such as Plants vs. Zombies and Bejeweled . [ 10 ] EA continued its shift toward digital goods in 2012, folding its mobile-focused EA Interactive (EAi) division "into other organizations throughout the company, specifically those divisions led by EA Labels president Frank Gibeau, COO Peter Moore, and CTO Rajat Taneja, and EVP of digital Kristian Segerstrale." [ 11 ] EA is currently [ when? ] the No. 1 publisher in Western markets with a 16% segment share, [ 12 ] and the second-largest social games company on Facebook . EA's rankings have been propped up by the launch of The Sims Social , which is currently [ when? ] the fastest-growing game on Facebook. [ 13 ] On May 4, 2011, EA reported $3.8 billion in revenues for the fiscal year ending March 2011. On July 27, 2011, EA reported fiscal first-quarter profits had more than doubled on brisk sales of "highly-anticipated sports and shooter games". [ 14 ] EA earned $221 million, or 66 cents a share, in the three months that ended June 30. "That's up from earnings of $96 million, or 29 cents a share, in the same period a year earlier. Revenue rose 23 percent to $999 million from $815 million." [ 15 ] EA’s earnings are marked by an ongoing difference between non-GAAP and GAAP accounting – which, for example, mandates deferrals of revenue related to services provided for online-enabled packaged goods and digital content. Consequently, EA’s quarterly reports reflect hundreds of millions of dollars which, under GAAP accounting, are deferred for a period of months – then appear in the earnings over multiple quarters subsequent to the original sale. Other companies with significant online revenues face similar issues. This can make it extremely difficult to understand the company’s GAAP profitability. Currently [ when? ] , EA develops and publishes games under several labels including EA Sports titles, Madden NFL , FIFA Soccer , NHL , NCAA Football , SSX and NBA Jam . Other EA labels produce established franchises such as Battlefield , Need for Speed , The Sims , Medal of Honor , Command Conquer , as well as newer franchises such as Dead Space , Mass Effect , Dragon Age , Army of Two and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic , produced in partnership with LucasArts . [ 16 ] EA also owns and operates major gaming studios in Tiburon in Orlando , Burnaby , Vancouver , Montreal and DICE in Sweden . [ 17 ] NASDAQ;Harry_Potter;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Bejeweled;Facebook;Sweden;Apple_Inc.;United_States_dollar;Apple_II;Steve_Wozniak;National_Football_League;Nokia;Tetris;Macintosh;Intel;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Sega;Square_Enix;GameTap;Digital_Rights_Management;Hard_drive;Walmart;Aspyr;Steven_Levy;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Reuters;Portable_Document_Format;Open_Directory_Project;Reuters;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Electronic_Arts;Electronic_Arts; Electronic_Frontier_Foundation The Electronic Frontier Foundation ( EFF ) is an international non-profit digital rights advocacy and legal organization based in the United States . Its stated mission is to: [ 1 ] The EFF is supported by donations and is based in San Francisco , California , with staff members in Washington, D.C . They are accredited observers at the World Intellectual Property Organization [ 2 ] and one of the participants of the Global Network Initiative . [ 3 ] EFF has taken action in several ways. It provides funds for legal defense in court, presents amici curiae briefs, defends individuals and new technologies from what it considers baseless or misdirected legal threats, works to expose government malfeasance, provides guidance to the government and courts , organizes political action and mass mailings, supports some new technologies which it believes preserve personal freedoms , maintains a database and web sites of related news and information, monitors and challenges potential legislation that it believes would infringe on personal liberties and fair use , and solicits a list of what it considers patent abuses with intentions to defeat those that it considers without merit . United_States;California;United_States;Digital_rights;United_States;San_Francisco;California;Database;Internet;Steve_Wozniak;Encryption;Jon_Lech_Johansen;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Brewster_Kahle;Digital_rights;Digital_rights_management;Free_Software_Foundation;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;American_Civil_Liberties_Union;Anonymity;Intellectual_property;Copyright_infringement;Digital_rights_management;Open_Music_Model;Open_source_software;Free_Software_Foundation;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation; Electronic_Gaming_Monthly Electronic Gaming Monthly (often abbreviated to EGM ) is a bimonthly American video game magazine . It has been published by EGM Media, LLC. since relaunching in April 2010. Its previous run, which ended in January 2009, was published by Ziff Davis . It offers video game news, coverage of industry events, interviews with gaming figureheads, editorial content, and product reviews. Prior to the 2010 relaunch it only covered console hardware and software but has since widened its coverage to the PC and mobile gaming markets. In 1994, EGM spawned EGM² , which focused on expanded cheats and tricks (i.e. with maps and guides). It eventually became Expert Gamer and finally the defunct GameNOW . Ziff_Davis;Video_game_console;GamePro;Microsoft;Xbox;Sega;Tetris;Xbox;Xbox;Xbox;Xbox;Xbox;Personal_computer;Mexico;Brazil;Thailand;Singapore;Podcast;ITunes;Disney;Square_Enix;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly; Electronic_dance_music Electronic dance music ( EDM ) is electronic music produced primarily for the purposes of use within a nightclub setting, or in an environment that is centered upon dance -based entertainment . The music is largely created for use by disc jockeys and is produced with the intention of it being heard in the context of a continuous DJ set ; wherein the DJ progresses from one record to the next via a synchronized segue or " mix ". [ 1 ] The term emerged in America in the early 2000s and describes a set of percussive music genres that largely stem from the production methods of disco music , techno music , house music , and trance music . Such music was popularized via regional nightclub scenes in the 1980s, the warehouse party scene of the late 1980s, and the early rave scene of the acid house movement in the late 1980s. However, even in the later half of the 1970s the Disco music dance scene began to shift away from its traditional orchestration (acoustic orchestras) on its recordings. By 1977 producer Giorgio Moroder worked with Donna Summer to release I Feel Love . The song was a dance/discothèque hit, that was made using synthesizers and drum machines. They would later collaborate and release the Donna Summer's Bad Girls Album in which tracks like Sunset People used similar techniques during production. This sound would wind up being the norm for Disco in the late 1970s through to the 1980s. By the mid 1990s, the presence of electronic dance music in contemporary culture was noted widely and its role in society began to be explored in published historical, cultural and social science academic studies. It was originally constructed by means of electronic instruments such as synthesizers , drum machines and sequencers , and generally emphasizes the unique sounds of those instruments , even when mimicking traditional acoustic instrumentation. Currently the music is now mostly made using software that contains sequencing sampling and synthesizers, as well as effect abilities all in one. Now the ability to produce and create has become much easier economically and physically since producers no longer need to buy large amounts of equipment. It sometimes encompasses music not primarily meant for dancing, but derived from the dance-oriented styles . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Electronic_music;House_music;Synthesizer;Music_sequencer;Musical_instrument;Electronic_music;MIDI;Interactivity;Synchronization;Computer;Synthesizer;Roland_Corporation;MIDI;Disc_jockey;Hard_disk;Record_producer;Electronica;Music_industry;Dance_music;Electronica;USA_Today;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Electronic_dance_music;Electronic_dance_music; Electronic_mailing_list An electronic mailing list is a special usage of email that allows for widespread distribution of information to many Internet users. It is similar to a traditional mailing list — a list of names and addresses — as might be kept by an organization for sending publications to its members or customers, but typically refers to four things — a list of email addresses, the people ("subscribers") receiving mail at those addresses, the publications (email messages) sent to those addresses, and a reflector , which is a single email address that, when designated as the recipient of a message, will send a copy of that message to all of the subscribers. Email;Internet;Software;Free_software;Social_network_service;Email;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog;Electronic_mailing_list;Electronic_mailing_list; Electronic_music Electronic music is music that employs electronic musical instruments and electronic music technology in its production. In general a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. [ 1 ] Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium , Hammond organ , and the electric guitar . Purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the Theremin , sound synthesizer , and computer . [ 2 ] Electronic music was once associated almost exclusively with Western art music but from the late 1960s on the availability of affordable music technology meant that music produced using electronic means became increasingly common in the popular domain. [ 3 ] Today electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from experimental art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music . Electric_guitar;Synthesizer;Experimental_music;Electronic_dance_music;Italy;Japan;Sony;Synthesizer;Film;Soundtrack;Stereophonic_sound;Roland_Corporation;Synthesizer;Folk_music;Rock_music;Netherlands;Algorithm;Synthesizer;Argentina;Synthesizer;Synthesizer;Soundtrack;Doctor_Who;Synthesizer;NBC;Sine_wave;Music_sequencer;Electronic_dance_music;Netherlands;Sweden;House_music;Pop_music;Rock_music;The_Beatles;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Music_sequencer;Computer;Roland_Corporation;MIDI;Roland_Corporation;Apple_Macintosh;Stanford_University;Computer;Video_game_console;Electronic_dance_music;House_music;Netherlands;Ableton_Live;Open_source;Synthesizer;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Drum_and_bass;Electronica;House_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Drum_and_bass;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;New_Age_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;House_music;Disc_jockey;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Electronic_music;Electronic_music; Electronica Electronica includes a wide range of contemporary electronic music designed for a wide range of uses, including foreground listening, some forms of dancing, and background music for other activities. Unlike electronic dance music not all examples of electronica are necessarily made for dancing. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In the United States genres such as techno , downtempo , and ambient are among those encompassed by the umbrella term, entering the American mainstream from "alternative" or " underground " venues during the late 1990s. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Allmusic categorises electronica as a top-level genre on their main page, where they state that electronica includes danceable grooves to music for headphones and chillout areas. [ 4 ] Electronica has grown to influence mainstream crossover recordings. Electronic sounds began to form the basis of a wide array of popular music in the late 1970s, and became key to the mainstream pop and rock sounds of the 1980s. Since the adoption of "electronica" in the 1990s to describe more underground music with an electronic aesthetic, elements of modern electronica have been adopted by many popular artists in mainstream music. Electronic_dance_music;Europe;Japan;United_States;Synthesizer;Music_sequencer;Electronic_music;Electronic_dance_music;Synthesizer;Music_sequencer;Digital_audio_workstation;Electronic_dance_music;Instrumental;Hip_hop_music;MTV;Independent_record_label;Rock_music;Pop_music;Hip_hop_music;Pop_music;Britney_Spears;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;Electronica;Electronica; Element_OS Element OS was a Linux operating system that was intended for Home theater PC computers. It was discontinued in 2011. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Open_source;Software_release_life_cycle;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;User_interface;Software_license;Linux;Home_theater_PC;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;XBMC;VLC_media_player;Mozilla_Firefox;Operating_system;Mythbuntu;Linux_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Element_OS;Element_OS; Elgato Elgato Systems is a hardware and software manufacturer that makes television viewing and recording products specifically for the Macintosh family of personal computers, including EyeTV software. Founded in 1992 by Markus Fest, who also created the Toast CD-burning software for Macintosh [ 1 ] , Elgato is a privately held company based in Germany with US offices in San Francisco, California. Macintosh;Macworld;USB;NTSC;TiVo;FireWire;Macworld;USB;FireWire;DVD;Digital_video_recorder;Macworld;WWDC;HDTV;NTSC;Digital_video_recorder;FireWire;FireWire;ATI_Technologies;TerraTec;Microsoft;Xbox;Sonic_Solutions;HDTV;NTSC;PAL;HDHomeRun;MPEG_transport_stream;Composite_video;Component_video;Ethernet;Advanced_Audio_Coding;JPEG;GIF;DivX;Macworld;ILife;Universal_Binary;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;Apple_iPhone;Sony_PSP;Digital_video_recorder;Apple_TV;IPhone;IPod;Sony_PSP;ILife;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Elgato;Elgato; Elonex_ebook The Elonex eBook is an e-book reader from UK company Elonex available since July 2009. PDF;HTML;EPub;QWERTY;LED;PDF;HTML;EPub;QWERTY;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Elonex_ebook;Elonex_ebook; Emagic Emagic was a music software and hardware company based in Rellingen , Germany and a satellite office in Grass Valley, CA . On July 1, 2002 Emagic was bought by Apple Computer . Emagic's Windows -based product offerings were discontinued on September 30, 2002. The company was best known for its music sequencer , Logic . Logic stemmed from the then famous Creator, then Notator, made by C-Lab (the company's forerunner) for the Atari ST platform. In 1992, Notator Logic was launched for Atari and Macintosh, followed by a version for Windows. The "Notator" was dropped from the name and the product was redesigned from the ground up, and the product became known under the name "Emagic Logic". Original copies of Emagic's logic retailed for $699 and sold its plugins for $99–$299 apiece before Apple bundled them all together. When Apple bought Emagic, Logic had "Emagic" dropped from the title, and is now called Logic Pro . In 1995, Emagic (then C-Lab) bought the rights to the hardware design of the Atari Falcon computer and began producing their own versions due to continued demand for an inexpensive Digital Audio Workstation . It was discontinued when commodity PC and Macintosh hardware became more cost-effective than the proprietary Atari based systems. The other major software product that Emagic offered was SoundDiver , an editor/librarian for hardware synthesizers. While there was a beta version for Mac OS X, production of SoundDiver appears to have been discontinued. Emagic formerly offered a line of audio interface hardware, the Audiowerk PCI cards, as well as USB units. A potential post-acquisition successor to these products, the unreleased Asteroid FireWire interface, was the subject of the Apple v. Does trade secret litigation. Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emagic oldid=493928129 " Categories : Defunct software companies Video game companies of Germany Software companies of Germany Apple Inc. Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from November 2010 Germany;Apple_Computer;Microsoft_Windows;Music_sequencer;Logic_Pro;Logic_Pro;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Universal_Serial_Bus;FireWire;Emagic;Emagic; Email Internet;Instant_messaging;Internet;Unix;AOL;IBM;Unix;Personal_computer;Lotus_Notes;Novell_GroupWise;United_Kingdom;Internet;Post_Office_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;IBM;Lotus_Notes;Microsoft;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Email_client;Plain_text;HTML_email;Email_client;Microsoft;Email_client;Email_client;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Post_Office_Protocol;IMAP;Proprietary_software;Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Web_browser;IMAP;Email_client;Filename_extension;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Plain_text;Microsoft_Outlook;Opera_Mail;Yahoo;AOL;Operating_system;Mobile_phone;Conference_call;Push_technology;New_York_Times;Microsoft_Windows;United_States;Australia;DARPA;HTML_email;Push_email;Email_client;Electronic_mailing_list;IMAP;International_Standard_Book_Number;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Social_network_service;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Email; Email_client An email client , email reader , or more formally mail user agent (MUA), is a computer program used to access and manage a user's email . The term can refer to any system capable of accessing the user's email mailbox , regardless of it being a mail user agent, a relaying server, or a human typing on a terminal. In addition, a web application that provides message management, composition, and reception functions is sometimes also considered an email client, but more commonly referred to as webmail . Popular locally installed email clients include Microsoft Outlook , IBM Lotus Notes , Pegasus Mail , Mozilla 's Thunderbird , KMail in the Kontact suite , Evolution and Apple Inc. 's Mail . Popular web-based email clients include: Gmail , Yahoo! Mail , mail.com , Lycos mail , and Hotmail . Mozilla_Thunderbird;Email;Microsoft_Outlook;IBM;Lotus_Notes;Pegasus_Mail;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Apple_Inc.;Post_Office_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Graphical_user_interface;Web_browser;Post_Office_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Microsoft;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;PDF;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Email_client;Email_client; Embedded_system An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system, often with real-time computing constraints. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. [ 3 ] Embedded systems contain processing cores that are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). [ 4 ] The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale . Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players , to large stationary installations like traffic lights , factory controllers , or the systems controlling nuclear power plants . Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure. Flash_memory;Personal_computer;Digital_audio_player;Wireless;Internet;Czech_Republic;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Digital_camera;Global_Positioning_System;Global_Positioning_System;Hard_disk;Bluetooth;Firmware;Flash_memory;LED;LCD;Touch_screen;Mobile_device;USB;Ethernet;Web_browser;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;SPARC;SuperH;Linux;QNX;VxWorks;ARM_architecture;Flash_memory;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Linux;System_on_a_chip;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;Compiler;Digital_signal_processing;Scilab;MATLAB;Simulink;Mathematica;VisSim;VisSim;Personal_digital_assistant;Linux;Digital_audio_player;Mobile_phone;Application_programming_interface;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;FTP;File_Allocation_Table;Digital_signal_processing;Firmware;FPGA;Programming_language;System_on_a_chip;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Embedded_system;Embedded_system; Embedded_systems An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system, often with real-time computing constraints. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. [ 3 ] Embedded systems contain processing cores that are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). [ 4 ] The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale . Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players , to large stationary installations like traffic lights , factory controllers , or the systems controlling nuclear power plants . Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure. Flash_memory;Personal_computer;Digital_audio_player;Wireless;Internet;Czech_Republic;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Digital_camera;Global_Positioning_System;Global_Positioning_System;Hard_disk;Bluetooth;Firmware;Flash_memory;LED;LCD;Touch_screen;Mobile_device;USB;Ethernet;Web_browser;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;SPARC;SuperH;Linux;QNX;VxWorks;ARM_architecture;Flash_memory;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Linux;System_on_a_chip;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;Compiler;Digital_signal_processing;Scilab;MATLAB;Simulink;Mathematica;VisSim;VisSim;Personal_digital_assistant;Linux;Digital_audio_player;Mobile_phone;Application_programming_interface;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;FTP;File_Allocation_Table;Digital_signal_processing;Firmware;FPGA;Programming_language;System_on_a_chip;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Embedded_system;Embedded_system; Embramine Embramine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Embramine;Embramine; Emedastine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Emedastine;Emedastine; Emesene Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Instant_messaging;Windows_Live_Messenger;Spanish_language;French_language;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook;Google_Talk;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook;Google_Talk;Emoticon;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook;Google_Talk;.NET_Framework;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;SourceForge;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Emesene;Emesene; Emirates_Airline Fly Emirates, Hello Tomorrow Fly Emirates. Keep Discovering (old slogan) Fly Emirates. To over 100 destinations Fly Emirates, in six continents Garhoud , Dubai , United Arab Emirates Tim Clark (President) Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum (Chairman CEO) Sir Maurice Flanagan (Executive Vice-Chairman) This article is about about the airline. For the London cable car system, see Emirates Air Line (cable car) . Emirates ( Arabic : طَيَران الإمارات ‎ DMG : Ṭayarān al-Imārāt ) is an airline based at Dubai International Airport in Dubai , United Arab Emirates. It is the largest airline in the Middle East, operating over 2,500 flights per week, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] from its hub at Terminal 3, to 122 cities in 72 countries across six continents. [ 3 ] The company also operates four of the world's ten longest non-stop commercial flights from Dubai to Los Angeles , San Francisco , Dallas , and Houston . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Emirates is a subsidiary of The Emirates Group , which has over 50,000 employees, and is wholly owned by the government of Dubai directly under the Investment Corporation of Dubai . [ 7 ] Cargo activities are undertaken by the Emirates Group's Emirates SkyCargo division. [ 8 ] During the mid-1980s, Gulf Air began to cut back its services to Dubai . As a result Emirates was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubai's royal family , whose Dubai Royal Air Wing provided two of the airline's first aircraft. It was required to operate independent of government subsidies, apart from $10 million in start-up capital . The airline became headed by Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum , the airline's present chairman. In the years following its founding, the airline expanded both its fleet and its destinations. [ 9 ] In October 2008, Emirates moved all operations at Dubai International Airport to Terminal 3 , a new terminal exclusively dedicated to Emirates to sustain its rapid expansion and growth plans. [ 10 ] Emirates operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide-body aircraft and is one of only nine airlines to operate an all-wide-body aircraft fleet, whose centrepiece is the Boeing 777 . Emirates also has orders for 90 Airbus A380s with 20 of them already in service and became the second operator of the Airbus A380-800 after Singapore Airlines when their first aircraft was delivered on 28 July 2008. [ 11 ] Emirates has won numerous awards and is an industry bellwether for aircraft purchases, purchasing over 130 aircraft in 2007 alone. [ 12 ] The airline ranks amongst the top 10 carriers worldwide in terms of revenue and passenger kilometres , and has become the largest airline in the Middle East in terms of revenue, fleet size, and passengers carried as of 2007. [ 13 ] In 2010 the airline was the sixth-largest airline in the world in terms of international passengers carried, [ 14 ] and largest in the world in terms of scheduled international passenger-kilometres flown. [ 15 ] The airline was also the seventh largest in terms of scheduled freight tonne-kilometres flown. [ 16 ] Emirates has built up a strong brand name as a leader in the aviation industry, particularly in terms of service excellence, and its very rapid growth, coupled with consistent profitability. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] In February 2011, Air Transport World gave Emirates Airlines the title of "Airline of the Year" for 2011. The award has been given based on recognition of its commitment to safety and operational excellence, customer service trendsetters, financial condition including a 22-year consecutive annual profit. [ 19 ] The airline also received the 1000th Boeing 777 airframe and 102nd purchase of the airliner with a Boeing 777-300ER San_Francisco;Singapore;Singapore;Brazil;Delta_Air_Lines;Air_France;Air_France;Liquid_crystal_display;BBC_News;Text_messaging;Video_on_demand;Video_on_demand;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Short_message_service;Air_France;Bloomberg_L.P.;CNN;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Air_France;KLM;Alaska_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines; Emoticon An emoticon ( / ɨ ˈ m oʊ t ɨ k ɒ n / ) is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using punctuation marks and letters, usually written to express a person's mood. Emoticons are often used to alert a responder to the tenor or temper of a statement, and can change and improve interpretation of plain text; emoticons for a smiley face :-) and sad face :-( appear in the first documented use in digital form. The word is a portmanteau word of the English words emotion and icon . In web forums , instant messengers and online games , text emoticons are often automatically replaced with small corresponding images, which came to be called emoticons as well. Certain complex character combinations can only be accomplished in a double-byte language, giving rise to especially complex forms, sometimes known by their romanized Japanese name of kaomoji. The use of emoticons can be traced back to the 19th century, and they were commonly used in casual and humorous writing. Digital forms of emoticons on the Internet were included in a proposal by Scott Fahlman of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , in a message on 19 September 1982. [ 1 ] English_language;Instant_messaging;Internet;New_York_Times;Keyboard_layout;Japan;Video_game;Sound;Adobe_Flash;MTV;Adobe_Flash;Trademark;Slashdot;Patent_application;Finland;Smiley;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Emoticon;Emoticon; EnTourage_eDGe The enTourage eDGe was a combined tablet computer and e-book made by enTourage Systems Inc., a small company in McLean, Virginia . It is advertised as "the world's first dualbook". The device runs Google's Android platform, version 1.6 'Donut'. Due to lack of sales, all enTourage eDGe products ceased production in 2011. Tablet_computer;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Flash_memory;Universal_Serial_Bus;Tablet_computer;Google_Books;Universal_Serial_Bus;Engadget;CNET;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;EnTourage_eDGe;EnTourage_eDGe; Encoder An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or person that converts information from one format or code to another, for the purposes of standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or saving space by shrinking size. Comparison_of_video_codecs;Data_compression;Codec;Encryption;Integrated_circuit;Codec;NTSC;PAL;Transcoding;Encoder;Encoder; Encryption In cryptography , encryption is the process of transforming information (referred to as plaintext ) using an algorithm (called a cipher ) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key . The result of the process is encrypted information (in cryptography, referred to as ciphertext ). The reverse process, i.e., to make the encrypted information readable again, is referred to as decryption (i.e., to make it unencrypted). [ citation needed ] In many contexts, the word encryption may also implicitly refer to the reverse process, decryption e.g. “ software for encryption ” can typically also perform decryption. [ citation needed ] Encryption has long been used by militaries and governments to facilitate secret communication. It is now commonly used in protecting information within many kinds of civilian systems. For example, the Computer Security Institute reported that in 2007, 71% of companies surveyed utilized encryption for some of their data in transit, and 53% utilized encryption for some of their data in storage. [ 1 ] Encryption can be used to protect data "at rest", such as files on computers and storage devices (e.g. USB flash drives ). In recent years there have been numerous reports of confidential data such as customers' personal records being exposed through loss or theft of laptops or backup drives. Encrypting such files at rest helps protect them should physical security measures fail. Digital rights management systems which prevent unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted material and protect software against reverse engineering (see also copy protection ) are another somewhat different example of using encryption on data at rest. [ citation needed ] Encryption is also used to protect data in transit, for example data being transferred via networks (e.g. the Internet , e-commerce ), mobile telephones , wireless microphones , wireless intercom systems, Bluetooth devices and bank automatic teller machines . There have been numerous reports of data in transit being intercepted in recent years. [ 2 ] Encrypting data in transit also helps to secure it as it is often difficult to physically secure all access to networks. [ citation needed ] Encryption, by itself, can protect the confidentiality of messages, but other techniques are still needed to protect the integrity and authenticity of a message; for example, verification of a message authentication code (MAC) or a digital signature . Standards and cryptographic software and hardware to perform encryption are widely available, but successfully using encryption to ensure security may be a challenging problem. A single slip-up in system design or execution can allow successful attacks. Sometimes an adversary can obtain unencrypted information without directly undoing the encryption. See, e.g., traffic analysis , TEMPEST , or Trojan horse . [ citation needed ] One of the earliest public key encryption applications was called Pretty Good Privacy (PGP). It was written in 1991 by Phil Zimmermann and was purchased by Symantec in 2010. [ 3 ] Digital signature and encryption must be applied at message creation time (i.e. on the same device it has been composed) to avoid tampering. Otherwise any node between the sender and the encryption agent could potentially tamper it. [ citation needed ] Algorithm;USB_flash_drives;Digital_rights_management;Reverse_engineering;Internet;Bluetooth;Digital_signature;Encryption;Encryption; Endrov Endrov [ 1 ] is an open-source plugin architecture aimed for image analysis and data processing. Being based on Java , it is portable and can both be run locally and as an applet . It grew out of the need for an advanced open source software that can cope with complex spatio-temporal image data, mainly obtained from microscopes in biological research. It lends much of the philosophy from ImageJ but aims to supersede it by having a more modern design. Endrov grew out of the needs of a software to map the embryogenesis of C.elegans. [ 2 ] The lead developer, Johan Henriksson, is a Ph.D. student at Karolinska Institute . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Image_processing;Software_license;BSD_License;ImageJ;Image_processing;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Endrov;Endrov; Engadget Engadget is a multilingual technology blog network with daily coverage of gadgets and consumer electronics . Though on appearance Engadget functions much like a blog and may be defined as such, much of its editorial content takes the form of an online magazine . Engadget currently operates a total of ten 'blogs' - four written in English and six international versions with independent editorial staff. Engadget frequently ranks among the top 5 in the ' Technorati top 100' [ 3 ] and was noted in TIME for being one of the best blogs of 2010. [ 4 ] Blog;AOL;Blog;Gizmodo;Peter_Rojas;Blog;Blog;AOL;Ryan_Block;Joshua_Topolsky;ITunes;Ogg;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ITunes;IPhone;IPod_touch;WebOS;Facebook;Jon_Rubinstein;Palm_Inc.;Microsoft;Google;Facebook;Boxee;Ryan_Block;Adobe_Systems;Microsoft;Digital_audio_player;Deutsche_Telekom;AOL;Joshua_Topolsky;Nilay_Patel;Vox_Media;Forbes;Macworld;The_New_York_Times;ITunes;ITunes;AOL;Winamp;TechCrunch;AOL_Instant_Messenger;The_Huffington_Post;TechCrunch;AOL_Explorer;Engadget;Engadget; Engineering Engineering is the science, skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific , economic , social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and also build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes . The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET ) [ 1 ] has defined "engineering" as: The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation or safety to life and property. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] One who practices engineering is called an engineer , and those licensed to do so may have more formal designations such as Professional Engineer , Chartered Engineer , Incorporated Engineer , Ingenieur or European Engineer . The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of more specialized sub disciplines , each with a more specific emphasis on certain fields of application and particular areas of technology. Science;Economics;Greece;Computer;Computer;Audio_engineering;Science;Economics;Application_software;Reverse_engineering;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Audio_engineering;Control_engineering;Automation;Computer_science;Audio_engineering;Control_engineering;Engineering;Engineering; English_language English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in England and is now the most widely used language in the world. [ 4 ] It is spoken as a first language by a majority of the inhabitants of several nations, including the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , New Zealand and a number of Caribbean nations. It is the third most common native language in the world, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish . [ 5 ] It is widely learned as a second language and is an official language of the European Union , many Commonwealth countries and the United Nations , as well as in many world organisations. English arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and what is now south-east Scotland , but was then under the control of the kingdom of Northumbria . Following the extensive influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 17th century to the mid-20th century, via the British Empire , and of the United States since the mid-20th century, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] it has been widely propagated around the world, becoming the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Historically, English originated from the fusion of closely related dialects, now collectively termed Old English , which were brought to the eastern coast of Great Britain by Germanic ( Anglo-Saxons ) settlers by the 5th century – with the word English being derived from the name of the Angles , and ultimately from their ancestral region of Angeln (in what is now Schleswig-Holstein ). [ 12 ] A significant number of English words are constructed based on roots from Latin , because Latin in some form was the lingua franca of the Christian Church and of European intellectual life. [ 13 ] The language was further influenced by the Old Norse language due to Viking invasions in the 8th and 9th centuries. The Norman conquest of England in the 11th century gave rise to heavy borrowings from Norman-French , and vocabulary and spelling conventions began to give the appearance of a close relationship with Romance languages [ 14 ] [ 15 ] to what had then become Middle English . The Great Vowel Shift that began in the south of England in the 15th century is one of the historical events that mark the emergence of Modern English from Middle English. Owing to the assimilation of words from many other languages throughout history, modern English contains a very large vocabulary, with complex and irregular spelling, particularly of vowels. Modern English has not only assimilated words from other European languages but also from all over the world, including words of Hindi and African origin. The Oxford English Dictionary lists over 250,000 distinct words, not including many technical, scientific, and slang terms. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] European_Union;United_Kingdom;United_States;Canada;Australia;Republic_of_Ireland;New_Zealand;Mandarin_Chinese;Spanish_language;United_Kingdom;United_States;Science;United_States;Canada;Australia;New_Zealand;German_language;French_language;Germany;Sweden;Denmark;Netherlands;Germany;German_language;French_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Spanish_language;Chinese_language;United_States;United_Kingdom;Australia;United_States;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Philippines;Philippines;Canada;Canada;Australia;Australia;Australian_English;Canadian_English;Gibraltar;Guam;Singapore;United_Kingdom;United_States;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Fiji;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malta;Namibia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Philippines;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Guam;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Brunei;Cyprus;Malaysia;Australian_English;British_English;Canadian_English;American_English;Scottish_English;Australian_English;Internet;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Genre;A;B;C;D;E;F;G;H;I;J;K;L;M;N;O;P;Q;R;S;T;U;V;W;X;Y;Z;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;British_English;Scottish_English;American_English;Canadian_English;Australian_English;Australian_English;German_language;Swiss_German;American_English;British_English;French_language;Spanish_language;Chinese_language;French_language;Spanish_language;European_Union;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;French_language;Bolivia;Peru;Colombia;Bolivia;Paraguay;Argentina;Spanish_language;Brazil;Bolivia;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;Argentina;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Peru;Bolivia;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;English_language;English_language; Enhanced_Data_Rate Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Created by telecoms vendor Ericsson in 1994, [ 1 ] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group , which has more than 16,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. [ 2 ] The SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. [ 3 ] To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards defined by the SIG. [ citation needed ] A network of patents is required to implement the technology and are licensed only for those qualifying devices; thus the protocol, whilst open, may be regarded as proprietary. [ citation needed ] Wireless;Norway;Mobile_phone;Laptop;Personal_computer;Global_Positioning_System;Digital_camera;Video_game_console;Integrated_circuit;Bluetooth_profile;Mobile_phone;Mobile_phone;Mobile_phone;OBEX;Global_Positioning_System;Infrared;USB;Sony;Mobile_phone;Local_area_network;Ethernet;USB;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;Lego_Mindstorms_NXT;USB;Personal_computer;Mobile_phone;Desktop_computer;Laptop;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Linux;Nokia;Mobile_phone;Sweden;IBM;Intel;Toshiba;Nokia;Intellectual_property;Broadcom;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Bluetooth_protocols;Bluetooth_profile;Encryption;Symbian_OS;Symbian_OS;Symbian_OS;Secure_Digital;GSM_frequency_bands;GSM_frequency_bands;Nokia;STMicroelectronics;Tethering;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Ethernet;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Code_division_multiple_access;Global_Positioning_System;GLONASS;Mobile_phone;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Bluetooth;Bluetooth; Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution ( EDGE ) (also known as Enhanced GPRS ( EGPRS ), or IMT Single Carrier ( IMT-SC ), or Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ) is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM . EDGE is considered a pre-3G radio technology and is part of ITU 's 3G definition. [ 1 ] EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003 – initially by Cingular (now AT T) in the United States. [ 2 ] EDGE is standardized also by 3GPP as part of the GSM family. Through the introduction of sophisticated methods of coding and transmitting data, EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel, resulting in a threefold increase in capacity and performance compared with an ordinary GSM/GPRS connection. EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet connection. Evolved EDGE continues in Release 7 of the 3GPP standard providing reduced latency and more than doubled performance e.g. to complement High-Speed Packet Access ( HSPA ). Peak bit-rates of up to 1Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of 400kbit/s can be expected. GPRS;Mobile_phone;GSM;Internet;GPRS;HSDPA;WiFi;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution; Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface Enhanced Small Disk Interface (ESDI) was a disk interface designed by Maxtor Corporation in the early 1980s to be a follow-on to the ST-506 interface. ESDI improved on ST-506 by moving certain parts that were traditionally kept on the controller (such as the data separator ) into the drives themselves, and also generalizing the control bus such that more kinds of devices (such as removable disks and tape drives ) could be connected. ESDI used the same cabling as ST-506 (one 34-pin common control cable, and a 20-pin data channel cable for each device), and thus could easily be retrofitted to ST-506 applications. ESDI was popular in the mid-to-late 1980s, when SCSI and ATA technologies were young and immature, and ST-506 was neither fast nor flexible enough. ESDI could handle data rates of 10, 15, or 20 Mbit/s (as opposed to ST-506's top speed of 7.5 Mbit/s), and many high-end SCSI drives of the era were actually high-end ESDI drives with SCSI bridges integrated on the drive. By 1990, SCSI had matured enough to handle high data rates and multiple types of drives, and ATA was quickly overtaking ST-506 in the desktop market. These two events made ESDI less and less important over time, and by the mid-1990s, ESDI was no longer in common use. Micro_Channel_architecture;SCSI;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface; Enhanced_VOB Digital_video;VOB;Dolby_Digital;PowerDVD;WinDVD;FFmpeg;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Enhanced_VOB;Enhanced_VOB; Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec CDMA;QCELP;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec; Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B CDMA;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B; Enhanced_full_rate GSM;Full_Rate;Nokia;GSM_frequency_bands;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Enhanced_full_rate;Enhanced_full_rate; Enprazepine Enprazepine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was never marketed. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Enprazepine;Enprazepine; Entertainment_Weekly Time_Warner;United_States;United_States;Time_Warner;Film;Television;Europe;DVD;Television_program;Album;Genre;Saturday_Night_Live;Grammy_Award;Blog;ComScore;Television;Time_Warner;Asia;NME;CNN;CNN;GameTap;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros._Television;Rotten_Tomatoes;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;Entertainment_Weekly;Entertainment_Weekly; Entertainment_law Entertainment law or media law is a term for a mix of more traditional categories of law with a focus on providing legal services to the entertainment industry . The principal areas of Entertainment Law overlap substantially with the well-known and conventional field of intellectual property law , but generally speaking the practice of entertainment law often involves questions of employment law , contract law , torts , labor law , bankruptcy law , immigration , securities law , security interests , agency , intellectual property (especially trademarks , copyright , and the so-called " Right of Publicity "), right of privacy, defamation, clearance of rights, product placement , advertising, criminal law , tax law , International law (especially Private international law ), and insurance law. Much of the work of an entertainment law practice is transaction based, i.e. drafting contracts , negotiation and mediation . Some situations may lead to litigation or arbitration . Intellectual_property;Trademark;Intellectual_property;Talent_manager;Film;Film;Intellectual_property;Trademark;Multimedia;Software;Video_game;Musician;Record_producer;Music_industry;Television;Renting;Internet;Intellectual_property;Consumer_protection;Intellectual_property;Talent_manager;Entertainment_law;Entertainment_law; Enzyme Enzymes ( / ˈ ɛ n z aɪ m z / ) are biological molecules that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates , are converted into different molecules, called products . Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates sufficient for life. Since enzymes are selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. Like all catalysts, enzymes work by lowering the activation energy ( E a ‡ ) for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. As a result, products are formed faster and reactions reach their equilibrium state more rapidly. Most enzyme reaction rates are millions of times faster than those of comparable un-catalyzed reactions. As with all catalysts, enzymes are not consumed by the reactions they catalyze, nor do they alter the equilibrium of these reactions. However, enzymes do differ from most other catalysts in that they are highly specific for their substrates. Enzymes are known to catalyze about 4,000 biochemical reactions. [ 3 ] A few RNA molecules called ribozymes also catalyze reactions, with an important example being some parts of the ribosome . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Synthetic molecules called artificial enzymes also display enzyme-like catalysis. [ 6 ] Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules. Inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity; activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. Activity is also affected by temperature , pressure, chemical environment (e.g., pH ), and the concentration of substrate. Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics . In addition, some household products use enzymes to speed up biochemical reactions (e.g., enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein or fat stains on clothes; enzymes in meat tenderizers break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew). Liver;Drug_metabolism;Oxygen;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Enzyme;Enzyme; Epinastine InChI=1S/C16H15N3/c17-16-18-10-15-13-7-3-1-5-11(13)9-12-6-2-4-8-14(12)19(15)16/h1-8,15H,9-10H2,(H2,17,18) Y Key:WHWZLSFABNNENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Epinastine (brand names Alesion , Elestat , Purivist , Relestat ) is a second-generation antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer that is used in eye drops to treat allergic conjunctivitis . It is presently produced by Allergan and marketed by Inspire in the United States. [ 1 ] It is highly selective for the H 1 receptor and does not cross the blood-brain-barrier . [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Plasma_protein_binding;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Epinastine;Epinastine; Equal_temperament Classical_music;Jazz;MIDI;Hertz;International_Standard_Book_Number;Equal_temperament;Equal_temperament; Equalization Equalization (British: equalisation ) is the process of adjusting the balance between frequency components within an electronic signal . The most well known use of equalization is in sound recording and reproduction but there are many other applications in electronics and telecommunications. The circuit or equipment used to achieve equalization is called an equalizer. These devices strengthen ( boost ) or weaken ( cut ) the energy of specific frequency bands . In telecommunications, equalizers are used to render the frequency response —for instance of a telephone line— flat from end-to-end. When a channel has been "equalized" the frequency domain attributes of the signal at the input are faithfully reproduced at the output. Telephones, DSL lines and television cables use equalizers to prepare data signals for transmission. In the field of audio electronics, the term "equalization" has come to include the adjustment of frequency responses for practical or aesthetic reasons, often resulting in a net response that is not truly equalized. The term EQ specifically refers to this variant of the term. [ 1 ] Stereos typically have adjustable equalizers which boost or cut bass or treble frequencies. Broadcast and recording studios use sophisticated equalizers capable of much more detailed adjustments, such as eliminating unwanted sounds or making certain instruments or voices more prominent. Equalizers are critical to the successful operation of electronic systems such as analog broadcast television . In this application the actual waveform of the transmitted signal must be preserved, not just its frequency content. Equalizing filters must cancel out any group delay and phase delay between different frequency components. Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Frequency_response;Hertz;Microphone;Videophone;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Microphone;Music_sequencer;Compact_Disc;Loudspeaker;Digital_signal_processing;Electronic_music;MIDI;Synthesizer;Software;Digital_audio_editor;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_synthesizer;Home_cinema;Equalization;Equalization; Eric_Schmidt Eric Emerson Schmidt (born April 27, 1955) is an American software engineer , businessman and the current executive chairman of Google . [ 3 ] From 2001 to 2011, he served as the chief executive of Google . Additionally, Schmidt was a member on the board of directors for Apple Inc. and sat on the boards of trustees for both Carnegie Mellon University and Princeton University . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Along with Mike Lesk , Schmidt co-authored the lex analysis software program for the Unix computer operating system. Google;Google;Google;Apple_Inc.;Unix;Compiler;Sun_Microsystems;Steven_Levy;Barack_Obama;Google;United_States_dollar;Forbes;Reuters;Forbes;John_Markoff;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNET;YouTube;CNET;CNN;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;YouTube;ITunes;CNET;Google;Google;Al_Gore;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Eric_Schmidt;Eric_Schmidt; Erythromycin InChI=1S/C37H67NO13/c1-14-25-37(10,45)30(41)20(4)27(39)18(2)16-35(8,44)32(51-34-28(40)24(38(11)12)15-19(3)47-34)21(5)29(22(6)33(43)49-25)50-26-17-36(9,46-13)31(42)23(7)48-26/h18-26,28-32,34,40-42,44-45H,14-17H2,1-13H3/t18-,19-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24+,25-,26+,28-,29+,30-,31+,32-,34+,35-,36-,37-/m1/s1 Y Key:ULGZDMOVFRHVEP-RWJQBGPGSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin , and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of atypical organisms, including Mycoplasma and legionellosis . It was first marketed by Eli Lilly and Company , and it is today commonly known as EES (erythromycin ethylsuccinate, an ester prodrug that is commonly administered). In structure, this macrocyclic compound contains a 14-membered lactone ring with ten asymmetric centers and two sugars ( L - cladinose and D - desosamine ), making it a compound very difficult to produce via synthetic methods. Erythromycin is produced from a strain of the actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Australia;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Philippines;Urticaria;Liver;Terfenadine;Astemizole;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Erythromycin;Erythromycin; Eslicarbazepine_acetate Eslicarbazepine acetate ( BIA 2-093 ) is an antiepileptic drug. It is a prodrug which is activated to eslicarbazepine ( S - licarbazepine ), an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine . [ 1 ] It is being developed by Bial [ 2 ] and will be marketed as Zebinix or Exalief by Eisai Co. in Europe and as Stedesa by Sepracor [ 3 ] in America. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has recommended granting marketing authorization in 2009 for adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures , with or without secondary generalisation, in adults with epilepsy . [ 1 ] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced on 2 June 2009 that the drug has been accepted for filing. [ 3 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Licarbazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Carbamazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Carbamazepine;Licarbazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Eslicarbazepine_acetate; Esmirtazapine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Drug_metabolism;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Insomnia;Mirtazapine;Inverse_agonist;Mirtazapine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Esmirtazapine;Esmirtazapine; Espy_Sans Apple_Computer;Personal_digital_assistant;IPod;IPod_mini;Espy_Sans;Espy_Sans; Estonia Europe;European_Union;Latvia;Sweden;Finland;European_Union;Eurozone;Lithuania;Finland;Sweden;German_language;Latvia;Poland;Lithuania;Latvia;Latvia;Lithuania;Denmark;Sweden;Finland;Estonia;Barack_Obama;Latvia;Lithuania;European_Union;Latvia;Lithuania;Internet;Eurozone;Eurozone;European_Union;Skype;Kazaa;Canada;United_States;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Europe;Good_Friday;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Reuters;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Estonia;Latvia;Lithuania;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Denmark;Finland;Germany;Latvia;Lithuania;Poland;Sweden;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Estonia;Estonia; Etazepine InChI=1S/C17H17NO2/c1-3-20-16-12-8-4-5-9-13(12)17(19)18(2)15-11-7-6-10-14(15)16/h4-11,16H,3H2,1-2H3 Key:BLGFGFHRMMDRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Etazepine ( INN ) is an anticonvulsant with a tricyclic structure which is related to the benzodiazepines , but was never marketed. [ 1 ] It appears to exert its effects via acting through the GABAergic system. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Tricyclic;PubMed_Identifier;Carbamazepine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Nitrogen;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Etazepine;Etazepine; Ethernet Local_area_network;Intel;Multibus;Sun_Microsystems;Unibus;General_Motors;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Central_processing_unit;Fast_Ethernet;Gigabit_Ethernet;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Ars_Technica;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Local_area_network;Fast_Ethernet;Gigabit_Ethernet;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;Ethernet; Etybenzatropine InChI=1S/C22H27NO/c1-2-23-19-13-14-20(23)16-21(15-19)24-22(17-9-5-3-6-10-17)18-11-7-4-8-12-18/h3-12,19-22H,2,13-16H2,1H3/t19-,20+,21+ Y Key:PHTMLLGDZBZXMW-AERCQKQUSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Etybenzatropine ( INN ), also known as ethybenztropine ( USAN , BAN ) and tropethydrylin , is an anticholinergic / antihistamine marketed under the trade names Panolid , Ponalid , and Ponalide , which is used as an antiparkinsonian agent . Like its analogue benzatropine , it may act as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor . [ citation needed ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Trade_name;Benzatropine;Benzatropine;Benzatropine;Chlorphenoxamine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Orphenadrine;Profenamine;Tropatepine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Etybenzatropine;Etybenzatropine; Etymemazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Phenothiazine;Chemical_class;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Etymemazine;Etymemazine; Eurogamer United_Kingdom;Website;Europe;Eurogamer;Eurogamer; Europe Europe ( i / ˈ jʊər ə p / YEWR -əp or / ˈ j ɜr ə p / YUR -əp [ 1 ] ) is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents . Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia , Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting the Black and Aegean Seas. [ 2 ] Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea and connected waterways to the southeast. Yet the borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity —are somewhat arbitrary, as the primarily physiographic term "continent" can incorporate cultural and political elements. Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50 states, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the country has territory in both Europe and Asia), while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third-most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 733 million or about 11% of the world's population . [ 3 ] Europe, in particular Ancient Greece , is the birthplace of Western culture . [ 4 ] It played a predominant role in global affairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism . Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas , most of Africa , Oceania , and large portions of Asia. Both World Wars were largely focused upon Europe, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence. [ 5 ] During the Cold War , Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east. European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. European_Union;United_States;European_Union;Asia;Cyprus;Malta;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Japanese_language;Germany;Spain;Germany;Portugal;Greece;Italy;France;Spain;Portugal;Spain;Netherlands;United_Kingdom;France;Romania;United_States;Belgium;Italy;Greece;Romania;Bulgaria;Austria;European_Union;European_Union;Ukraine;European_Union;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Gibraltar;European_Union;Eurozone;Slovenia;Ukraine;European_Union;Eurozone;Republic_of_Ireland;Malta;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Cyprus;Romania;Estonia;Finland;Hungary;Albania;Estonia;United_Kingdom;Cyprus;Portugal;France;Netherlands;National_Geographic_Society;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;National_Geographic_Society;Cyprus;European_Union;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Spain;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;European_Union;National_Geographic_Society;Classical_music;European_Union;Eurozone;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Asia;Asia;Europe;North_America;North_America;North_America;Asia;Europe;Europe; European_Commission The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union , responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and day-to-day running of the EU. [ 2 ] The Commission operates as a cabinet government , with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "commissioners" [ 3 ] ). There is one member per member state , though members are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state. One of the 27 is the Commission President (currently José Manuel Durão Barroso ) proposed by the European Council and elected by the European Parliament . The Council then appoints the other 26 members of the Commission in agreement with the nominated President, and then the 27 members as a single body are subject to a vote of approval by the European Parliament . [ 4 ] The first Barroso Commission took office in late 2004 [ 2 ] and its successor, under the same President, took office in 2010. [ 5 ] The term "Commission" is used either in the narrow sense of the 27-member College of Commissioners (or College ) or to also include the administrative body of about 23,000 European civil servants who are split into departments called Directorates-General and Services. [ 6 ] The internal working languages of the Commission are English , French and German . [ 2 ] The Members of the Commission and their "cabinets" (immediate teams) are based in the Berlaymont building of Brussels . French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;English_language;French_language;German_language;Belgium;Luxembourg;European_Union;English_language;French_language;German_language;European_Union;Denmark;Eurozone;France;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;International_Herald_Tribune;Europe;European_Union;French_language;Eurozone;Romania;Bulgaria;Belgium;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;Eurozone;Luxembourg;European_Commission;European_Commission; European_Union The European Union ( EU ) i / ˌ j ʊər r ə ˈ p iː ə n ˈ j uː n i ə n / is an economic and political entity and confederation [ 10 ] [ 11 ] of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe . [ 12 ] The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by six countries in 1951 and 1958 respectively. In the intervening years the EU has grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. [ 13 ] The latest amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon , came into force in 2009. The EU operates through a system of supranational independent institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission , the Council of the European Union , the European Council , the Court of Justice of the European Union , and the European Central Bank . The European Parliament is elected every five years by EU citizens . The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws which apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area (which includes 22 EU and 4 non-EU states) passport controls have been abolished. [ 17 ] EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital , [ 18 ] enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, [ 19 ] agriculture , [ 20 ] fisheries and regional development . [ 21 ] A monetary union, the eurozone , was established in 1999 and is composed of 17 member states. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy the EU has developed a limited role in external relations and defence . Permanent diplomatic missions have been established around the world. The EU is represented at the United Nations , the WTO , the G8 and the G-20 . With a combined population of over 500 million inhabitants, [ 22 ] or 7.3% of the world population, [ 23 ] the EU, in 2011, generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of 17.6 trillion US dollars, representing approximately 20% of the global GDP when measured in terms of purchasing power parity . [ 24 ] English_language;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Cyprus;Eurozone;Europe;European_Commission;Eurozone;Belgium;France;Italy;Luxembourg;Netherlands;Austria;Sweden;Eurozone;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Hungary;Lithuania;Poland;Slovenia;Cyprus;Netherlands;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Norway;Switzerland;Denmark;European_Commission;Eurozone;European_Commission;Eurozone;European_Commission;Eurozone;Switzerland;Microsoft;Eurozone;Eurozone;Global_Positioning_System;European_Commission;United_Kingdom;France;Spain;Germany;Spain;Greece;Italy;Germany;Italy;Poland;English_language;German_language;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Commission;European_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Herald_Tribune;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Union;European_Commission;Eurozone;Canada;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;United_Kingdom;United_States;Argentina;Argentina;Australia;Australia;Brazil;Brazil;Canada;Canada;European_Union;France;France;Germany;Germany;Italy;Italy;Japan;Japan;Mexico;Mexico;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;United_States;European_Union;European_Union; Eurozone The eurozone ( pronunciation ( help · info ) ), officially called the euro area , [ 7 ] is an economic and monetary union (EMU) of 17 European Union (EU) member states that have adopted the euro (€) as their common currency and sole legal tender . The eurozone currently consists of Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Spain . Most other EU states are obliged to join once they meet the criteria to do so. No state has left and there are no provisions to do so or to be expelled. Monetary policy of the zone is the responsibility of the European Central Bank (ECB) which is governed by a president and a board of the heads of national central banks . The principal task of the ECB is to keep inflation under control. Though there is no common representation, governance or fiscal policy for the currency union , some co-operation does take place through the Euro Group , which makes political decisions regarding the eurozone and the euro. The Euro Group is composed of the finance ministers of eurozone states, however in emergencies, national leaders also form the Euro Group. Since the late-2000s financial crisis , the eurozone has established and used provisions for granting emergency loans to member states in return for the enactment of economic reforms. The eurozone has also enacted some limited fiscal integration, for example in peer review of each other's national budgets. The issue is highly political and in a state of flux as of 2011 in terms of what further provisions will be agreed for eurozone reform. On occasion the eurozone is taken to include non-EU members who use the euro as their official currency. San Marino has concluded formal agreements with the EU to use the currency and mint their own coins. [ 8 ] Others, like Kosovo and Montenegro , have adopted the euro unilaterally. However, these countries do not formally form part of the eurozone and do not have representation in the ECB or the Euro Group. [ 9 ] Austria;Belgium;Cyprus;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Portugal;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;European_Union;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Cyprus;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Portugal;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Cyprus;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Netherlands;Portugal;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;European_Union;Bulgaria;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Poland;Romania;Sweden;United_Kingdom;USD;United_States;Japan;Brazil;United_Kingdom;Canada;Australia;Mexico;Switzerland;Sweden;Poland;Norway;United_Kingdom;Swiss_franc;Wikisource;Danish_krone;Swedish_krona;European_Union;European_Union;European_Commission;European_Union;Europe;Classical_music;European_Union;Eurozone;Eurozone; Eventful Eventful is a web service which aims to help users search for, track, and share information about events. Eventful is a service of Eventful, Inc. (formerly EVDB, Inc.) from San Diego, California . EVDB stands for "Events and Venues Database", and anyone may add information about events, venues, and performers. Yahoo! 's Upcoming is a competing service. Web_service;Web_service;Barack_Obama;ITunes;Last.fm;Application_programming_interface;Linux;Eventful;Eventful; Evi Evi or EVI may refer to: Evi (software) , a British iPhone and Android virtual personal assistant Enhanced vegetation index , an index designed to improve vegetation monitoring Evi (Bible) , a Biblical figure and one of the five Midianite kings killed during the time of Moses Ed Van Impe (born 1940), a Canadian professional ice hockey player Evi;Evi; Evolved_HSPA Technical_standard;Wireless;Telstra;New_Zealand;Singapore;Rogers_Wireless;Switzerland;Bell_Mobility;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Vodafone;Netherlands;Rogers_Wireless;Telus;Philippines;Deutsche_Telekom;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Evolved_HSPA;Evolved_HSPA; Exaile Exaile is a music player that was originally conceived to be similar in style and function to KDE 's Amarok 1.4, but use the GTK+ widget toolkit rather than Qt . It is written in Python and utilizes the GStreamer media framework . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Exaile incorporates many features from Amarok (and other media players) like automatic fetching of album art, handling of large libraries, lyrics fetching, Last.fm support, advanced tag editing, and optional iPod and MSC device support via plugins. [ 4 ] In addition, tabbed playlists (so that more than one playlist can be open at a time), ReplayGain support, and an equalizer with presets, [ 5 ] and Moodbar integration. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Last.fm;Rhythmbox;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;Exaile;Exaile; Exclamation_mark Intellectual_property;Unix;Chinese_language;Korean_language;Japanese_language;French_language;German_language;English_language;Spanish_language;English_language;United_Kingdom;Europe;British_English;Hexadecimal;Internet_Relay_Chat;Perl;Keyboard_layout;Harry_Potter;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Exclamation_mark;Exclamation_mark; Excretion Excretion is the process by which waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism . This is primarily carried out by the lungs , kidneys and skin . [ 1 ] This is in contrast with secretion , where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell . Excretion is an essential process in all forms of life. In single-celled organisms , waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell. Multicellular organisms utilize more complex excretory methods. Higher plants eliminate gases through the stomata , or pores, on the surface of leaves. Animals have special excretory organs. International_Standard_Book_Number;Excretion;Excretion; Executable In computing , an executable file causes a computer "to perform indicated tasks according to encoded instructions ," [ 1 ] as opposed to a data file that must be parsed by a program to be meaningful. These instructions are traditionally machine code instructions for a physical CPU . However, in a more general sense, a file containing instructions (such as bytecode ) for a software interpreter may also be considered executable; even a scripting language source file may therefore be considered executable in this sense. The exact interpretation depends upon the use; while the term often refers only to machine code files, in the context of protection against computer viruses all files which cause potentially hazardous instruction execution, including scripts, are conveniently lumped together. Central_processing_unit;Source_code;Assembly_language;Compiler;Computing_platform;Central_processing_unit;Operating_system;Filename_extension;Metadata;File_format;File_format;Executable;Executable; Exif Exchangeable image file format ( Exif ) is a standard that specifies the formats for images , sound , and ancillary tags used by digital cameras (including smartphones ), scanners and other systems handling image and sound files recorded by digital cameras. The specification uses the following existing file formats with the addition of specific metadata tags: JPEG DCT for compressed image files, TIFF Rev. 6.0 (RGB or YCbCr) for uncompressed image files, and RIFF WAV for audio files (Linear PCM or ITU-T G.711 μ-Law PCM for uncompressed audio data, and IMA - ADPCM for compressed audio data). [ 1 ] It is not supported in JPEG 2000 , PNG , or GIF . This standard consists of the Exif image file specification and the Exif audio file specification. Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;Tagged_Image_File_Format;JPEG;WAV;File_format;Sound;Digital_camera;Smartphone;Image_scanner;JPEG;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;WAV;Portable_Network_Graphics;GIF;Aperture;Tagged_Image_File_Format;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;JPEG;Global_Positioning_System;Geotagging;Flickr;Nokia;IPhone;Apple_Inc.;Skyhook_Wireless;WiFi;BlackBerry;Raw_image_format;Liquid_crystal_display;GPS;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;Adobe_Systems;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X;Unix;FlashPix;JPEG;FlashPix;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;WAV;Comparison_of_image_viewers;Digital_photography;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT; Experimental_music Experimental music refers, in the English-language literature, to a compositional tradition which arose in the mid-20th century, applied particularly in North America to music composed in such a way that its outcome is unforeseeable. Its most famous and influential exponent was John Cage (Grant 2003, 174). More loosely, the term "experimental" is used in conjunction with genre names to describe music within specific genres that pushes against their boundaries or definitions, or else whose approach is a hybrid of disparate styles, or incorporates unorthodox, new, distinctly unique ingredients (Anon. [n.d.]a). Similarly, it has sometimes been used to describe "transethnic" music: the mixture of recognizable music genres. A quite distinct sense was current in the late 1950s to describe computer-controlled composition, and the term at that time also was sometimes used for electronic music and musique concrète . "Experimental music" has also been used in music journalism as a general term of disapprobation for music departing from traditional norms. North_America;Electronic_music;Electronic_music;French_language;The_Beatles;Pop_music;Electronic_music;Movie;Musical_instrument;Musical_instrument;Sound_recording;Open_Directory_Project;Experimental_music;Experimental_music; ExpressCard ExpressCard is an interface to allow peripheral devices to be connected to a computer , usually a laptop computer . Formerly called NEWCARD, [ 1 ] the ExpressCard standard specifies the design of slots built into the computer and of cards which can be inserted into ExpressCard slots. The cards contain electronic circuitry and connectors to which external devices can be connected. The ExpressCard standard replaces the PC Card (also known as PCMCIA) standards. Hardware that may be plugged into a computer via an ExpressCard includes connect cards , FireWire 800 (1394B), USB 2.0, USB 3.0, Ethernet (even Gigabit Ethernet), Serial ATA external stick drives, solid-state drives , external enclosures for desktop size PCI Express graphics cards , wireless network interface cards (NIC), TV tuner cards , Common Access Card (CAC) readers, and soundcards and many others devices using chips which connects to computer using with USB or PCIe. PC_Card;Computer;Laptop;Technical_standard;PC_Card;Ethernet;Serial_ATA;PCI_Express;PCI_Express;Universal_Serial_Bus;Apple_Inc.;MacBook_Pro;Sony;Germany;Belkin;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Microdrive;PC_Card;Secure_Digital;ExpressCard;ExpressCard; Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture The Extended Industry Standard Architecture (in practice almost always shortened to EISA and frequently pronounced "eee-suh") is a bus standard for IBM PC compatible computers . It was announced in September 1988 by a consortium of PC clone vendors (the "Gang of Nine") as a counter to IBM's use of its proprietary Micro Channel architecture (MCA) in its PS/2 series. [ 1 ] EISA extends the AT bus, which the Gang of Nine retroactively renamed to the ISA bus to avoid infringing IBM's trademark on its PC/AT computer , to 32 bits and allows more than one CPU to share the bus. The bus mastering support is also enhanced to provide access to 4 GB of memory. Unlike MCA, EISA can accept older XT and ISA boards — the lines and slots for EISA are a superset of ISA. EISA was much favoured by manufacturers due to the proprietary nature of MCA, and even IBM produced some machines supporting it. It was somewhat expensive to implement (though not as much as MCA), so it never became particularly popular in desktop PCs. However, it was reasonably successful in the server market, as it was better suited to bandwidth-intensive tasks (such as disk access and networking). Most EISA cards produced were either SCSI or network cards. EISA was also available on some non-IBM compatible machines such as the AlphaServer , HP 9000 -D, SGI Indigo2 and MIPS Magnum . By the time there was a strong market need for a bus of these speeds and capabilities, the VESA Local Bus and later PCI filled this niche and EISA vanished into obscurity. Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Computer;Proprietary_software;Micro_Channel_architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;SCSI;VESA_Local_Bus;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Micro_Channel_architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Megabyte;Floppy_disk;Plug_and_play;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Micro_Channel_architecture;NuBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;CompactPCI;Low_Pin_Count;Universal_Serial_Bus;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture; Extended_play An extended play (or EP ) is a musical recording that contains more music than a single , but is too short to qualify as a full studio album or LP . The term EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play (SP) records and LP records , [ 1 ] but it is now applied to mid-length Compact Discs and music downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, "EPs—originally extended-play 'single' releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk and indie bands." [ 2 ] In the United Kingdom , the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks (not counting alternative versions of featured songs, if present). [ 3 ] [ 4 ] United_Kingdom;Classical_music;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Japan;United_States;Canada;United_Kingdom;NME;The_Beatles;Philippines;The_Beatles;United_Kingdom;Compact_Disc;Google_Books;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Extended_play;Extended_play; Extensible_Firmware_Interface The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface ( UEFI ) is a specification that defines a software interface between an operating system and platform firmware . UEFI is meant as a replacement for the BIOS firmware interface, present in all IBM PC-compatible personal computers . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In practice, most UEFI images have legacy support for BIOS services. It can be used to allow remote diagnostics and repair of computers, even without another operating system. [ 3 ] The original EFI ( Extensible Firmware Interface ) specification was developed by Intel . Some of its practices and data formats mirror ones from Windows. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In 2005, UEFI deprecated EFI 1.10 (final release of EFI). The UEFI specification is managed by the Unified EFI Forum . The Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI), or its second-generation variant, Unified EFI (UEFI), is a replacement for the legacy BIOS in Itanium, x86, and x86_64 PCs. It is available on many new models of motherboard, including ASUS ' UEFI BIOS interface and the MSI 'Click BIOS'. Although these have 'BIOS' in their name, they are not technically a BIOS, but retain that in their name because of their similar function. Gigabyte also use a 'Hybrid EFI' in their motherboards, which simply uses EFI bootloaders in order to support storage drives larger than 2.2TB, which is a restriction of BIOS. [ citation needed ] Operating_system;Firmware;Personal_computer;Intel;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;PowerPC;Apple_Macintosh;Sun_Microsystems;SPARC;VGA;Original_equipment_manufacturer;XScale;Intel;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Apple_Inc.;Embedded_system;XScale;Microsoft_Windows;Gigabyte;Apple_Inc.;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Free_Software_Foundation;International_Standard_Book_Number;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation; Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) is an open-standard communications protocol for message-oriented middleware based on XML (Extensible Markup Language). [ 1 ] The protocol was originally named Jabber , [ 2 ] and was developed by the Jabber open-source community in 1999 for near- real-time , extensible instant messaging (IM), presence information , and contact list maintenance. Designed to be extensible, the protocol has also been used for publish-subscribe systems; signalling for VoIP , video, and file transfer; gaming; Internet of things applications such as the smart grid ; and social networking services. Unlike most instant messaging protocols, XMPP uses an open systems approach of development and application, by which anyone may implement an XMPP service and interoperate with other organizations' implementations. Because XMPP is an open protocol, implementations can be developed using any software license; although many server, client, and library implementations are distributed as free and open source software , numerous freeware and commercial software implementations also exist. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) formed an XMPP Working Group in 2002 to formalize the core protocols as an IETF instant messaging and presence technology. The XMPP WG produced four specifications ( RFC 3920 , RFC 3921 , RFC 3922 , RFC 3923 ), which were approved by the Internet Engineering Steering Group as Proposed Standards in 2004. In 2011, RFC 3920 and RFC 3921 were superseded by RFC 6120 and RFC 6121 respectively, with RFC 6122 specifying the XMPP address format. In addition to these core protocols standardized at the IETF, the XMPP Standards Foundation (formerly the Jabber Software Foundation) is active in developing open XMPP extensions. XMPP-based software is deployed widely across the Internet, and by 2003, was used by over ten million people worldwide, according to the XMPP Standards Foundation . [ 3 ] Media access control XML;Instant_messaging;Presence_information;Contact_list;Voice_over_IP;Social_networking;Freeware;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Post_Office_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Ethernet;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Google;Google_Talk;Voice_over_IP;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Cisco_Systems;Facebook;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Windows_Live_Messenger;IP_address;Google_Talk;Smartphone;Google_Talk;SIMPLE;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Email;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;XML;Encryption;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;SIMPLE;Leo_Laporte;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol; ExtremeTech ExtremeTech is a technology weblog about hardware , computer software , science , and other technologies which launched in June 2001. Between 2003 and 2005, ExtremeTech was also a print magazine and the publisher of a popular series of how-to and do-it-yourself books. [ 2 ] Blog;Ziff_Davis;Science;Ziff_Davis;PC_Magazine;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;ZDNet;ExtremeTech;ExtremeTech; Eyeon_Fusion Fusion (formerly Digital Fusion ) is an image compositing software program created by eyeon Software Inc. It is typically used to create visual effects and digital compositing for film, HD and commercials. It employs a node-based interface in which complex processes are built up by connecting a flowchart or schematic of many nodes, each of which represents a simpler process, such as a blur or color correction. This type of compositing interface allows great flexibility, including the ability to modify the parameters of an earlier image processing step "in context" (while viewing the final composite). Fusion is available for 32 bit and 64 bit versions of Microsoft Windows and Linux (via a customized version of Wine ). Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Compositing;Visual_effects;Digital_compositing;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Multimedia;Software;Eyeon_Fusion;Eyeon_Fusion; FAAC FAAC or Freeware Advanced Audio Coder is a software project which includes the AAC encoder FAAC and decoder FAAD2 . It supports MPEG-2 AAC as well as MPEG-4 AAC. It supports several MPEG-4 Audio object types (LC, Main, LTP for encoding and SBR , PS , ER, LD for decoding), file formats (ADTS AAC, raw AAC, MP4 ), multichannel and gapless encoding/decoding and MP4 metadata tags. The encoder and decoder is compatible with standard-compliant audio applications using one or more of these object types and facilities. [ 1 ] It also supports Digital Radio Mondiale . [ 2 ] FAAC and FAAD2, being distributed in C source code form, can be compiled on various platforms and are distributed free of charge. FAAD2 is free software . FAAC contains some code which is published as Free Software, but as a whole it is only distributed under a proprietary license. Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Encoder;Software_license;Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Encoder;Source_code;Free_software;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Linux;Unix;FFmpeg;Libavcodec;ISO;Avidemux;FFmpeg;MPlayer;VLC_media_player;Music_Player_Daemon;LAME;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;FAAC;FAAC; FASTBUS FASTBUS (IEEE 960) is a computer bus standard, originally intended to replace CAMAC in high-speed, large-scale data acquisition. VMEbus;VMEbus;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;FASTBUS;FASTBUS; FBReader FBReader is a free and open source e-book reader for GNU / Linux , Microsoft Windows , and other platforms. It was originally written for the Sharp Zaurus and currently runs on many other mobile devices , like the Nokia Internet Tablets , as well as desktop computers . A preview of FBReaderJ (the Java port) for Google Android was released on April 13, 2008. Supported formats include EPUB , FictionBook , HTML , plucker , PalmDoc , zTxt , TCR , CHM , RTF , OEB , non- DRM'ed mobipocket (mobi), and plain-text. [ 1 ] DAISY 3 format support was added to a fork of FBReaderJ for Android distributed by Benetech as Go Read for Bookshare on Google Play . FBreader on Pocketbook 301+ Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Free_software;Open_source;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mobile_device;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Desktop_computer;EPUB;FictionBook;HTML;Digital_rights_management;Mobipocket;Google_Play;PocketBook_eReader;Personal_computer;Operating_system;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Linux;FBReader;FBReader; FFmpeg FFmpeg is a free software project that produces libraries and programs for handling multimedia data. The most notable parts of FFmpeg are libavcodec , an audio/video codec library used by several other projects, libavformat , an audio/video container mux and demux library, and the ffmpeg command line program for transcoding multimedia files. FFmpeg is published under the GNU Lesser General Public License 2.1+ or GNU General Public License 2+ (depending on which options are enabled). [ 5 ] Libavcodec;Microsoft_Windows;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Multimedia_framework;Software_license;Free_software;Multimedia;Libavcodec;Codec;Multiplexing;Transcoding;MPlayer;Linux;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;PowerPC;ARM_architecture;SPARC;Source_code;Video_codec;WebM;Libavcodec;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Libavcodec;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Advanced_Audio_Coding;JPEG;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Dolby_Digital;GSM;Full_Rate;Windows_Media_Player;Cinepak;Indeo;Motion_JPEG;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Player;RealPlayer;RealVideo;RealPlayer;RealAudio;RealPlayer;RealAudio;QuickTime;Cinepak;Motion_JPEG;Animation_codec;QuickTime;QDesign;Apple_Lossless;Adobe_Flash_Player;Sorenson_codec;Adobe_Flash_Player;Theora;Speex;Vorbis;FLAC;Sony;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;TwinVQ;Smacker_video;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Core_Audio_Format;ISO_base_media_file_format;QuickTime_File_Format;Matroska;WebM;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;AVCHD;Ogg;Windows_Media_Center;VLC_media_player;MPlayer;Google_Chrome;YouTube;Facebook;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;Ffdshow;QuickTime;Perian;European_Union;Reverse_engineering;MPlayer;Source_code;VLC_media_player;VLC_media_player;Boxee;MythTV;MPlayer;FFmpeg;FFmpeg; FLAC FLAC ( / ˈ f l æ k / ; Free Lossless Audio Codec ) is a codec ( compressor-decompressor or coder-decoder ) which allows digital audio to be losslessly compressed such that file size is reduced without any information being lost. Digital audio compressed by FLAC's algorithm can typically be reduced to 50–60% of its original size, and decompressed into an identical copy of the original audio data. FLAC is an open format with royalty-free licensing and a reference implementation which is free software . FLAC has support for metadata tagging, album cover art, and fast seeking. Though FLAC cannot store floating-point data, and playback support in portable audio devices and dedicated audio systems is limited compared to lossy formats like MP3 or uncompressed PCM , FLAC is supported by more hardware devices than competing lossless compressed formats like WavPack . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Audio_file_format;Software_license;Filename_extension;Codec;Algorithm;Free_software;Metadata;Album_cover;WavPack;Vorbis;Theora;Speex;Winamp;XMMS;MusikCube;Ogg;Encoder;Free_software;Source_code;Digital_rights_management;Hertz;Surround_sound;Gzip;FFmpeg;Transcode;Ripping;Codec;Unix;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Xcode;WavPack;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Apple_Lossless;SourceForge;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Ogg;Vorbis;Theora;CELT;Speex;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;FLAC;FLAC; FL_Studio FL Studio (formerly known as FruityLoops [ 1 ] ) is a digital audio workstation developed by the Belgian company Image-Line . FL Studio features a graphical user interface based on a pattern-based music sequencer . The program is available in four different editions for Microsoft Windows , including FL Studio Express , Fruity Edition , Producer Edition and the Signature Bundle . [ 2 ] Image-Line offers lifetime free updates to the program, meaning customers receive all future updates of the software for free. [ 3 ] Image-Line also develops FL Studio Mobile for the iPod Touch , iPhone , and iPad . [ 4 ] FL Studio can be used as a VST instrument in other audio workstation programs and also functions as a ReWire client. Image-Line also offers other VST instruments and audio applications. FL Studio is used by electronic musicians and DJs such as Afrojack [ 5 ] and 9th Wonder . [ 6 ] Microsoft;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;Belgium;Graphical_user_interface;Music_sequencer;Microsoft_Windows;FL_Studio_Mobile;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPad;Electronic_music;Belgium;MIDI;Digital_audio_workstation;FL_Studio_Mobile;Logic_Studio;Synthesizer;WAV;MIDI;Ogg;FL_Studio_Mobile;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPad;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Hertz;CPU;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;Gigabyte;Surround_sound;WAV;Ogg;MIDI;Filename_extension;Software_synthesizer;Equalization;Digital_signal_processing;Electric_guitar;Software_synthesizer;Equalization;MIDI;LAME;AIFF;CNET;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Digital_audio_workstation;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio_Mobile;GarageBand;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Soundtrack_Pro;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;Tracktion;Zynewave_Podium;FL_Studio;FL_Studio; FL_Studio_Mobile FL Studio Mobile is a digital audio workstation available for iOS devices such as the iPad , the iPhone , and iPod touch . There is a separate HD version for iPad 1 and iPad 2 . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Image-Line has announced they are developing a version for use on Android . [ 4 ] The program allows for the creation of complete multi-track music projects, which can then be exported in WAV format, MIDI format to work with other digital audio workstations, or in .FLM project format to be opened in FL Studio 10.0.5 [ 5 ] or later. Various features include a step sequencer , piano roll , keyboard , drum pad , track editor, effects , and 133 sampled instruments including synths and drum kits . [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Instruments can also be added as .zip or .instr files. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;IPad;IPhone;IPod_touch;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;IPad;IPhone;IPod_touch;WAV;MIDI;FL_Studio;Windows;Digital_audio_workstation;FL_Studio;IPod_touch;Tempo;Classical_music;Jazz;Rock_music;Electronic_music;ITunes;WAV;MIDI;Microsoft_Windows;FL_Studio;Personal_computer;Apple_Inc.;FL_Studio;.zip;FL_Studio;Facebook;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Digital_audio_workstation;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;GarageBand;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Soundtrack_Pro;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;Tracktion;Zynewave_Podium;FL_Studio_Mobile;FL_Studio_Mobile; FMRIB_Software_Library The FMRIB Software Library (FSL) is a software library containing image analysis and statistical tools for functional , structural and diffusion MRI brain imaging data. FSL is available as both precompiled binaries and source code for Apple and PC (Linux and Windows) computers. It is freely available for non-commercial use. AFNI;FreeSurfer;FMRIB_Software_Library;FMRIB_Software_Library; FM_radio FM broadcasting is a broadcasting technology pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong which uses frequency modulation (FM) to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio . The term "FM band" describes the "frequency band in which FM is used for broadcasting". This term is slightly misleading, since it equates a modulation method with a range of frequencies. Japan;Europe;Italy;Stereophonic_sound;EMI;Sound;Renting;United_States;Belgium;Netherlands;Denmark;Germany;North_America;Europe;Australia;Television;United_Kingdom;Belkin;European_Union;United_Kingdom;Microphone;Codec;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network; FORTRAN Fortran (previously FORTRAN ) is a general-purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing . Originally developed by IBM at their campus in south San Jose, California [ 1 ] in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications, Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continual use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction , finite element analysis , computational fluid dynamics , computational physics and computational chemistry . It is one of the most popular languages in the area of high-performance computing [ 2 ] and is the language used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers . Fortran (a blend derived from The IBM Mathematical For mula Tran slating System ) encompasses a lineage of versions, each of which evolved to add extensions to the language while usually retaining compatibility with previous versions. Successive versions have added support for structured programming and processing of character-based data ( FORTRAN 77 ), array programming , modular programming and generic programming ( Fortran 90 ), high performance Fortran ( Fortran 95 ), object-oriented programming ( Fortran 2003 ) and concurrent programming ( Fortran 2008 ). Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Procedural_programming;Software_developer;IBM;Software_release_life_cycle;Type_system;Type_system;IBM;Filename_extension;Imperative_programming;Programming_language;Numerical_analysis;IBM;Array_programming;American_National_Standards_Institute;IBM;Assembly_language;Compiler;Assembly_language;Compiler;Procedural_programming;American_National_Standards_Institute;American_National_Standards_Institute;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;IBM;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;IBM;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;IBM;Digital_object_identifier;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Digital_object_identifier;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;IBM;Hard_disk_drive;Floppy_disk;Fortran;Fortran; FORscene FORscene is an integrated internet video platform , video editing software , covering non linear editing and publishing for broadcast, web and mobile. Designed by Forbidden Technologies plc to allow collaborative editing of video, its capabilities extend to video logging , reviewing , publishing and hosting to HD quality. The system is implemented as a web application with a Java applet as part of its user interface . It runs on multiple platforms without application installation , codec installation, or machine configuration and has many Web 2.0 features. FORscene has been recognised by the Royal Television Society , winning their award for Technology in the Post-production Process in December 2005, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and is now used internationally. Both the underlying compression technology and the user interface are covered by patents . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Web_application;User_interface;Data_compression;Video_editing;Mobile_phone;MPEG;Ogg;NBC;YouTube;Codec;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X;Symbian_OS;Video_podcast;Cloud_computing;Symbian_OS;Bluetooth;ITunes;XML;Final_Cut_Pro;Adobe_Flash;Ogg;XML;Final_Cut_Pro;PAL;NTSC;Mobile_phone;GPRS;Linux;Symbian_OS;Video_codec;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Podcast;ITunes;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Flash_Player;Video_editing;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Streaming_media;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Brightcove;FORscene;FORscene; FPGA A field-programmable gate array ( FPGA ) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing—hence " field-programmable ". The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) ( circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs, but this is increasingly rare). FPGAs can be used to implement any logical function that an ASIC could perform. The ability to update the functionality after shipping, partial re-configuration of a portion of the design [ 1 ] and the low non-recurring engineering costs relative to an ASIC design (notwithstanding the generally higher unit cost), offer advantages for many applications. [ 2 ] FPGAs contain programmable logic components called "logic blocks", and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects that allow the blocks to be "wired together"—somewhat like many (changeable) logic gates that can be inter-wired in (many) different configurations. Logic blocks can be configured to perform complex combinational functions , or merely simple logic gates like AND and XOR . In most FPGAs, the logic blocks also include memory elements, which may be simple flip-flops or more complete blocks of memory. [ 2 ] In addition to digital functions, some FPGAs have analog features. The most common analog feature is programmable slew rate and drive strength on each output pin, allowing the engineer to set slow rates on lightly loaded pins that would otherwise ring unacceptably, and to set stronger, faster rates on heavily loaded pins on high-speed channels that would otherwise run too slow. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Another relatively common analog feature is differential comparators on input pins designed to be connected to differential signaling channels. A few " mixed signal FPGAs" have integrated peripheral analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) with analog signal conditioning blocks allowing them to operate as a system-on-a-chip . [ 5 ] Such devices blur the line between an FPGA, which carries digital ones and zeros on its internal programmable interconnect fabric, and field-programmable analog array (FPAA), which carries analog values on its internal programmable interconnect fabric. Integrated_circuit;PowerPC;ARM_architecture;Central_processing_unit;Integrated_circuit;Digital_signal_processing;Speech_recognition;VHDL;Verilog;Assembly_language;LabVIEW;VHDL;Verilog;Logic_synthesis;Flash_memory;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Verilog;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number; FTP File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP -based network, such as the Internet . FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. [ 1 ] FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure transmission that hides (encrypts) the username and password, and encrypts the content, FTP is often secured with SSL/TLS ("FTPS"). SSH File Transfer Protocol ("SFTP") is sometimes also used instead. The first FTP client applications were command-line applications developed before operating systems had graphical user interfaces , and are still shipped with most Windows , Unix , and Linux operating systems [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . Dozens of FTP clients and automation utilities have since been developed for desktops, servers, mobile devices, and hardware, and FTP has been incorporated into hundreds of productivity applications, such as web page editors . Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Post_Office_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Ethernet;Internet;Windows;Unix;Linux;Anonymity;Email;Web_browser;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Internet_Explorer;OBEX;Portable_Document_Format;Instant_messaging;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Rsync;Presence_information;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Apple_Filing_Protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Skype;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;ITunes_Store;JavaScript;Windows_Live_Messenger;Skype;Spotify;Server_Message_Block;Winamp;Xfire; FXhome_Limited FXhome is a visual effects and video software developer registered in 2001 by graduates from the University of East Anglia . Their current headquarters is at the Henderson Business Centre in Norwich , UK. FXhome.com is the website and film-making community created by the same company. Visual_effects;Video;Software_developer;Apple_Computer;IMovie;Compositing;Adobe_After_Effects;Maximum_PC;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;FXhome_Limited;FXhome_Limited; F_connector The F connector is a coaxial RF connector commonly used for "over the air" terrestrial television , cable television and universally for satellite television and cable modems , usually with RG-6/U cable or, in older installations, with RG-59/U cable . It was invented by Eric E. Winston in the early 1950s while working for Jerrold Electronics on their development of cable television. In the 1970s it became commonplace on VHF television antenna connections, as coaxial cables replaced twin-lead , and later for UHF also. The F connector is inexpensive, yet has good 75 Ω impedance match up to 1 GHz and has usable bandwidth up to several GHz. One reason for its low cost is that it uses the solid conductor (center wire) of the specified types of coaxial cable as the pin of the male connector. This design is subject to the surface properties of the inner conductor (which must be solid wire) and is not corrosion resistant; hence waterproof versions are needed for outside use (for example, on aerials). The male connector body is typically crimped , or sometimes screwed, on to the exposed outer braid. The cable industry standard now is to use compression fittings. Female connectors have a 3/8-32 UNEF thread (9.525mm diameter). Most male connectors have a matching threaded connecting ring, though push-on versions are also available. Push-on F connector ends provide poor shielding against airborne signals (e.g., a nearby TV transmitter will interfere with a CATV station). It is suitable for domestic terrestrial, cable, and satellite TV installations and offers significant improvements over the Belling-Lee connector (IEC 169-2) used on European terrestrial receivers. It requires slightly more care to properly install the male connector to the cable than with Belling-Lee type and attention should always be paid to the quality of the connector and matching with the cable size. International_Electrotechnical_Commission;RCA_connector;TRS_connector;TOSLINK;VGA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;HDMI;TRS_connector;Computer_graphics;F_connector;F_connector; FaceTime Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Macintosh;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;File_size;Megabyte;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Macintosh;ISight;Steve_Jobs;Stevenote;IPod_Touch;Mac_App_Store;United_States_dollar;Mac_OS_X_Lion;IPad;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;Mac_OS_X;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Application_software;IOS_jailbreaking;Cydia;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Codec;Session_Initiation_Protocol;VoIP;The_Register;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;FaceTime;FaceTime; Face_detection Face detection is a computer technology that determines the locations and sizes of human faces in arbitrary (digital) images. It detects facial features and ignores anything else, such as buildings, trees and bodies. OpenCV;Facial_recognition_system;Ken_Burns_effect;Facial_recognition_system;IPhoto;Picasa;Face_detection;Face_detection; Face_plate Faceplate ( face plate , face-plate ) is a plastic or metal plate , cover , or bezel on the face (front) of a device or surface, such as: Calculators like the TI-84 Plus series Electrical outlet (also referred to as a wall plate, outlet cover, or socket cover) Fender Silverface and Blackface guitar amplifiers Front panel of early computers Head unit , stereo system component Instrument panel (disambiguation) Motherboard I/O (input/output) port panel such as on an ATX Service Specific Front Plate , ADSL British telephone socket cover Stem (bicycle part) Telephones such as the Model 500 telephone and various mobile phones and smartphones Video game consoles and accessories Nintendo Game Boy Micro Nintendo Wii Remote PlayStation 3 accessories Mobile_phone;Smartphone; Face_recognition Infrared;Application_software;Video;Fingerprint;Picasa;IPhoto;ILife;Facebook;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Switzerland;Digital_cameras;Face_detection;Software;Face_detection;About.com;The_New_York_Times_Company;Facial_recognition_system;Facial_recognition_system; Facebook Facebook is a social networking service and website launched in February 2004, owned and operated by Facebook, Inc. [ 3 ] As of June 2012 [update] , Facebook has over 955 million active users, more than half of them using Facebook on a mobile device . [ 4 ] Users must register before using the site, after which they may create a personal profile , add other users as friends , and exchange messages, including automatic notifications when they update their profile. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups, organized by workplace, school or college, or other characteristics, and categorize their friends into lists such as "People From Work" or "Close Friends". The name of the service stems from the colloquial name for the book given to students at the start of the academic year by some university administrations in the United States to help students get to know each other. Facebook allows any users who declare themselves to be at least 13 years old to become registered users of the site. [ 5 ] Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow students Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes . [ 6 ] The website's membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League , and Stanford University . It gradually added support for students at various other universities before opening to high school students, and eventually to anyone aged 13 and over. However, according to a May 2011 Consumer Reports survey, there are 7.5 million children under 13 with accounts and 5 million under 10, violating the site's terms of service. [ 7 ] A January 2009 Compete.com study ranked Facebook as the most used social networking service by worldwide monthly active users. [ 8 ] Entertainment Weekly included the site on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "How on earth did we stalk our exes, remember our co-workers' birthdays, bug our friends, and play a rousing game of Scrabulous before Facebook?" [ 9 ] Critics , such as Facebook Detox, [ 10 ] state that Facebook has turned into a national obsession in the United States, resulting in vast amounts of time lost and encouraging narcissism. Quantcast estimates Facebook has 138.9 million monthly unique U.S. visitors in May 2011. [ 11 ] According to Social Media Today , in April 2010 an estimated 41.6% of the U.S. population had a Facebook account. [ 12 ] Nevertheless, Facebook's market growth started to stall in some regions, with the site losing 7 million active users in the United States and Canada in May 2011. [ 13 ] Mobile_device;Stanford_University;Consumer_Reports;Entertainment_Weekly;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Google;Amazon.com;Sun_Microsystems;IPhone;Facebook_features;HTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Plain_text;Flickr;Instant_messaging;CNET;Smartphone;IOS;WebOS;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Instant_messaging;TechCrunch;Web_browser;ComScore;ComScore;PC_Magazine;New_Jersey;IPod;Social_networking;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Brazil;Mexico;Bangalore;Facebook_features;Microsoft;Mashable;ZDNet;Michael_Arrington;TechCrunch;TechCrunch;ZDNet;TechCrunch;PC_Magazine;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;The_Daily_Telegraph;Facebook_features;Facebook_Messenger;NASDAQ;Backchannel;FriendFeed;Last.fm;YouTube;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Social_television;Facebook;Facebook; Facebook_Messenger 1.8.1 (July 6, 2012 ; 43 days ago ( 2012-07-06 ) [ 1 ] ) 1.8.003 (July 2, 2012 ; 47 days ago ( 2012-07-02 ) [ 2 ] ) 1.5 (October 19, 2011 ; 9 months ago ( 2011-10-19 ) [ 3 ] ) 2.0.4447 (March 5, 2012 ; 5 months ago ( 2012-03-05 ) [ 4 ] ) www.facebook.com/about/messenger Facebook Messenger is an instant messaging service and software application which provides text and video communication. Like Facebook 's web-based Chat feature, it supports the open-source XMPP protocol, connects primarily between Facebook users and synchronizes with the website. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Freeware;Facebook;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Mac_OS_X;Google_Play;Google;TechCrunch;AOL;TechCrunch;AOL;Facebook;Facebook_features;NASDAQ;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger; Facebook_features Facebook is a social networking website, founded in 2004. This is a list of software and technology features that can be found on the Facebook website. Facebook;Social_network_service;Facebook_Messenger;Skype;AOL_Instant_Messenger;EBuddy;Miranda_IM;Adium;Palringo;Meebo;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Windows_Live_Messenger;IPhone;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Web_browser;Facebook_Messenger;Canadian_dollar;Danish_krone;Norwegian_krone;Swedish_krona;Swiss_franc;United_States_dollar;Social_network_service;Bing;Google;Text_messaging;Instant_messaging;Email;Smartphone;Microsoft;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Facebook;TechCrunch;New_Zealand;Paypal;Credit_card;Blog;BlackBerry;IPhone;Gigabytes;English_language;British_English;American_English;Spanish_language;El_Salvador;Mexican_Spanish;French_language;Canadian_French;Korean_language;German_language;Chinese_language;Apple_Inc.;San_Francisco;TechCrunch;Facebook;TechCrunch;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Facebook;TechCrunch;The_New_York_Times;Facebook;Facebook_Messenger;NASDAQ;Facebook_features;Facebook_features; Facial_recognition_system A facial recognition system is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. One of the ways to do this is by comparing selected facial features from the image and a facial database . It is typically used in security systems and can be compared to other biometrics such as fingerprint or eye iris recognition systems. [ 1 ] Infrared;Application_software;Video;Fingerprint;Picasa;IPhoto;ILife;Facebook;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Switzerland;Digital_cameras;Face_detection;Software;Face_detection;About.com;The_New_York_Times_Company;Facial_recognition_system;Facial_recognition_system; FairPlay FairPlay is a digital rights management (DRM) technology created by Apple Inc. , based on technology created by the company Veridisc . FairPlay is built into the QuickTime multimedia software and used by the iPhone , iPod , iPad , Apple TV , iTunes , and iTunes Store and the App Store . Formerly, all songs in the iTunes Store were encoded with FairPlay. Apple later started offering a selection of songs that, after an additional 50 cents is paid per song, could be downloaded FairPlay-free. [ 1 ] Currently, in the US, Apple does not sell songs with FairPlay encryption [ 2 ] . FairPlay digitally encrypts AAC audio files and prevents users from playing these files on unauthorized computers. The majority of FairPlay-encrypted content is purchased through the iTunes Store, using the iTunes software. The iTunes software relies on Apple's Quicktime multimedia software for decoding and playback of the encrypted files. Every media player capable of using QuickTime is capable of playing back FairPlay-encrypted files, including RealPlayer , Media Center , Media Player Classic and Songbird . [ 3 ] Digital_rights_management;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;IPhone;IPod;IPad;Apple_TV;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_Store;Encryption;Advanced_Audio_Coding;RealPlayer;Media_Player_Classic;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;IPod;IPhone;ITunes;CD;Transcoding;AIFF;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;WAV;IPhone;IPad;Online_music_store;Apple_Inc.;Virgin_Megastores;Open_source;Reverse_engineering;VLC_media_player;Apple_TV;DoubleTwist;RealNetworks;RealPlayer;IPod;IPod_photo;IPod;ITunes_version_history;ITunes_version_history;Ripping;Steve_Jobs;Jon_Lech_Johansen;Free_Software_Foundation;Jon_Lech_Johansen;IPod;ITunes_Store;Apple_Computer;EMI;Amazon.com;IBooks;GigaOM;BBC_News;FairPlay;FairPlay; Faith_Hill Faith Hill (born Audrey Faith Perry ; September 21, 1967) is an American country singer. She is known both for her commercial success and her marriage to fellow country star Tim McGraw . Hill has sold more than 40 million records worldwide and accumulated eight number-one singles and three number-one albums on the U.S. Country charts. Hill has been honored by the Grammy Awards , the Academy of Country Music , the Country Music Association , the American Music Awards and the People's Choice Awards . Her Soul2Soul II Tour 2006 with McGraw became the highest-grossing country tour of all time. [ 1 ] In 2001, she was named one of the "30 Most Powerful Women in America" by Ladies Home Journal . In 2008, Hill released her first Christmas album, titled Joy to the World . In 2009 Billboard named her as the No. 1 Adult Contemporary artist of the decade 2000-2009. Hill was ranked the 39th best artist of the 2000-10 decade by Billboard . [ 2 ] Country_music;Record_producer;Guitar;Record_label;United_States;Country_music;Grammy_Award;CBS;Super_Bowl;Saturday_Night_Live;Mississippi_Girl;Rolling_Stones;About.com;Ryan_Tedder;Grammy_Award;Mississippi_Girl;About.com;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Mississippi_Girl;Faith_Hill;Faith_Hill; Fall_Out_Boy Fall Out Boy is an American pop punk band from Wilmette, Illinois , formed in 2001. The band consists of vocalist/guitarist Patrick Stump , bassist Pete Wentz , guitarist Joe Trohman , and drummer Andy Hurley . The members originally played in local underground hardcore bands before forming Fall Out Boy. With Pete Wentz as the band's primary lyricist and Patrick Stump as the primary composer, Fall Out Boy broke out of the underground music scene and reached mainstream success with their major label album From Under the Cork Tree . Released in 2005 as the follow-up to their 2003 debut Take This to Your Grave , the album won several awards and achieved double platinum status after selling more than 2.5 million albums in the United States, and with top ten singles " Sugar, We're Goin Down " and " Dance, Dance ." In 2007, Fall Out Boy released their third album Infinity on High , to major chart success, debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 and selling 260,000 copies in its first week, with top five chartings worldwide. It contained the hits " This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race " and " Thnks fr th Mmrs ." The group released Folie à Deux in 2008 and further evolved their musical palette. The group announced an indefinite hiatus in late 2009, stating that they have not broken up, rather that the members are taking a rest and engaging in various side projects. Stump released a solo album called Soul Punk in 2011, Wentz formed Black Cards , while Hurley and Trohman formed The Damned Things and have since respectively moved onto With Knives and Enabler. Fall Out Boy was ranked the 93rd Best Artist of the 2000–10 decade by Billboard . [ 2 ] United_States;Record_label;Patrick_Stump;Patrick_Stump;RIAA_certification;Patrick_Stump;Fuse_TV;Target_Corporation;RIAA_certification;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Extended_play;Patrick_Stump;RIAA_certification;MTV;Funk;Flamenco;ITunes;Rolling_Stone;Kid_Rock;Barack_Obama;Pop_music;Heavy_metal_music;Patrick_Stump;Reggae;Pop_music;Patrick_Stump;Guitar;Guitar;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;Rolling_Stone;About.com;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Rolling_Stone;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Rolling_Stone;MTV;MTV;The_New_York_Times_Company;Rovi_Corporation;Patrick_Stump;Fall_Out_Boy;Fall_Out_Boy; False_advertising False advertising or deceptive advertising is the use of false or misleading statements in advertising . As advertising has the potential to persuade people into commercial transactions that they might otherwise avoid, many governments around the world use regulations to control false, deceptive or misleading advertising. "Truth" refers to essentially the same concept, that customers have the right to know what they are buying, and that all necessary information should be on the label. False advertising, in the most blatant of contexts, is illegal in most countries. However, advertisers still find ways to deceive consumers in ways that are legal, or technically illegal but unenforceable. Mobile_phone;Personal_computer;Hard_drive;Megabyte;Computer_science;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Seagate_Technology;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Microsoft_Windows;Injunction;International_Standard_Book_Number;Profanity;False_advertising;False_advertising; Famotidine InChI=1S/C8H15N7O2S3/c9-6(15-20(12,16)17)1-2-18-3-5-4-19-8(13-5)14-7(10)11/h4H,1-3H2,(H2,9,15)(H2,12,16,17)(H4,10,11,13,14) Y Key:XUFQPHANEAPEMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Famotidine ( INN ) ( / f ə ˈ m ɒ t ɪ d iː n / ) is a histamine H 2 -receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, and it is commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD/GORD). It is commonly marketed by Johnson Johnson / Merck under the trade names Pepcidine and Pepcid and by Astellas under the trade name Gaster . Unlike cimetidine , the first H 2 antagonist, famotidine has no effect on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, and does not appear to interact with other drugs . [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Cimetidine;Cimetidine;Cimetidine;Bioavailability;Histamine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Cimetidine;Lafutidine;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Pirenzepine;Telenzepine;Famotidine;Famotidine; FanFiction.Net FanFiction.Net (often abbreviated as FF.Net or FFN ) is an automated fan fiction archive site. It was founded in 1998 [ 2 ] by Los Angeles computer programmer Xing Li, who also runs the site. As of 2010 [update] , FanFiction.Net is the largest and most popular fan fiction website in the world. It has nearly 2.2 million users and hosts stories in over 30 languages. [ 3 ] The site is split into nine main categories: Anime / Manga , Books , Cartoons , Miscellaneous, Games , Comics , Movies , Plays / Musicals , and TV Shows . As of March 27, 2009, a new feature was added to the site - the Crossover categories. Users who complete the free registration process can submit their fan fiction, maintain a user profile , review other stories, apply for a beta reader position, contact each other via email or private messages, and maintain a list of favorite stories and authors. There are also centralized communities and forums . Film;Television_program;Internet_forum;Harry_Potter;USA_Today;Harry_Potter;Doctor_Who;Trademark;Blog;Europe;Asia;USA_Today;The_New_York_Times;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;FanFiction.Net;FanFiction.Net; Fast_Ethernet In computer networking , Fast Ethernet is a collective term for a number of Ethernet standards that carry traffic at the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s, against the original Ethernet speed of 10 Mbit/s. Of the fast Ethernet standards 100BASE-TX is by far the most common and is supported by the vast majority of Ethernet hardware currently produced. Fast Ethernet was introduced in 1995 [ 1 ] and remained the fastest version of Ethernet for three years before being superseded by gigabit Ethernet . [ 2 ] Ethernet;Gigabit_Ethernet;Ethernet;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Gigabit_Ethernet;Local_area_network;Infrared;International_Standard_Book_Number;Ethernet;Local_area_network;Gigabit_Ethernet;Fast_Ethernet;Fast_Ethernet; Fearnet Fearnet (stylized as FEARnet ) is a cable channel, website and Video on Demand television service owned by Horror Entertainment LLC, a joint venture between Comcast , Lions Gate Entertainment , and Sony Pictures Entertainment . [ 1 ] It launched on October 31, 2006. Despite Comcast's acquisition of NBCUniversal in January 2011, Fearnet remains a separate entity of Comcast and its two other owners. Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;HDTV;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;NBCUniversal;HDTV;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Film;Television;Video_game;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Crackle;ThePlatform;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;Content_delivery_network;Video_on_demand;Fearnet;Fearnet; Federal_Aviation_Administration The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) is the national aviation authority of the United States. An agency of the United States Department of Transportation , it has authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of civil aviation in the U.S. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 created the organization under the name "Federal Aviation Agency", and adopted its current name in 1966 when it became a part of the United States Department of Transportation . The FAA's major roles include: Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation Regulating air navigation facilities' geometry and flight inspection standards Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology Issuing, suspending, or revoking pilot certificates Regulating civil aviation to promote safety, especially through local offices called Flight Standards District Offices Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation USD;Fiscal_year;Associated_Press;Associated_Press;International_Standard_Book_Number;Federal_Aviation_Administration;Federal_Aviation_Administration; Federated_States_of_Micronesia The Federated States of Micronesia ( i / ˌ m aɪ k r oʊ ˈ n iː ʒ ə / ) ( FSM ) is an independent, sovereign island nation , made up of four states from west to east: Yap , Chuuk , Pohnpei and Kosrae . It comprises approximately 607 islands with c. 700 km 2 (270 sq mi) of area in the Western Pacific Ocean spread over almost 2,700 km (1,678 mi) longitudinally just north of the equator, some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of the main islands of Hawaii and about 2,900 km (1,802 mi) north of eastern Australia , lying northeast of New Guinea , south of Guam and the Marianas , west of Nauru and the Marshalls , and east of Palau and the Philippines . While the FSM's total land area is quite small, amounting to approximately 702 km 2 (271 sq mi), it occupies more than 2,600,000 km 2 (1,000,000 sq mi) of the Pacific Ocean . The capital is Palikir , located on Pohnpei Island , the largest city being Weno , located in the Chuuk Atoll . Each of its four states is centered around one or more main high islands , and all but Kosrae include numerous outlying atolls . The Federated States of Micronesia is spread across part of the Caroline Islands in the wider region of Micronesia , which consists of thousands of small islands divided between several countries. The term Micronesia may refer to the Federated States or to the region as a whole. The FSM was formerly a part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), a United Nations Trust Territory under U.S. administration, but it formed its own constitutional government on May 10, 1979, becoming a sovereign state after independence was attained on November 3, 1986 under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Other neighboring island entities, and also former members of the TTPI, formulated their own constitutional governments and became the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) and the Republic of Palau (ROP). The FSM has a seat in the United Nations. English_language;United_States;United_States_dollar;Australia;Guam;Palau;Philippines;Portugal;Spain;Germany;Japan;United_States;Japan;Palau;United_States;Philippines;English_language;English_language;Palau;United_States;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Australia;Chile;Fiji;Japan;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;United_States;Australia;France;New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;United_States;Guam;Taiwan;Brunei;Cambodia;Fiji;Guam;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Philippines;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Vietnam;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia; FeedDemon FeedDemon is a free ( adware ) RSS Feed reader for Windows. It was created and developed by Nick Bradbury , author of tools HomeSite , an HTML editor, and TopStyle , a CSS editor. FeedDemon is developed in Delphi . FeedDemon was purchased by NewsGator Technologies in May 2005. It is able to synchronize with Google Reader . It is available for the Windows platform. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;HTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Google_Reader;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Software;FeedDemon;FeedDemon; Feed_aggregator RSS;Web_application;Podcast;Google_News;Push_technology;Portable_media_player;IPod;XML;Google_Reader;Feedly;Web_widget;Operating_system;Podcast;Broadcatching;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Open_Directory_Project;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;News_aggregator;News_aggregator; Feedbooks Feedbooks is a digital library and cloud publishing service for both public domain and original books founded in June 2007 and based in Paris , France. [ 2 ] The main focus of the web site is providing e-books with particularly high-quality typesetting in multiple formats, particularly EPUB , Kindle , and PDF formats. Custom PDF generation settings like trim size dimensions and margins are possible on the site. [ 3 ] Self-published books are edited using a web interface [ 4 ] and they are also accessible via dedicated Kindle and mobile web sites. [ 5 ] Creating footnotes is also supported by the user interface. [ 6 ] EPUB;Amazon_Kindle;PDF;Amazon_Kindle;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Feedbooks;Feedbooks; Feedly Software_developer;Computing_platform;Web_browser;IOS;List_of_software_categories;News_aggregator;News_aggregator;Web_browser;Mobile_device;IOS;Google_Chrome;Mozilla_Firefox;Facebook;IOS;IPhone;IPad;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Feedly;Feedly; Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (FMIC), commonly referred to simply as Fender , is an American manufacturer of stringed instruments and amplifiers, such as solid-body electric guitars , including the Stratocaster and the Telecaster . It is headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona . The company, previously named the Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company , was founded in Fullerton, California , by Clarence Leonidas "Leo" Fender in 1946. [ 1 ] Leo Fender also designed one of the first commercially successful solid-body electric basses , the Precision Bass (P-Bass), which has become known in rock, jazz, country, Motown, funk, and other types of music. Fender's Precision and Jazz Bass models are now widely considered to be the standard to which most other electric bass guitars are measured. The company is a privately held corporation , with the controlling majority of its stock owned by a group of its own company officers and managers. Larry Thomas is Chief Executive Officer and James Broenen is Chief Financial Officer. The company filed for an Initial public offering in March 2012. [ 2 ] In addition to its Scottsdale headquarters, Fender has manufacturing facilities in Corona, California (USA) and Ensenada, Baja California (Mexico). [ 3 ] Electric_guitar;Electric_guitar;George_Harrison;Acoustic_guitar;California;United_States;CBS;Los_Angeles_Times;Associated_Press;YouTube;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation; Ferrari Coordinates : 44°31′57″N 10°51′51″E  /  44.532447°N 10.864137°E  / 44.532447; 10.864137 Società per azioni 1947 (historical 1929) Luca di Montezemolo 7,044 units (2011) [ 1 ] Ferrari S.p.A. is an Italian sports car manufacturer based in Maranello , Italy . Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929, as Scuderia Ferrari , the company sponsored drivers and manufactured race cars before moving into production of street-legal vehicles as Ferrari S.p.A. in 1947. Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing , especially in Formula One , where it has had great success. Ferrari road cars are generally seen as a symbol of luxury and wealth. Italy;Italy;Alfa_Romeo;Alfa_Romeo;Open_Directory_Project;Alfa_Romeo;Chrysler;Ferrari;Ferrari; Fetion Fetion (Chinese: 飞 信 , pinyin : fēi xìn, lit. flying letter ) is an instant messaging (IM) client developed by China Mobile , a Chinese telecommunications company. It is currently the second most popular IM client in China. It allows users to send and receive SMS free of charge between PCs and mobile phones. China Mobile intends to develop Fetion into a comprehensive communications service which will focus on wireless communications and offer Internet applications as a complement. Instant_messaging;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Software;Fetion;Fetion; Fexofenadine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Australia;Canada;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Urticaria;Terfenadine;Histamine_antagonist;Histamine;Urticaria;Urticaria;Pseudoephedrine;Nervousness;Histamine;Erythromycin;Ketoconazole;Terfenadine;Massachusetts;Blockbuster_drug;United_States;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Fexofenadine;Fexofenadine; Ffdshow ffdshow is a media decoder and encoder mainly used for the fast and high-quality decoding of video in the MPEG-4 ASP (e.g. encoded with DivX , Xvid , or FFmpeg MPEG-4) and AVC ( H.264 ) formats , but it supports numerous other video and audio formats as well. It is free software released under the GPL license, runs on Windows , and is implemented as a DirectShow and VFW decoding filter . Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Assembly_language;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Computing_platform;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_codec;Software_license;Multimedia;Codec;Video;DivX;Xvid;FFmpeg;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;Media_Player_Classic;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;Codec;MPEG_transport_stream;Image_resolution;Winamp;MPlayer;Libavcodec;Xvid;DivX;Flash_Video;YouTube;Theora;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Vorbis;VirtualDub;Xvid;DivX;DivX;MPlayer;FFmpeg;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;Transcoding;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Ffdshow;Ffdshow; Ffplay FFmpeg is a free software project that produces libraries and programs for handling multimedia data. The most notable parts of FFmpeg are libavcodec , an audio/video codec library used by several other projects, libavformat , an audio/video container mux and demux library, and the ffmpeg command line program for transcoding multimedia files. FFmpeg is published under the GNU Lesser General Public License 2.1+ or GNU General Public License 2+ (depending on which options are enabled). [ 5 ] Libavcodec;Microsoft_Windows;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Multimedia_framework;Software_license;Free_software;Multimedia;Libavcodec;Codec;Multiplexing;Transcoding;MPlayer;Linux;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;PowerPC;ARM_architecture;SPARC;Source_code;Video_codec;WebM;Libavcodec;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Libavcodec;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Advanced_Audio_Coding;JPEG;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Dolby_Digital;GSM;Full_Rate;Windows_Media_Player;Cinepak;Indeo;Motion_JPEG;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Player;RealPlayer;RealVideo;RealPlayer;RealAudio;RealPlayer;RealAudio;QuickTime;Cinepak;Motion_JPEG;Animation_codec;QuickTime;QDesign;Apple_Lossless;Adobe_Flash_Player;Sorenson_codec;Adobe_Flash_Player;Theora;Speex;Vorbis;FLAC;Sony;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;TwinVQ;Smacker_video;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Core_Audio_Format;ISO_base_media_file_format;QuickTime_File_Format;Matroska;WebM;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;AVCHD;Ogg;Windows_Media_Center;VLC_media_player;MPlayer;Google_Chrome;YouTube;Facebook;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;Ffdshow;QuickTime;Perian;European_Union;Reverse_engineering;MPlayer;Source_code;VLC_media_player;VLC_media_player;Boxee;MythTV;MPlayer;FFmpeg;FFmpeg; Fibre_Channel Fibre Channel , or FC , is a gigabit -speed network technology primarily used for storage networking . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Fibre Channel is standardized in the T11 Technical Committee of the InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards ( INCITS ), an American National Standards Institute (ANSI)–accredited standards committee. Fibre Channel was primarily used in the supercomputer field, but has now become the standard connection type for storage area networks (SAN) in enterprise storage . Despite its name, Fibre Channel signaling can run on twisted pair copper wire in addition to fiber-optic cables . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Fibre Channel Protocol ( FCP ) is a transport protocol (similar to TCP used in IP networks) that predominantly transports SCSI commands over Fibre Channel networks. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] American_National_Standards_Institute;HIPPI;Serial_Storage_Architecture;Megabyte;Ethernet;SCSI;Encryption;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;SBus;SATA;SCSI;ISCSI;PCI_Express;Serial_Storage_Architecture;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Camera_Link;Encryption;Flash_memory;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;Samsung_Electronics;SATA;Serial_attached_SCSI;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Fibre_Channel; FictionBook FictionBook is an open XML -based e-book format, which originated and gained popularity in Russia . The FictionBook files have the .fb2 filename extension . The FictionBook format does not specify the appearance of a document; instead, it describes its structure. For example, there are special tags for epigraphs, verses and quotations. All the ebook metadata, such as the author name, title, and publisher, is also present in the ebook file. Hence the format is convenient for automatic processing, indexing, and ebook collection management. This also allows automatic conversion into other formats. Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;File_format;XML;XML;Filename_extension;Digital_Rights_Management;EPub;FBReader;STDU_Viewer;Project_Gutenberg;FBReader;Lexcycle_Stanza;STDU_Viewer;Freeware;WebOS;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;FictionBook;FictionBook; Fictionwise Fictionwise , owned by Barnes Noble , is one of the largest electronic book sellers in North America with an estimated 1.5 million ebook content units sold in 2008. Fictionwise sells ebooks in various formats. Fictionwise sells both encrypted and unencrypted ebooks. The website Fictionwise.com was launched on June 5, 2000, as a partnership between Steve Pendergrast and Mindwise Media, LLC, which is owned by Scott Pendergrast. The success of Fictionwise led to it being spun out of Mindwise Media into a separate company in October 2000. Fictionwise was acquired by Barnes Noble on March 5, 2009, for $15.7 million in cash (plus the potential for earn-outs). Barnes Noble said it planned to use Fictionwise as part of its overall digital strategy, which included the launch of an e-Bookstore later that year. Most eBooks are viewed on mobile devices like Smartphones , PDAs, and eBook devices ( iPhone , Symbian , Windows Mobile , Palm OS , Java ME , BlackBerry , Psion , Kindle and iLiad ). On January 1, 2008, Fictionwise acquired the eReader business unit of Motricity, Inc. eReader was one of the oldest ebook sellers, originally starting under the name Peanut Press and later renamed Palm Reader when owned by Palm, Inc. By acquiring eReader, Fictionwise nearly doubled in revenue. After the eReader acquisition, Fictionwise immediately began expanding platform coverage of the eReader eBook format to include three more recent versions of the Symbian operating system, newer Mac OS X operating system, iPhone and iPod touch platforms. They also made the "Pro" versions of eReader software free, and developed the first mobile-friendly version of the eReader.com commerce site. In December 2008 Fictionwise licensed the eReader format to Lexcycle , who integrated it into their Stanza ebook reader for iPhone. Fictionwise indicated that additional licensing deals were in progress. Fictionwise released a Blackberry beta version of eReader on March 11, 2009. The company also developed an Android version of eReader. Software;Smartphones;IPhone;Palm_OS;BlackBerry;Amazon_Kindle;Lexcycle_Stanza;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Fictionwise;Fictionwise; Fiji English_language;United_Kingdom;New_Zealand;France;United_Kingdom;New_Zealand;Australia;Netherlands;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Solomon_Islands;New_Zealand;European_Union;Good_Friday;English_language;TIME;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Australia;Chile;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Japan;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;United_States;Australia;France;New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;United_States;Guam;Taiwan;Brunei;Cambodia;Guam;Malaysia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Philippines;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Vietnam;Nepal;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Bulgaria;Finland;Germany;Hungary;Norway;Romania;Slovenia;Sweden;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Fiji;Fiji; FileMaker FileMaker Pro is a cross-platform relational database application from FileMaker Inc. , formerly Claris , a subsidiary of Apple Inc. It integrates a database engine with a GUI -based interface, allowing users to modify the database by dragging new elements into layouts, screens, or forms. Current versions are: FileMaker Pro 12, FileMaker Pro Advanced 12, FileMaker Server 12, FileMaker Server Advanced 12, and FileMaker Go 12 for iPhone and iPad . FileMaker evolved from a DOS application, but was then developed primarily for the Apple Macintosh . Since 1992 it has been available for Microsoft Windows as well as Mac OS , and can be used in a heterogeneous environment. FileMaker server briefly ran on Linux, but Linux support was abandoned with FileMaker 7, and the server currently runs only on Windows or Apple servers. It is available in desktop, server, iOS and web-delivery configurations. Software_developer;FileMaker_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;FileMaker_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPad;DOS;Apple_Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Graphical_user_interface;Macintosh_Plus;Microsoft;Adobe_Photoshop;Internet;Intranet;SQL;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;IOS;Mac_OS_X;Portable_Document_Format;English_language;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Spanish_language;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;French_language;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;FileMaker;FileMaker; FileMaker_Inc. FileMaker Inc. is a computer software company formed in 1998 from the vestiges of Claris as a wholly owned subsidiary of Apple Inc. FileMaker develops, supports and markets two relational database programs; FileMaker and Bento . FileMaker is available for both Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems and is aimed towards business use, or home users with high-end needs. Bento, aimed at the home user or basic small business user, is a Mac OS X application with additional versions available for the iPhone and iPad . The company has been profitable for every quarter since its formation and currently employs 300 people in eight offices worldwide. [ 2 ] FileMaker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;FileMaker;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;IPhone;IPad;IPad;IPhone;List_of_Macintosh_software;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;FileMaker_Inc.;FileMaker_Inc.; FileVault FileVault is a system which encrypts files on a Macintosh computer . It can be found in the Mac OS X v10.3 "Panther" operating system and later. FileVault uses encrypted file systems which are encrypted and decrypted on the fly . A master password (and recovery key in 10.7 +) is created as a precaution against a user losing their password. Although early versions were slow and caused a system to temporarily hang when used with disk-intensive applications, such as sound and video editing, the performance of FileVault has been improved in more recent versions of Mac OS X . In Mac OS X v10.4 "Tiger" and below, FileVault stores the encrypted file system as a Sparse Disk Image , which is basically a single large file. In Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard", FileVault stores the encrypted file system as a new image called a Sparse bundle . [ 1 ] Sparse bundles break images into smaller 8MB files called bands, allowing them to be backed up using Leopard's Time Machine feature (see below for limitations, however). If transferring FileVault data from a previous Mac that uses 10.4 using the built-in utility to move data to a new machine, the data continues to be stored in the old sparse image format, and the user must turn FileVault off and then on again to re-encrypt in the new sparse bundle format. FileVault 2, introduced in Mac OS X v10.7 " Lion ", encrypts entire disks rather than users' home folders. This also solves the compatibility problems related to backup, as the encryption is transparent to backup software when the operating system is running. [ 2 ] System_Preferences;Encryption;Macintosh;Computer;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X;Disk_Utility;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Dynamic_random_access_memory;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;FileVault;FileVault; File_Allocation_Table 4,294,967,295 bytes (4 GB - 1) with FAT16B and FAT32 [ 1 ] 274,877,906,943 bytes (256 GB - 1) only with FAT32+ [ 2 ] Max number of files FAT12: 4,068 for 8 KB clusters FAT16: 65,460 for 32 KB clusters FAT32: 268,173,300 for 32 KB clusters Max filename length 8.3 filename , or 255 UTF-16 characters when using LFN FAT12: 32 MB (256 MB for 64 KB clusters) FAT16: 2 GB (4 GB for 64 KB clusters) FAT32: 2 TB (16 TB for 4 KB sectors ) Modified date/time, creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only), access date (only available with ACCDATE enabled), [ 3 ] deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2) 1980-01-01 to 2099-12-31 (2107-12-31) 2 seconds for last modified time, 10 ms for creation time, 1 day for access date, 2 seconds for deletion time Read-only , Hidden , System , Volume , Directory , Archive File system permissions FAT12/FAT16: File, directory and volume access rights for Read , Write , Execute , Delete only with DR-DOS , PalmDOS , Novell DOS , OpenDOS , FlexOS , 4680 OS , 4690 OS , Concurrent DOS , Multiuser DOS , System Manager , REAL/32 (Execute right only with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS; individual file / directory passwords not with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS; World / Group / Owner permission classes only with multiuser security loaded FAT32: Partial, only with DR-DOS, REAL/32 and 4690 OS Transparent compression FAT12/FAT16: Per-volume, SuperStor , Stacker , DoubleSpace , DriveSpace Transparent encryption FAT12/FAT16: Per-volume only with DR-DOS File Allocation Table ( FAT ) is the name of a computer file system architecture and a family of industry standard file systems utilizing it. The FAT file system is a legacy file system which is simple and robust. It offers good performance even in light-weight implementations, but cannot deliver the same performance, reliability and scalability as some modern file systems. It is however supported for compatibility reasons by virtually all existing operating systems for personal computers , and thus is a well-suited format for data exchange between computers and devices of almost any type and age from the early 1980s up to the present. Originally designed in the late 1970s for use on floppy disks , it was soon adapted and used almost universally on hard disks throughout the DOS and Windows 9x eras for two decades. With the introduction of more powerful computers and operating systems , and the development of more complex filesystems for them, it is no longer the default filesystem for usage on hard drives by most modern desktop operating systems. Today, FAT file systems are still commonly found on floppy disks, solid-state memory cards , flash memory cards, and on many portable and embedded devices. It is also utilized in the boot stage of EFI -compliant computers. The name of the file system originates from the file system's prominent usage of an index table, the FAT , statically allocated at the time of formatting. The table contains entries for each cluster , a contiguous area of disk storage. Each entry contains either the number of the next cluster in the file, or else a marker indicating end of file, unused disk space, or special reserved areas of the disk. The root directory of the disk contains the number of the first cluster of each file in that directory; the operating system can then traverse the FAT table, looking up the cluster number of each successive part of the disk file as a cluster chain until the end of the file is reached. In much the same way, sub-directories are implemented as special files containing the directory entries of their respective files. As disk drives have evolved, the maximum number of clusters has significantly increased, and so the number of bits used to identify each cluster has grown. The successive major versions of the FAT format are named after the number of table element bits: 12 ( FAT12 ), 16 ( FAT16 ), and 32 ( FAT32 ). Each of these variants is still in use. The FAT standard has also been expanded in other ways while generally preserving backward compatibility with existing software. Software_developer;Microsoft;IBM;Kibibyte;Operating_system;Personal_computer;Floppy_disk;Hard_disk_drive;DOS;Flash_memory;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Operating_system;Personal_computer;Embedded_systems;Operating_system;CD;DVD;Floppy_disk;Flash_memory;USB_flash_drives;Digital_camera;Camcorder;Portable_media_player;Mobile_phone;Hard_disk_drive;DOS;Windows_XP;Linux;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Boot_disk;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Backward_compatibility;Microsoft;Hexadecimal;IBM;Microsoft;Windows_NT;Microsoft;Graphical_user_interface;Windows_NT;Backward_compatibility;Workaround;Mac_OS;Windows_NT;PC_Exchange;Hidden_file;Resource_fork;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft;Xbox;Video_game_console;Hard_disk;SDXC;Microsoft;Open_source;Floppy_disk;Seagate_Technology;Windows_NT;Windows_NT;Microsoft;Unix;Personal_digital_assistant;Windows_ME;Windows_NT;Linux;Patent_infringement;Linux;Motorola;United_States_International_Trade_Commission;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;Microsoft;International_Standard_Book_Number;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Xsan;Flash_memory;Xsan;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Server_Message_Block;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;Floppy_disk;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;Portable_Document_Format;File_Allocation_Table;File_Allocation_Table; File_Roller File Roller is the archive manager of the GNOME desktop environment . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;ARJ;Gzip;Compress;Lzip;StuffIt;Graphical_user_interface;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;File_Roller;File_Roller; File_format A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file . A file format specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free and may be either unpublished or open . Some file formats are designed for very particular types of data: PNG files, for example, store bitmapped images using lossless data compression . Other file formats, however, are designed for storage of several different types of data: the Ogg format can act as a container for different types of multimedia , including any combination of audio and video , with or without text (such as subtitles ), and metadata . A text file can contain any stream of characters, including possible control characters , and is encoded in one of various character encoding schemes . Some file formats, such as HTML , scalable vector graphics , and the source code of computer software are text files with defined syntaxes that allow them to be used for specific purposes. Portable_Network_Graphics;Raster_graphics;Lossless_data_compression;Ogg;Container_format;Multimedia;Sound;Video;Subtitles;Metadata;HTML;Source_code;Reverse_engineering;GIF;Operating_system;Filename_extension;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;DOS;Filename_extension;File_Allocation_Table;JPEG;Exif;Unix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;XHTML;XML;OSType;Mac_OS;Hierarchical_File_System;Creator_code;Type_code;HyperCard;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Apple_Computer;Core_Foundation;Portable_Document_Format;HFS_Plus;Internet;Electronic_Arts;CSS;XML;Disk_image;TIFF;Audio_file_format;File_format;File_format; File_management_application A file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to work with file systems . The most common operations performed on files or groups of files are: create, open, edit, view , print , play , rename, move, copy , delete , search/find, and modify file attributes , properties and file permissions . Files are typically displayed in a hierarchy . Some file managers contain features inspired by web browsers , including forward and back navigational buttons. Some file managers provide network connectivity via protocols , such as FTP , NFS , SMB or WebDAV . This is achieved by allowing the user to browse for a file server (connecting and accessing the server's file system like a local file system) or by providing its own full client implementations for file server protocols. User_interface;Streaming_media;Web_browser;Server_Message_Block;DOS;Operating_System;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Explorer;Microsoft_Windows;Web_browser;Windows_Explorer;Icon;Apple_Computer;Mac_OS_X;Command_key;Windows_Explorer;Apple_Computer;Mac_OS_X;IRIX;Unix;Touchscreen;Perl;FTP;IRIX;Open_Directory_Project;Ars_Technica;DOS;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Explorer;Mac_OS; File_sharing File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digitally stored information, such as computer programs, multimedia (audio, images and video), documents, or electronic books. It may be implemented through a variety of ways. Common methods of storage, transmission and dispersion include manual sharing utilizing removable media , centralized servers on computer networks , World Wide Web -based hyperlinked documents, and the use of distributed peer-to-peer networking . Removable_media;Removable_media;FTP;Internet_Relay_Chat;Napster;Kazaa;LimeWire;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Megaupload;United_States;Freeware;Shareware;Open_source;United_States;Open_Music_Model;Digital_object_identifier;File_sharing;File_sharing; File_size File size measures the size of a computer file . Typically it is measured in bytes with a prefix . The actual amount of disk space consumed by the file depends on the file system . The maximum file size a file system supports depends on the number of bits reserved to store size information and the total size of the file system. For example, with FAT32 , the size of one file cannot be equal or larger than 4 GiB . Some common file size units are: 1 KiB = 1,024 bytes 1 MiB = 1,048,576 bytes [ 1 ] 1 GiB = 1,073,741,824 bytes [ 2 ] 1 TiB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes [ 3 ] Computer;File_Allocation_Table;Kibibyte;File_size;File_size; File_synchronization USB_flash_drives;Encryption;Internet;Data_compression;Backup_software;List_of_backup_software;File_synchronization;File_synchronization; Filename_extension File_format;File_Allocation_Table;DOS;Microsoft_Windows;Executable;Graphical_user_interface;Context_menu;Mac_OS;Type_code;Creator_code;Mac_OS_X;Plain_text;RealPlayer;QuickTime;IBM;Windows_NT;Internet;Apple_Macintosh;Source_code;Compiler;Microsoft_Windows;File_Allocation_Table;Windows_NT;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Mac_OS_X;API;Resource_fork;Windows_Explorer;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X;OSType;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Metadata;Open_Directory_Project;Filename_extension;Filename_extension; Film View a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right for instructions. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|fr|Cinéma}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (July 2010) This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . (July 2010) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page . (December 2009) This 16 mm spring-wound Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in film schools . Southeast Asian cinema Latin American cinema North American cinema A film , also called a movie or motion picture , is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras , or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects . The process of filmmaking has developed into an art form and industry . Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures , which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue into the language of the viewer. Films are made up of a series of individual images called frames . When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision , whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Viewers perceive motion due to a psychological effect called beta movement . The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock ) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture , picture show , moving picture , photo-play and flick . A common name for film in the United States is movie , while in Europe the term film is preferred. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen , the silver screen , the cinema and the movies . Visual_effects;Subtitles;Piano;Soundtrack;Sound;Language;Celebrity;United_States;DVD;Video;Widescreen;Aspect_ratio;Multimedia;Video;Digital_video;Warner_Bros.;Camcorder;Digital_video;Personal_computer;DVD;FireWire;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Sony_Vegas;Final_Cut_Pro;Final_Cut_Express;IMovie;Windows_Movie_Maker;DV;YouTube;Veoh;License;Television_program;United_States;Television;DVD;Video_CD;Internet;DVD;Television;Television;DVD;Genre;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Soundtrack;Visual_effects;Film;Film; Films View a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right for instructions. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|fr|Cinéma}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (July 2010) This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . (July 2010) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page . (December 2009) This 16 mm spring-wound Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in film schools . Southeast Asian cinema Latin American cinema North American cinema A film , also called a movie or motion picture , is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras , or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects . The process of filmmaking has developed into an art form and industry . Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures , which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue into the language of the viewer. Films are made up of a series of individual images called frames . When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision , whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Viewers perceive motion due to a psychological effect called beta movement . The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock ) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture , picture show , moving picture , photo-play and flick . A common name for film in the United States is movie , while in Europe the term film is preferred. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen , the silver screen , the cinema and the movies . Visual_effects;Subtitles;Piano;Soundtrack;Sound;Language;Celebrity;United_States;DVD;Video;Widescreen;Aspect_ratio;Multimedia;Video;Digital_video;Warner_Bros.;Camcorder;Digital_video;Personal_computer;DVD;FireWire;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Sony_Vegas;Final_Cut_Pro;Final_Cut_Express;IMovie;Windows_Movie_Maker;DV;YouTube;Veoh;License;Television_program;United_States;Television;DVD;Video_CD;Internet;DVD;Television;Television;DVD;Genre;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Soundtrack;Visual_effects;Film;Film; Filzip Filzip is a freeware file archiver program for the Microsoft Windows platform. It was written by Philipp Engel. While free, the author does request donations to help the cost of development and reward him for his work. As of October 2011, there's no added information since 2007, so it seems Filzip's development has been terminated. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;Gzip;ARJ;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Filzip;Filzip; FinFisher Apple_Inc.;ITunes;Brian_Krebs;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Daily_Telegraph;Der_Spiegel;The_Register;Brian_Krebs;FinFisher;FinFisher; Final_Cut_Express Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Apple_Inc.;Final_Cut_Pro;DV;HDV;IMovie;Final_Cut_Pro;San_Francisco;Universal_Binary;AVCHD;Final_Cut_Pro;Apple_Motion;IMovie;AIFF;GarageBand;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Express; Final_Cut_Pro Final Cut Pro was a non-linear video editing software developed by Macromedia Inc. and then Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X, runs on Intel -based Mac OS computers powered by OS X version 10.6.8 or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. Since the early 2000s, Final Cut Pro has developed a large and expanding user base, mainly video hobbyists and independent filmmakers . It had also made inroads with film and television editors who have traditionally used Avid Technology 's Media Composer . According to a 2007 SCRI study, Final Cut Pro made up 49% of the US professional editing market, with Avid at 22%. [ 1 ] A published survey in 2008 by the American Cinema Editors Guild placed their users at 21% FCP (and growing from previous surveys of this group), while all others were still on an Avid system of some kind. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Apple_Inc.;Intel;Mac_OS;OS_X;Media_Composer;QuickTime;DV;HDV;DV;IPod;Apple_TV;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Express;HDV;Apple;IMovie;Grand_Central_Dispatch;OpenCL;Apple_Motion;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Final_Cut_Express;FireWire;TV_show;Television;Soundtrack_Pro;FireWire;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;HDV;Final_Cut_Express;Universal_Binary;Final_Cut_Studio;Mac_App_Store;Creator_code;Type_code;Apple;IMovie;List_of_video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Final_Cut_Studio;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Final_Cut_Pro;Final_Cut_Pro; Final_Cut_Studio Final Cut Studio is a professional video and audio production suite for Mac OS X from Apple Inc. , and a direct competitor to Avid Media Composer in the high-end movie production industry. It is now only available to purchase through Apple's 1-800 number, therefore not online or in Apple Stores. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Final_Cut_Pro;DV;Soundtrack_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Encoder;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;Universal_Binary;Universal_Binary;ILife;IMovie;GarageBand;IDVD;Core_Image;Steve_Jobs;HDV;AVCHD;DVD_Studio_Pro;Compositing;List_of_video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Studio; Financial_Times The Financial Times ( FT ) is one of the world's leading business news and information organisations. The FT is owned by Pearson PLC, the global media company who also own Pearson, the world's largest education publishing and technology group and Penguin Books, the book publishing group. The FT has an average daily readership of 2.2 million people worldwide (PwC audited figures, November 2011). FT.com has 4.5million registered users and over 285,000 digital subscribers, as well as 600,000 paying users. FT Chinese has more than 1.7 million registered users. [ 1 ] The world editions of the Financial Times newspaper have a combined average daily circulation of 291 thousand copies (59 thousand for the British verion of the newspaper), as of July 2012. [ 2 ] Founded in 1888 by James Sheridan and Horatio Bottomley , the Financial Times competed with four other finance-oriented newspapers, in 1945 absorbing the last, the Financial News (founded in 1884). The FT specialises in UK and international business and financial news, and is printed as a broadsheet on light salmon paper. European_Union;European_Union;Barack_Obama;Barack_Obama;The_Times_Group;The_Economic_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;CNN;Associated_Press;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;IBM;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;The_Mail_on_Sunday;ITV;ITV;BBC_iPlayer;ITV;TVCatchup;TiVo;Zattoo;EMI;Reuters;British_Phonographic_Industry;The_Guardian;Daily_Mail;Financial_Times;Financial_Times; Find_My_Friends Find My Friends (also known as "Find Friends" on the SpringBoard ) is a feature in iOS developed by Apple for iOS 5. [ 2 ] It was released on October 12, 2011 to the general public. While not bundled with the operating system itself, it can be downloaded through the App Store only on iOS 5 or later. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;File_size;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;SpringBoard;IOS;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;IOS;ICloud;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;Find_My_Friends;Find_My_Friends; FingerWorks FingerWorks was a gesture recognition company based in the United States , known mainly for its TouchStream multi-touch keyboard. Founded by John Elias and Wayne Westerman of the University of Delaware in 1998, it produced a line of multi-touch products including the iGesture Pad and the TouchStream keyboard, which were particularly helpful for people suffering from RSI and other medical conditions. The keyboards were immediately discontinued when the company's assets were acquired by Apple Inc. in early 2005. Gesture_recognition;United_States;Apple_Inc.;Gesture_recognition;United_States;Apple_Inc.;New_York_Times;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;FingerWorks;FingerWorks; Fingerprint A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger . [ 1 ] In a wider use of the term, fingerprints are the traces of an impression from the friction ridges of any part of a human or other primate hand . A print from the foot can also leave an impression of friction ridges. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the digits (fingers and toes ), the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin. [ 1 ] These are sometimes known as "epidermal ridges" which are caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis and the interpapillary (rete) pegs of the epidermis. These epidermal ridges serve to amplify vibrations triggered, for example, when fingertips brush across an uneven surface, better transmitting the signals to sensory nerves involved in fine texture perception. [ 2 ] These ridges also assist in gripping rough surfaces, as well as smooth wet surfaces. [ 3 ] Impressions of fingerprints may be left behind on a surface by the natural secretions of sweat from the eccrine glands that are present in friction ridge skin, or they may be made by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a relatively smooth surface such as a fingerprint card. [ 4 ] Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, although fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers. Mobile_phone;Argentina;Pixels_per_inch;Dominican_Republic;Dominican_Republic;European_Commission;European_Union;VAIO;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;The_Register;The_Register;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Fingerprint;Fingerprint; Finland Coordinates : 65°N 27°E  /  65°N 027°E  / 65; 027 Republic of Finland Suomen tasavalta (Finnish) Republiken Finland (Swedish) Anthem: Maamme ( Finnish ) Vårt land ( Swedish ) Location of Finland ( dark green ) – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 60°10′N 024°56′E  /  60.167°N 24.933°E  / 60.167; 24.933 Official language(s) Recognised regional languages Parliamentary republic [ 1 ] Jyrki Katainen ( NCP ) Speaker of the Parliament Eero Heinäluoma ( SDP ) from Soviet Russia 338,424 km 2 ( 64th ) 5,410,233 [ 2 ] ( 112th ) $195.723 billion [ 3 ] $266.553 billion [ 3 ] 0.882 [ 4 ] ( very high ) ( 22nd ) Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. The .ax domain is reserved for the autonomous province of Åland Islands Finland ( i / ˈ f ɪ n l ə n d / ; Finnish: Suomi ( help · info ) ; Swedish: Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland , [ 5 ] is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe . It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland . Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region. [ 6 ] It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities, [ 7 ] [ 8 ] and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands . About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo , Kauniainen and Vantaa , and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere , Turku , Oulu , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland was a part of Sweden from the 12th to 19th century, and from 1809 to 1917 was an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire . The Finnish Declaration of Independence from Russia in 1917 was followed by a civil war in which the red side was defeated with German support. Finland fought World War II as essentially three separate conflicts: the Winter War (1939–40), the Continuation War (1941–44), and the Lapland War (1944–45). Finland joined the United Nations in 1955, the OECD in 1969, the European Union in 1995, and the eurozone at its inception in 1999. Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialisation , remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. Thereafter, economic development was rapid. Finland is one of the world's wealthiest nations with per capita income of $49,349. It built an extensive welfare state and balanced between the East and the West in global economics and politics. With the best educational system in Europe according to some measures, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Finland has recently been ranked as one of the world's most peaceful, competitive and livable countries. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Europe;European_Union;European_Union;Sweden;Norway;Estonia;European_Union;Sweden;European_Union;Eurozone;Europe;United_States;United_Kingdom;France;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Eurozone;Eurozone;Europe;Norway;European_Union;European_Union;Nokia;France;Germany;Belgium;United_Kingdom;United_States;Netherlands;Eurozone;Eurozone;France;Germany;France;Siemens_AG;Nokia;Norway;English_language;German_language;French_language;Folk_music;Germany;Heavy_metal_music;Dance_music;Jazz;Dance_music;Linux;Internet;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Japan;Estonia;Republic_of_Ireland;Belgium;Sweden;Republic_of_Ireland;Netherlands;Switzerland;New_Zealand;Finland;Nokia;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Denmark;Estonia;Germany;Latvia;Lithuania;Poland;Sweden;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Sweden;Norway;Finland;Finland; FireWire The IEEE 1394 interface , developed in late 1980s and early 1990s by Apple as FireWire , is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. The 1394 interface is comparable with USB and often those two technologies are considered together, though USB has more market share. [ 1 ] Apple first included FireWire in some of its 1999 models, and most Apple computers since the year 2000 have included FireWire ports, though, as of 2012, nothing beyond the 800 version (IEEE-1394b). [ 2 ] The interface is also known by the brand i.LINK ( Sony ), and Lynx ( Texas Instruments ). IEEE 1394 replaced parallel SCSI in many applications, because of lower implementation costs and a simplified, more adaptable cabling system. The 1394 standard also defines a backplane interface, though this is not as widely used. IEEE 1394 is the High-Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance (HANA) standard connection interface for A/V (audio/visual) component communication and control. [ 3 ] FireWire is also available in wireless, fiber optic , and coaxial versions using the isochronous protocols. Apple_Inc.;Megabit;Ethernet;Apple_Inc.;Universal_Serial_Bus;Sony;Parallel_SCSI;Backplane;IBM;STMicroelectronics;FireWire;SCSI;Data_storage_device;DV;USB;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Central_processing_unit;Plug_and_play;Parallel_SCSI;FireWire;FireWire;FireWire;Megabyte;Streaming_media;Megabyte;Ethernet;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Windows_Vista;Windows_Vista;USB_hub;Linux;Windows_XP;Ethernet;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;ISight;DV;DV;Camcorder;Digital_video_recorder;Gigabit_Ethernet;Direct_memory_access;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Microsoft;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;VMEbus;Verilog;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus; Firmware In electronic systems and computing , firmware is the combination of persistent memory and program code and data stored in it. [ 1 ] Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones , and digital cameras . The firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the device. Firmware is held in non-volatile memory devices such as ROM , EPROM , or flash memory . Changing the firmware of a device may rarely or never be done during its economic lifetime; some firmware memory devices are permanently installed and cannot be changed after manufacture. Common reasons for updating firmware include fixing bugs or adding features to the device. This may require physically changing ROM integrated circuits, or reprogramming flash memory with a special procedure. Firmware such as the ROM BIOS of a personal computer may contain only elementary basic functions of a device and may only provide services to higher-level software. Firmware such as the program of an embedded system may be the only program that will run on the system and provide all of its functions. Before integrated circuits, other firmware devices included a discrete semiconductor diode matrix . The Apollo guidance computer had firmware consisting of an especially manufactured core memory plane. Embedded_systems;Mobile_phone;Digital_camera;Flash_memory;Central_processing_unit;Operating_system;Iriver;Vorbis;Mobile_phone;Mac_OS_X;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Sun_Microsystems;Apple_Inc.;IBM;Rockbox;Digital_audio_player;Samsung;IPod;Free_software;Open_source;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Firmware;Firmware; Fiscal_year A fiscal year (or financial year , or sometimes budget year ) is a period used for calculating annual ("yearly") financial statements in businesses and other organizations. In many jurisdictions, regulatory laws regarding accounting and taxation require such reports once per twelve months, but do not require that the period reported on constitutes a calendar year (that is, 1 January to 31 December). Fiscal years vary between businesses and countries. The "fiscal year" may also refer to the year used for income tax reporting. Some companies choose to end their fiscal year on the same day of the week, such day being the one closest to a particular date (for example, the Friday closest to 31 December). Under such a system, some fiscal years will have 52 weeks and others 53 weeks. Major corporations that adopt this approach include Cisco Systems . [ 1 ] In the United Kingdom, a number of major corporations that were once government owned, such as BT Group and the National Grid , continue to use the government's financial year, which ends on the last day of March, as they have found no reason to change since privatisation . Nevertheless, the fiscal year is identical to the calendar year for about 65% of publicly traded companies in the United States and for a majority of large corporations in the UK [ 2 ] and elsewhere (with notable exceptions Australia, New Zealand and Japan). [ 3 ] Many universities have a fiscal year which ends during the summer, both to align the fiscal year with the school year (and, in some cases involving public universities, with the state government's fiscal year), and because the school is normally less busy during the summer months. In the Northern hemisphere this is July in one year to June in the next year. In the southern hemisphere this is January to December of a single calendar year. Some media/communication based organizations use a broadcast calendar as the basis for their fiscal year. Cisco_Systems;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Fiscal_year;Fiscal_year; Fixed_focus A photographic lens for which the focus is not adjustable is called a fixed-focus lens or sometimes focus-free . The focus is set at the time of manufacture, and remains fixed. It is usually set to the hyperfocal distance , so that the depth of field ranges all the way down from half that distance to infinity, which is acceptable for most cameras used for capturing images of humans or objects larger than a meter. Rather than having a method of determining the correct focusing distance and setting the lens to that focal point, a fixed-focus lens relies on sufficient depth of field to produce acceptably sharp images. Most cameras with focus free lenses also have a relatively small aperture which increases the depth of field. Fixed-focus cameras with extended depth of field (EDOF) sometimes are known as full focus cameras. Camera_phone;Aperture;Autofocus;Autofocus;Webcam;Camera_phone;Autofocus; Flamenco Music of Spain - Music of Andalusia Cante Chico - Cante Jondo - Cante Intermedio - Falseta Belén Maya , flamenco dancer Flamenco ( Spanish pronunciation: [flaˈmeŋko] ) is a genre of Spanish music , song and dance from Andalusia , in southern Spain , that includes cante (singing), toque (guitar playing), baile (dance) and palmas (handclaps). First mentioned in literature in 1774, the genre grew out of Andalusian and Romani music and dance styles. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In recent years flamenco has become popular all over the world and is taught in many countries: in Japan there are more academies than there are in Spain. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] On November 16, 2010 UNESCO declared flamenco one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . [ 6 ] Spain;Electric_guitar;Equal_temperament;Equal_temperament;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project;Dance_music;Flamenco;Flamenco; FlashPix FlashPix is a bitmapped computer graphics file format where the image is saved in more than one resolution . Though this makes it larger even than a TIFF file, when a request is sent for the file by a Web browser only the resolution required for the current screen resolution is sent to the browser; this therefore saves on bandwidth and download time. [ 1 ] Filename_extension;Computer_graphics;Display_resolution;TIFF;Web_browser;Eastman_Kodak;Microsoft;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Computer_graphics;FlashPix;FlashPix; Flash_Memory Personal_digital_assistant;Digital_camera;Hard_disk;Toshiba;Firmware;Data_storage_device;Secure_Digital;MicroSD;Universal_Serial_Bus;File_Allocation_Table;Sun_Microsystems;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Address_bus;Intel;Intel;Dell;Microsoft;PCI_Express;GPS;Hard_drive;Gigabyte;Metadata;Samsung_Electronics;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Embedded_system;SDRAM;Firmware;Hard_drive;Ethernet;Hard_disk;Samsung_Electronics;Intel;Executable;Digital_object_identifier;Encryption;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;Samsung_Electronics;SATA;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Flash_memory;Flash_memory; Flash_Video Flash Video is a container file format used to deliver video over the Internet using Adobe Flash Player versions 6–11. Flash Video content may also be embedded within SWF files. There are two different video file formats known as Flash Video: FLV and F4V . The audio and video data within FLV files are encoded in the same manner as they are within SWF files. The latter F4V file format is based on the ISO base media file format and is starting with Flash Player 9 update 3. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Both formats are supported in Adobe Flash Player and currently developed by Adobe Systems. FLV was originally developed by Macromedia . Flash Video has been accepted as the default online video format by many sites. Notable users of it include YouTube , Hulu , VEVO , Yahoo! Video , metacafe , Reuters.com , and many other news providers. The standards documentation for BBC Online states that the BBC now preferentially accepts Flash videos for submission, to the disadvantage of other formats previously in use on its sites [ 3 ] such as RealVideo or WMV . Flash Video FLV files usually contain material encoded with codecs following the Sorenson Spark or VP6 video compression formats . The most recent public releases of Flash Player (collaboration between Adobe Systems and MainConcept ) also support H.264 video and HE-AAC audio. [ 4 ] All of these compression formats are currently restricted by patents. Flash Video is viewable on most operating systems via the Adobe Flash Player and web browser plugin or one of several third-party programs. Apple's iOS devices do not support the Flash Player plugin and so require other delivery methods such as provided by the Adobe Flash Media Server . [ 5 ] Filename_extension;Adobe_Systems;Media_container;Adobe_Flash_Player;ISO_base_media_file_format;YouTube;Hulu;Metacafe;Reuters;RealVideo;Codec;Adobe_Systems;Web_browser;ISO_base_media_file_format;Sorenson_codec;Open_source;Speex;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Advanced_Audio_Coding;FFmpeg;Speex;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Systems;Web_browser;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ITunes;Metadata;BBC_News;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Adobe_Media_Player;Media_Player_Classic;MPlayer;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;QuickTime;Perian;Internet_Explorer;Adobe_Flash_Player;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;IPhone;IPhone;IPad;The_Guardian;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Flash_Player;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Flash_Video;Flash_Video; Flash_memory Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It was developed from EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) and must be erased in fairly large blocks before these can be rewritten with new data. The high density NAND type must also be programmed and read in (smaller) blocks, or pages, while the NOR type allows a single machine word (byte) to be written or read independently. The NAND type is primarily used in memory cards , USB flash drives , solid-state drives , and similar products, for general storage and transfer of data. The NOR type, which allows true random access and therefore direct code execution, is used as a replacement for the older EPROM and as an alternative to certain kinds of ROM applications. However, NOR flash memory may emulate ROM primarily at the machine code level; many digital designs need ROM (or PLA ) structures for other uses, often at significantly higher speeds than (economical) flash memory may achieve. NAND or NOR flash memory is also often used to store configuration data in numerous digital products, a task previously made possible by EEPROMs or battery-powered static RAM . Example applications of both types of flash memory include personal computers, PDAs , digital audio players, digital cameras , mobile phones, synthesizers, video games, scientific instrumentation , industrial robotics , medical electronics , and so on. In addition to being non-volatile, flash memory offers fast read access times , as fast as dynamic RAM , although not as fast as static RAM or ROM. Its mechanical shock resistance helps explain its popularity over hard disks in portable devices; as does its high durability, being able to withstand high pressure, temperature, immersion in water, etc. [ 1 ] Although flash memory is technically a type of EEPROM, the term "EEPROM" is generally used to refer specifically to non-flash EEPROM which is erasable in small blocks, typically bytes. Because erase cycles are slow, the large block sizes used in flash memory erasing give it a significant speed advantage over old-style EEPROM when writing large amounts of data. [ citation needed ] Flash memory now costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and has become the dominant memory type wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid state storage is needed. Personal_digital_assistant;Digital_camera;Hard_disk;Toshiba;Firmware;Data_storage_device;Secure_Digital;MicroSD;Universal_Serial_Bus;File_Allocation_Table;Sun_Microsystems;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Address_bus;Intel;Intel;Dell;Microsoft;PCI_Express;GPS;Hard_drive;Gigabyte;Metadata;Samsung_Electronics;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Embedded_system;SDRAM;Firmware;Hard_drive;Ethernet;Hard_disk;Samsung_Electronics;Intel;Executable;Digital_object_identifier;Encryption;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;Samsung_Electronics;SATA;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Flash_memory;Flash_memory; Flash_storage Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It was developed from EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) and must be erased in fairly large blocks before these can be rewritten with new data. The high density NAND type must also be programmed and read in (smaller) blocks, or pages, while the NOR type allows a single machine word (byte) to be written or read independently. The NAND type is primarily used in memory cards , USB flash drives , solid-state drives , and similar products, for general storage and transfer of data. The NOR type, which allows true random access and therefore direct code execution, is used as a replacement for the older EPROM and as an alternative to certain kinds of ROM applications. However, NOR flash memory may emulate ROM primarily at the machine code level; many digital designs need ROM (or PLA ) structures for other uses, often at significantly higher speeds than (economical) flash memory may achieve. NAND or NOR flash memory is also often used to store configuration data in numerous digital products, a task previously made possible by EEPROMs or battery-powered static RAM . Example applications of both types of flash memory include personal computers, PDAs , digital audio players, digital cameras , mobile phones, synthesizers, video games, scientific instrumentation , industrial robotics , medical electronics , and so on. In addition to being non-volatile, flash memory offers fast read access times , as fast as dynamic RAM , although not as fast as static RAM or ROM. Its mechanical shock resistance helps explain its popularity over hard disks in portable devices; as does its high durability, being able to withstand high pressure, temperature, immersion in water, etc. [ 1 ] Although flash memory is technically a type of EEPROM, the term "EEPROM" is generally used to refer specifically to non-flash EEPROM which is erasable in small blocks, typically bytes. Because erase cycles are slow, the large block sizes used in flash memory erasing give it a significant speed advantage over old-style EEPROM when writing large amounts of data. [ citation needed ] Flash memory now costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and has become the dominant memory type wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid state storage is needed. Personal_digital_assistant;Digital_camera;Hard_disk;Toshiba;Firmware;Data_storage_device;Secure_Digital;MicroSD;Universal_Serial_Bus;File_Allocation_Table;Sun_Microsystems;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Address_bus;Intel;Intel;Dell;Microsoft;PCI_Express;GPS;Hard_drive;Gigabyte;Metadata;Samsung_Electronics;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Embedded_system;SDRAM;Firmware;Hard_drive;Ethernet;Hard_disk;Samsung_Electronics;Intel;Executable;Digital_object_identifier;Encryption;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;Samsung_Electronics;SATA;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Flash_memory;Flash_memory; Flickr Flickr (stylized as flickr ) is an image hosting and video hosting website, web services suite, and online community that was created by Ludicorp in 2004 and acquired by Yahoo! in 2005. In addition to being a popular website for users to share and embed personal photographs, the service is widely used by bloggers to host images that they embed in blogs and social media . [ 2 ] Yahoo reported in June 2011 that Flickr had a total of 51 million registered members and 80 million unique visitors. [ 3 ] In August 2011 the site reported that it was hosting more than 6 billion images and this number continues to grow steadily according to reporting sources. [ 4 ] Photos and videos can be accessed from Flickr without the need to register an account but an account must be made in order to upload content onto the website. Registering an account also allows users to create a profile page containing photos and videos that the user has uploaded and also grants the ability to add another Flickr user as a contact. For mobile users, Flickr has an official app for iOS , [ 5 ] Android , and Windows Phone 7 operating systems. [ 6 ] English_language;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Korean_language;Spanish_language;Blog;Social_media;Application_software;IOS;JPEG;The_Guardian;CNET;Geotagging;Web_application;Picasa;Database;Application_programming_interface;HTML;Operating_system;Web_browser;Blog;Apple_Macintosh;Linux;Internet_Explorer;Geotagging;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Software_license;Windows_Live_Photo_Gallery;IPhoto;Mac_OS_X;License;Database;Linux;Perl;Text_messaging;USA_Today;USA_Today;NASDAQ;Flickr;Flickr; Flight_mode Airplane mode is a setting available on most cell phones , smartphones and other electronic devices that, when engaged, suspends many of the device's signal transmitting functions – thereby disabling the device's capacity to place or receive calls or text messages – while still permitting use of other functions that do not require signal transmission (e.g., games, built-in camera , MP3 player ). Nokia 5800 in offline mode The name is derived from the fact that it permits the user to operate the device while on board a commercial aircraft while in flight, where the operation of cell phones and other devices that send or receive signals is generally prohibited due to the potential impact on aircraft avionics and the potential for interference with ground cell networks. Other names include flight mode , aeroplane mode , offline mode , and standalone mode . FM Receiver, Bluetooth, wireless LAN antenna and GPS should still be operative if the phone is so equipped. Many models disable GPS and some of the other features, although this is inconsistent among manufacturers, since these latter functions are permitted on some aircraft and not others. Nevertheless, certain airlines specifically prohibit the use of devices with a 'Flight mode' at all times. While in Airplane mode some devices allow you to continue to write text messages and emails and will save it to phone memory to send later when an active network connection is achieved. Although it is not possible to send calls or text in Airplane mode, some devices such as some Nokia smartphones allow you to make an Emergency call regardless of the fact that the phone is in Airplane mode, whilst other mobile devices such as earlier Sony Ericsson devices only allow active mobile network connections regardless of whether it is an Emergency call or not only after the device has been turned off and restarted to normal mode. One feature that Airplane mode can be noted for is its power saving abilities. Because the device has no connectivity to a mobile network , it has no reason to search continuously for reception and so the battery lasts longer. Smartphone;Text_messaging;Camera_phone;GPS;Nokia;Smartphones;Sony_Ericsson;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol; Flipboard Software_developer;Operating_system;IOS;Computing_platform;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;List_of_software_categories;Application_software;IOS;Social_media;Google_Play;Google_Reader;Facebook;User_interface;TechCrunch;TechCrunch;ReadWriteWeb;The_Daily_Telegraph;CNET;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Flipboard;Flipboard; Floppy_disk A floppy disk , or diskette , is a disk storage medium composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that removes dust particles. They are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD). Floppy disks, initially as 8-inch (200 mm) media and later in 5.25-inch (133 mm) and 3.5-inch (89 mm) sizes, were a ubiquitous form of data storage and exchange from the mid-1970s well into the first decade of the 21st century. [ 1 ] By 2010, computer motherboards were rarely manufactured with floppy drive support; 3 1 ⁄ 2 " floppies could be used as an external USB drive, but 5 1 ⁄ 4 ", 8", and non-standard drives could only be handled by old equipment. While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially with legacy industrial computer equipment, they have been superseded by data storage methods with much greater capacity, such as USB flash drives , portable external hard disk drives , optical discs , memory cards , and computer networks . USB;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Sony;Personal_computer;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Photoshop;SuperDisk;Megabyte;USB;Backward_compatibility;USB;File_sharing;Megapixel;Digital_photography;Local_area_network;Internet;IMac;Dell;Boot_disk;Firmware;Operating_system;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Apple_II;Macintosh_SE;IBM;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Operating_system;Megabyte;Megabit;File_Allocation_Table;Microsoft;Megabyte;Disk_image;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Hard_disk_drive;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;File_Allocation_Table;Floppy_disk;Floppy_disk; Floppy_disk_drive A floppy disk , or diskette , is a disk storage medium composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that removes dust particles. They are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD). Floppy disks, initially as 8-inch (200 mm) media and later in 5.25-inch (133 mm) and 3.5-inch (89 mm) sizes, were a ubiquitous form of data storage and exchange from the mid-1970s well into the first decade of the 21st century. [ 1 ] By 2010, computer motherboards were rarely manufactured with floppy drive support; 3 1 ⁄ 2 " floppies could be used as an external USB drive, but 5 1 ⁄ 4 ", 8", and non-standard drives could only be handled by old equipment. While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially with legacy industrial computer equipment, they have been superseded by data storage methods with much greater capacity, such as USB flash drives , portable external hard disk drives , optical discs , memory cards , and computer networks . USB;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Sony;Personal_computer;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Photoshop;SuperDisk;Megabyte;USB;Backward_compatibility;USB;File_sharing;Megapixel;Digital_photography;Local_area_network;Internet;IMac;Dell;Boot_disk;Firmware;Operating_system;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Apple_II;Macintosh_SE;IBM;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Operating_system;Megabyte;Megabit;File_Allocation_Table;Microsoft;Megabyte;Disk_image;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Hard_disk_drive;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;File_Allocation_Table;Floppy_disk;Floppy_disk; Flowchart A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm or process , showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. This diagrammatic representation can give a step-by-step solution to a given problem . Process operations are represented in these boxes, and arrows connecting them represent flow of control. Data flows are not typically represented in a flowchart, in contrast with data flow diagrams ; rather, they are implied by the sequencing of operations. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. [ 1 ] Algorithm;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Source_code;Programming_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;Flowchart;Flowchart; Flucindole Flucindole is an antipsychotic with a tricyclic structure , that was never marketed. [ 1 ] It is the 6,8-difluoro derivative of cyclindole . [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Iprindole;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Flucindole;Flucindole; Flunarizine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine;Cinnarizine;Monatepil;Carbamazepine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Licarbazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Betahistine;Cinnarizine;Flunarizine;Flunarizine; Fluotracen International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic;Antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Amoxapine;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Litracen;Melitracen;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Fluotracen;Fluotracen; Flupentixol International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Typical_antipsychotic;Thioxanthene;Melitracen;Antidepressant;Histamine_receptor;Sedation;Typical_antipsychotic;Thioxanthene;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Flupentixol;Flupentixol; Fluphenazine InChI=1S/C22H26F3N3OS/c23-22(24,25)17-6-7-21-19(16-17)28(18-4-1-2-5-20(18)30-21)9-3-8-26-10-12-27(13-11-26)14-15-29/h1-2,4-7,16,29H,3,8-15H2 Y Key:PLDUPXSUYLZYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Fluphenazine is a typical antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of psychoses such as schizophrenia and acute manic phases of bipolar disorder . It belongs to the piperazine class of phenothiazines . It also can be used as a calming drug in horses, though such use is illegal. Its main use is as a long acting injection given once every two or three weeks to people with schizophrenia who suffer frequent relapses of illness. Its side effect profile is similar to haloperidol , namely predominantly dopamine -blocking effects which give rise to akathisia , parkinsonism , and tremor. Long term side effects include the potentially irreversible tardive dyskinesia and the potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Zuclopenthixol;Flupentixol;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Trifluoperazine;Digital_object_identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Fluphenazine;Fluphenazine; FlyBack FlyBack is an open source backup utility for Linux [ 1 ] [ 2 ] based on Git and modeled loosely after Apple's Time Machine . [ 3 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Backup_software;Software_license;Open_source;Backup_software;Linux;List_of_backup_software;Revision_control;Software;FlyBack;FlyBack; Fnac Alexandre Bompard, CEO €4.473 million (2010) [ 6 ] €188 million (2010) [ 7 ] Le Pôle Spectacles [ 10 ] Fnac head office, 16 quai Marcel Boyer, Ivry-sur-Seine Fnac (originally Fédération Nationale d’Achats des Cadres , or National Shopping Federation for Managers ) is an international entertainment retail chain offering cultural and electronic products, founded by André Essel and Max Théret in 1954. It is a subsidiary of PPR . Fnac is the largest retailer of its kind in France . Its head office is in Le Flavia in Ivry-sur-Seine near Paris . France;CD;DVD;France;Virgin_Megastores;Belgium;Germany;Virgin_Megastores;Belgium;Brazil;Portugal;Compact_disc;DVD;France;Forbes;Fnac;Fnac; Folk_music Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century but is often applied to music that is older than that. Certain types of folk music are also called world music . Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted by mouth, as music of the lower classes, and as music with unknown composers. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers; another is music that has been transmitted and evolved by a process of oral transmission or performed by custom over a long period of time. Starting in the mid-20th century a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the (second) folk revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is sometimes called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. [ 1 ] This type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock , folk metal , electric folk , and others. While contemporary folk music is a genre generally distinct from traditional folk music, in English it shares the same name, and it often shares the same performers and venues as traditional folk music. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two. World_music;Grammy_Award;Musical_notation;Grammy_Award;Vocal_music;Musical_notation;Hungary;Latvia;Latin_American_music;Musical_instrument;Australia;Austria;Switzerland;Norway;Finland;Sweden;Denmark;Estonia;Latvia;Lithuania;Sweden;Musical_instrument;Dance_music;Argentina;Bolivia;Ecuador;Chile;Colombia;Peru;Venezuela;Latin_American_music;Chile;Chile;Bolivia;Peru;Argentina;Country_music;Gospel_music;Blues;United_States;Jazz;Canada;Country_music;Blues;Country_music;Guitar;Country_music;Rock_music;Classical_music;Flamenco;Guitar;Country_music;Blues;Jazz;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Music_recording_sales_certification;United_States;United_States;Album;Heavy_metal_music;Experimental_music;United_States;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Internet_Archive;World_music;Blues;Gospel_music;Jazz;Country_music;Folk_music;Folk_music; Font_Book Apple 's Font Book is a font manager that comes with Mac OS X since version 10.3 (Panther). The program enables users to: Preview and install font files, avoiding multiple instances of the same font. Review installed fonts using various sample texts and sizes. Group fonts into collections, which can then be used in all Cocoa programs. Activate/deactivate individual fonts or collections. Check the data integrity of font files. Export font collections for use on another computer Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Computer;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Font_Book;Font_Book; Forbes Forbes is an American business magazine owned by Forbes, Inc. Published biweekly, it features original articles on finance, industry, investing, and marketing topics. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, and law. Headquarters are in New York City . Its primary competitors in the national business magazine category are Fortune , which is also published biweekly, and Businessweek which recently was sold to Bloomberg. The magazine is well known for its lists, including its lists of the richest Americans (the Forbes 400 ), highest-paid stars under 30, [ 1 ] and its list of billionaires . The motto of Forbes magazine is "The Capitalist Tool." Its editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes . Bloomberg_Businessweek;Bloomberg_L.P.;MarketWatch;Reuters;Forbes;Forbes; Formal_methods In computer science , specifically software engineering , formal methods are a particular kind of mathematically based techniques for the specification , development and verification of software and hardware systems. [ 1 ] The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing appropriate mathematical analysis can contribute to the reliability and robustness of a design. [ 2 ] Formal methods are best described as the application of a fairly broad variety of theoretical computer science fundamentals, in particular logic calculi, formal languages , automata theory , and program semantics , but also type systems and algebraic data types to problems in software and hardware specification and verification. [ 3 ] Computer_science;Software;Software_design;Model_checking;Formal_system;Model_checking;Computer_science;Numerical_analysis;Algorithm;Programming_language;Compiler;Procedural_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Programming_paradigm;Software_design;Operating_system;Database;SQL;Automated_reasoning;Natural_language_processing;Computer_graphics;Image_processing;User_interface;Numerical_analysis;Software_design;Programming_paradigm;Software;Computer_science;Formal_methods;Formal_methods; Formal_system A formal system is, broadly defined as any well-defined system of abstract thought based on the model of mathematics . Euclid's elements , is often held to be the first formal system and displays the characteristic of a formal system. The entailment of the system by its logical foundation is what distinguishes a formal system from others which may have some basis in an abstract model. Often the formal system will be the basis for or even identified with a larger theory or field (e.g. Euclidean geometry ) consistent with the usage in modern mathematics such as model theory . A formal system need not be mathematical as such, Spinoza's Ethics for example imitates the form of Euclid's Elements. Each formal system has a formal language , which is composed by primitive symbols . These symbols act on certain rules of formation and are developed by inference from a set of axioms . The system thus consists of any number of formulas built up through finite combinations of the primitive symbols—combinations that are formed from the axioms in accordance with the stated rules. [ 1 ] Formal systems in mathematics consist of the following elements: A finite set of symbols (i.e. the alphabet ), that can be used for constructing formulas (i.e. finite strings of symbols). A grammar , which tells how well-formed formulas (abbreviated wff ) are constructed out of the symbols in the alphabet. It is usually required that there be a decision procedure for deciding whether a formula is well formed or not. A set of axioms or axiom schemata : each axiom must be a wff. A set of inference rules . A formal system is said to be recursive (i.e. effective) if the set of axioms and the set of inference rules are decidable sets or semidecidable sets , according to context. Some theorists use the term formalism as a rough synonym for formal system , but the term is also used to refer to a particular style of notation , for example, Paul Dirac 's bra-ket notation . David_Hilbert;Computer_science;Logical_atomism;Recursion;Gottlob_Frege;David_Hilbert;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Dynamical_system;Global_Positioning_System;Operating_system;Control_theory;Formal_system;Formal_system; Forrester_Research Forrester Research is an independent technology and market research company that provides advice on existing and potential impact of technology, to its clients and the public. Forrester Research has five research centers in the US: Cambridge, Massachusetts ; New York, New York ; San Francisco, California ; Washington, D.C. ; and Dallas, Texas . It also has four European research centers in Amsterdam , Frankfurt , London , and Paris . The firm has 27 sales locations worldwide. It offers a variety of services including syndicated research on technology as it relates to business, quantitative market research on consumer technology adoption as well as enterprise IT spending, research-based consulting and advisory services, events, workshops, teleconferences, and executive peer-networking programs. NASDAQ;Gartner;GigaOM;Forrester_Research;Forrester_Research; Fortran Fortran (previously FORTRAN ) is a general-purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing . Originally developed by IBM at their campus in south San Jose, California [ 1 ] in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications, Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continual use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction , finite element analysis , computational fluid dynamics , computational physics and computational chemistry . It is one of the most popular languages in the area of high-performance computing [ 2 ] and is the language used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers . Fortran (a blend derived from The IBM Mathematical For mula Tran slating System ) encompasses a lineage of versions, each of which evolved to add extensions to the language while usually retaining compatibility with previous versions. Successive versions have added support for structured programming and processing of character-based data ( FORTRAN 77 ), array programming , modular programming and generic programming ( Fortran 90 ), high performance Fortran ( Fortran 95 ), object-oriented programming ( Fortran 2003 ) and concurrent programming ( Fortran 2008 ). Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Procedural_programming;Software_developer;IBM;Software_release_life_cycle;Type_system;Type_system;IBM;Filename_extension;Imperative_programming;Programming_language;Numerical_analysis;IBM;Array_programming;American_National_Standards_Institute;IBM;Assembly_language;Compiler;Assembly_language;Compiler;Procedural_programming;American_National_Standards_Institute;American_National_Standards_Institute;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;IBM;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;IBM;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;IBM;Digital_object_identifier;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Digital_object_identifier;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;IBM;Hard_disk_drive;Floppy_disk;Fortran;Fortran; Fox_News Fox News Channel ( FNC ), also referred to as Fox News , is a cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group , a subsidiary of News Corporation . As of April 2009, the channel is available to 102 million households in the United States and to viewers internationally, broadcasting primarily from its New York studios. The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch , who hired former NBC executive Roger Ailes as the founding CEO . [ 1 ] The channel was launched on October 7, 1996 [ 2 ] to 17 million cable subscribers. The channel grew in the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant cable news network in the United States. [ 3 ] In 2010, the network's programs took the top 10 spots for most-watched cable news programs in the 25–54 demographic and the top 12 spots among total cable news programs viewers. [ 4 ] Critics have asserted that Fox News Channel promotes conservative political positions [ 5 ] and biased reporting. [ 6 ] Commentators, news anchors, and reporters at Fox News Channel have responded that news reporting and political commentary operate independently of each other and deny any bias in the news reporting. [ 7 ] IPTV;CBS;NBC;Time_Warner;CNN;Aspect_ratio;Streaming_media;CNN;Trademark;Injunction;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;CNN;The_New_York_Times;Barack_Obama;Los_Angeles_Times;Australia;Brazil;France;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Philippines;Sweden;Singapore;United_Kingdom;Japan;Financial_Times;Financial_Times;The_Washington_Post;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;CNN;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;CNN;CNBC;Spanish_language;Channel_NewsAsia;CNN;CNBC;National_Geographic_Society;NBCUniversal;Associated_Press;All_Things_Digital;MarketWatch;The_Wall_Street_Journal;National_Geographic_Society;NBCUniversal;Associated_Press;Hulu;NBCUniversal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;CNN;CNBC;CNBC;CNN;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;CNBC;CNN;CNBC;CNN;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;Channel_NewsAsia;Juice_TV; Foxconn Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. ( trading as Foxconn ) is a Taiwanese multinational electronics manufacturing company headquartered in Tucheng , New Taipei , Taiwan . It is the world's largest maker of electronic components [ 3 ] and the largest exporter in Greater China . [ 4 ] Foxconn is primarily an original design manufacturer , and its clients include major American, European and Japanese electronics and information technology companies. Notable products which the company manufactures include the iPad , [ 5 ] iPhone , [ 6 ] Kindle , [ 7 ] PlayStation 3 [ 8 ] and Xbox 360 . [ 9 ] Foxconn has been involved in several controversies, most relating to how it manages employees in China, where it is the largest private-sector employer. [ 10 ] In 2012, Apple hired the Fair Labor Association to conduct an audit of working conditions at Foxconn. [ 11 ] Taiwan;Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese;Taiwan;IPad;IPhone;Amazon_Kindle;Apple_Inc.;Trade_name;Shenzhen;Intel;Apple_Inc.;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Shenzhen;Shenzhen;Brazil;Czech_Republic;Hungary;Slovakia;Czech_Republic;Czech_Republic;Motorola;Cisco_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Cisco_Systems;Dell;Intel;Microsoft;Nokia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;Toshiba;Taiwan;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPhone;Apple_Inc.;Forbes;Reuters;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Reuters;Bloomberg_News;Los_Angeles_Times;BusinessWeek;The_New_York_Times;Daily_Mail;The_Daily_Telegraph;The_New_York_Times;CNET;The_New_York_Times;Reuters;Daily_Mail;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;SingTel;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Foxconn;Foxconn; Frame_rate Frame rate (also known as frame frequency ) is the frequency (rate) at which an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames . The term applies equally well to computer graphics , video cameras , film cameras, and motion capture systems. Frame rate is most often expressed in frames per second (FPS) and is also expressed in progressive scan monitors as hertz (Hz). Computer_graphics;Video_camera;Film;Progressive_scan;Hertz;Television;Film;Progressive_scan;Video;Film;Progressive_scan;PAL;Television;Progressive_scan;PAL;NTSC;Progressive_scan;Progressive_scan;Peter_Jackson;Progressive_scan;Slow_motion;Windows_Media_Video;Hertz;Graphics_processing_unit;Video_compression;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Facebook;The_Daily_Telegraph;YouTube;JavaScript;Frame_rate;Frame_rate; Frames_per_second Frame rate (also known as frame frequency ) is the frequency (rate) at which an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames . The term applies equally well to computer graphics , video cameras , film cameras, and motion capture systems. Frame rate is most often expressed in frames per second (FPS) and is also expressed in progressive scan monitors as hertz (Hz). Computer_graphics;Video_camera;Film;Progressive_scan;Hertz;Television;Film;Progressive_scan;Video;Film;Progressive_scan;PAL;Television;Progressive_scan;PAL;NTSC;Progressive_scan;Progressive_scan;Peter_Jackson;Progressive_scan;Slow_motion;Windows_Media_Video;Hertz;Graphics_processing_unit;Video_compression;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Facebook;The_Daily_Telegraph;YouTube;JavaScript;Frame_rate;Frame_rate; France – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] Territory of the French Republic in the world 1 48°51.4′N 2°21.05′E  /  48.8567°N 2.35083°E  / 48.8567; 2.35083 Official language(s) Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic 486 (Unification by Clovis ) 843 ( Treaty of Verdun ) French First Republic 1792 ( National Convention ) Current constitution 4 October 1958 ( 5th Republic ) 674,843 km 2 ( 41st ) Metropolitan France 551,695 km 2 ( 47th ) 543,965 km 2 ( 47th ) 65,350,000 [ 2 ] ( 20th ) Metropolitan France 63,460,000 [ 1 ] ( 22nd ) $2.257 trillion [ 3 ] ( 9th ) $35,613 [ 3 ] ( 24th ) $2.712 trillion [ 3 ] ( 5th ) $42,793 [ 3 ] ( 20th ) Euro, [ f ] CFP franc [ g ] CET [ h ] ( UTC +1) CEST [ i ] ( UTC +2) Excluding Adélie Land in Antarctica, where sovereignty is suspended. France ( English i / ˈ f r æ n s / FRANSS or / ˈ f r ɑː n s / FRAHNSS ; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen ) ), officially the French Republic ( French : République française French pronunciation: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz] ), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands . Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon ") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest country in Western Europe and the third-largest in Europe as a whole, and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km 2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km 2 / 4,383,000 sq mi). Over the past 500 years, [ 6 ] France has been a major power with strong cultural , economic , military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia ; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North , West and Central Africa , Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands . France has its main ideals expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . The French Republic is defined as indivisible, secular, democratic and social by its constitution. [ 7 ] France is one of the world's most developed countries , [ 8 ] it possesses the world's fifth largest economy measured by GDP, the ninth-largest economy measured by purchasing power parity and is Europe's second largest economy by nominal GDP . [ 9 ] France is the wealthiest nation in Europe – and the fourth wealthiest in the world – in aggregate household wealth. [ 10 ] France enjoys a high standard of living as well as a high public education level , and has also one of the world's longest life expectancies . [ 11 ] France has been listed as the world's "best overall health care" provider by the World Health Organization . [ 12 ] It is the most visited country in the world, receiving 82 million foreign tourists annually. [ 13 ] France has the world's fourth largest nominal military budget , [ 14 ] the third largest military in NATO and EU's largest army. France also possesses the third largest nuclear weapons stockpile in the world [ 15 ] – with around 300 active warheads as of 25 May 2010 ( 2010 -05-25 ) [update] – and the world's second largest diplomatic corps (second only to that of the United States). [ 16 ] France is a founding member of the United Nations , one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council , and a member of the Francophonie , the G8 , G20 , NATO, OECD , WTO , and the Latin Union . It is also a founding and leading member state of the European Union and the largest EU state by area. [ 17 ] In 2011, France was listed 20th on the Human Development Index and 24th on the Corruption Perceptions Index (2010). Europe;European_Union;French_language;French_language;North_America;French_language;Brazil;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;Barack_Obama;Chad;Eurozone;Air_France;French_language;Renault;Air_France;French_language;Portugal;Italy;French_language;French_language;French_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Commission;Microsoft_Excel;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Daily_Telegraph;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;European_Union;French_language;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Belgium;Luxembourg;Germany;Switzerland;Italy;Spain;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;North_America;Canada;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Netherlands;Panama;United_States;Puerto_Rico;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;United_Kingdom;Australia;Chile;Fiji;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Japan;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;United_States;Australia;New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;United_States;Guam;Albania;Cyprus;Gibraltar;Greece;Italy;Malta;Slovenia;Spain;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Canada;Germany;Italy;Japan;United_Kingdom;United_States;European_Union;Argentina;Argentina;Australia;Australia;Brazil;Brazil;Canada;Canada;European_Union;European_Union;France;Germany;Germany;Italy;Italy;Japan;Japan;Mexico;Mexico;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_States;Colombia;Germany;Portugal;Guatemala;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;France;France; FreeArc FreeArc is a free and open source file archiver developed by Bulat Ziganshin. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;WinZip;WinRAR;Compress;Gzip;WinRAR;Filename_extension;Data_compression;Gzip;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Rzip;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Xz;Compress;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;Rzip;StuffIt;PAQ;EPUB;PAQ;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;FreeArc;FreeArc; FreeMat FreeMat is a free open source numerical computing environment and programming language , [ 1 ] similar to MATLAB and GNU Octave . [ 2 ] In addition to supporting many MATLAB functions and some IDL functionality, it features a codeless interface to external C , C++ , and Fortran code, further parallel distributed algorithm development (via MPI ), and it has plotting and 3D visualization capabilities. [ 3 ] . Community support takes place in Google Groups, but the forum is moderated and support questions are sometimes blocked from entering the forum so they cannot be answered. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Fortran;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Software_license;Free_software;Open_source;Numerical_analysis;Programming_language;MATLAB;GNU_Octave;MATLAB;Fortran;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;FreeMat;FreeMat; FreeRange_WebReader Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;BlackBerry;Palm_OS;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;FreeRange_WebReader;FreeRange_WebReader; FreeSurfer Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;FMRIB_Software_Library;VXL;AFNI;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;FreeSurfer;FreeSurfer; Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec FLAC ( / ˈ f l æ k / ; Free Lossless Audio Codec ) is a codec ( compressor-decompressor or coder-decoder ) which allows digital audio to be losslessly compressed such that file size is reduced without any information being lost. Digital audio compressed by FLAC's algorithm can typically be reduced to 50–60% of its original size, and decompressed into an identical copy of the original audio data. FLAC is an open format with royalty-free licensing and a reference implementation which is free software . FLAC has support for metadata tagging, album cover art, and fast seeking. Though FLAC cannot store floating-point data, and playback support in portable audio devices and dedicated audio systems is limited compared to lossy formats like MP3 or uncompressed PCM , FLAC is supported by more hardware devices than competing lossless compressed formats like WavPack . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Audio_file_format;Software_license;Filename_extension;Codec;Algorithm;Free_software;Metadata;Album_cover;WavPack;Vorbis;Theora;Speex;Winamp;XMMS;MusikCube;Ogg;Encoder;Free_software;Source_code;Digital_rights_management;Hertz;Surround_sound;Gzip;FFmpeg;Transcode;Ripping;Codec;Unix;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Xcode;WavPack;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Apple_Lossless;SourceForge;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Ogg;Vorbis;Theora;CELT;Speex;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;FLAC;FLAC; Free_Software_Foundation The Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) is a non-profit organization founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the free software movement , a movement which aims to promote the universal freedom to create, distribute and modify computer software , [ 2 ] with the organization's preference for copyleft (except in certain cases) [ 3 ] , such as with its own GNU General Public License , being used to license software whose modifications retain these permissions. [ 4 ] The FSF is incorporated in Massachusetts , USA . [ 5 ] For software for which the copyright holder insists on using a permissive free software license , the FSF recommends version 2.0 of the Apache License over other permissive licenses due to its patent protection. [ 6 ] From its founding until the mid-1990s, FSF's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project . Since the mid-1990s, the FSF's employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement and the free software community . Consistent with its goals, only free software is used on FSF's computers. [ 7 ] Massachusetts;Massachusetts;United_States;Free_software;Free_software;Free_software;Free_software;Copyright_infringement;Digital_rights_management;Ogg;Vorbis;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Stanford_University;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Slashdot;Free_software;Linux;Perl;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Intellectual_property;Copyright_infringement;Digital_rights_management;Open_Music_Model;Open_source_software;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation; Free_and_open_source Free and open-source software ( F/OSS , FOSS ) or free/libre/open-source software ( FLOSS ) is software that is both free software and open source . It is liberally licensed to grant users the right to use, copy, study, change, and improve its design through the availability of its source code . [ 1 ] This approach has gained both momentum and acceptance as the potential benefits [ clarification needed ] have been increasingly recognized by both individuals and corporations. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In the context of free and open-source software , free refers to the freedom to copy and re-use the software, rather than to the price of the software. The Free Software Foundation , an organization that advocates the free software model, suggests that, to understand the concept, one should "think of free as in free speech, not as in free beer". [ 4 ] FOSS is an inclusive term that covers both free software and open source software , which despite describing similar development models, have differing cultures and philosophies. [ 5 ] Free software focuses on the fundamental freedoms it gives to users, whereas open source software focuses on the perceived strengths of its peer-to-peer development model. [ 6 ] FOSS is a term that can be used without particular bias towards either political approach. Free software licences and open source licenses are used by many software packages . While the licenses themselves are in most cases the same, the two terms grew out of different philosophies and are often used to signify different distribution methodologies. [ 7 ] Free_software;Open_source;Source_code;Free_software;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_software;Open_source_software;Software;IBM;Executable;Reverse_engineering;United_States;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_software;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Source_code;Microsoft;Microsoft;Open_source;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_software;Open_source_software;Free_Software_Foundation;European_Commission;DMCA;Xcode;Google;Sun_Microsystems;Facebook;ITunes;VLC_media_player;Venezuela;Malaysia;United_States;Drupal;Leo_Laporte;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution; Free_software Free software , software libre or libre software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions that only ensure that further recipients have the same rights under which it was obtained and that manufacturers of consumer products incorporating free software provide the software as source code. The word free in the term free software refers to freedom (liberty) and is not at all related to monetary cost. The Free Software Foundation advises people to "avoid using terms like 'give away' or 'for free,' because those terms imply that the issue is about price, not freedom." [ 3 ] Free software is generally available without charge but is not bound to such a restriction. Fees are usually charged for distribution on compact discs and bootable USB drives, or for services of installing or maintaining the operation of free software. Development of large, commercially-used free software is often funded by a combination of user donations, corporate contributions, and tax money. The SELinux project at the United States National Security Agency is an example of a federally-funded free software project. In practice, for software to be distributed as free software, the source code , a human-readable form of the program from which an executable form is produced, must be accessible to the recipient along with a document granting the same rights to free software under which it was published. Such a document is either a free software license or the release of the source code into the public domain . The free software movement was conceived in 1983 by Richard Stallman to satisfy the need for and to give the benefit of software freedom to computer users. [ 4 ] Stallman founded the Free Software Foundation in 1985 to provide the organizational structure to advance his free software ideas. From 1998 onward, alternative terms for free software came into use. The most common are software libre , free and open source software (FOSS) and free, libre and open source software (FLOSS). The Software Freedom Law Center was founded in 2005 to protect and advance FLOSS. [ 5 ] Commercial software may sometimes offer freedoms which are typical of free and open source software. Contrary to a popular misconception that software is either free or commercial, they are unrelated traits, since free software can be commercial and proprietary software can be non-commercial. One example of free commercial software is GNAT , an Ada compiler from the company AdaCore . [ 6 ] It has been developed and is available commercially (i.e., against payment), but is free software because of its non-proprietary nature, with the source code publicly available. On the other hand, free software and proprietary software are opposite traits, and an application can be one or the other but never both, contingent upon the availability of the source code under certain minimum freedoms. Free software, which may or may not be distributed free of charge, is distinct from freeware , which by definition does not require payment for use. The authors or copyright holders of freeware may retain all rights to the software; it is not necessarily permissible to reverse engineer , modify, or redistribute freeware. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Since free software may be freely redistributed, it is generally available at little or no cost. Free software business models are usually based on adding value such as applications, support, training, customization, integration, or certification. At the same time, some business models which work with proprietary software are not compatible with free software, such as those that depend on the user to pay for a license in order to lawfully use the software product. Software;Source_code;Free_Software_Foundation;Freeware;Reverse_engineering;Proprietary_software;Software;IBM;Executable;Free_Software_Foundation;Open_source_software;English_language;Source_code;GIMP;BSD_License;Windows_XP;Microsoft;IBM;IBM;Sun_Microsystems;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Operating_system;Free_Software_Foundation;Reverse_engineering;Microsoft;Open_source_software;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Free_Software_Foundation;European_Union;International_Standard_Book_Number;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Commercial_software;Shareware;Digital_distribution;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Independent_record_label;Musical_instrument;Free_software;Free_software; Freeware Freeware ( portmanteau of "free" and "software") is software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee, [ 1 ] but usually with one or more restricted usage rights. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Freeware is in contrast to commercial software , which is typically sold for profit, but might be distributed for a business or commercial purpose in the aim to expand the marketshare of a "premium" product. According to the Free Software Foundation , "freeware" is a loosely defined category and it has no clear accepted definition, although FSF says it must be distinguished from free software (libre). [ 4 ] Popular examples of closed-source freeware include Adobe reader and Skype . Software;Commercial_software;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_software;Skype;Shareware;Free_software;Software_license;Free_Software_Foundation;Shareware;Macintosh;Source_code;Open_source_software;Shareware;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Software_license;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Shareware;Digital_distribution;Freeware;Freeware; French_language This article is part of the series on: Oaths of Strasbourg Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts Articles and determiners Use of the circumflex Wikipedia IPA for French Belgium;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Canada;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Luxembourg;Seychelles;Switzerland;Cambodia;Laos;Mauritania;Vietnam;France;United_States;France;Switzerland;Belgium;Canada;United_States;Italian_language;Spanish_language;European_Union;English_language;German_language;European_Union;European_Commission;France;Swiss_French;Switzerland;German_language;Italian_language;Belgium;German_language;European_Union;Luxembourg;German_language;Italy;Canadian_French;Canada;English_language;English_language;Spanish_language;Canadian_French;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Spain;Seychelles;Mauritania;Laos;Cambodia;Vietnam;English_language;Canadian_French;Swiss_French;European_Commission;N;English_language;Italian_language;German_language;Spanish_language;Swiss_French;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Switzerland;English_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Herald_Tribune;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;France;Chinese_language;English_language;Spanish_language;European_Union;English_language;German_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Canada;Canada;English_language;English_language;Spanish_language;English_language;Bolivia;Peru;Colombia;Bolivia;Paraguay;Argentina;Spanish_language;Brazil;Bolivia;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;Argentina;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Peru;Bolivia;Canadian_French;Spanish_language;Italian_language;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;Italian_language;Spanish_language;French_language;French_language; Frequency_response Frequency response is the quantitative measure of the output spectrum of a system or device in response to a stimulus, and is used to characterize the dynamics of the system. It is a measure of magnitude and phase of the output as a function of frequency, in comparison to the input. In simplest terms, if a sine wave is injected into a system at a given frequency, a linear system will respond at that same frequency with a certain magnitude and a certain phase angle relative to the input. Also for a linear system, doubling the amplitude of the input will double the amplitude of the output. In addition, if the system is time-invariant, then the frequency response also will not vary with time. Two applications of frequency response analysis are related but have different objectives. For an audio system, the objective may be to reproduce the input signal with no distortion. That would require a uniform (flat) magnitude of response up to the bandwidth limitation of the system, with the signal delayed by precisely the same amount of time at all frequencies. That amount of time could be seconds, or weeks or months in the case of recorded media. In contrast, for a feedback apparatus used to control a dynamical system, the objective is to give the closed-loop system improved response as compared to the uncompensated system. The feedback generally needs to respond to system dynamics within a very small number of cycles of oscillation (usually less than one full cycle), and with a definite phase angle relative to the commanded control input. For feedback of sufficient amplification, getting the phase angle wrong can lead to instability for an open-loop stable system, or failure to stabilize a system that is open-loop unstable. Digital filters may be used for both audio systems and feedback control systems, but since the objectives are different, generally the phase characteristics of the filters will be significantly different for the two applications. Hertz;Microphone;Wireless;Frequency_response;Frequency_response; FriCAS Axiom is a free , general-purpose computer algebra system . It consists of an interpreter environment, a compiler and a library, which defines a strongly typed, mathematically (mostly) correct type hierarchy. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Free_software;Computer_algebra_system;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;YouTube;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems; FriendFeed FriendFeed is a real-time feed aggregator that consolidates the updates from social media and social networking websites, social bookmarking websites, blogs and micro-blogging updates, as well as any other type of RSS/ Atom feed. [ 2 ] It is possible to use this stream of information to create customized feeds to share, as well as originate new posts-discussions, (and comment) with friends. [ 3 ] The goal of FriendFeed according to their website is to make content on the Web more relevant and useful by using existing social networks as a tool for discovering interesting information. Users can be an individual, business or organization. Bloggers writing about FriendFeed have said that this service addresses the shortcomings of social media services which exclusively facilitate tracking of their own members' social media activities on that particular social media service, whereas FriendFeed provides the facility to track these activities (such as posting on blogs , Twitter and Flickr ) across a broad range of different social networks. [ 4 ] Some bloggers are concerned about readers commenting on their posts inside FriendFeed instead of on their blogs, resulting in fewer page views for the blogger. [ 5 ] The founders are all former Google Inc. employees who were involved in the launch of services such as Gmail and Google Maps . They include Paul Buchheit , Jim Norris, Sanjeev Singh and Bret Taylor . Venture capital agency Benchmark Capital is involved with the investment funding. FriendFeed is based in Mountain View , California and had on average one million monthly visitors. Employees of FriendFeed created the Simple Update Protocol to reduce the load put on sites by aggregators such as theirs. On August 10, 2009, Facebook Inc. agreed to acquire FriendFeed. [ 6 ] FriendFeed was bought for $15 million in cash, and $32.5 million in Facebook stock. [ 7 ] Chinese_language;English_language;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Spanish_language;Facebook;Feed_aggregator;Social_media;Social_networking;Flickr;Google;Google_Maps;California;Google_Reader;Flickr;Picasa;SmugMug;Facebook;Google_Talk;Last.fm;Dailymotion;Joost;Seesmic;Vimeo;YouTube;Picasa;RSS;Amazon.com;Netflix;Netvibes;Facebook;Facebook_features;Facebook_Messenger;NASDAQ;Facebook;Last.fm;YouTube;FriendFeed;FriendFeed; Fujitsu_FLEPia The Fujitsu FLEPia is the first color e-reader and is capable of displaying up to 260,000 colors. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Released in Japan in 2009, Fujitsu plans on releasing the device in the United States . [ 3 ] Japan;United_States;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library; Full_Rate GSM;Winamp;VoIP;Half_Rate;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Full_Rate;Full_Rate; Functional_programming In computer science , functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. It emphasizes the application of functions, in contrast to the imperative programming style, which emphasizes changes in state. [ 1 ] Functional programming has its roots in lambda calculus , a formal system developed in the 1930s to investigate function definition, function application, and recursion . Many functional programming languages can be viewed as elaborations on the lambda calculus. [ 1 ] In practice, the difference between a mathematical function and the notion of a function used in imperative programming is that imperative functions can have side effects that may change the value of program state. Because of this, they lack referential transparency , i.e. the same language expression can result in different values at different times depending on the state of the executing program. Conversely, in functional code, the output value of a function depends only on the arguments that are input to the function, so calling a function f twice with the same value for an argument x will produce the same result f(x) both times. Eliminating side effects can make it much easier to understand and predict the behavior of a program, which is one of the key motivations for the development of functional programming. [ 1 ] Functional programming languages, especially purely functional ones such as the pioneering Hope , have largely been emphasized in academia rather than in commercial software development. However, prominent functional programming languages such as Common Lisp , Scheme , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] ISLISP , Clojure , Racket , [ 6 ] Erlang , [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] OCaml , [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Haskell , [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Scala [ 14 ] and F# [ 15 ] [ 16 ] have been used in industrial and commercial applications by a wide variety of organizations. Functional programming is also supported in some domain-specific programming languages like R (statistics), [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Mathematica (symbolic math), [ 19 ] J and K (financial analysis) [ citation needed ] , XQuery / XSLT ( XML ) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] and Opal. [ 22 ] Widespread domain-specific declarative languages like SQL and Lex / Yacc use some elements of functional programming, especially in eschewing mutable values. [ 23 ] Programming in a functional style can also be accomplished in languages that aren't specifically designed for functional programming. For example, the imperative Perl programming language has been the subject of a book describing how to apply functional programming concepts. [ 24 ] C# 3.0 added constructs to facilitate the functional style also. Procedural_programming;Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Logic_programming;Computer_science;Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Formal_system;Recursion;Programming_language;Mathematica;XQuery;XML;SQL;Perl;Imperative_programming;Recursion;Type_system;Compiler;.NET_Framework;Imperative_programming;Central_processing_unit;Database;Array_programming;Sweden;Facebook;Apple_Macintosh;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Programming_paradigm;Array_programming;Assembly_language;Dataflow_programming;Imperative_programming;Logic_programming;Procedural_programming;Visual_programming_language;Functional_programming;Functional_programming; Funk Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid-late 1960s when African American musicians blended soul music , jazz and R B into a rhythmic , danceable new form of music. Funk de-emphasizes melody and harmony and brings a strong rhythmic groove of electric bass and drums to the foreground. Funk songs are often based on an extended vamp on a single chord , distinguishing it from R B and soul songs, which are centered on chord progressions. Like much African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a complex groove with rhythm instruments such as electric guitar , electric bass , Hammond organ , and drums playing interlocking rhythms. Funk bands sometimes have a horn section of several saxophones , trumpets , and in some cases, a trombone , which plays rhythmic "hits". Many of the most famous bands in the genre also played disco and soul extensively. Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop , house music and drum and bass . It is also the main influence of go-go , a subgenre associated with funk. [ 2 ] Soul_music;Jazz;Electric_guitar;Clavinet;Synthesizer;Hip_hop_music;House_music;Soul_music;Jazz;Electric_guitar;Hip_hop_music;House_music;Drum_and_bass;Jazz;Soul_music;Jazz;Soul_music;Jazz;Record_producer;Synthesizer;Synthesizer;Clavinet;Electronic_music;Rock_music;Pop_music;Synthesizer;Canada;United_Kingdom;France;Italy;Spain;Japan;Brazil;Hip_hop_music;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Hip_hop_music;Rock_music;Electric_guitar;Hip_hop_music;Heavy_metal_music;Guitar;Hip_hop_music;Rolling_Stone;Jazz;Electronic_music;Hip_hop_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Rolling_Stone;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Drum_and_bass;Hip_hop_music;Soul_music;Motown;Funk;Funk; Furanocoumarin Furanocoumarins , or furocoumarins , are a class of organic chemical compounds produced by a variety of plants. They are biosynthesized partly through the phenylpropanoid pathway and the mevalonate pathway , which is biosynthesized by a coupling of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and 7-hydroxycoumarin (umbelliferone). The chemical structure of furanocoumarins consists of a furan ring fused with coumarin . The furan may be fused in different ways producing several isomers . The compounds that form the core structure of the two most common isomers are psoralen and angelicin . Derivatives of these two core structures are referred to respectively as linear and angular furanocoumarins. [ 1 ] Many furanocoumarins are toxic and are produced by plants as a defense mechanism against various types of predators ranging from insects to mammals . [ 2 ] This class of phytochemical is responsible for the phytophotodermatitis seen in exposure to the juices of the wild parsnip and the Giant Hogweed . There are also reports of these chemicals in gas plants (dictamnus albus) which are commonly found in perennial gardens. Furanocoumarins have other biological effects as well. For example, in humans, bergamottin and dihydroxybergamottin are responsible for the " grapefruit juice effect ", in which these furanocoumarins affect the metabolism of certain drugs. [ 3 ] Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Furanocoumarin;Furanocoumarin; Fuse_TV HDTV;United_States;MuchMusic;French_language;MTV;Pop_music;Heavy_metal_music;MTV;IPod_advertising;Kid_Rock;Ben_Folds;Fall_Out_Boy;MuchMusic;Canada;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Fuse_TV;United_States;CBS;NBC;Spanish_language;Digital_video_recorder;IPTV;MSN_TV;Video_on_demand; Future_US Future US (formerly Imagine Media and The Future Network USA) is a United States media corporation specializing in targeted magazines and websites in the video games , music , and technology markets . Future US is headquartered in the South San Francisco with offices in New York City and Los Angeles. Future US is owned by parent company, Future plc , an international publishing company based in the United Kingdom. Its magazines and websites include: Official Xbox Magazine PlayStation: The Official Magazine Windows: The Official Magazine Future also publishes Cheat Planet , the largest cheat code database on the World Wide Web , as well as Next Generation , a US video game industry news website. Future_plc;Website;Video_game;Future_plc;TechRadar;Maximum_PC;MacLife;Database;Microsoft;Xbox;Video_game_console;Time_Warner;Maximum_PC;MacLife;Future_US;Future_US; Future_plc Future plc ( LSE : FUTR ) is a media company; in 2006, it was the sixth-largest in the United Kingdom. It publishes more than 150 magazines in fields such as video games, technology, automotive, cycling, films and photography. [ 1 ] Future is the official magazine company of all three major games console manufacturers . [ 2 ] It is a constituent of the FTSE Fledgling Index . The company also owns the US company, Future US . Future_US;The_Guardian;Future_US;Maximum_PC;MacLife;Future_plc;Future_plc; GAP_computer_algebra_system GAP ( Groups , Algorithms and Programming ) is a computer algebra system for computational discrete algebra with particular emphasis on computational group theory . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Algorithm;Computer_algebra_system;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Macintosh;SINGULAR;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems; GBP Peuns sterling (Cornish) Punt steirling (Irish) Punt Sostynagh (Manx) Poond sterling (Scots) Punnd Sasannach (Scottish Gaelic) Punt sterling (Welsh) Livre sterling (French) All frequently used coins except the £2 coin (coins shown are those after the extensive 2008 redesign ) www.bankofengland.co.uk 9 British territories British Antarctic Territory Falkland Islands (alongside Falkland Islands pound ) Gibraltar (alongside Gibraltar pound ) Guernsey (local issue: Guernsey pound ) Isle of Man (local issue: Manx pound ) Jersey (local issue: Jersey pound ) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (alongside Falkland Islands pound ) British Indian Ocean Territory ( de jure , US Dollar used de facto ) [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Mirpur, Azad Kashmir [ 2 ] 3.4% ( UK CPI February 2012) BBC News , States of Guernsey [ dead link ] , States of Jersey [ dead link ] and Isle of Man Government ' 16 September 1992 ( Black Wednesday ) Falkland Islands pound (at par) Gibraltar pound (at par) Saint Helena pound (at par) Jersey pound (local issue) Guernsey pound (local issue) Manx pound (local issue) Scotland notes (local issue) Northern Ireland notes (local issue) 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p , 50p , £1 , £2 £5 25p £1,000 [ 5 ] £5 , £10 , £20 , £50 English ( inc. Wales) notes: Royal Bank of Scotland Northern Irish notes: Crown dependencies : Isle of Man Government Royal Bank of Scotland Isle of Man Government States of Jersey [ dead link ] The pound sterling (symbol: £ ; ISO code : GBP), commonly called the pound , is the official currency of the United Kingdom , its Crown Dependencies (the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands ) and the British Overseas Territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , [ 6 ] British Antarctic Territory [ 7 ] and Tristan da Cunha . [ 8 ] It is subdivided into 100 pence (singular: penny ). A number of nations that do not use sterling also have currencies called the " pound ". The Channel Islands (the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey ) and the Isle of Man produce their own local issues of sterling; see Guernsey pound , Jersey pound and Manx pound . The pound sterling is also used in Gibraltar (alongside the Gibraltar pound ), the Falkland Islands (alongside the Falkland Islands pound ) and Saint Helena [ 9 ] and Ascension Island [ 10 ] (alongside the Saint Helena pound ). Gibraltar, Falkland Islands and Saint Helena pounds are separate currencies, pegged at parity to the pound sterling. Within the UK, some banks operating in Scotland and Northern Ireland produce private sterling denominated banknotes. Sterling is the fourth most traded currency in the foreign exchange market , after the American dollar , the euro , and the Japanese yen . Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights , with an 11.3% weighting as of 2011 [update] (USD 41.9 %, Euro 37.4 %, Yen 9.4 %). Sterling is also the third most held reserve currency in global reserves (about 4 %). [ 11 ] United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Zimbabwe;Sierra_Leone;Malawi;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Europe;Canadian_dollar;Canadian_dollar;Australia;Cyprus;Fiji;New_Zealand;United_States_dollar;The_Wall_Street_Journal;European_Union;European_Union;Denmark;Cyprus;United_States;United_States_dollar;European_Union;Japan;United_Kingdom;Australia;Switzerland;Swiss_franc;Canada;Canadian_dollar;Hong_Kong;Sweden;Swedish_krona;New_Zealand;Singapore;Norway;Norwegian_krone;Mexico;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States_dollar;Swiss_franc;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;Swiss_franc;United_States_dollar;Switzerland;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Eurozone;Danish_krone;Swedish_krona;Chad;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;United_States_dollar;Zimbabwe;Benin;Burkina_Faso;North_America;Canadian_dollar;Danish_krone;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Puerto_Rico;United_States_dollar;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;United_States_dollar;Ecuador;Asia;Bhutan;United_States_dollar;Singapore;Brunei;United_States_dollar;Cyprus;Europe;European_Union;Danish_krone;Swedish_krona;Norwegian_krone;Swiss_franc;United_Kingdom;Office_of_Fair_Trading;United_Kingdom; GBox gBox was an online music store run by a Cupertino, California -based startup called gBox, Inc. As of 2009, it web site was no longer in service. Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Audio_file_format;United_States;Canada;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Firefox;Online_music_store;Universal_Music_Group;Digital_Rights_Management;Windows_Media_DRM;Internet_Explorer;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;GBox;GBox; GDesklets gDesklets is a GNOME program which provides the architecture for small applets ( desktop widgets ) to be placed on top of the user's desktop. It is comparable to other desktop widget programs. The applets placed on the desktop are meant to be quick ways for the user to retrieve information and not get in the way of normal activity. Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;Computing_platform;Software_license;XMMS;Screenlets;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;GDesklets;GDesklets; GIF Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Raster_graphics;Raster_graphics;Lossless_data_compression;Portable_Network_Graphics;Data_compression;PCX;MacPaint;G;Digital_photography;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Raw_image_format;JPEG;Dithering;Internet_Explorer;Google_Chrome;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;Web_browser;Internet_Explorer;SVG;JavaScript;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;International_Standard_Book_Number;Slashdot;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Graphics_Interchange_Format; GIMP GIMP ( GNU Image Manipulation Program ) is an image retouching and editing tool [ 4 ] and is released under the GPLv3 (or later) license as free and open-source software . There are versions of GIMP tailored for most operating systems including Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X and Linux . GIMP has tools used for image retouching and editing, free-form drawing, resizing, cropping, photo-montages , converting between different image formats, and more specialised tasks. Animated images such as GIF and MPEG files can be created using an animation plugin. The developers and maintainers of GIMP have a product vision for GIMP to strive to be a high end free software graphics application for the editing and creation of original images, photos, icons, graphical elements of web pages and art for user interface elements. [ 5 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;IRIX;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Adobe_Photoshop;Ars_Technica;Source_code;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Perl;File_format;BMP_file_format;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Tagged_Image_File_Format;PCX;Portable_Document_Format;Raw_image_format;Digital_camera;HTML;Mac_OS_X;Source_code;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Adobe_Photoshop;Graphics_Interchange_Format;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;International_Standard_Book_Number;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Photoshop_Elements;Freeware;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;GIMP;GIMP; GLONASS GLONASS ( Russian : ГЛОНАСС ; IPA: [ɡlɐˈnas] - Глобальная Навигационная Спутниковая Система ), acronym for Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema or Global Navigation Satellite System, is a radio-based satellite navigation system operated for the Russian government by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces . It both complements and provides an alternative to the United States ' Global Positioning System (GPS) and is currently the only alternative navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision. Development of GLONASS began in the Soviet Union in 1976. Beginning on 12 October 1982, numerous rocket launches added satellites to the system until the " constellation " was completed in 1995. In the 2000s (decade), under Vladimir Putin 's presidency, the restoration of the system was made a top government priority and funding was substantially increased. GLONASS is currently the most expensive program of the Russian Federal Space Agency , consuming a third of its budget in 2010. By 2010, GLONASS had achieved 100% coverage of Russia 's territory and in October 2011, the full orbital constellation of 24 satellites was restored, enabling full global coverage. The GLONASS satellites' designs have undergone several upgrades, with the latest version being GLONASS-K . United_States;Global_Positioning_System;GPS;Broadcom;Tablet_computer;Sony_Ericsson;Samsung;Apple_Computer;GPS;GPS;Watt;CDMA;Japan;Smartphone;Sony_Ericsson;Samsung;Apple_Inc.;IPad;Motorola;Nokia;GPS;International_Standard_Book_Number;Global_Positioning_System;Germany;Japan;United_Kingdom;France;United_States;Canada;Ecuador;United_States;Venezuela;United_States;Global_Positioning_System;European_Union;Switzerland;Czech_Republic;Czech_Republic;Australia;GLONASS;GLONASS; GNU_Octave GNU Octave is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations . It provides a convenient command-line interface (CLI) for solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically, and for performing other numerical experiments using a language that is mostly compatible with MATLAB . It may also be used as a batch-oriented language. As part of the GNU Project , it is free software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Software_license;Numerical_analysis;MATLAB;Free_software;Array_programming;Microsoft_Windows;Unix;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;MATLAB;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Array_programming;Freeware;Free_software;Commercial_software;Free_software;Free_software;Web_browser;Free_Software_Foundation;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;GNU_Octave;GNU_Octave; GOG.com GOG.com (formerly Good Old Games ) is a computer game sale and distribution service operated by GOG Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of CD Projekt RED . Digital_distribution;Internationalization_and_localization;Digital_rights_management;Microsoft_Windows;Digital_rights_management;Soundtrack;Digital_rights_management;DotEmu;Electronic_Arts;Square_Enix;Eurogamer;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;GOG.com;GOG.com; GOM_Player GOM Player ( G retech O nline M ovie Player ) is a 32/64-bit media player for Microsoft Windows , distributed by the Gretech Corporation of South Korea . It is the primary client player for South Korean GOM-TV, and is more popular in South Korea than any other media player. Key strengths inherited from libavcodec include wide ranging ability to play media files, including .flv - without needing to obtain an external codec , and the ability to play some broken media files. Both of those features are present in other projects using libavcodec like VLC and MPlayer , but are absent from some other media software, including Windows Media Player . The word gom (곰) means "bear" in Korean, and as such GOM Player uses a bear's paw as its symbol. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Microsoft_Windows;Libavcodec;Flash_Video;Codec;Libavcodec;VLC_media_player;MPlayer;Windows_Media_Player;DirectShow;Audio_Video_Interleave;Matroska;QuickTime;Flash_Video;VOB;Ogg;RMVB;QuickTime_Alternative;DVD;Video_CD;WAV;Vorbis;QCELP;SubRip;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;SubStation_Alpha;Advanced_Systems_Format;Matroska;Codec;National_Geographic_Society;Music_video;List_of_media_players;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;GOM_Player;GOM_Player; GPRS General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications (GSM). GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data. This contrasts with circuit switching data, which is typically billed per minute of connection time, regardless of whether or not the user transfers data during that period. GPRS data is typically supplied either as part of a bundle (e.g., 5 GB per month for a fixed fee) or on a pay-as-you-use basis. Usage above the bundle cap is either charged per megabyte or disallowed. The pay-as-you-use charging is typically per megabyte of traffic. GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching , where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 kbit/second. [ 3 ] 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as 2.5G , that is, a technology between the second ( 2G ) and third ( 3G ) generations of mobile telephony. [ 4 ] It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Internet;GSM;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_to_talk;Instant_messaging;Wireless_Application_Protocol;IP_address;USB;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Internet;Email;IP_address;EDGE;Code_division_multiple_access;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Ethernet;Bluetooth;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;General_Packet_Radio_Service;General_Packet_Radio_Service; GPS The Global Positioning System ( GPS ) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver . The GPS program provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. In addition, GPS is the backbone for modernizing the global air traffic system. The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems, [ 1 ] integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994. Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS system and implement the next generation of GPS III satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX). [ 2 ] Announcements from the Vice President and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, U.S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, referred to as GPS III. In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System ( GLONASS ) was in use by only the Russian military, until it was made fully available to civilians in 2007. There are also the planned European Union Galileo positioning system , Chinese Compass navigation system , and Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System . GLONASS;Mobile_phone;United_States;GLONASS;Al_Gore;Assisted_GPS;Mobile_phones;IBM;Stanford_University;Trilateration;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Intellectual_property;Universal_Serial_Bus;Bluetooth;Nextel;Sprint_Nextel;Geotagging;Code_division_multiple_access;Sequence;Trilateration;Assisted_GPS;Federal_Aviation_Administration;Best_Buy;Federal_Aviation_Administration;GPS;GLONASS;GLONASS;European_Union;GPS_navigation_software;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;GLONASS;Germany;Japan;United_Kingdom;France;United_States;Canada;Ecuador;United_States;Venezuela;United_States;European_Union;GLONASS;Switzerland;Czech_Republic;Czech_Republic;Australia;Dynamical_system;Formal_system;Operating_system;Control_theory;Gyroscope;Compass;Global_Positioning_System;Global_Positioning_System; GPS_navigation_software GPS navigation software usually falls into one of the following two categories: Navigation with route calculation and directions from the software to the user of the route to take, based on a vector -based map , normally for motorised vehicles with some motorised forms added on as an afterthought. Navigation tracking, often with a map "picture" in the background, but showing where you have been, and allowing "routes" to be preprogrammed, giving a line you can follow on the screen. This type can also be used for geocaching . GPS;Software;GPS;GPS;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Smartphone;Open_source;Free_software;Open_source;Free_software;GPS_navigation_software;GPS_navigation_software; GPU A graphics processing unit ( GPU ), also occasionally called visual processing unit ( VPU ), is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the building of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. GPUs are used in embedded systems , mobile phones , personal computers , workstations , and game consoles . Modern GPUs are very efficient at manipulating computer graphics , and their highly parallel structure makes them more effective than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel. In a personal computer, a GPU can be present on a video card , or it can be on the motherboard or—in certain CPUs—on the CPU die. More than 90% of new desktop and notebook computers [ when? ] have integrated GPUs, which are usually far less powerful than those on a dedicated video card. [ 1 ] The term was popularized by Nvidia in 1999, who marketed the GeForce 256 as "the world's first 'GPU', or Graphics Processing Unit, a single-chip processor with integrated transform, lighting, triangle setup/clipping, and rendering engines that are capable of processing a minimum of 10 million polygons per second". Rival ATI Technologies coined the term visual processing unit or VPU with the release of the Radeon 9700 in 2002. Embedded_system;Mobile_phone;Personal_computer;Computer_graphics;Central_processing_unit;Algorithm;Nvidia;ATI_Technologies;Intel;Multibus;Direct_memory_access;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;CPU;ATI_Technologies;DirectX;Microsoft_Windows;DirectX;Nvidia;DirectX;ATI_Technologies;Quiet_PC;Image_processing;Linear_algebra;OpenCL;Nvidia;ATI_Technologies;Nvidia;ATI_Technologies;Central_processing_unit;Digital_video;MPEG;API;Microsoft_Windows;Xvid;DivX;Codec;Progressive_scan;PCI_Express;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;ATI_Technologies;Nvidia;Stanford_University;OpenCL;SDK;Computer_graphics;Central_processing_unit;Video_game_console;Nvidia;GPU;ATI_Technologies;GPU;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Apple_TV;Mac_OS_X;Mathematica;MATLAB;Graphics_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit; GSC_bus GSC is a bus used in many of the HP 9000 workstations and servers. The acronym has various explanations, including Gecko System Connect (Gecko being the codename of the 712 workstation), Gonzo System Connect and General System Connect . GSC was a general 32-bit I/O bus , similar to NuBus or Sun's SBus , although it was also used as a processor bus with the PA-7100LC and PA-7300LC processors. Several variations were produced over time, the later ones running at 40 MHz: The original GSC bus implemented on PCX-L and used in the Gecko (712), Mirage (715) and Electra computers. Peak Bandwidth 142MB/s w/DMA, 106 MB/s with PIO writes. GSC+ , aka "Extended GSC" or "EGSC" Enhancements added for KittyHawk/SkyHawk (U2 chip) that allow for pending transactions. GSC+ enhancements are orthogonal to the GSC-1.5X and GSC-2X enhancements. GSC-1X with an additional variable length write transaction. GSC-1.5X with a protocol enhancement to allow data to be sent at double the GCLK rate, with a peak bandwidth of 256 MB/s. HSC ( High Speed Connect ). Four types of GSC cards were produced. The GIO cards fit into the larger of the two IO card sockets in the 712 workstation. Several were produced, including a second RS-232 serial port, a serial/ 10BaseT combo, a second graphics card and a Token Ring card. The 715/Mirage, 725, 735, 755, B, C and J class workstations and the D and R class servers used the so-called "EISA form factor". Many different types of card were produced, including Gigabit Ethernet , single and dual 100Mbit Ethernet, Ultra-2 SCSI , ATM and graphics. The K-class and T-class servers both used the "3x5" form factor, although the different brackets prevent the cards being interchangeable. Fibre channel and Gigabit Ethernet cards both exist. NuBus;Sun_Microsystems;SBus;SCSI;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;GSC_bus;GSC_bus; GSM Cellular_network;Mobile_phone;GPRS;EDGE;Trademark;Mobile_phone;France;Germany;Italy;United_Kingdom;Mobile_phone;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Macau;Cellular_network;GSM_frequency_bands;GSM_frequency_ranges;UMTS_frequency_bands;Codec;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Subscriber_Identity_Module;SIM_lock;SIM_lock;Brazil;Chile;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Singapore;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;FPGA;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Skype;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Open_source;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Wireless_Application_Protocol;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Cellular_network;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Code_division_multiple_access;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;GSM;GSM; GSM_frequency_bands GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the cellular frequencies designated by the ITU for the operation of GSM mobile phones . GSM;Mobile_phone;Europe;Australia;Asia;Peru;Costa_Rica;Brazil;Guatemala;El_Salvador;Venezuela;United_Kingdom;Hong_Kong;Argentina;Brazil;Canada;United_States;North_America;Canada;United_States;Verizon_Wireless;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;UMTS_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Engadget;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;GSM_frequency_bands;GSM_frequency_bands; GSM_frequency_ranges GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the cellular frequencies designated by the ITU for the operation of GSM mobile phones . GSM;Mobile_phone;Europe;Australia;Asia;Peru;Costa_Rica;Brazil;Guatemala;El_Salvador;Venezuela;United_Kingdom;Hong_Kong;Argentina;Brazil;Canada;United_States;North_America;Canada;United_States;Verizon_Wireless;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;UMTS_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Engadget;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;GSM_frequency_bands;GSM_frequency_bands; GUI_widget In computer programming, a widget (or control ) is an element of a graphical user interface (GUI) that displays an information arrangement changeable by the user, such as a window or a text box . The defining characteristic of a widget is to provide a single interaction point for the direct manipulation of a given kind of data. In other words, widgets are basic visual building blocks which, combined in an application, hold all the data processed by the application and the available interactions on this data. Widget_engine;Graphical_user_interface;Direct_manipulation;Virtuality;Widget_engine;Context_menu;Balloon_help;Widget_engine;Context_menu;Balloon_help;GUI_widget;GUI_widget; Gaikai Gaikai ( Japanese for "open ocean") is a cloud-based gaming service that allows users to play high-end PC and console games via the cloud and instantly demo games and applications from a webpage or internet-connected device. [ 1 ] On July 2, 2012, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that a formal agreement had been reached to acquire the company for $380 million USD with plans of establishing their own new cloud-based gaming service. [ 2 ] Japanese_language;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Photoshop;YouTube;Facebook;Samsung;Electronic_Arts;Intel;Eurogamer;Walmart;YouTube;LG;Green_Man_Gaming;Warner_Bros.;Nvidia;Samsung;OnLive;Big_Fish_Games;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Gaikai;Gaikai; Gajim Gajim ( / ɡ ɛ ˈ ʒ iː m / ) [ 3 ] is an instant messaging client for the XMPP protocol which uses the GTK+ toolkit. The name Gajim is a recursive acronym for Gajim's a jabber instant messenger . Gajim runs on GNU / Linux , BSD and Microsoft Windows . Released under the GNU General Public License , Gajim is free software . A 2009 round-up of similar software on Tom's Hardware found version 0.12.1 "the lightest and fastest jabber IM client". [ 4 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Instant_messaging;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;XML;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Gajim;Gajim; GameAgent Aspyr 's GameAgent is a digital distribution platform which is primarily aimed at delivering video game content to Macintosh computers. Digital River hosts the e-commerce aspect of the application. [ 1 ] The service also offers a "re-download" service for $4.99 USD that allows users to download previously purchased items again. [ 2 ] The serial number for any given title on the re-download service is locked to the computer it was originally used on and can only be used 3 times. [ 3 ] Software_developer;Aspyr;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Aspyr;Digital_distribution;Macintosh;MacWorld;MacLife;Future_US;AOL;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;GameAgent;GameAgent; GameHouse RealNetworks;United_States;Digital_distribution;United_States;RealNetworks;RealNetworks;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;GameHouse;GameHouse; GamePro IDG;United_States;California;English_language;United_States;San_Francisco;California;San_Francisco;Television_program;IDG;Macworld;GamePro;GamePro; GameShadow GameShadow is a gaming community website and an advertising-supported software utility that keeps PC gamers up-to-date with patches , game demos , trailers, mods and other content for PC, Xbox 360 and PS3 games. GameShadow identifies the product version of supported games installed on a user's PC, then compares them to its database to locate updates for those games. The site also offers gaming industry news, an industry blog, and a Gaming Network. It is available for Microsoft Windows only. GameShadow is based in Over Norton, Oxfordshire , England . GameShadow was previously a subscription service, but in May 2006 it announced that it was available free. In March 2008, GameShadow announced it had achieved over 1 million registered users, and had launched a new Gaming Network - a social community driven by the titles installed on gamers' PCs. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;ATI_Technologies;Windows_ME;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Sony;ATI_Technologies;Digital_distribution;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;GameShadow;GameShadow; GameTap GameTap is a French online video game service established by Turner Broadcasting System (TBS). Dubbed by TBS as a "first of its kind broadband gaming network", the service provides users with classic arcade video games and game-related video content. The service was acquired by French online video game service Metaboli in 2008 as a wholly owned subsidiary aiming to create a global gaming service. Software_developer;Metaboli;Operating_system;Microsoft;Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_distribution;Software_license;Proprietary_software;France;Video_game;Video_game;Metaboli;Local_area_network;Namco;Sega;Electronic_Arts;Electronic_Arts;Metaboli;CNN;CNN;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;GameTap;GameTap; Game_Center 5.1.1 (Build 9B206) (May 7, 2012 ; 3 months ago ( 2012-05-07 ) ) Apple TV (2G and later) 5.1.1 (Build 9B830) (June 5, 2012 ; 2 months ago ( 2012-06-05 ) ) / iPhone (3GS and later) iPod Touch (4G and later) iPad (2G and later) Apple TV (2G and later) 6.0 Beta 4 (Build 10A5376e) (August 6, 2012 ; 16 days ago ( 2012-08-06 ) ) iOS , OS X Mountain Lion and later 67 million [ 1 ] [ 2 ] apple.com/game-center Game Center for Mac July 25, 2012 ; 28 days ago ( 2012-07-25 ) 1.0 / July 25, 2012 ; 28 days ago ( 2012-07-25 ) apple.com/game-center Game Center is an online multiplayer social gaming network released by Apple . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It allows users to invite friends to play a game, start a multiplayer game through matchmaking, track their achievements, and compare their high scores on a leader board. [ 3 ] Game Center was originally announced on April 8, 2010, and became publicly available with the release of iOS 4 on September 8 of that year. With a major update to the service in October 2011, it is officially available for iOS devices capable of running iOS 4.2 or later. The service now comes standard with the current iOS. On February 16, 2012 it was announced by Apple that Game Center would be integrated into the latest version of Mac OS X, Mountain Lion , set for a July 25, 2012 release. [ 5 ] Apple_Inc.;Computing_platform;IOS;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Website;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Internet;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X_Mountain_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_ID;Apple_ID;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Apple_Inc.;GamePro;Apple_Inc;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Game_Center;Game_Center; GamersGate GamersGate AB is a Sweden -based online video game store offering PC games, Mac games and electronic guides via download. [ 1 ] It is a competitor to online video game services such as Valve 's Steam , Direct2Drive and Impulse . GamersGate sell games for over 250 publishers and developers, including Electronic Arts , THQ , Atari , Bethesda Softworks , 2K Games , Ubisoft , SEGA , Capcom , Paradox Interactive and Epic Games but also smaller independent video game development developers such as 2D Boy , Jonathan Blow and Amanita Design . As of August 2011, there are over 3000 games available through GamersGate. [ 2 ] Digital_rights_management;Sweden;Electronic_Arts;TechCrunch;Macworld;VentureBeat;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;GamersGate;GamersGate; Gamma_International FinFisher is surveillance software marketed by Gamma International. It which has stirred controversy for being marketed to government security officials who were told it could be covertly installed on suspects' computers through exploiting security lapses in the update procedures of non-suspect software. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Egyptian dissidents who ransacked the office's of Egypt's secret police following the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak reported they discovered a contract with Gamma International for €287,000 for a license to run the FinFisher software. [ 4 ] A security flaw in Apple 's iTunes allowed unauthorized third parties to use iTunes online update procedures to install unauthorized programs. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Gamma International offered presentations to government security officials at security software trade shows where they described to security officials how to covertly install the FinFisher spy software on suspect's computers using iTunes' update procedures. The security flaw in iTunes that FinFisher is reported to have exploited was first described in 2008 by security software commentator Brian Krebs . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 5 ] Apple did not patch the security flaw for more than three years, until November 2011. Apple officials have not offered an explanation as to why the flaw took so long to patch. Apple_Inc.;ITunes;Brian_Krebs;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Daily_Telegraph;Der_Spiegel;The_Register;Brian_Krebs;FinFisher;FinFisher; Gannett_Company United_States;Television;Internet;United_States_dollar;USA_Today;NBC;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;United_States;USA_Today;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Forbes;USA_Today;CBS;NBC;United_States_dollar;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post;Gannett_Company;Gannett_Company; Gap_Inc. 132,000 (28 January 2012) [ 2 ] The Gap, Inc. [ 3 ] ( NYSE : GPS ) is an American clothing and accessories retailer based in San Francisco , California, and founded in 1969 by Donald G. Fisher and Doris F. Fisher . The company has five primary brands: the namesake Gap banner, Banana Republic , Old Navy , Piperlime and Athleta. As of September 2008, Gap, Inc. has approximately 135,000 employees and operates 3,076 stores worldwide, of which 2,551 are in the United States. [ 4 ] Gap, Inc. remains the largest specialty apparel retailer in the U.S., though it has recently been surpassed by the Spanish-based Inditex Group as the world's largest apparel retailer. [ 5 ] Despite the company's publicly traded status, the Fisher family remains deeply involved in Gap, Inc.'s business and collectively owns a significant quantity of the company's stock. [ 6 ] Donald Fisher served as Chairman of the Board until 2004, playing a role in the ouster of then-CEO Millard Drexler in 2002, and remained on the board until his death on September 27, 2009. Fisher's wife and their son, Robert J. Fisher , also serve on Gap's board of directors. Robert succeeded his father as chairman in 2004 and also served as CEO on an interim basis following the resignation of Paul Pressler in 2007, before being succeeded permanently by Glenn K. Murphy. San_Francisco;California;San_Francisco;Millard_Drexler;Millard_Drexler;Australia;Bulgaria;Canada;Chile;Cyprus;El_Salvador;France;Greece;Hong_Kong;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Panama;Poland;Philippines;Puerto_Rico;Romania;Singapore;Thailand;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Australia;Canada;El_Salvador;France;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Panama;Philippines;Puerto_Rico;Singapore;United_Kingdom;United_States;Canada;Puerto_Rico;United_States;United_States;United_States;Philippines;Singapore;Malaysia;Cambodia;Romania;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Poland;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Trademark;Apple_Inc.;Motorola;Helvetica;Associated_Press;The_Wall_Street_Journal;United_States_dollar; Gapless_playback Gapless playback is the uninterrupted playback of consecutive audio tracks, such that relative time distances in the original audio source are preserved over track boundaries on playback. For this to be useful, other artifacts (than timing related) at track boundaries should not be severe either. Gapless playback is common with compact discs , gramophone records , or tapes, but is not always available with other formats that employ compressed digital audio. This is a source of annoyance to listeners of music where tracks are meant to segue into each other, such as some classical music ( opera in particular), progressive rock , concept albums , electronic music , and live recordings with audience noise between tracks. There are two main causes of gaps during playback: playback latency, and compression artifacts. Compact_Disc;Classical_music;Electronic_music;Personal_computer;Lossy_compression;Ogg_Vorbis;Metadata;Lossy_compression;Digital_signal_processing;Lossless_data_compression;Musepack;Vorbis;Speex;Windows_Media_Audio;LAME;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ITunes;Rockbox;Digital_audio_player;Microsoft;Zune;Apple_Inc.;IPod_classic;IPod_nano;IPod_Touch;IPhone;Sony;Logitech;JVC;ITunes;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Media_Player;Winamp;Music_Player_Daemon;Linux;Linux;Cmus;Linux;Rhythmbox;Linux;Apple_Inc.;Metadata;Ogg;Digital_audio_player;Gapless_playback;Gapless_playback; GarageBand GarageBand is a software application for OS X and iOS that allows users to create music or podcasts . It is developed by Apple Inc. as a part of the iLife software package on OS X. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;IOS;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software;OS_X;IOS;Podcast;Apple_Inc.;ILife;Digital_audio_workstation;Music_sequencer;Audio_Units;Synthesizer;MIDI_keyboard;Virtuality;Musical_keyboard;QWERTY;Marshall_Amplification;Orange_Music_Electronic_Company;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;MIDI;Sarah_McLachlan;Patrick_Stump;Fall_Out_Boy;Norah_Jones;Colbie_Caillat;Sara_Bareilles;John_Fogerty;Proud_Mary;Centerfield;Ryan_Tedder;OneRepublic;Ben_Folds;Zak_and_Sara;John_Legend;Alex_Lifeson;Working_Man;The_Spirit_of_Radio;Software_synthesizer;Audio_Units;Native_Instruments;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Microphone;Guitar;Trent_Reznor;Nine_Inch_Nails;Ben_Folds;Way_to_Normal;MIDI;Equal_temperament;Xenharmonic_music;Logic_Pro;Emagic;Logic_Audio;Steve_Jobs;San_Francisco;Musical_notation;Podcast;IChat;ILife;Refrain;Tempo;Jam_session;ILife;Amplifier_modeling;ILife;IPad;Drums;Stompbox;Piano;Electric_piano;Clavinet;Synthesizer;House_music;Guitar;Acoustic_guitar;Electric_guitar;Electric_bass;Double_bass;Violin;Viola;Cello;Double_bass;Legato;Staccato;Pizzicato;Advanced_Audio_Coding;AIFF;Violin;Viola;Cello;Double_bass;Legato;Staccato;Pizzicato;Synthesizer;Facebook;YouTube;SoundCloud;Mac_App_Store;ILife;IPhoto;IMovie;IDVD;IWeb;List_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers;ILife;IPhoto;IMovie;IWeb;IDVD;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;GarageBand;GarageBand; Garageband GarageBand is a software application for OS X and iOS that allows users to create music or podcasts . It is developed by Apple Inc. as a part of the iLife software package on OS X. 1.1 Audio recording 1.2 Virtual software instruments 1.3 Guitar features 1.5 Music lessons 1.6 Additional audio loops 1.7 Third-party instrument and Apple Loop packages 1.8 Sample multitrack source files 3 GarageBand for iOS [ edit ] Features [ edit ] Audio recording GarageBand is a streamlined digital audio workstation (DAW) and music sequencer that can record and play back multiple tracks of audio. Built-in audio filters that utilize the AU (audio unit) standard allow the user to enhance the audio track with various effects, including reverb, echo, and distortion amongst others. GarageBand also offers the ability to record at both 16-bit and 24-bit Audio Resolution [ 1 ] An included tuning system helps with pitch correction and can effectively imitate the auto-tune effect when tuned to the maximum level. [ edit ] Virtual software instruments GarageBand includes a large selection of realistic, sampled instruments and software modeled synthesizers . These can be used to create original compositions or play music live through the use of a USB MIDI keyboard connected to the computer, an on-screen virtual keyboard , or using a standard QWERTY keyboard with the "musical typing" feature. The synthesizers are broken into 2 groups: [virtual] analog and digital. Each synthesizer has a wide variety of adjustable parameters, including richness, glide, cut off, standard attack, decay, sustain, and release; these allow for a wide array of sounds to be created. [ edit ] Guitar features In addition to the standard tracks, Garageband allows for guitar-specific tracks that can utilize a variety of simulated amplifiers, stomp boxes, and effects processors. These imitate popular hardware from companies including Marshall Amplification , Orange Music Electronic Company , and Fender Musical Instruments Corporation . Up to five simulated effects can be layered on top of the virtual amplifiers, which feature adjustable parameters including tone, reverb, and volume. Guitars can be connected to Macs using the built-in input (requires hardware that can produce a standard stereo signal using a 3.5mm output) or a USB interface. [ edit ] MIDI editing GarageBand can import MIDI files and offers piano roll or notation-style editing and playback. By complying with the MIDI Standard, a user can edit many different aspects of a recorded note, including pitch, velocity, and duration. Pitch can be set to 1/128 of a semi-tone, on a scale of 0-127 (sometimes described on a scale of 1-128 for clarification). Velocity, which determines amplitude (volume), can be set and adjusted on a scale of 0-127. Note duration can be adjusted manually via the piano roll or in the score view. Note rhythms can be played via the software instruments, or created in the piano roll environment; rhythm correction is also included to lock notes to any time signature subdivision. GarageBand also offers global editing capabilities to MIDI information with Enhanced Timing, also known as Quantizing . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Whilst offering comprehensive control over MIDI files, GarageBand does not include several features of professional-level DAWs, such as a sequencer for drum tracks separate from the normal piano roll. However, many of these shortcomings have been addressed with each successive release of GarageBand. [ edit ] Music lessons A new feature included with GarageBand '09 and later is the ability to download pre-recorded music lessons from GarageBand's Lesson Store for guitar and piano. There are two types of lesson available in the Lesson Store: Basic Lessons , which are a free download, and Artist Lessons , which must be purchased. The first Basic Lessons for both guitar and piano are included with GarageBand. In both types of lesson, a music teacher presents the lesson, which is in a special format offering high quality video and audio instructions. The lessons include a virtual guitar or piano, which demonstrates finger position and a musical notational area to show the correct musical notations. The music examples used in these lessons features popular music. In an Artist Lesson the music teacher is the actual musician/songwriter who composed the song being taught in the lesson. As of November 2009 [update] the artists featured are: Sting ( Roxanne , Message in a Bottle , Fragile ), Sarah McLachlan ( Angel ), Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy ( I Don't Care , Sugar, We're Goin' Down ), Norah Jones ( Thinking About You ), Colbie Caillat ( Bubbly ), Sara Bareilles ( Love Song ), John Fogerty ( Proud Mary , Fortunate Son , Centerfield ), Ryan Tedder of OneRepublic ( Apologize ), Ben Folds ( Brick , Zak and Sara ), John Legend ( Ordinary People ), and Alex Lifeson of Rush ( Tom Sawyer , Limelight , Working Man , The Spirit of Radio ). No new Artist Lessons have been released in 2010, and Apple has not announced plans to release any more. [ edit ] Additional audio loops Jam Packs are Apple’s official add-ons for GarageBand. Each Jam Pack contains loops and software instruments grouped into certain genres and styles. The current Jam Packs are as follows: GarageBand Jam Pack: Remix Tools GarageBand Jam Pack: Rhythm Section GarageBand Jam Pack: Symphony Orchestra GarageBand Jam Pack: World Music GarageBand Jam Pack: Voices There was also another GarageBand Jam Pack, initially known just as GarageBand Jam Pack, later GarageBand Jam Pack 1, which was discontinued in January 2006. Beginning with the release of the Remix Tools and Rhythm Section Jam Packs, each Jam Pack was designated with a number. The release of GarageBand Jam Pack: World Music also saw a redesign in packaging. [ edit ] Third-party instrument and Apple Loop packages In addition to Apple, many other companies today offer commercial or shareware virtual software instruments designed specially for GarageBand, and collections of Apple Loops intended for GarageBand users. GarageBand can also use any third-party software synthesizer that adheres to the Core Audio ( Audio Units ) standard. However, there are limitations, including that Audio Unit instruments which can respond on multiple MIDI channels or ports can be triggered only on the first channel of the first port. This means that multi-timbral instruments which contain multiple channels and respond to many MIDI channels, such as Native Instruments Kontakt and MOTU MachFive, are not ideally suited for use in GarageBand. Third-party vendors also offer extra loops for use in GarageBand. Users can also record their own loops through a microphone , via a software instrument, or by using an audio interface to physically connect a guitar or other hardware instrument to a Mac or iOS device. [ edit ] Sample multitrack source files In 2005, Trent Reznor from the band Nine Inch Nails released the source multitrack GarageBand files for the song "The Hand That Feeds" to allow the public to experiment with his music, and permitted prospective GarageBand users to remix the song. He also gave permission for anyone to share their personalized remix with the world. Since then, Nine Inch Nails has released several more GarageBand source files, and several other artists have also released their GarageBand files for the public to experiment with. (For more information, and to download the source files for that song and others, visit [1] ). New Zealand band Evermore also released the source multi-track files for GarageBand for their song " Never Let You Go ". Ben Folds released Stems Seeds , special version of his 2008 album, Way to Normal . Stems and Seeds contained a remastered version of Way to Normal , and a separate disc containing GarageBand files for each track from the album to allow fans to remix the songs. [ edit ] Limitations A lack of MIDI-out capability limits the use of external MIDI instruments. There is also only limited support for messages sent from knobs on MIDI keyboards, as only real-time pitch bend, modulation, sustain, and foot control are recognized. However, since GarageBand '08, other parameters affected by MIDI knobs can be automated later, per-track. GarageBand has no functions for creating multiple time signatures, though the software does now allow a tempo track to automate tempo changes. The ability to reverse tracks is also not available. Other than pitch bend, GarageBand is limited to the pitches and intervals of standard 12-tone equal temperament , so it does not natively support xenharmonic music . Logic Pro supports different tunings, [ 5 ] but not GarageBand; however, audio units which support microtuning (using .scl or .tun files, or some other method) can be used in GarageBand to produce alternative pitches. GarageBand was developed by Apple under the direction of Dr. Gerhard Lengeling, formerly of the German company Emagic , makers of Logic Audio . (Emagic was acquired by Apple in July 2002.) The application was announced during Steve Jobs ’s keynote speech at the Macworld Conference Expo in San Francisco on 6 January 2004; musician John Mayer assisted with its demonstration. GarageBand 2 was announced at the 2005 Macworld Conference Expo on January 11, 2005. It shipped, as announced, around 22 January 2005. Major new features included the abilities to view and edit music in musical notation , to record up to 8 tracks at once, to fix timing and pitch of recordings, to automate track pan position, master volume, and master pitch, to transpose both audio and MIDI, and to import MIDI files. System requirements . GarageBand 3, announced at 2006’s Macworld Conference Expo, includes a ' podcast studio', including the ability to use more than 200 effects and jingles, and integration with iChat for remote interviews. System requirements . GarageBand 4, also known as GarageBand '08, is part of iLife '08. It incorporates the ability to record sections of a song separately, such as bridges , and chorus lines . Additionally, it provides support for the automation of tempos and instruments, the creation and exportation of iPhone ringtones, and a "Magic GarageBand" feature which includes a virtual jam session with a complete 3D view of the instruments. System requirements . GarageBand 5 is part of the iLife '09 package. It includes music instruction, and allows the user to buy instructional videos by contemporary artists. It also contains new features for electric guitar players, including a dedicated 3D Electric Guitar Track containing a virtual stompbox pedalboard, and virtual amplifiers with spring reverb and tremolo. GarageBand 5 also includes a cleaner, redesigned user interface as well as Project Templates. System requirements . GarageBand 6, also known as GarageBand '11, is part of the iLife '11 package, which was released on October 20, 2010. This version brings new features such as Flex Time, a tool to adjust the rhythm of a recording. It also includes the ability to match the tempo of one track with another instantly, additional guitar amps and stompboxes, 22 new lessons for guitar and piano, and "How Did I Play?", a tool to measure the accuracy and progress of a piano or guitar performance in a lesson. System requirements . [ edit ] GarageBand for iOS This section requires expansion . (March 2011) On March 2, 2011, Apple announced a version GarageBand for the iPad . [ 6 ] It has many features similar to the OS X version. Music can be created using the on-screen instruments, which include keyboards, drums , a sampler , and various "smart instruments". It also acts as a multitrack recording studio with Stompbox effects and guitar amps. Songs can be emailed or sent to an iTunes Library. It is compatible with all versions of the iPad. [ 7 ] [ edit ] Instruments Garageband includes a standard keyboard instrument and "Smart Keyboard" instrument. The keyboard is set up like a standard keyboard, and features several keyboard instruments (some of which are customizable), including grand piano , electric piano , various organs , clavinet , synth leads , synth pads, and bass synths. The keyboard is capable of playing arpeggio and includes a pitch bend. The smart keyboard is arranged like the other smart instruments, allowing the user to play chords on piano, electric piano, organ, clavinet, and four adjustable synthesizers. Also included is an autoplay feature, which plays one of 4 rhythms for each instrument. It also has many different sound effects. There are three different kinds of drums in Garageband. The standard drum kit includes three acoustic drum kits (Studio Kit, Live Kit, and Vintage Kit) with a realistic set up, and three electronic drum kits ( Hip Hop drums , House drums , and a drum kit with Roland TR-808 and 909 samples) set up like drum machines with customizable sounds that can be saved as separate drum kits. The third drum kit is the "Smart Drums" instrument, in which the drum sounds can be arranged on a grid by complexity and volume. It contains all six drum kits in the touch drums. A "Smart Guitar " is included in Garageband, which includes 4 guitars: an acoustic guitar , two electric guitars , and a distorted guitar . Each guitar (except for the acoustic one) has 2 optional soundboxes. The instrument is set up like the smart keyboard, where multiple chords can be played. Also, each note in a chord can be played separately, or muted by holding the left side of the string). The "Smart Bass " instrument is set up like the guitar, where four strings can play various notes. However, the bass cannot play chords. Included are three electric basses , an acoustic orchestral bass , and four synth basses. Like the smart keyboard and smart guitars, there is an "autoplay" feature. Added in update 1.2 are "Smart Strings", a string section made of 1st and 2nd violins , violas , cellos , and bass , capable of playing notes legato , staccato , and pizzicato . The orchestra is customizable, including four different string styles (all with a different "autoplay" feature). The instruments can also be dropped in or out. For example, one can play a note that plays all available instruments, or simply play a violin note. In the sampler instrument, the user can record a sound and play it on the keyboard (it has the same interface as the keyboard instrument). After the sound is recorded, it can be modified with a various amount of tools within the sampler. It can also play notes in reverse. The audio recorder is a standard recorder that works through the internal microphone or a headphone mic. After the sound is recorded, there are several audio effects that can be applied. The guitar amp is meant to be played by plugging a guitar into the device and recording, but can also work with sounds from the audio recorder or included apple loops. Within it are several customizable amplifiers and stompboxes, allowing for a wide range of different sounds. On November 1, 2011 Apple introduced GarageBand for iOS 1.1, adding support for the iPhone and iPod touch, among other features. These included the ability to create custom chords for Smart Instruments, support for 3/4 and 6/8 time signatures, and exporting in AAC or AIFF format. [ 8 ] On March 7, 2012, Apple updated GarageBand to 1.2, adding support for the third-generation iPad. It introduced the new Smart Strings instrument, a string orchestra of 1st and 2nd violins , violas , celli , and bass , capable of playing notes legato , staccato , and pizzicato . Additionally, it added synthesizers to the Smart Keyboard and Smart Bass instruments. It also added a note editor which allows users to fine-tune note placement and length and the ability to upload songs to Facebook , YouTube and SoundCloud , as well as the ability to upload projects to iCloud. It also included Jam Session, a feature that enables up to 4 iPhones, iPod touches, and/or iPads with GarageBand installed to play simultaneously. On May 1, 2012, Garageband was updated to 1.2.1, providing minor bug fixes and stability improvements. [ 9 ] [ edit ] Availability Prior to the launch of Apple's Mac App Store , GarageBand was only available as a part of iLife , a suite of applications (also including iPhoto , iMovie , iDVD , and iWeb ) intended to simplify the creation and organization of digital content. On January 6, 2011, GarageBand was made available independently on the Mac App Store in addition to most of the other applications in the suite. [ 10 ] [ edit ] See also List of MIDI editors and sequencers Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;IOS;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software;OS_X;IOS;Podcast;Apple_Inc.;ILife;Digital_audio_workstation;Music_sequencer;Audio_Units;Synthesizer;MIDI_keyboard;Virtuality;Musical_keyboard;QWERTY;Marshall_Amplification;Orange_Music_Electronic_Company;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;MIDI;Sarah_McLachlan;Patrick_Stump;Fall_Out_Boy;Norah_Jones;Colbie_Caillat;Sara_Bareilles;John_Fogerty;Proud_Mary;Centerfield;Ryan_Tedder;OneRepublic;Ben_Folds;Zak_and_Sara;John_Legend;Alex_Lifeson;Working_Man;The_Spirit_of_Radio;Software_synthesizer;Audio_Units;Native_Instruments;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Microphone;Guitar;Trent_Reznor;Nine_Inch_Nails;Ben_Folds;Way_to_Normal;MIDI;Equal_temperament;Xenharmonic_music;Logic_Pro;Emagic;Logic_Audio;Steve_Jobs;San_Francisco;Musical_notation;Podcast;IChat;ILife;Refrain;Tempo;Jam_session;ILife;Amplifier_modeling;ILife;IPad;Drums;Stompbox;Piano;Electric_piano;Clavinet;Synthesizer;House_music;Guitar;Acoustic_guitar;Electric_guitar;Electric_bass;Double_bass;Violin;Viola;Cello;Double_bass;Legato;Staccato;Pizzicato;Advanced_Audio_Coding;AIFF;Violin;Viola;Cello;Double_bass;Legato;Staccato;Pizzicato;Synthesizer;Facebook;YouTube;SoundCloud;Mac_App_Store;ILife;IPhoto;IMovie;IDVD;IWeb;List_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers;ILife;IPhoto;IMovie;IWeb;IDVD;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;GarageBand;GarageBand; Garth_Brooks Troyal Garth Brooks (born February 7, 1962) is an American country music artist. His eponymous first album was released in 1989 and peaked at number 2 in the US country album chart while climbing to number 13 on the Billboard 200 album chart. Brooks' integration of rock elements into his recordings and live performances has earned him immense popularity. This progressive approach allowed him to dominate the country single and album charts while quickly crossing over into the mainstream pop arena, exposing country music to a larger audience. [ 1 ] Brooks has enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history, breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the 1990s. Garth Brooks still continues to sell well and according to Nielsen Soundscan, his albums sales through October 2011 are at 68,561,000, which makes him the best-selling albums artist in the United States in the SoundScan era (since 1991), a title held since 1991, well over 5 million ahead of his nearest rival, The Beatles . [ 2 ] Furthermore, according to RIAA he is the second best-selling solo albums artist in the United States of all time behind Elvis Presley (overall is third to the Beatles and Elvis Presley) with 128 million units sold. [ 3 ] Brooks has released six albums that achieved diamond status in the United States, those being: Garth Brooks (10× platinum), No Fences (17× platinum), Ropin' the Wind (14× platinum), The Hits (10× platinum), Sevens (10× platinum) and Double Live (21× platinum). [ 4 ] Since 1989, Brooks has released 19 records in all, which include; 9 studio albums, 1 live album, 4 compilation albums, 3 Christmas albums and 2 box sets, along with 77 singles. He won several important awards in his career as 2 Grammy Awards , 17 American Music Awards (including the "Artist of the '90s") and the RIAA Award as Best selling solo albums artist of the Century in the United States. As of 2010, Brooks' world-wide sales now exceed 190 million albums, singles and videos. [ 5 ] Troubled by conflicts between career and family, Brooks officially retired from recording and performing from 2001 until 2009. [ 1 ] During this time he sold millions of albums through an exclusive distribution deal with Walmart and sporadically released new singles. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In 2005, Brooks started a partial comeback, and has since given several performances and released two compilation albums. On October 15, 2009, Garth Brooks announced the end of his retirement. In December 2009, he began a 5-year concert deal with the Encore Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . On March 6, 2012, it was announced that Brooks will be inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame . [ 8 ] Country_music;Record_label;Capitol_Records;Country_music;The_Beatles;RIAA_certification;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Walmart;Capitol_Records;Country_music;ITV;Paramount_Pictures;Saturday_Night_Live;Bob_Seger;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;The_Beatles;Grammy_Award;American_Music_Award;World_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Associated_Press;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Beatles;Garth_Brooks;Garth_Brooks; Gartner Gartner , Inc. ( NYSE : IT ) is an information technology research and advisory firm headquartered in Stamford , Connecticut , United States. It was known as GartnerGroup until 2001. [ 1 ] Gartner is an information technology research and advisory company providing technology related insight. Research provided by Gartner is targeted at CIOs and senior IT leaders in industries that include government agencies, high-tech and telecom enterprises, professional services firms, and technology investors. Gartner clients include large corporations, government agencies, technology companies and the investment community. The company consists of Research, Executive Programs, Consulting and Events. Founded in 1979, Gartner has over 4,300 employees , [ 2 ] including 1,200 in R D . [ 3 ] Gartner uses hype cycles and Magic Quadrants for visualization of its market analysis results. Warner_Music_Group;Financial_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;Gartner;Gartner; Gastrointestinal_tract The human gastrointestinal tract is the stomach and intestine , [ 1 ] sometimes including all the structures from the mouth to the anus . [ 2 ] (The "digestive system" is a broader term that includes other structures, including the accessory organs of digestion ). [ 3 ] In an adult male human , the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is 5 metres (20 ft) long in a live subject, or up to 9 metres (30 ft) without the effect of muscle tone , and consists of the upper and lower GI tracts. The tract may also be divided into foregut , midgut , and hindgut , reflecting the embryological origin of each segment of the tract. The GI tract always releases hormones to help regulate the digestion process. These hormones, including gastrin , secretin , cholecystokinin , and grehlin , are mediated through either intracrine or autocrine mechanisms, indicating that the cells releasing these hormones are conserved structures throughout evolution . [ 4 ] Enzyme;Enzyme;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Liver; Gawker Gawker is a blog based in New York City that bills itself as "the source for daily Manhattan media news and gossip" and focuses on celebrities and the media industry. Founded in 2003, Gawker is the flagship blog for Nick Denton 's Gawker Media . Gawker has created other blogs, including Defamer and DeadSpin, covering sports. In 2012 the website changed its focus away from editorial content and toward what its new editor-in-chief A.J. Daulerio called "traffic whoring" and " SEO bomb throws." [ 2 ] Under Daulerio's tenure, items have included posting a private e-mail from NBC Nightly News anchor Brian Williams to publisher Nick Denton; videos of babies farting; and whether or not certain entertainers are gay because they "look gay." [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Gawker_Media;Blog;Gawker_Media;Blog;Gawker_Media;Gawker_Media;Google_Maps;YouTube;Gizmodo;Source_code;Google_Apps;Saturday_Night_Live;Algorithm;New_York_Times;The_Washington_Post;Forbes;Gawker_Media;Gizmodo;Lifehacker;Peter_Rojas;Brian_Lam;Gawker;Gawker; Gawker_Media Gawker Media is an American online media company and blog network , founded and owned by Nick Denton based in New York City . It is considered [ 1 ] to be one of the most visible and successful blog -oriented media companies. As of March 2012 [update] , it is the parent company for 8 different weblogs: Gawker.com , Deadspin , Lifehacker , Gizmodo , io9 , Kotaku , Jalopnik , and Jezebel . All Gawker articles are licensed on a Creative Commons attribution-NonCommercial license. [3] United_States;Blog;Lifehacker;Gizmodo;Hungary;Gizmodo;Lifehacker;Wired_magazine;New_York_Times;Lifehacker;Gizmodo;Gizmodo;New_York_Times;Gawker;Gizmodo;Lifehacker;Peter_Rojas;Brian_Lam;Gawker_Media;Gawker_Media; Gayot André Gayot is a French restaurant critic . With his friends Gault and Millau , he coined and promoted the term " Nouvelle Cuisine " in the early 1970s. In 1981 he began publishing a series of guidebooks known as Gayot Guides, where restaurants are rated on a 20-point scale, based on the system of grading students in France . The Gayot Guide focuses on the top 40 restaurants, and has been touted as an alternative to the Michelin Guide , [ 1 ] which has been criticised for uneven appraisals of New York City restaurants. [ 2 ] The décor, service, ambience and wine list are commented upon within each review, but do not affect a restaurant's overall score. Each year Gayot publishes its list of the Top 40 Restaurants in the U.S., a guide to the nation's best restaurants. Today more than 20,000 restaurant reviews are published on gayot.com along with international hotel and spa reviews, wine and culinary event listings, travel guides and more. In 2005 Gayot was named an Officer of the Legion of Honor , [ 3 ] France's highest civilian honor. GeForce Nvidia;Graphics_processing_unit;Nvidia;Home_theater_PC;Multimedia;SDRAM;Microsoft;Xbox;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Graphics_processing_unit;Nvidia;Nvidia;Mobile_PCI_Express_Module;Video_game_console;Xbox;Central_processing_unit;PortalPlayer;GeForce;GeForce; GeeXboX GeeXboX is a free Linux distribution providing a media center software suite for personal computers . GeeXboX 2.0 and later uses XBMC for media playback and is implemented as Live USB and Live CD options. As such, the system does not need to be permanently installed to a hard drive , as most modern operating systems would. Instead, the computer can be booted with the GeeXboX CD when media playback is desired. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This is a reasonable approach for those who do not need media playback services while performing other tasks with the same computer, for users who wish to repurpose older computers as media centers, and for those seeking a free alternative to Windows XP Media Center Edition . [ 3 ] An unofficial port of GeeXboX 1.x also runs on the Wii . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_license;Linux_distribution;Home_theater_PC;Personal_computer;XBMC;Hard_drive;Operating_system;XBMC_Media_Center;Linux_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;GeeXboX;GeeXboX; GemIdent GemIdent is an interactive image recognition program that identifies regions of interest in images and photographs. It is specifically designed for images with few colors, where the objects of interest look alike with small variation. For example, color image segmentation of: Oranges from a tree Stained cells from microscopic images GemIdent also packages data analysis tools to investigate spatial relationships among the objects identified. Stanford_University;Source_code;PDF;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;GemIdent;GemIdent; General_Exchange_Format General eXchange Format (GXF) , is a file exchange format for the transfer of simple and compound clips between television program storage systems. It is a container format that can contain Motion JPEG (M-JPEG), MPEG, or DV-based video compression standards, with associated audio, time code, and user data that may include user-defined metadata. Originally GXF was developed by Grass Valley Group , then standardized by SMPTE as SMPTE 360M, [ 1 ] and was extended in SMPTE RDD 14-2007 [ 2 ] to include high-definition video resolutions. GXF has a fairly simple data model compared with SMPTE MXF container format since it should be used for file transfers and not as a storage format with no editing capabilities. [ 3 ] SMPTE RDD 14-2007 is only 57 pages long, compared with many hundreds of pages for the MXF standards. Filename_extension;Type_code;Software_release_life_cycle;FFmpeg;VLC_media_player;DirectShow;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;NTSC;General_Exchange_Format;General_Exchange_Format; General_Motors General Motors Company ( NYSE : GM , TSX : GMM.U ), commonly known as GM (listed General Motors Corporation before 2009), is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, and the world's largest automaker, by vehicle unit sales, in 2011. [ 3 ] GM employs 202,000 people [ 1 ] and does business in some 157 countries. General Motors produces cars and trucks in 31 countries, and sells and services these vehicles through the following divisions/brands: Buick , Cadillac , Chevrolet , GMC , Opel , Vauxhall , and Holden , as well as two joint ventures in China , Shanghai GM and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile . GM's OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services. In 2009, the company emerged from a government backed Chapter 11 reorganization . In 2010, GM made an initial public offering that was one of the world's top 5 largest IPOs to date. GM returned to profitability in 2011. [ 4 ] Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;United_Kingdom;United_States;Brazil;United_Kingdom;Canada;Germany;Mexico;Australia;France;Spain;Argentina;Venezuela;Colombia;Thailand;Vietnam;Malawi;Michigan;Chrysler;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_Kingdom;Germany;Australia;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;Canada;United_States;United_States;Canada;Canada;Canada;United_Kingdom;United_States;Canada;Canada;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_Kingdom;Luxembourg;Sweden;Italy;Japan;Japan;Japan;Bloomberg_Businessweek;Reuters;CNBC;Associated_Press;BusinessWeek;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Chrysler;General_Motors;General_Motors; General_Packet_Radio_Service General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications (GSM). GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data. This contrasts with circuit switching data, which is typically billed per minute of connection time, regardless of whether or not the user transfers data during that period. GPRS data is typically supplied either as part of a bundle (e.g., 5 GB per month for a fixed fee) or on a pay-as-you-use basis. Usage above the bundle cap is either charged per megabyte or disallowed. The pay-as-you-use charging is typically per megabyte of traffic. GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching , where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 kbit/second. [ 3 ] 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as 2.5G , that is, a technology between the second ( 2G ) and third ( 3G ) generations of mobile telephony. [ 4 ] It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Internet;GSM;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_to_talk;Instant_messaging;Wireless_Application_Protocol;IP_address;USB;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Internet;Email;IP_address;EDGE;Code_division_multiple_access;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Ethernet;Bluetooth;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;General_Packet_Radio_Service;General_Packet_Radio_Service; Generation Generation (from the Latin generāre , meaning "to beget"), [ 1 ] also known as procreation in biological sciences, is the act of producing offspring . In biology, the process by which populations of organisms pass on advantageous traits from generation to generation is known as evolution . Internet;Hong_Kong;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;About.com;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;USA_Today;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Generation;Generation; Generic_drug A generic drug (generic drugs, short: generics) is a drug defined as "a drug product that is comparable to brand/reference listed drug product in dosage form, strength, route of administration, quality and performance characteristics, and intended use." [ 1 ] It has also been defined as a term referring to any drug marketed under its chemical name without advertising. [ 2 ] Although they may not be associated with a particular company, generic drugs are subject to the regulations of the governments of countries where they are dispensed. Generic drugs are labeled with the name of the manufacturer and the adopted name (nonproprietary name) of the drug. A generic drug must contain the same active ingredients as the original formulation. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), generic drugs are identical or within an acceptable bioequivalent range to the brand -name counterpart with respect to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. By extension, therefore, generics are considered (by the FDA) identical in dose, strength, route of administration, safety, efficacy, and intended use. [ 3 ] The FDA's use of the word "identical" is very much a legal interpretation , and is not literal. In most cases, generic products are available once the patent protections afforded to the original developer have expired. When generic products become available, the market competition often leads to substantially lower prices for both the original brand name product and the generic forms. The time it takes a generic drug to appear on the market varies. In the US, drug patents give 20 years of protection, but they are applied for before clinical trials begin, so the "effective" life of a drug patent tends to be between seven and 12 years. [ citation needed ] Prescriptions may be issued for drugs specifying only the chemical name, rather than a manufacturer's name; such a prescription can be filled with a drug of any brand meeting the specification. For example, a prescription for lansoprazole can be filled with generic lansoprazole, Prevacid, Helicid, Zoton, Inhibitol, or Monolitum. U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Monopoly;Terfenadine;Drug_development;Canada;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Generic_drug;Generic_drug; Genieo Genieo Innovation is a privately held start-up company based in Israel, specializing in personalized information platforms. English_language;Genieo;Genieo; Genius_Bar The Genius Bar is a tech support station located inside every Apple Retail Store , the purpose of which is to offer help and support for Apple products. Ron Johnson , the former Senior Vice President for Retail, has often referred to the Genius Bar as the "heart and soul of our stores". [ 1 ] Employees are specially trained and certified at the Genius Bar. [ 2 ] Their role is to help customers with Apple hardware and software. All in-store repairs of Apple products are carried out by "Geniuses", formerly known as Mac Geniuses. In September, 2009 the Family Room Specialists were folded into the mix to handle iPod and iPhone troubleshooting. After its release in 2010, iPad appointments also fell under the Family Room Specialists. Apple now maintains two Genius Bar queues: Mac and Mobile Device. [ 3 ] Apple_Inc.;Apple_Store;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPhone;IPad;AppleCare;ILife;IWork;Final_Cut_Pro;Macintosh;ITunes;Microsoft_Store;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Genius_Bar;Genius_Bar; Genre Genre ( / ˈ ʒ ɒ n r ə / or / ˈ dʒ ɒ n r ə / ; from French, genre French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ʁ] , "kind" or "sort", from Latin: genus (stem gener-), Greek: genos, γένος) is the term for any category of literature or other forms of art or entertainment, e.g. music, whether written or spoken, audial or visual, based on some set of stylistic criteria. Genres are formed by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented and the use of old ones are discontinued. Often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Comedy;Comedy;Film;Television;Books;Comedy;ITunes;Comedy;Intellectual_property;Genre;Genre; Geocoded_photograph A geotagged photograph is a photograph which is associated with a geographical location by geotagging . Usually this is done by assigning at least a latitude and longitude to the image, and optionally altitude, compass bearing and other fields may also be included. In theory, every part of a picture can be tied to a geographic location, but in the most typical application, only the position of the photographer is associated with the entire digital image. This has implications for search and retrieval. For example, photos of a mountain summit can be taken from different positions miles apart. To find all images of a particular summit in an image database, all photos taken within a reasonable distance must be considered. The point position of the photographer can in some cases include the bearing , the direction the camera was pointing. Photograph;Geotagging;Camera_phone;Assisted_GPS;Digital_camera;Camera_phone;Global_Positioning_System;Smartphone;Nikon;Sony;Exif;Digital_camera;Flickr;Smartphone;Geotagging;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project; Geolocation Geolocation is the identification of the real-world geographic location of an object, such as a radar , mobile phone or an Internet -connected computer terminal. Geolocation may refer to the practice of assessing the location, or to the actual assessed location. Mobile_phone;Internet;Radiolocation;IP_address;Exif;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;GPS;Geotagging;Geolocation;Geolocation; George_Foreman_Grill United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;George_Foreman_Grill;George_Foreman_Grill; George_Harrison George Harrison , [ 1 ] MBE (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001) [ 2 ] was an English musician and singer-songwriter who achieved international fame as lead guitarist of the Beatles . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Sometimes referred to as the "quiet Beatle", [ 3 ] Harrison became over time an admirer of Indian culture and mysticism, and introduced it to the other Beatles, as well as their Western audience. [ 5 ] Following the band's break-up he was a successful solo artist, and later a founding member of the Traveling Wilburys . Among his other accomplishments Harrison was also a session musician and a film and record producer. He is listed at number 11 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of " 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time ". [ 6 ] Although most of the Beatles' songs were written by Lennon and McCartney , Beatle albums generally included one or two of Harrison's own songs, from With The Beatles onwards. [ 7 ] His later compositions with the Beatles include " Here Comes the Sun ", " Something " and " While My Guitar Gently Weeps ". By the time of the band's break-up , Harrison had accumulated a backlog of material, which he then released as the triple album All Things Must Pass in 1970, from which two hit singles originated: a double A-side single, " My Sweet Lord " backed with " Isn't It a Pity ", and " What Is Life ". In addition to his solo work, Harrison co-wrote two hits for former Beatle Ringo Starr , as well as songs for the Traveling Wilburys —the supergroup he formed in 1988 with Jeff Lynne , Bob Dylan , Tom Petty , and Roy Orbison . Harrison embraced Indian culture and Hinduism in the mid-1960s, and helped expand Western awareness of sitar music and of the Hare Krishna movement . With Ravi Shankar he organised the first major charity concert with the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh . In addition to his musical accomplishments, he was also a record producer and co-founder of the production company HandMade Films . In his work as a film producer, he collaborated with people as diverse as the members of Monty Python and Madonna . [ 8 ] He was married twice, to model Pattie Boyd from 1966 to 1977, and for 23 years to record company secretary Olivia Trinidad Arias , with whom he had one son, Dhani Harrison . He was a close friend of Eric Clapton . To date, he is the only Beatle to have published an autobiography, with I Me Mine in 1980. Harrison died of lung cancer in 2001. Rock_music;Pop_music;Experimental_music;World_music;Guitar;Record_label;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Ringo_Starr;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Country_music;Jam_session;Ringo_Starr;Copyright_infringement;Ringo_Starr;Saturday_Night_Live;Ringo_Starr;Ringo_Starr;John_Lennon;Apple_Records;Ringo_Starr;Daily_Mail;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Music_recording_sales_certification;RIAA_certification;British_Phonographic_Industry;Apple_Records;EMI;Capitol_Records;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;John_Lennon;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;Ringo_Starr;Abbey_Road_Studios;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Apple_Records;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;Ringo_Starr;Ringo_Starr;United_Kingdom;George_Harrison;George_Harrison; Geotagging Geotagging (also written as GeoTagging ) is the process of adding geographical identification metadata to various media such as a geotagged photograph or video, websites, SMS messages, QR Codes [ 1 ] or RSS feeds and is a form of geospatial metadata . This data usually consists of latitude and longitude coordinates , though they can also include altitude , bearing , distance, accuracy data, and place names. Geotagging can help users find a wide variety of location-specific information. For instance, one can find images taken near a given location by entering latitude and longitude coordinates into a suitable image search engine . Geotagging-enabled information services can also potentially be used to find location-based news, websites, or other resources. [ 2 ] Geotagging can tell users the location of the content of a given picture or other media or the point of view , and conversely on some media platforms show media relevant to a given location. The related term geocoding refers to the process of taking non-coordinate based geographical identifiers, such as a street address, and finding associated geographic coordinates (or vice versa for reverse geocoding). Such techniques can be used together with geotagging to provide alternative search techniques. JPEG;Metadata;Assisted_GPS;Exif;JPEG;Metadata;Digital_camera;Image_scanner;Open_source;Geolocation;HTML;Flickr;Flickr;GPS;Flickr;Blog;GPS;Digital_object_identifier;Geotagging;Geotagging; Geotest Geotest - Marvin Test Systems, Inc. is a producer of PXI and PC-Based test equipment, software and automated test solutions for the electronics industry. Geotest’s products and services include PXI chassis, controllers and instruments, Test Executive and development software ( ATEasy ), test systems and integration services. Geotest is a subsidiary of the Marvin Group. [ 1 ] PXI;PXI;Geotest;Geotest; German_language (official and working language) South Tyrol ( Italy ) Belgium ( German-speaking Community of Belgium ) Recognised minority language in Czech Republic [ 5 ] Italy ( Trentino ) Namibia ( National language ; official language 1984–90) [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Poland ( Auxiliary language ) [ 11 ] Slovakia (Official municipal language of Krahule/Blaufuß ) [ 3 ] [ 14 ] Brazil (Co-official municipal language in Pomerode ) [ 15 ] Vatican City (Administrative and commanding language of the Swiss Guard ) [ 16 ] No official regulation (German orthography regulated by the Council for German Orthography ( Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung ) [ 4 ] ). deu – New High German gmh – Middle High German goh – Old High German gct – Alemán Coloniero bar – Austro-Bavarian geh – Hutterite German sli – Lower Silesian ltz – Luxembourgish vmf – Main-Franconian pfl – Palatinate German pdc – Pennsylvania German pdt – Plautdietsch swg – Swabian German gsw – Swiss German uln – Unserdeutsch sxu – Upper Saxon wae – Walser German wep – Westphalian 52-AC (Continental West Germanic) 52-ACB (Deutsch Dutch) 52-ACB-d ( Central German incl. 52-ACB–dl -dm Standard/Generalised High German ) + 52-ACB-e -f ( Upper German Swiss German ) + 52-ACB-g ( Yiddish ) + 52-ACB-h ( émigré German varieties incl. 52-ACB-hc Hutterite German 52-ACB-he Pennsylvania German etc.) + 52-ACB-i ( Yenish ); totalling 285 varieties: 52-ACB-daa to 52-ACB-i This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. German ( Deutsch [ˈdɔʏtʃ] ( listen ) ) is a West Germanic language related to and classified alongside English and Dutch . With an estimated 100 [ 1 ] – 108 million [ 2 ] native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union . Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. [ 17 ] Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and English. German is written using the Latin alphabet. In addition to the 26 standard letters, German has three vowels with umlauts (Ä/ä, Ö/ö, and Ü/ü) and the letter ß . European_Union;Germany;Austria;Switzerland;Italy;Luxembourg;Belgium;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Hungary;Italy;Namibia;Poland;Romania;Slovakia;Brazil;Swiss_German;Swiss_German;English_language;European_Union;Namibia;Canada;Mexico;Dominican_Republic;Brazil;Paraguay;Chile;Peru;Venezuela;Australia;Namibia;United_States;Brazil;Argentina;Canada;Mexico;Australia;Bolivia;Chile;Paraguay;New_Zealand;Namibia;Venezuela;European_Union;Luxembourg;Belgium;France;Denmark;Czech_Republic;Slovakia;Hungary;Poland;Romania;Argentina;Venezuela;Paraguay;Bolivia;Chile;Costa_Rica;Panama;Kansas;Indiana;Canada;French_language;English_language;Australia;Australian_English;Papua_New_Guinea;Switzerland;Germany;French_language;Italian_language;Slovakia;Poland;European_Union;French_language;Luxembourg;European_Union;European_Commission;Asia;Language;Switzerland;Microsoft_Windows;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Commission;European_Commission;European_Commission;Open_Directory_Project;English_language;Swiss_German;European_Union;English_language;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;German_language;German_language; Germany – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 52°31′N 13°23′E  /  52.517°N 13.383°E  / 52.517; 13.383 Official language(s) Germans 91.5%, Turks 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, Danish minority in Southern Schleswig and Sorbian minority in Lusatia ) [ 1 ] Federal parliamentary constitutional republic President of the Bundestag President of the Bundesrat 357,021 km 2 ( 63rd ) 81,799,600 [ 2 ] ( 16th ) $3.099 trillion [ 3 ] ( 5th ) $37,896 [ 3 ] ( 18th ) $3.577 trillion [ 3 ] ( 4th ) Euro ( € ) [2] (2002 – present) Swiss franc ( de facto in Büsingen ) ( EUR, CHF ) ^ Danish, Low German , Sorbian , Romany and Frisian are officially recognised by the ECRML . ^ Before 2002: Deutsche Mark (DEM). ^ Also .eu , shared with European Union member states. Germany ( i / ˈ dʒ ɜr m ə n i / ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen ) ), [ 5 ] is a federal parliamentary republic in west - central Europe . The country consists of 16 states , and its capital and largest city is Berlin . Germany covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in the European Union . It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields. A region named Germania , inhabited by several Germanic peoples , was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period , the Germanic tribes expanded southward and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . [ 6 ] During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War , marking the beginning of the Catholic– Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. [ 7 ] Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars , the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in 1871 in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire , which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I , the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles . Amidst the Great Depression , the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II . After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation , and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany . In 1990 the country was reunified . Germany was a founding member of the European Community in 1957, which became the EU in 1993. It is part of the Schengen Area and since 1999 a member of the euro area . Germany is a Great Power and member of the United Nations , NATO , the G8 , the G20 , the OECD and the Council of Europe , and took a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2011–2012 term. It has the world's fourth largest economy by nominal GDP and the fifth largest by purchasing power parity . Germany is the second largest exporter and third largest importer of goods. The country has developed a very high standard of living and a comprehensive system of social security . Germany has been the home of many influential philosophers , music composers , scientists and inventors , and is known for its cultural and political history . Europe;European_Union;German_language;Swiss_franc;European_Union;German_language;European_Union;German_language;Austria;European_Union;Denmark;Poland;Czech_Republic;Austria;Switzerland;France;Luxembourg;Belgium;Netherlands;Eurozone;BMW;Volkswagen;Audi;Siemens_AG;David_Hilbert;Gottfried_Leibniz;Italy;Poland;Poland;Asia;European_Commission;Gottfried_Leibniz;Gottlob_Frege;BMW;Audi;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Der_Spiegel;Financial_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Commission;European_Commission;European_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;Germany;German_language;Germany;Netherlands;Denmark;Belgium;Luxembourg;Poland;Czech_Republic;Germany;France;Switzerland;Austria;Austria;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Latvia;Lithuania;Poland;Sweden;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Canada;France;Italy;Japan;United_Kingdom;United_States;European_Union;Argentina;Argentina;Australia;Australia;Brazil;Brazil;Canada;Canada;European_Union;European_Union;France;France;Germany;Italy;Italy;Japan;Japan;Mexico;Mexico;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;European_Union;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Canada;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Kyrgyzstan;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Australia;Japan;Mongolia;Thailand;Germany;Germany; Gesture_recognition Gesture recognition is a topic in computer science and language technology with the goal of interpreting human gestures via mathematical algorithms . Gestures can originate from any bodily motion or state but commonly originate from the face or hand . Current focuses in the field include emotion recognition from the face and hand gesture recognition. Many approaches have been made using cameras and computer vision algorithms to interpret sign language . However, the identification and recognition of posture, gait, proxemics , and human behaviors is also the subject of gesture recognition techniques. [ 1 ] Gesture recognition can be seen as a way for computers to begin to understand human body language , thus building a richer bridge between machines and humans than primitive text user interfaces or even GUIs (graphical user interfaces), which still limit the majority of input to keyboard and mouse. Gesture recognition enables humans to interface with the machine ( HMI ) and interact naturally without any mechanical devices. Using the concept of gesture recognition, it is possible to point a finger at the computer screen so that the cursor will move accordingly. This could potentially make conventional input devices such as mouse , keyboards and even touch-screens redundant. Although this technology is still in its infancy, applications are beginning to appear. Flutter , a start-up out of Palo Alto, CA, is allowing anyone with Mac/Windows computer and webcam to download an app that allows them to control Music Video apps such as Spotify, iTunes, Windows Media Player, Quicktime, and VLC using gestures. Gesture recognition can be conducted with techniques from computer vision and image processing . The literature includes ongoing work in the computer vision field on capturing gestures or more general human pose and movements by cameras connected to a computer. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Gesture recognition and pen computing: In some literature [ examples needed ] , the term gesture recognition has been used to refer more narrowly to non-text-input handwriting symbols, such as inking on a graphics tablet , multi-touch gestures, and mouse gesture recognition. This is computer interaction through the drawing of symbols with a pointing device cursor (see discussion at Pen computing ). Computer_science;User_interface;Touch_screen;Image_processing;Mouse_gesture;Pen_computing;Remote_control;Infrared;Mouse_gesture;Pen_computing;Mouse_gesture;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Gesture_recognition;Gesture_recognition; GetJar GetJar is an independent mobile phone application store founded in Lithuania in 2004, with offices in Vilnius , Lithuania and San Mateo, California . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The company provides more than 350,000 mobile applications across major handset platforms including Java ME , BlackBerry , Symbian , Windows Mobile and Android , reaching more than 15 million consumers and has served over 2 billion downloads (2,370,554,782+ Total downloads to date 26 Jan 2012). [ 3 ] GetJar allows software developers to upload their applications for free through a developer portal. About 300,000 software developers have used this service resulting in over 1.05 billion downloads. [ 4 ] The rate is currently at 3 million downloads per day. [ 5 ] The company was founded by Ilja Laurs in 2004, who is currently its Executive Chairman. [ 6 ] Lead investor is Accel Partners . [ 7 ] Operating_system;Symbian_OS;List_of_software_categories;Lithuania;Java_ME;BlackBerry;Symbian_OS;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;GetJar;GetJar; Get_a_Mac The Get a Mac campaign is a television advertising campaign created for Apple Inc. by TBWA\Media Arts Lab , the company's advertising agency, that ran from 2006 to 2009. [ 1 ] Shown in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and Japan, the advertisements in the campaign have become easily recognizable because each advertisement follows a standard simple template: against a minimalist all-white background, a man dressed in casual clothes introduces himself as a Mac ("Hello, I'm a Mac."), while a man in a more formal suit-and-tie combination introduces himself as a Windows personal computer ("And I'm a PC ."). The two then act out a brief vignette , in which the capabilities and attributes of Mac and PC are compared, with PC—characterized as formal and somewhat polite, though stuffy and overly concerned with work—often being frustrated by the more laid-back Mac's abilities. The older ones shifted focus away from comparing features of the computer systems to a more general comparison. The later ones, however, mainly concerned Windows Vista and, at the end, Windows 7 . The original American advertisements star actor Justin Long as the Mac, and author and humorist John Hodgman as the PC. These ads are directed by Phil Morrison . The American ads also air on Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand television, [ citation needed ] and at least 24 of them were dubbed into Spanish, French, German, and Italian. The British campaign stars comedic duo Robert Webb as Mac and David Mitchell as PC while the Japanese campaign features the comedic duo Rahmens . Although several of the British and Japanese ads originated in the American campaign, they are generally slightly altered to suit local sensibilities. [ clarification needed ] Both the British and Japanese campaigns also feature several original ads not seen in the American campaign. [ citation needed ] The Get a Mac campaign is the successor to the Switch ads that were first broadcast in 2002. Both campaigns were filmed against a plain white background. Apple's former CEO , Steve Jobs , introduced the campaign during a shareholders meeting the week before the campaign started. The campaign also coincided with a change of signage and employee apparel at Apple retail stores detailing reasons to switch to Macs. The Get a Mac campaign received the Grand Effie Award in 2007. [ 2 ] The song in the commercial is called "Having Trouble Sneezing" composed by Mark Mothersbaugh but is better known as "Get a MAC Melody". Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Personal_computer;Wintel;Windows_Vista;Steve_Jobs;Personal_computer;Microsoft_Windows;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MagSafe;IPhoto;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Media_Player;Genius_Bar;IPhoto;IPod;ITunes;ILife;Weblog;Laptop;ISight;Windows_Vista;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Webcam;Apple_Store;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Windows_Vista;Podcast;Movie;Walt_Mossberg;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Adobe_Flash;Apple_Store;IPhoto;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Entourage;American_English;British_English;IPhoto;IWeb;Steve_Jobs;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Zune;Philip_W._Schiller;Windows_Vista;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;IPod_Touch;IPhone;The_New_York_Times;The_Guardian;Charlie_Brooker;Personal_computer;PC_Magazine;Microsoft;Linux;CDMA;Verizon_Wireless;Sony;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Get_a_Mac;Get_a_Mac; Gevotroline Gevotroline ( WY-47,384 ) is an atypical antipsychotic with a tricyclic structure which was under development for the treatment of schizophrenia by Wyeth-Ayerst . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It acts as a balanced, modest affinity D 2 and 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist and also possesses high affinity for the sigma receptor . [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] It was well-tolerated and showed efficacy in phase II clinical trials but was never marketed. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Atypical_antipsychotic;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Amitriptyline;Desipramine;Imipramine;Opipramol;Clocapramine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Gevotroline;Gevotroline; GiNaC Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Computer_algebra_system;Programming_language;GNU_Octave;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;GiNaC;GiNaC; Gibraltar Europe;European_Union;European_Union;Spain;European_Union;Malta;British_English;GSM;Malta;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Daily_Telegraph;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;English_language;United_Kingdom;Europe;Netherlands;Belgium;Republic_of_Ireland;France;Denmark;Finland;Norway;Latvia;Sweden;Estonia;Lithuania;Germany;Switzerland;Slovakia;Romania;Hungary;Slovenia;Luxembourg;Czech_Republic;Austria;Poland;Greece;Portugal;Spain;Cyprus;Italy;Bulgaria;Albania;Malta;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;European_Union;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Albania;Cyprus;France;Greece;Italy;Malta;Slovenia;Spain;Colombia;Cyprus;Seychelles;Solomon_Islands;Papua_New_Guinea;United_Kingdom;Cyprus;Italy;Malta;Mauritania;Portugal;Spain;Gibraltar;Gibraltar; Gift_card A gift card is a restricted monetary equivalent or scrip that is issued by retailers or banks to be used as an alternative to a non-monetary gift . Highly popular, they rank as the second-most given gift by consumers in the United States (2006) and the most-wanted gift by women, and the third-most wanted by males. [ 1 ] Gift cards have become increasingly popular as they relieve the donor of selecting a specific gift. [ 2 ] In Canada, $1.8 billion were spent on gift cards and in the UK, it is estimated to reach 3 billion (GBP) for 2009 whereas in the United States, about $80 billion were paid for gift cards in 2006. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The recipient of the gift card can use it at his or her discretion within the restrictions set by the issuing agency. Best_Buy;Target_Corporation;United_States;Credit_card;IPhone;Gift_card;Gift_card; GigaOM GigaOM is a Web 2.0 blog started by Om Malik and published by Giga Omni Media, Inc. in San Francisco, California . [ 1 ] According to the company website it has a monthly global audience of 4 million. [ 1 ] It is among the top 50 blogs worldwide by Technorati Rank [ 2 ] [ clarification needed ] , and is listed on CNet 's Blog 100 list. [ 3 ] In May 2010, GigaOm was named Finalist in Lead411's list of the “2010 Hottest San Francisco Companies”. [ 4 ] It offers Web 2.0 news, analysis and opinions on startups, new technologies, broadband and online games. According to GigaOM, the site's readership includes a worldwide following of technology industry leaders, venture capitalists , and entrepreneurs . In June 2006, Malik left his day job to work on GigaOM full-time. [ 5 ] It has also organized conferences such as GigaOM's Mobilize 09, NewTeeVee Live, and Structure 09, drawing presenters such as Sanjay Jha and Andy Rubin [ 6 ] Blog;Blog;CNet;San_Francisco;Open_source;Apple_Inc.;TechCrunch;Mashable;GigaOM;GigaOM; Gigabit_Ethernet In computer networking , Gigabit Ethernet ( GbE or 1 GigE ) is a term describing various technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second (1,000,000,000 bits per second), as defined by the IEEE 802.3-2008 standard. It came into use beginning in 1999, gradually supplanting Fast Ethernet in wired local networks where it performed considerably faster. The cables and equipment are very similar to previous standards, and by the year 2010, were very common and economical. Half-duplex gigabit links connected through hubs are allowed by the specification, [ 1 ] but full-duplex usage with switches is much more common. Intel PRO/1000 GT PCI network interface card Fast_Ethernet;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Ethernet;Fast_Ethernet;Apple_Computer;Infrared;Intel;Ethernet;Local_area_network;Fast_Ethernet;Gigabit_Ethernet;Gigabit_Ethernet; Gigabyte The gigabyte ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ ɡ ə b aɪ t / GIG -ə-byt or / ˈ dʒ ɪ ɡ ə b aɪ t / [ 1 ] ) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information storage . The prefix giga means 10 9 in the International System of Units (SI), therefore 1 gigabyte is 1 000 000 000 bytes . The unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB or Gbyte , but not Gb (lower case b ) which is typically used for the gigabit . Historically, the term has also been used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote the gibibyte , or 1 073 741 824 (1024 3 or 2 30 ) bytes. For instance, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) defined the unit accordingly for the use in power switchgear . [ 2 ] In 2000, however, IEEE adopted the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) recommendation, which uses the metric prefix interpretation. Today the usage of the unit gigabyte continues to depend on the context. When referring to disk storage capacities it usually means 10 9 bytes, often stated explicitly on the manufacturer's permanent sticker. This also applies to data transmission quantities over telecommunication circuits, as the telecommunications and computer networking industries have always used the SI prefixes with their standards-based meaning. When referring to RAM sizes it most often (see binary prefix adoption ) has a binary interpretation of 1024 3 bytes, i.e. as an alias for gibibyte . File systems and software often list file sizes or free space in some mixture of SI units and binary units; they sometimes use SI prefixes to refer to binary interpretation – that is using a label of gigabyte or GB for a number computed in terms of gibibytes (GiB), continuing the confusion. In order to address this the International Electrotechnical Commission has been promoting the use of the term gibibyte for the binary definition. This position is endorsed by other standards organizations including the IEEE, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), but the binary prefixes have seen limited acceptance. The JEDEC industry consortium continues to recommend the IEEE 100 nomenclature of using the metric prefixes kilo, mega and giga in their binary interpretation for memory manufacturing designations. Kibibyte;Megabyte;Terabyte;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Hard_drive;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Megabyte;Compact_Disc;Megabit;Megabyte;Terabyte;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Kibibyte;Gigabyte;Gigabyte; Gigabytes The gigabyte ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ ɡ ə b aɪ t / GIG -ə-byt or / ˈ dʒ ɪ ɡ ə b aɪ t / [ 1 ] ) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information storage . The prefix giga means 10 9 in the International System of Units (SI), therefore 1 gigabyte is 1 000 000 000 bytes . The unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB or Gbyte , but not Gb (lower case b ) which is typically used for the gigabit . Historically, the term has also been used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote the gibibyte , or 1 073 741 824 (1024 3 or 2 30 ) bytes. For instance, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) defined the unit accordingly for the use in power switchgear . [ 2 ] In 2000, however, IEEE adopted the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) recommendation, which uses the metric prefix interpretation. Today the usage of the unit gigabyte continues to depend on the context. When referring to disk storage capacities it usually means 10 9 bytes, often stated explicitly on the manufacturer's permanent sticker. This also applies to data transmission quantities over telecommunication circuits, as the telecommunications and computer networking industries have always used the SI prefixes with their standards-based meaning. When referring to RAM sizes it most often (see binary prefix adoption ) has a binary interpretation of 1024 3 bytes, i.e. as an alias for gibibyte . File systems and software often list file sizes or free space in some mixture of SI units and binary units; they sometimes use SI prefixes to refer to binary interpretation – that is using a label of gigabyte or GB for a number computed in terms of gibibytes (GiB), continuing the confusion. In order to address this the International Electrotechnical Commission has been promoting the use of the term gibibyte for the binary definition. This position is endorsed by other standards organizations including the IEEE, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), but the binary prefixes have seen limited acceptance. The JEDEC industry consortium continues to recommend the IEEE 100 nomenclature of using the metric prefixes kilo, mega and giga in their binary interpretation for memory manufacturing designations. Kibibyte;Megabyte;Terabyte;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Hard_drive;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Megabyte;Compact_Disc;Megabit;Megabyte;Terabyte;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Kibibyte;Gigabyte;Gigabyte; GitHub GitHub is a web-based hosting service for software development projects that use the Git revision control system. GitHub offers both paid plans for private repositories, and free accounts for open source projects. As of May 2011, GitHub was the most popular open source code repository site. [ 3 ] In July 2012, the company received US$100 Million in Series A funding, primarily from Andreessen Horowitz . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Slogan;English_language;Revision_control;SourceForge;ReadWriteWeb;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Bloomberg_News;VentureBeat;Ars_Technica;The_Washington_Post;Proprietary_software;SourceForge;GitHub;GitHub; Gizmodo Gizmodo ( / ɡ ɪ z ˈ m oʊ d oʊ / giz- MOH -doh ) is a technology weblog about consumer electronics [ citation needed ] . It is part of the Gawker Media network run by Nick Denton and is known for its up-to-date coverage of the technology industry, along with topics as broad as design, architecture, space, and science. Blog;Gawker_Media;Peter_Rojas;Weblog;Gawker_Media;Peter_Rojas;Engadget;Nielsen_Company;Europe;French_language;German_language;Spanish_language;Italian_language;Reuters;Macworld;Engadget;John_Gruber;Engadget;Gawker_Media;Lifehacker;TechCrunch;Reuters;The_Guardian;CNN;Yahoo;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Gawker_Media;Gawker;Lifehacker;Peter_Rojas;Brian_Lam;Gizmodo;Gizmodo; Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary The Glasgow Royal Infirmary (GRI) is a large teaching hospital , operated by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] With a capacity of around 1000 beds, the hospital campus covers an area of around 20 acres , situated on the north-eastern edge of the city centre of Glasgow , Scotland . Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary;Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary; Glenn_Fleishman Glenn Fleishman is an American freelance journalist who edits Wi-Fi Networking News , a widely cited early news blog that covers wireless data networking. Fleishman founded one of the earliest Web development firms, Point of Presence Company, worked at Amazon.com from 1996 to 1997, and runs isbn.nu , a book price comparison service. Fleishman has a degree in art ( graphic design ) from Yale College , Yale University (1990), and attended the Yale Summer Program in Graphic Design in Brissago , Ticino , Switzerland , in 1989. Fleishman has written for Wired , Fortune , and PC World , and contributes regularly to The New York Times , The Economist , Popular Science , The Seattle Times (columnist), Macworld , and TidBITS (contributing editor). In July 2012, Fleishman participated in and reported the photo shoot at the conclusion of The Oatmeal ' s Operation BearLove Good, Cancer Bad . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] United_States;Blog;Amazon.com;Switzerland;Wired_magazine;The_New_York_Times;Popular_Science;Macworld;TidBITS;Macworld;Glenn_Fleishman;Glenn_Fleishman; Global_Positioning_System GLONASS;Mobile_phone;United_States;GLONASS;Al_Gore;Assisted_GPS;Mobile_phones;IBM;Stanford_University;Trilateration;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Intellectual_property;Universal_Serial_Bus;Bluetooth;Nextel;Sprint_Nextel;Geotagging;Code_division_multiple_access;Sequence;Trilateration;Assisted_GPS;Federal_Aviation_Administration;Best_Buy;Federal_Aviation_Administration;GPS;GLONASS;GLONASS;European_Union;GPS_navigation_software;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;GLONASS;Germany;Japan;United_Kingdom;France;United_States;Canada;Ecuador;United_States;Venezuela;United_States;European_Union;GLONASS;Switzerland;Czech_Republic;Czech_Republic;Australia;Dynamical_system;Formal_system;Operating_system;Control_theory;Gyroscope;Compass;Global_Positioning_System;Global_Positioning_System; Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communications , originally Groupe Spécial Mobile ), is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation ( 2G ) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones . The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for first generation ( 1G ) analog cellular networks, and originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony . This was expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit switched transport, then packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or EGPRS). Further improvements were made when the 3GPP developed third generation ( 3G ) UMTS standards followed by fourth generation ( 4G ) LTE Advanced standards. "GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association . Cellular_network;Mobile_phone;GPRS;EDGE;Trademark;Mobile_phone;France;Germany;Italy;United_Kingdom;Mobile_phone;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Macau;Cellular_network;GSM_frequency_bands;GSM_frequency_ranges;UMTS_frequency_bands;Codec;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Subscriber_Identity_Module;SIM_lock;SIM_lock;Brazil;Chile;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Singapore;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;FPGA;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Skype;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Open_source;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Wireless_Application_Protocol;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Cellular_network;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Code_division_multiple_access;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;GSM;GSM; Gnome_Music_Player_Client Music Player Daemon ( MPD ) is a music player server. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Playlist;Hard_disk;Intranet;Internet;Ogg_Vorbis;FLAC;WavPack;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Musepack;FFmpeg;Streaming_media;Gapless_playback;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Graphical_user_interface;Infrared;Remote_control;Web_browser;Perl;ITunes;Exaile;API;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_Player_Daemon; Gnome_Wave_Cleaner Gnome Wave Cleaner (GWC) is a digital audio editor application. The graphical user interface for the editor has been produced using the GTK+ widget toolkit . Its primary author is Jeff Welty. Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License , GWC is free software . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Software_license;Digital_audio_editor;Graphical_user_interface;Free_software;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner; Gnus Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Email_client;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Gnus;Gnus; GoMusicNow GoMusic is a Russian music download site. The site offers a variety of music, special collections, as well as audiobooks in both Russian and English. Songs are priced per song, with prices from 9 to 19 cents; audiobooks range from around $1.60 through $5.00 USD. The site design and display is highly similar to MP3Search.ru along with current database collection numbers; in fact users with a GoMusic account that try to sign into the Mp3Search.ru login page are told that their account is a part of the GoMusic network. The site provides songs in MP3 format. The songs lack any digital rights management and thus are compatible with any MP3 player including the popular iPod , Zune , and Creative Zen . A majority of the songs are in the VBR format. The bit rate, along with album year and sometimes the genre, is stated in the header information for all albums. GoMusic users can purchase and download an entire album or list of songs in one click for 10% off. According to the Terms of Use, [ 1 ] a purchased song may be downloaded only once. The Archive feature allows for a second download of a song. If the second download is not sufficient, a song may also be repurchased. Members can also submit album requests to the site's support desk. Members must have sufficient funds paid into their GoMusic account in order to purchase music. Members may acquire funds by paying into their account with Visa, MasterCard and American Express credit cards or TelPay . GoMusic will only allow a payment of less than 30 USD on the first payment into the member's account. Afterwards, it is mandatory for at least 20$ USD payments or higher. This has led some users to complain on how they will not be able to purchase single or a few albums without carrying an extraneous debit on their credit card, which may compound depending on interest rates or value of currency. At the end of 2008, GoMusic's website changed both aesthetically and functionally. New scripts were added to simplify the download process, especially when buying full albums. For a few months prior to this, all options to pay with a debit or credit card dropped off the site, allowing only users to use the telepay method. When credit card funding came back after the site re-design, the minimum amount to replenish the account went from $20.00 USD to $30.00 USD, and adding 3 more pricing tiers above $30.00 as well. In June 2009, adding funds to your account no longer re-directs to a website outside of the site. The option to add funds and enter your credit card information is now an input page on the main site. Information other than the music catalog which is available to site visitors is quite sparse, with only the Terms of Service, the Copyright information and a form for support requests. The site has claimed in the past that it is legal in Russia, in accordance with the "Noncommercial Partnership "Federation of Authors and Rightsholders for Collective Management of Copyright in Interactive Regime." However, similar to AllOfMP3 , the legality of the site is questionable. The argument over whether MP3 download sites in Russia is legal continues, with viewpoints from both sides. [ 2 ] Audiobooks;Digital_rights_management;IPod;Zune;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;GoMusicNow;GoMusicNow; GoldWave Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Software_license;Shareware;Audio_file_format;WAV;Windows_Media_Audio;Ogg;FLAC;AIFF;Au_file_format;Microsoft_Windows;DirectX;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Microsoft_Windows;Software;GoldWave;GoldWave; Golden_Disk_Awards The Golden Disk Awards ( Hangul : 골든 디스크 어워드 ) is an awards show founded in 1986 that is presented annually by the Music Industry Association of Korea for outstanding achievements in the music industry in South Korea . [ 1 ] It is dubbed as the Korean Grammy Awards . Music_industry;Music_industry;Korean_language;Hip_hop_music;Rock_music;Album;Album;Extended_play;Album;Album;Extended_play;Record_producer;Hip_hop_music;Rock_music;Pop_music;Music_industry;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Golden_Disk_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards; Good_Friday April 6 ( Western ) April 13 ( Eastern ) March 29 almost (western) May 3 (eastern) No traditional celebrations Worship services , prayer and vigil services, fasting , almsgiving Good Friday (from the senses pious , holy of the word "good" [ 1 ] ) is a religious holiday observed primarily by Christians commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his death at Calvary . The holiday is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum on the Friday preceding Easter Sunday , and may coincide with the Jewish observance of Passover . It is also known as Holy Friday , Great Friday , Black Friday , [ 2 ] or Easter Friday , [ 3 ] though the latter properly refers to the Friday in Easter week . Based on the details of the Canonical gospels , the Crucifixion of Jesus was most likely to have been on a Friday ( John 19:42 ). [ 4 ] The estimated year of the Crucifixion is AD 33, by two different groups, and originally as AD 34 by Isaac Newton via the differences between the Biblical and Julian calendars and the crescent of the moon. [ 5 ] A third method, using a completely different astronomical approach based on a lunar Crucifixion darkness and eclipse model (consistent with Apostle Peter 's reference to a "moon of blood" in Acts 2:20 ), points to Friday, 3 April AD 33. [ 6 ] Malta;Philippines;Icon;Icon;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Ecuador;Malta;Mexico;Peru;Philippines;Singapore;Venezuela;Hong_Kong;Macau;Singapore;Malaysia;Republic_of_Ireland;Indiana;New_Jersey;Guam;Puerto_Rico;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;ABC_Online;Philippines;Good_Friday;Good_Friday; Google Google Inc. ( NASDAQ : GOOG ), or simply Google (stylised as G o o g l e ), is an American multinational corporation which provides Internet-related products and services, including Internet search , cloud computing , software and advertising technologies. [ 5 ] Advertising revenues from AdWords generate almost all of the company's profits. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while both attended Stanford University . Together, Brin and Page own about 16 percent of the company's stake. Google was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998, and its initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. The company's mission statement from the outset was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful", [ 8 ] and the company's unofficial slogan is " Don't be evil ". [ 9 ] [ 10 ] In 2006, the company moved to its current headquarters in Mountain View , California. Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions , and partnerships beyond the company's core web search engine . The company offers online productivity software including email , an office suite , and social networking . Google's products extend to the desktop as well, with applications for web browsing, organizing editing photos , and instant messaging . Google leads the development of the Android mobile operating system , as well as the Google Chrome OS browser-only operating system, [ 11 ] found on specialized netbooks called Chromebooks . Google has been estimated to run over one million servers in data centers around the world, [ 12 ] and process over one billion search requests [ 13 ] and about twenty-four petabytes of user-generated data every day. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] As of September 2009 Alexa listed the main U.S.-focused google.com site as the Internet's most visited website, and numerous international Google sites as being in the top hundred, as well as several other Google-owned sites such as YouTube, Blogger and Orkut . [ 18 ] Google also ranks number two in the BrandZ brand equity database. [ 19 ] The dominant market position of Google's services has led to criticism of the company over issues including privacy, copyright, and censorship. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] NASDAQ;Eric_Schmidt;YouTube;NASDAQ;Cloud_computing;Stanford_University;Social_networking;Instant_messaging;Operating_system;HTML;Baidu;Sun_Microsystems;Eric_Schmidt;The_New_York_Times;NASDAQ;Sun_Microsystems;AOL;Time_Warner;Microsoft;Nokia;Forbes;AOL;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Meebo;Finland;Belgium;Singapore;Taiwan;ComScore;The_New_York_Times;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Google_Books;Amazon.com;Bing;Gigabyte;Microsoft_Word;Google_Apps;Google_News;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Operating_system;Open_source;Software_development_kit;Google_Chrome;Web_browser;Linux;Eric_Schmidt;Michigan;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Reuters;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;YouTube;Internet_Archive;Open_Directory_Project;Reuters;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Vodafone;Software;Nuance_Communications;Broadcom;Nvidia;Mobile_phone;Dell;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Google;Google; Google_Apps Google Apps is a service from Google providing independently customizable versions of several Google products under a custom domain name . It features several Web applications with similar functionality to traditional office suites , including Gmail , Google Groups , Google Calendar , Talk , Docs and Sites . It was the vision of Rajen Sheth, a Google employee who later developed Chromebooks. [ 1 ] Google Apps for business is free for 30 days, $5 USD per user account and month thereafter or $50 per year. Google Apps for Education is free and offers the same amount of storage as free Gmail accounts. [ 2 ] Free Google Apps is still available though it is demoted in their search results so that users must navigate past the priced offering. Google Apps for Education, which is free, combines features from the Standard and Premier editions. In addition to shared apps (calendar, docs, etc.), there is Google Apps Marketplace , an App "store" for Google Apps users. It contains various apps, both free and for a fee, which can be installed to customize the Google Apps experience for the user. [ 3 ] Software_developer;Google;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Google;Web_application;Google_Talk;IGoogle;Instant_messaging;IMAP;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Open_source;Google;ZDNet;Google;Google;Google;Google;Google;Google;Google;Google;Google;Google;Google;Google;Google;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Cloud_computing;Web_browser;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Operating_system;IOS;Internet;Web_service;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Google_Apps;Google_Apps; Google_Book_Search Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search and Google Print ) is a service from Google Inc. that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition , and stored in its digital database. [ 1 ] The service was formerly known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004. Google's Library Project, also now known as Google Book Search, was announced in December 2004. Results from Google Books show up in both Google Web Search and the dedicated Google Books site (books.google.com). Up to three results from the Google Books index may be displayed, if relevant, above other search results in Google Web Search. A click on a result from Google Books opens an interface in which the user may view pages from the book, if out of copyright or if the copyright owner has given permission. Books in the public domain are available in "full view" and free for download. For in-print books where permission has been granted, the number of viewable pages is limited to a "preview" set by a variety of access restrictions and security measures, some based on user-tracking. [ 2 ] For books where permission for a "preview" has been refused, only permission for "snippets" (two to three lines of text) may be permitted, but the full text of the book is searchable on this limited basis. Where the owner of a book cannot be identified, a "snippet" view may be implemented. For other books that have neither a "full view", nor "preview", nor a "snippet" view, the text is not searchable at all, and Google Books provides no identification of content beyond the book title. For this reason, Google-Books searches are an unreliable indicator of the prevalence of specific usages or terms, because many authoritative works fall into the unsearchable category. Most scanned works are no longer in print or commercially available. [ 3 ] For those which are, the site provides links to the website of the publisher and booksellers. The Google Books database continues to grow. For users outside the United States , though, Google must be sure that the work in question is indeed out of copyright under local laws. According to a member of the Google Books Support Team, "Since whether a book is in the public domain can often be a tricky legal question, we err on the side of caution and display at most a few snippets until we have determined that the book has entered the public domain." [ 4 ] Users outside the United States can however access a large number of public domain books scanned by Google using copies stored on the Internet Archive . [ 5 ] Many of the books are scanned using the Elphel 323 camera [ 6 ] [ 7 ] at a rate of 1,000 pages per hour. [ 8 ] The scanning process is subject to errors. For example, some pages are unreadable, or upside down, or in the wrong order. It happens that some pages of one book appear interleaved with those of another, or an entire book may be attributed to the wrong title altogether. [ citation needed ] Book information such as authors, publishers, dates and so on, may be incorrect or abbreviated incoherently. [ citation needed ] Although at one time Google provided feedback links to report these problems, the mechanisms for readers to provide this feedback have become more and more curtailed as time goes on. [ citation needed ] The initiative has been hailed for its potential to offer unprecedented access to what may become the largest online body of human knowledge [ 9 ] [ 10 ] and promoting the democratization of knowledge , [ 11 ] but it has also been criticized for potential copyright violations. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] As of March 2012, the number of scanned books was over 20 million, but the scanning process has slowed down. [ 13 ] Google estimated in 2010 that there were about 130 million unique books in the world, [ 14 ] [ 15 ] and stated that it intended to scan all of them by the end of the decade. [ 15 ] Google_Play;Software_developer;Google;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Google;United_States;Internet_Archive;Japan;Microsoft;Popular_Mechanics;Stanford_University;Google;Copyright_infringement;Metadata;Internet_Archive;Google_Play;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;List_of_digital_library_projects;Amazon.com;Blog;Google;CNET;Associated_Press;Los_Angeles_Times;TechCrunch;International_Standard_Book_Number;Google;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Google_Books;Google_Books; Google_Books Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search and Google Print ) is a service from Google Inc. that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition , and stored in its digital database. [ 1 ] The service was formerly known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004. Google's Library Project, also now known as Google Book Search, was announced in December 2004. Results from Google Books show up in both Google Web Search and the dedicated Google Books site (books.google.com). Up to three results from the Google Books index may be displayed, if relevant, above other search results in Google Web Search. A click on a result from Google Books opens an interface in which the user may view pages from the book, if out of copyright or if the copyright owner has given permission. Books in the public domain are available in "full view" and free for download. For in-print books where permission has been granted, the number of viewable pages is limited to a "preview" set by a variety of access restrictions and security measures, some based on user-tracking. [ 2 ] For books where permission for a "preview" has been refused, only permission for "snippets" (two to three lines of text) may be permitted, but the full text of the book is searchable on this limited basis. Where the owner of a book cannot be identified, a "snippet" view may be implemented. For other books that have neither a "full view", nor "preview", nor a "snippet" view, the text is not searchable at all, and Google Books provides no identification of content beyond the book title. For this reason, Google-Books searches are an unreliable indicator of the prevalence of specific usages or terms, because many authoritative works fall into the unsearchable category. Most scanned works are no longer in print or commercially available. [ 3 ] For those which are, the site provides links to the website of the publisher and booksellers. The Google Books database continues to grow. For users outside the United States , though, Google must be sure that the work in question is indeed out of copyright under local laws. According to a member of the Google Books Support Team, "Since whether a book is in the public domain can often be a tricky legal question, we err on the side of caution and display at most a few snippets until we have determined that the book has entered the public domain." [ 4 ] Users outside the United States can however access a large number of public domain books scanned by Google using copies stored on the Internet Archive . [ 5 ] Many of the books are scanned using the Elphel 323 camera [ 6 ] [ 7 ] at a rate of 1,000 pages per hour. [ 8 ] The scanning process is subject to errors. For example, some pages are unreadable, or upside down, or in the wrong order. It happens that some pages of one book appear interleaved with those of another, or an entire book may be attributed to the wrong title altogether. [ citation needed ] Book information such as authors, publishers, dates and so on, may be incorrect or abbreviated incoherently. [ citation needed ] Although at one time Google provided feedback links to report these problems, the mechanisms for readers to provide this feedback have become more and more curtailed as time goes on. [ citation needed ] The initiative has been hailed for its potential to offer unprecedented access to what may become the largest online body of human knowledge [ 9 ] [ 10 ] and promoting the democratization of knowledge , [ 11 ] but it has also been criticized for potential copyright violations. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] As of March 2012, the number of scanned books was over 20 million, but the scanning process has slowed down. [ 13 ] Google estimated in 2010 that there were about 130 million unique books in the world, [ 14 ] [ 15 ] and stated that it intended to scan all of them by the end of the decade. [ 15 ] Google_Play;Software_developer;Google;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Google;United_States;Internet_Archive;Japan;Microsoft;Popular_Mechanics;Stanford_University;Google;Copyright_infringement;Metadata;Internet_Archive;Google_Play;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;List_of_digital_library_projects;Amazon.com;Blog;Google;CNET;Associated_Press;Los_Angeles_Times;TechCrunch;International_Standard_Book_Number;Google;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Google_Books;Google_Books; Google_Chrome 21.0.1180.83 (August 21, 2012 ; 1 day ago ( 2012-08-21 ) ) 18.0.1025123 (June 27, 2012 ; 56 days ago ( 2012-06-27 ) [ 1 ] ) 19.0.1084.60 (June 28, 2012 ; 55 days ago ( 2012-06-28 ) [ 2 ] ) 22.0.1229.12 (August 22, 2012 ; 0 days ago ( 2012-08-22 ) ) 21.0.1189.83 (August 21, 2012 ; 1 day ago ( 2012-08-21 ) ) C++ , assembly , Python , JavaScript Android (4.0 and later) iOS (4.3 or later) OS X (10.6 and later) Windows ( XP SP2 and later) WebKit , V8 JavaScript engine Proprietary EULA ( Google Chrome Terms of Service ) [ note 1 ] www.google.com/chrome Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google that uses the WebKit layout engine . It was first released as a beta version for Microsoft Windows on September 2, 2008, and the public stable release was on December 11, 2008. As of June 2012 [update] , Google Chrome has 32.76% worldwide usage share of web browsers , making it the most widely used web browser, according to StatCounter. [ 3 ] In September 2008, Google released a large portion of Chrome's source code as an open source project called Chromium [ 4 ] [ 5 ] which Chrome releases continue to be based on. Software_developer;Google;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Assembly_language;JavaScript;Operating_system;IOS;Linux;OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;WebKit;Language;List_of_software_categories;Web_browser;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Freeware;Web_browser;Google;WebKit;Microsoft_Windows;Open_source;Mozilla_Firefox;Germany;Google_Books;CNET;OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;JavaScript;Adobe_Systems;Denmark;Web_application;JavaScript;WebKit;Mac_OS_X;Linux;WebKit;JavaScript;Adobe_Flash_Player;WebM;AppleScript;Mac_OS;Adobe_Flash;WebP;FFmpeg;RSS;JavaScript;Graphical_user_interface;Mozilla_Firefox;API;Windows_Vista;Adobe_Flash_Player;ActiveX;France;Ars_Technica;Google;IP_address;JavaScript;Recursion;Central_processing_unit;User_interface;Internet_Explorer;Web_application;Mac_OS_X;Retina_display;MacBook_Pro;IOS;Google_Play;Google;Web_browser;Operating_system;IPad;IPhone;IPod_touch;Chitika;Internet_Explorer;The_Daily_Telegraph;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;Google_Play;Google;Google;Apple_Inc.;Google_Book_Search;CNET;CNet;CNET;Ars_Technica;Lifehacker;Google;Ars_Technica;Google;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Google_Chrome;Google_Chrome; Google_Currents Google Currents is a social magazine app for tablet computers released by Google in December 2011. It is currently available for Android and iOS devices. The application covers a variety of sources and offers a list of featured content that includes Forbes , CNET , ReadWriteWeb , and the like [ 1 ] . Social_media;Mobile_apps;Tablet_computer;Google;IOS;Forbes;CNET;ReadWriteWeb;Google_Reader;Blog;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Google_Currents;Google_Currents; Google_Inc. Google Inc. ( NASDAQ : GOOG ), or simply Google (stylised as G o o g l e ), is an American multinational corporation which provides Internet-related products and services, including Internet search , cloud computing , software and advertising technologies. [ 5 ] Advertising revenues from AdWords generate almost all of the company's profits. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while both attended Stanford University . Together, Brin and Page own about 16 percent of the company's stake. Google was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998, and its initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. The company's mission statement from the outset was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful", [ 8 ] and the company's unofficial slogan is " Don't be evil ". [ 9 ] [ 10 ] In 2006, the company moved to its current headquarters in Mountain View , California. Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions , and partnerships beyond the company's core web search engine . The company offers online productivity software including email , an office suite , and social networking . Google's products extend to the desktop as well, with applications for web browsing, organizing editing photos , and instant messaging . Google leads the development of the Android mobile operating system , as well as the Google Chrome OS browser-only operating system, [ 11 ] found on specialized netbooks called Chromebooks . Google has been estimated to run over one million servers in data centers around the world, [ 12 ] and process over one billion search requests [ 13 ] and about twenty-four petabytes of user-generated data every day. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] As of September 2009 Alexa listed the main U.S.-focused google.com site as the Internet's most visited website, and numerous international Google sites as being in the top hundred, as well as several other Google-owned sites such as YouTube, Blogger and Orkut . [ 18 ] Google also ranks number two in the BrandZ brand equity database. [ 19 ] The dominant market position of Google's services has led to criticism of the company over issues including privacy, copyright, and censorship. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] NASDAQ;Eric_Schmidt;YouTube;NASDAQ;Cloud_computing;Stanford_University;Social_networking;Instant_messaging;Operating_system;HTML;Baidu;Sun_Microsystems;Eric_Schmidt;The_New_York_Times;NASDAQ;Sun_Microsystems;AOL;Time_Warner;Microsoft;Nokia;Forbes;AOL;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Meebo;Finland;Belgium;Singapore;Taiwan;ComScore;The_New_York_Times;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Google_Books;Amazon.com;Bing;Gigabyte;Microsoft_Word;Google_Apps;Google_News;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Operating_system;Open_source;Software_development_kit;Google_Chrome;Web_browser;Linux;Eric_Schmidt;Michigan;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Reuters;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;YouTube;Internet_Archive;Open_Directory_Project;Reuters;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Vodafone;Software;Nuance_Communications;Broadcom;Nvidia;Mobile_phone;Dell;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Google;Google; Google_Maps Google Maps (formerly Google Local ) is a web mapping service application and technology provided by Google , that powers many map-based services, including the Google Maps website, Google Ride Finder, Google Transit, [ 1 ] and maps embedded on third-party websites via the Google Maps API . [ 2 ] It offers street maps, a route planner for traveling by foot, car, bike (beta), or public transport and an urban business locator for numerous countries around the world. Google Maps satellite images are not updated in real time; they are several months or years old. Google Maps uses a close variant of the Mercator projection , so it cannot show areas around the poles. A related product is Google Earth , a stand-alone program which offers more globe-viewing features, including showing polar areas. Google;Google;Google;Application_programming_interface;JavaScript;Portable_Network_Graphics;XML;JavaScript;XML;Metadata;Flickr;Application_programming_interface;JavaScript;Adobe_Flash;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;PlayStation_Vita;Nokia;Symbian_OS;BlackBerry;Palm_OS;Palm_Pre;Chad;Google;Internet_Explorer;Web_browser;Internet_Explorer;Google_Chrome;Satellite_imagery;Infrared;GPS;Google_Street_View;Australia;Austria;Belgium;Brazil;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hong_Kong;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Japan;Latvia;Macau;Mexico;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Singapore;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Taiwan;Thailand;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;API;Argentina;Australia;Austria;Brazil;Canada;Chile;Czech_Republic;France;Germany;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Netherlands;Poland;Slovakia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;United_Kingdom;United_States;Geotagging;GPS;Google_Street_View;Application_programming_interface;Nicaragua;Global_Positioning_System;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Google_Street_View;Google_Maps;Google_Maps; Google_News Google News is a free news aggregator provided and operated by Google Inc, selecting most up-to-date information from thousands of publications by an automatic aggregation algorithm. Launched in September 2002, the service was tagged as a beta test for over three years until January 2006. [ 1 ] The initial idea was developed by Krishna Bharat . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] News_aggregator;Google;Cantonese;Korean_language;Associated_Press;JavaScript;New_York_Times;United_Airlines;Bloomberg_News;The_New_York_Times;The_Washington_Post;Bloomberg_L.P.;Los_Angeles_Times;Reuters;Forbes;International_Herald_Tribune;BBC_News;USA_Today;Fox_News;CNN;Daily_Mail;PC_Magazine;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Google_News; Google_Now Google Now is a mobile personalized search application created by Google and powered by the Knowledge Graph . It is built into version 4.1 of the Android mobile operating system. Software_design;Google;Software_developer;Google;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Intelligent_software_assistant;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Google;Knowledge_Graph;S_Voice;Samsung_Electronics;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Software;Google_Now;Google_Now; Google_Play Google Play is a digital multimedia distribution service operated by Google . It includes an online store for music, movies, books, magazines, and Android applications and games, as well as a cloud media player . The service is accessible from the web and the Play Store mobile app on most Android and Google TV devices. [ 1 ] Purchased content is available across all of these platforms/devices. [ 2 ] Google Play was introduced in March 2012 when Google rebranded its whole digital distribution strategy and merged the Android Market and Google Music services into Google Play. [ 3 ] Google;Google;Digital_distribution;Google;Mobile_apps;Google_TV;Tethering;Universal_Music_Group;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Web_browser;Adobe_Flash;Playlist;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Nexus_Q;Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Tablet_computer;IPod_touch;Engadget;Google;IDG;TechCrunch;TechCrunch;Google;TechCrunch;ZDNet;Engadget;PC_Magazine;SlashGear;Google;ZDNet;Ars_Technica;All_Things_Digital;TechCrunch;TechCrunch;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Nexus_Q;Google_Talk;YouTube;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Google_Play;Google_Play; Google_Reader Google Reader is a Web-based aggregator , capable of reading Atom and RSS feeds . It was released by Google on October 7, 2005 through Google Labs . Reader was graduated from beta status on September 17, 2007. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Google;Computing_platform;Web_browser;List_of_software_categories;Feed_aggregator;Feed_aggregator;Google;Google_Talk;Forbes;CNET;Google_Talk;XHTML;IGoogle;Mozilla_Firefox;SeaMonkey;Google;News_aggregator;JavaScript;Google_Chrome;Mozilla_Firefox;RSSOwl;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Google_Reader;Google_Reader; Google_Street_View Google Street View is a technology featured in Google Maps and Google Earth that provides panoramic views from positions along many streets in the world. It was launched on May 25, 2007, in several cities in the United States, and has since expanded to include cities and rural areas worldwide. Where available, Street View images appear after zooming in beyond the highest zooming level in maps and satellite images, and also by dragging a "pegman" icon onto a location on a map. When dragging the pegman icon, blue lines on the map showing Street View imagery will appear. Using the keyboard or mouse , the horizontal and vertical viewing direction and zoom level can be selected. A solid or broken line in the photo shows the approximate path followed by the camera car, and arrows link to the next photo in each direction. At junctions and crossings of camera car routes, more arrows are shown. By using Google Maps , users can turn on steroscopic 3D mode by right-clicking in Street View to get an anaglyph version of any Street View images. However, this mode requires users to wear red cyan glasses to see the 3D effects. [ 2 ] On November 21, 2008, Street View was added to the Maps application installed on the Apple iPhone . On December 10, 2008, Street View was added to the Maps application for S60 3rd Edition . Street View has now also been added to the BlackBerry and Windows Mobile versions of Google Maps. All versions of Google Maps for the Android operating system feature Street View, and the digital compass can be used to look around the locations. Google Street View displays panoramas of stitched images taken from a fleet of specially adapted cars. Areas not accessible by car, like pedestrian areas, narrow streets, alleys and ski resorts, are sometimes covered by Google Trikes ( tricycles ) or snowmobiles . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] On each of these vehicles there are nine directional cameras for 360° views at a height of about 8.2 feet, or 2.5 meters, GPS units for positioning and three laser range scanners from Sick AG for the measuring of up to 50 meters 180° in the front of the vehicle. [ 5 ] These are used for recording a rough 3D model of the surroundings, enabling faux-3D transitions between distinct panoramas where the environment images are momentarily mapped onto this 3D model while being crossfaded to create an animated perspective change as the user travels from one panorama to another. There are also 3G / GSM / Wi-Fi antennas for scanning 3G/GSM and Wi-Fi hotspots . [ 6 ] More recently, high quality images have been based on open source hardware cameras from Elphel . [ 7 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Brazil;United_States;Internationalization_and_localization;Google_Maps;Google_Maps;IPhone;BlackBerry;Google_Maps;GPS;GSM;Mexico;Google_Maps;France;Italy;Australia;Japan;New_Zealand;Australia;Japan;Austria;Belgium;Brazil;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;France;Italy;Europe;Finland;Germany;Greece;Hong_Kong;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;France;Europe;Japan;Asia;Australia;Latvia;Macau;Mexico;Netherlands;Norway;New_Zealand;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Singapore;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Thailand;Taiwan;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Hong_Kong;Macau;Japan;Singapore;Republic_of_China;Thailand;Malaysia;Asia;Malaysia;Europe;Austria;Bulgaria;Gibraltar;Greece;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Slovakia;Hungary;Slovenia;Chile;Colombia;Argentina;Peru;Google_Maps;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;Google_Maps;Google;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_News;Google_Street_View;Google_Street_View; Google_TV First wave: Intel Atom based CE4100 SoC . Second wave: Variety of ARM SoC designs Netflix , HBO Go, Amazon VOD, Google Play Google TV is a Smart TV platform from Google co-developed by Google , Intel , Sony and Logitech . Google TV integrates Google’s Android operating system and the Linux version of Google Chrome browser to create an interactive television overlay on top of existing Internet television and WebTV sites to add a 10-foot user interface . [ 1 ] Google TV initially launched October 6, 2010, with official devices from Sony and Logitech. [ 2 ] Google TV's first generation devices were created and commercialized by Sony and Logitech. The first generation of devices was based on x86 architecture processor by Intel. For the second generation of devices new partners have joined, like LG, Samsung and Vizio, some of which include 3D capabilities. [ 3 ] The second generation of Google TV devices are based in ARM architecture processors. Google;Intel;Sony;Logitech;Google;Intel;Sony;Logitech;Digital_media_receiver;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;OpenGL_ES;Netflix;Google_Play;Smart_TV;Google;Google;Intel;Sony;Logitech;Google_Chrome;Internet_television;CNBC;Apple_Inc.;QWERTY;Google_Play;Netflix;Pandora_Radio;Logitech;Sony;Samsung;Sony;LG;Engadget;David_Pogue;Engadget;Smart_TV;NBC;CBS;Hulu;Sony;Logitech;Digital_video_recorder;Logitech;Netflix;SageTV;ARM_architecture;System_on_a_chip;United_Kingdom;Smart_TV;Internet_television;Home_theater_PC;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Nexus_Q;Google_Talk;YouTube;Google_Play;Smartphone;Dell;Google;HTC_Corporation;Intel;Sony_Ericsson;Tablet_computer;Amazon.com;Dell;Google;HTC_Corporation;Kobo_Inc.;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung;Sony;Samsung;Sony;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;NetFront;MSN_TV;Google_TV;Google_TV; Google_Talk 2.5.6.4871 (October 23, 2011 ; 9 months ago ( 2011-10-23 ) ) 2.5.8.4958 (November 21, 2011 ; 8 months ago ( 2011-11-21 ) ) [ ± ] Google Talk Labs Edition [ ± ] Translation available English, German, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean , Dutch , Polish , Portuguese , Russian, Turkish , Chinese, Spanish VoIP / instant messaging client www.google.com/talk www.google.com/talk/labsedition talkgadget.google.com/talkgadget/popout Google Talk is an instant messaging service that provides both text and voice communication. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The instant messaging service is colloquially known as "gchat" to its users, although Google does not endorse this name. [ 3 ] Google Talk is also the name of the client applications offered by Google to access the service. Google Talk applications are available for Microsoft Windows [ 1 ] ( XP , Server 2003 , Vista , and Windows 7 ), Android , [ 4 ] Blackberry , [ 5 ] and Google Chrome OS operating systems. [ 6 ] Because the Google Talk servers communicate with clients using an open protocol, XMPP , the service can also be accessed using any other client that supports XMPP. Such clients are available for a number of operating systems not supported by the Google Talk client. [ 1 ] VoIP in Google Talk uses an older version of what became the Jingle protocol. The technology used within the Google server network, however, is not publicly known. Software_developer;Google_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;BlackBerry_OS;Linux;WebOS;IOS;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Internationalization_and_localization;Korean_language;List_of_software_categories;VoIP;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Instant_messaging;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;BlackBerry;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Presence_information;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Sony;Java_ME;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;VoIP;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Skype;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_Flash_Player;Internet_Relay_Chat;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Google_Chrome;John_Markoff;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Google_Talk;Google_Talk; Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol The Google Wave Federation Protocol , renamed as Wave Federation Protocol , is an open protocol , extension of the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) that is used in Apache Wave . It is designed for near real-time communication between the computer supported cooperative work wave servers. Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Email;Instant_messaging;FTP;Proxy_server;XML;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol; Gorillaz Gorillaz is an English musical and visual project created in 1998 by Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett . The project consists of Gorillaz itself and an extensive fictional universe depicting a " virtual band " of cartoon characters. This band has four animated members: 2D (lead vocalist, keyboard, and melodica), Murdoc Niccals (bass guitar and drum machine), Noodle (guitar, keyboard, and occasional vocals) and Russel Hobbs (drums and percussion). Their fictional universe is explored through the band's website and music videos, as well as a number of other media, such as short cartoons. The music is a collaboration between various musicians, Albarn being the only permanent musical contributor. Their style is a composition of multiple musical genres, with a large number of influences including alternative rock , hip hop , electronica , dub and pop . The band's 2001 debut album Gorillaz sold over seven million copies and earned them an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the Most Successful Virtual Band. [ 4 ] It was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2001, but the nomination was later withdrawn at the band's request. [ 5 ] Their second studio album, Demon Days , released in 2005, went five times platinum in the UK, [ 6 ] double platinum in the United States, [ 7 ] earned five Grammy Award nominations for 2006 [ 8 ] and won one of them in the Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals category. [ 9 ] The band has won numerous other awards, including two MTV Video Music Awards , an NME Award , three MTV Europe Music Awards , and have twice been nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Group. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The combined sales of the Gorillaz and Demon Days albums had exceeded 15 million by 2007. [ 12 ] The band's third studio album, Plastic Beach , was released in March 2010. Their latest album, The Fall , was released in December 2010 as a free download for fan club members, then in April 2011 as a physical release. In April 2012, Albarn revealed that the project was "unlikely" to continue due to disagreements between himself and Hewlett. [ 13 ] However, he later stated that when he and Hewlett had worked out their differences, they would make another record. Hip_hop_music;Electronica;Pop_music;Record_label;EMI;Universal_Music_Group;Damon_Albarn;Damon_Albarn;Hip_hop_music;Electronica;Pop_music;Music_recording_sales_certification;Grammy_Award;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;Damon_Albarn;Extended_play;Damon_Albarn;Hip_hop_music;Television;EMI;Danger_Mouse;UK_Singles_Chart;Online_music_store;Damon_Albarn;IPad;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;New_Zealand;Television;Damon_Albarn;Damon_Albarn;British_Phonographic_Industry;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;EMI;EMI;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;British_Phonographic_Industry;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;EMI;The_Guardian;Microsoft;Damon_Albarn;Danger_Mouse;Gorillaz;Gorillaz; Gospel_music Gospel music is music that is written to express either personal, spiritual or a communal belief regarding Christian life, as well as (in terms of the varying music styles) to give a Christian alternative to mainstream secular music. Like other forms of Christian music , the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of gospel music varies according to culture and social context. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, and as an entertainment product for the marketplace. Piano;Guitar;Country_music;Soul_music;Christian_music;Folk_music;Electric_guitar;Christian_music;Soul_music;Christian_music;Christian_music_industry;Blues;Jazz;Country_music;Gospel_music;Gospel_music; Gottfried_Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz ) ( German pronunciation: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm fɔn ˈlaɪbnɪts] [ 1 ] or [ˈlaɪpnɪts] [ 2 ] ) (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716) was a German mathematician and philosopher . He wrote in several languages, but primarily in Latin , French , and German . [ 3 ] Leibniz occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy . He developed the infinitesimal calculus independently of Isaac Newton , and Leibniz's mathematical notation has been widely used ever since it was published. His visionary Law of Continuity and Transcendental Law of Homogeneity only found mathematical implementation in the 20th century. He became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators . While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to Pascal's calculator , he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685 [ 4 ] and invented the Leibniz wheel , used in the arithmometer , the first mass-produced mechanical calculator. He also refined the binary number system , which is at the foundation of virtually all digital computers . In philosophy, Leibniz is mostly noted for his optimism, e.g. , his conclusion that our Universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one that God could have created. Leibniz, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza , was one of the three great 17th century advocates of rationalism . The work of Leibniz anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy , but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are produced by applying reason to first principles or prior definitions rather than to empirical evidence. Leibniz made major contributions to physics and technology , and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in philosophy , probability theory , biology , medicine , geology , psychology , linguistics , and information science . He wrote works on philosophy , politics , law , ethics , theology , history , and philology . Leibniz's contributions to this vast array of subjects were scattered in various learned journals , in tens of thousands of letters, and in unpublished manuscripts. As of 2012, there is no complete gathering of the writings of Leibniz. [ 5 ] Bertrand_Russell;French_language;German_language;Poland;Europe;Netherlands;Calculus_ratiocinator;Gottlob_Frege;Begriffsschrift;Characteristica_universalis;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Bertrand_Russell;Calculus_ratiocinator;Database;Characteristica_universalis;Calculus_ratiocinator;European_Union;Characteristica_universalis;Bertrand_Russell;French_language;German_language;Project_Gutenberg;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;Project_Gutenberg;Open_Directory_Project;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Science;Logical_atomism;Formal_system;Formal_system;Recursion;Gottlob_Frege;David_Hilbert;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Bertrand_Russell;Bertrand_Russell;Gottlob_Frege;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Bertrand_Russell;Logical_atomism;Language;Language;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Germany;Germany; Gottlob_Frege Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege ( German: [ˈɡɔtloːp ˈfreːɡə] ; 8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German mathematician , logician and philosopher . He is considered to be one of the founders of modern logic and made major contributions to the foundations of mathematics. He is generally considered to be the father of analytic philosophy , for his writings on the philosophy of language and mathematics. While he was mainly ignored by the intellectual world when he published his writings, Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) introduced his work to later generations of logicians and philosophers. Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Germany;Bertrand_Russell;Germany;Textbook;Language;Begriffsschrift;Begriffsschrift;Begriffsschrift;Bertrand_Russell;Begriffsschrift;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Begriffsschrift;International_Standard_Book_Number;Begriffsschrift;Wikisource;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Logical_atomism;Logical_atomism;Formal_system;Formal_system;Recursion;David_Hilbert;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Bertrand_Russell;Logical_atomism;Language;Language;Germany;Gottlob_Frege;Gottlob_Frege; Gracenote Gracenote, Inc. , formerly called CDDB (Compact Disc Data Base), is a company that maintains and licenses an Internet-accessible database containing information about the contents of audio compact discs and vinyl records. It provides software and metadata to businesses that enable their customers to manage and search digital media. Gracenote provides its media management technology and global media database of digital entertainment information to the mobile , automobile, portable , home, and PC markets. Several computer software applications that are capable of playing CDs, such as Winamp , Media Go , and iTunes , use Gracenote's CDDB technology. Gracenote’s database was originally created from and continues to receive voluntary contributions from users. This led to a licensing controversy when Gracenote became commercialized. It received its one billionth piece of data on September 9, 2010, with a submission about the Compact Disc release of Swans ' My Father Will Guide Me Up a Rope to the Sky . [ 1 ] In addition to its CD track-identification system, Gracenote operates a digital file identification service which allows digital music files (such as MP3s) to be identified, and a media management service for the generation of playlists, and recommendation of music. On April 22, 2008, Sony announced that it would acquire Gracenote for US$260 million. [ 2 ] The acquisition was completed on June 2, 2008. [ 3 ] Compact_disc;Metadata;Mobile_phone;Personal_computer;Winamp;Media_Go;ITunes;Compact_Disc;Sony;ITunes;Media_Go;Spotify;Spotify;Winamp;Pandora_Radio;Alpine_Electronics;Bose_Corporation;Sony;The_New_York_Times;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Television;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Gracenote;Gracenote; Grammy_Award A Grammy Award (originally called Gramophone Award ) – or Grammy – is an accolade by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry . The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and some of the awards of more popular interest are presented in a widely viewed televised ceremony. It is the music equivalent to the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for stage performances, and the Academy Awards for motion pictures . The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4, 1959, and it was set up to honor musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958. Following the 2011 ceremony, NARAS overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 54th Grammy Awards were held on February 12, 2012, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California . Music_industry;United_States;NBC;CBS;United_States;Music_industry;Rock_music;Classical_music;Gospel_music;Heavy_metal_music;Los_Angeles_Times;File_sharing;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Norah_Jones;The_Huffington_Post;NBC;CBS;American_Music_Award;Grammy_Museum;Juno_Award;Los_Angeles_Times;Tribune_Company;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;The_Huffington_Post;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;The_Huffington_Post;International_Standard_Book_Number;American_Music_Award;Billboard_Music_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;TEC_Awards;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Grammy_Award;Grammy_Award; Grammy_Museum The GRAMMY Museum , is an interactive, educational museum devoted to the history and winners of the Grammy Awards . The Museum strives to inspires its visitors to learn about musical genres and history through interactive touch-screens, videos, and recording booths. The museum also features a rich collection of historical music artifacts including costumes and instruments from the Grammy Awards, hand-written lyrics, records, and audio/video recordings. The_Beatles;John_Legend;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label; Grand_Central_Dispatch Grand Central Dispatch ( GCD ) is a technology developed by Apple Inc. to optimize application support for systems with multi-core processors and other symmetric multiprocessing systems. [ 2 ] It is an implementation of task parallelism based on the thread pool pattern . It was first released with Mac OS X 10.6 , and is also available with iOS 4 and above. The name "Grand Central Dispatch" is a reference to Grand Central Terminal . [ citation needed ] The source code for the library that provides the implementation of GCD's services, libdispatch , was released by Apple under the Apache License on September 10, 2009 [ 3 ] It has been ported [ 4 ] to the FreeBSD operating system, starting with FreeBSD 8.1. [ 5 ] MidnightBSD 0.3-CURRENT includes "libdispatch" without blocks support. [ 6 ] Linux and Solaris support are provided within the upstream trunk. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In order to develop support for Windows, currently two forks exist at opensource.mlba-team.de and Github . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Apple_Inc.;Ars_Technica;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Grand_Central_Dispatch; Grand_Prix_du_Disque The Grand Prix du Disque is the premier French award for musical recordings. The award was inaugurated by l'Académie Charles Cros in 1948 and offers prizes in various categories. The categories vary from year to year, and multiple awards are often made in any one category in the same year. Awards are made in the following categories: Instrumental and Symphonic Music Instrumental Soloist (new talent) Recordings for Children Vocal Soloist (new talent) Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Grand_Prix_du_Disque; Grapher Mac_OS_X_Lion;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Software_program;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;NuCalc;API;QuickTime;Mac_OS_X;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Grapher;Grapher; Graphical_programming In computing , a visual programming language ( VPL ) is any programming language that lets users create programs by manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually. A VPL allows programming with visual expressions, spatial arrangements of text and graphic symbols, used either as elements of syntax or secondary notation . For example, many VPLs (known as dataflow or diagrammatic programming ) [ 1 ] are based on the idea of "boxes and arrows", where boxes or other screen objects are treated as entities, connected by arrows, lines or arcs which represent relations. VPLs may be further classified, according to the type and extent of visual expression used, into icon-based languages, form-based languages, and diagram languages. Visual programming environments provide graphical or iconic elements which can be manipulated by users in an interactive way according to some specific spatial grammar for program construction. A visually transformed language is a non-visual language with a superimposed visual representation. Naturally visual languages have an inherent visual expression for which there is no obvious textual equivalent. [ citation needed ] Current developments try to integrate the visual programming approach with dataflow programming languages to either have immediate access to the program state resulting in online debugging or automatic program generation and documentation (i.e. visual paradigm ). Dataflow languages also allow automatic parallelization , which is likely to become one of the greatest programming challenges of the future. [ 2 ] An instructive counterexample for visual programming languages is the Microsoft Visual Studio . The languages it encompasses ( Visual Basic , Visual C# , Visual J# , etc.) are commonly confused to be but are not visual programming languages. All of these languages are textual and not graphical. MS Visual Studio is a visual programming environment, but not a visual programming language, hence the confusion. Programming_language;Dataflow_programming;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;AudioMulch;LabVIEW;Visual_effects;Compositing;Lego_Mindstorms_NXT;Quartz_Composer;Native_Instruments;Simulink;Apple_Inc.;Programming_language;VisSim;Dataflow_programming;Flowchart;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Programming_paradigm;Array_programming;Assembly_language;Dataflow_programming;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Logic_programming;Procedural_programming;Visual_programming_language;Visual_programming_language; Graphical_system_design Graphical system design is a modern approach to designing measurement and control systems that integrates system design software with COTS hardware to dramatically simplify development. This approach combines user interfaces, models of computation , math and analysis, Input/output signals, technology abstractions, and various deployment target. It allows domain experts , or non- implementation experts, to access to design capabilities where they would traditionally need to outsource a system design expert. This approach to system design is a super-set of Electronic System Level (ESL) design. Graphical system design expands on the EDA-based ESL definition to include other types of embedded system design including industrial machines and medical devices. Many of these expanded applications can be defined as " the long tail " applications. LabVIEW;FPGA;Intellectual_property;Graphical_system_design;Graphical_system_design; Graphical_user_interface User_interface;Computer;Mobile_device;Direct_manipulation;Computer_science;Video_game;Computer;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Inc.;IBM;Microsoft;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Symbian_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Windows_Phone;Smartphone;Operating_system;Linux;Personal_computer;Personal_computer;Smartphone;IPhone;Software_application;GUI_widget;GUI_widget;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;Ars_Technica;GUI_widget;Context_menu;Balloon_help;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Operating_system;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;GUI_widget;DirectX;Graphics_processing_unit;Operating_system;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Graphical_user_interface; Graphics_Interchange_Format The Graphics Interchange Format ( GIF ; / ˈ dʒ ɪ f / or / ˈ ɡ ɪ f / ) is a bitmap image format that was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability. The format supports up to 8 bits per pixel thus allowing a single image to reference a palette of up to 256 distinct colors. The colors are chosen from the 24-bit RGB color space. It also supports animations and allows a separate palette of 256 colors for each frame. The color limitation makes the GIF format unsuitable for reproducing color photographs and other images with continuous color, but it is well-suited for simpler images such as graphics or logos with solid areas of color. GIF images are compressed using the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless data compression technique to reduce the file size without degrading the visual quality. This compression technique was patented in 1985. Controversy over the licensing agreement between the patent holder, Unisys , and CompuServe in 1994 spurred the development of the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) standard; since then all the relevant patents have expired. Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Raster_graphics;Raster_graphics;Lossless_data_compression;Portable_Network_Graphics;Data_compression;PCX;MacPaint;G;Digital_photography;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Raw_image_format;JPEG;Dithering;Internet_Explorer;Google_Chrome;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;Web_browser;Internet_Explorer;SVG;JavaScript;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;International_Standard_Book_Number;Slashdot;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Graphics_Interchange_Format; Graphics_processing_unit A graphics processing unit ( GPU ), also occasionally called visual processing unit ( VPU ), is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the building of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. GPUs are used in embedded systems , mobile phones , personal computers , workstations , and game consoles . Modern GPUs are very efficient at manipulating computer graphics , and their highly parallel structure makes them more effective than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel. In a personal computer, a GPU can be present on a video card , or it can be on the motherboard or—in certain CPUs—on the CPU die. More than 90% of new desktop and notebook computers [ when? ] have integrated GPUs, which are usually far less powerful than those on a dedicated video card. [ 1 ] The term was popularized by Nvidia in 1999, who marketed the GeForce 256 as "the world's first 'GPU', or Graphics Processing Unit, a single-chip processor with integrated transform, lighting, triangle setup/clipping, and rendering engines that are capable of processing a minimum of 10 million polygons per second". Rival ATI Technologies coined the term visual processing unit or VPU with the release of the Radeon 9700 in 2002. Embedded_system;Mobile_phone;Personal_computer;Computer_graphics;Central_processing_unit;Algorithm;Nvidia;ATI_Technologies;Intel;Multibus;Direct_memory_access;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;CPU;ATI_Technologies;DirectX;Microsoft_Windows;DirectX;Nvidia;DirectX;ATI_Technologies;Quiet_PC;Image_processing;Linear_algebra;OpenCL;Nvidia;ATI_Technologies;Nvidia;ATI_Technologies;Central_processing_unit;Digital_video;MPEG;API;Microsoft_Windows;Xvid;DivX;Codec;Progressive_scan;PCI_Express;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;ATI_Technologies;Nvidia;Stanford_University;OpenCL;SDK;Computer_graphics;Central_processing_unit;Video_game_console;Nvidia;GPU;ATI_Technologies;GPU;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Apple_TV;Mac_OS_X;Mathematica;MATLAB;Graphics_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit; Greece – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 37°58′N 23°43′E  /  37.967°N 23.717°E  / 37.967; 23.717 Official language(s) 2% others [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Greek (Officially: Hellenic ) Unitary parliamentary republic Independence from the Ottoman Empire 1 January 1822, at the First National Assembly 3 February 1830, in the London Protocol Current constitution Third Hellenic Republic 131,990 km 2 ( 96th ) $294.339 billion [ 7 ] $303.065 billion [ 7 ] Euro ( € ) 2 ( EUR ) Also the national anthem of Cyprus . Before 2002, the Greek drachma . The .eu domain is also used, as in other European Union member states. Greece i / ˈ ɡ r iː s / ( Greek : Ελλάδα , Ellada , IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen ) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek : Ἑλλάς , Hellas , IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic ( Ελληνική Δημοκρατία , Elliniki Dimokratia , IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia] [ 9 ] ), is a country in Southern Europe , [ 10 ] politically considered part of Western Europe . [ 11 ] Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus ). The population of the country, according to the official 2011 census, is about 10 million. Greece has land borders with Albania , the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete , the Dodecanese , the Cyclades , and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft). Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilization of ancient Greece , generally considered the cradle of Western civilization . As such it is the birthplace of democracy, [ 12 ] Western philosophy , [ 13 ] the Olympic Games , Western literature and historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, [ 14 ] including both tragedy and comedy. This legacy is partly reflected in the seventeen UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in Greece, ranking Greece 7th in Europe and 13th in the world . The modern Greek state was established in 1830, following the Greek War of Independence . Greece has been a member of what is now the European Union since 1981 and the eurozone since 2001, [ 15 ] NATO since 1952, [ 16 ] and is a founding member of the United Nations . Greece is a developed country with an advanced, [ 17 ] [ 18 ] high-income economy [ 19 ] and very high standards of living (including the 21st highest quality of life as of 2010). [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Since late 2009, the Greek economy has been hit by a severe economic and financial crisis resulting in the Greek government requesting € 240 billion in loans from EU institutions, a substantial debt write-off, and unpopular austerity measures. [ 23 ] Europe;European_Union;Cyprus;European_Union;Albania;Bulgaria;European_Union;Eurozone;Europe;Cyprus;United_Kingdom;European_Union;European_Union;Albania;Bulgaria;Cyprus;European_Union;Eurozone;Poland;Europe;Finland;Siemens_AG;Motorola;Italy;European_Union;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Der_Spiegel;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Daily_Telegraph;European_Commission;European_Commission;European_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Greece;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Albania;Cyprus;France;Gibraltar;Italy;Malta;Slovenia;Spain;Albania;Bulgaria;Italy;Romania;Slovenia;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;Albania;Bulgaria;Romania;Ukraine;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Cyprus;Argentina;Brazil;Cambodia;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Malta;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Greece;Greece; Green Green is a color , the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 520–570 nanometers . In the subtractive color system, it is not a primary color , but is created out of a mixture of yellow and blue , or yellow and cyan ; it is considered one of the additive primary colors. On the HSV color wheel , also known as the RGB color wheel , the complement of green is magenta ; that is, a purple color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light. On a color wheel based on traditional color theory ( RYB ), the complementary color to green is considered to be red . [ 5 ] The word green is closely related to the Old English verb growan , "to grow". It is used to describe plants or the ocean . Sometimes it can also describe someone who is inexperienced, jealous, or sick. In the United States of America, green is a slang term for money, among other things. Several colloquialisms have derived from these meanings, such as "green around the gills", a phrase used to describe a person who looks ill. Several minerals have a green color, including emerald , which is colored green by its chromium content. Animals such as frogs, lizards, and other reptiles and amphibians, fish, insects, and birds, appear green because of a mixture of layers of blue and green coloring on their skin . By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll , the chemical by which plants photosynthesize . Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage . Culturally, green has broad and sometimes contradictory meanings. In some cultures, green symbolizes hope and growth, while in others, it is associated with death, sickness, envy , or the devil , or both, depending on the context. The most common associations, however, are found in its ties to nature. For example, Islam venerates the color, as it expects paradise to be full of lush greenery. Green is also associated with regeneration, fertility and rebirth for its connections to nature. Recent political groups in Europe and the West have taken on the color as a symbol of environmental protection and social justice, and consider themselves part of the Green movement , some naming themselves Green parties . This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly , products. Red;Red;Red;Japanese_language;Urticaria;Insomnia;Laos;Benin;Zimbabwe;Wikisource;Republic_of_Ireland;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Infrared;Red;Red;Red;Green;Green; Green_Man_Gaming Green Man Gaming is an online downloadable PC games retailer launched in May 2010. [ 1 ] It allows its users to download games and then trade back their downloads when they've finished with them for credit to use against other downloadable content on the website. This works by deactivating the activation code required to play games online, which is then re-sold as 'pre-owned'. [ 2 ] Because the only aspect of the downloads that are classified as 'pre-owned' is the previously used activation code, it has been suggested that the website is a 'glorified rental service' [ 3 ] and as the actual game downloaded will be new to the player, the status of pre-owned 'makes no difference to the end user'. [ 3 ] United_Kingdom;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;Computer_and_Video_Games;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Green_Man_Gaming;Green_Man_Gaming; Gretl Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Graphical_user_interface;GNU_Octave;English_language;Chinese_language;German_language;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;XML;Microsoft_Excel;Free_Software_Foundation;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;ADMB;GNU_Octave;Freeware;Retail_software;MATLAB;Mathematica;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Excel;Gretl;Gretl; Griffin_Technology Consumer electronics Nashville, Tennessee Paul Griffin , Founder Van Thompson , Founder Mark Rowan , President cables , loudspeakers , iPod accessories , computer hardware www.griffintechnology.com Griffin Technology is a privately held U.S. company founded in Nashville , Tennessee in 1992 by Paul Griffin. The company designs and manufactures computer peripherals , consumer electronics , and accessories, the first products being primarily video adapters, in particular those to enable the connection of DB-15 based Macintosh computers to the more popular VGA based monitors of the time. June 1998 marked Griffin's entry into USB based computer peripherals with the introduction of the iMate , a device that allowed the use of Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) based devices with the newer, and increasingly more common, Universal Serial Bus (USB). Griffin introduced additional USB devices, such as iMic and PowerMate , over the next two years, and continued to enjoy moderate growth during this period. Griffin was one of the first companies to recognize the potential of Apple's iPod , introducing their first accessories for iPod in January 2002 at the MacWorld held in San Francisco , California . This was just three months after Apple's release of iPod. One year later, at MacWorld San Francisco 2003, Griffin introduced iTrip . iTrip is an FM transmitter that allows iPod owners to transmit audio from an iPod to a nearby FM receiver . The company experienced rapid growth fueled by the success of its iPod accessories, especially the iTrip. As evidence, the number of people employed by Griffin Technology increased four-fold between 2003 and 2007. This growth allowed the company to take on more ambitious projects such as the Evolve wireless speaker system, and to diversify the product line to include accessories for iPod competitors such as Microsoft's Zune , and SanDisk's Sansa . Griffin had already been involved in software, with utilities in support of its iMic and other products, and in 2008, began offering software apps for Apple iPhone and iPod touch. Its first offerings were games; later, the company developed a software version of its iTalk recording appliance for iPod. The first iTalk was a stereo microphone that plugged into an iPod to facilitate direct recording. The software version for iPod touch and iPhone allows stereo recording at CD-quality sampling rates, via either the iPhone's built-in microphone or an external mic. iTalk quickly became one of the most-downloaded utility apps available from Apple's iTunes App Store, and continues in popularity to the present. Macintosh;USB;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Inc;IPod;San_Francisco;California;ITrip;Microsoft;Zune;ITrip;YouTube;Griffin_Technology;Griffin_Technology; Groasis_Waterboxx Netherlands;Popular_Science;New_York_Times;Popular_Science;Popular_Science;Popular_Science;YouTube;Groasis_Waterboxx;Groasis_Waterboxx; Grooveshark Grooveshark is an internet service for music. It has a search engine , streaming service , and recommendation application. Users can stream and upload music that can be played immediately or added to a playlist . [ 2 ] As of January 2012, Grooveshark has been sued for copyright -violations by all the major music companies, namely EMI Music Publishing, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and Universal Music. [ 3 ] For one suit complaining about copyright-infringement , the liabilities have been estimated at seventeen billion U.S. dollars. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Concerns about copyrights led Google , Apple and Facebook to remove Grooveshark's applications from the Android Market , the App Store (iOS) and Facebook platform respectively. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In response, Grooveshark has stated that it operates under a "safe harbor" provision of U.S. law. [ 4 ] Playlist;Copyright_infringement;Google;Apple;Facebook;Adobe_Flash;Video_on_demand;LimeWire;User_interface;Adobe_Flash;Germany;Google;Apple;EMI;Universal_Music_Group;Universal_Music_Group;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Intellectual_property;Facebook;Streaming_media;CNET;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Grooveshark;Grooveshark; Group_Code_Recording In computer science , group code recording (GCR) refers to several distinct but related encoding methods for magnetic media. The first, used in 6250 cpi magnetic tape , is an error-correcting code combined with a run length limited encoding scheme. The others are different floppy disk encoding methods used in some microcomputers until the late 1980s. Computer_science;Floppy_disk;Floppy_disk;Apple_II;Steve_Wozniak;ProDOS;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_II;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Modified_Frequency_Modulation; Guam Guam ( i / ˈ ɡ w ɑː m / ; Chamorro : Guåhån ) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States located in the western Pacific Ocean . It is one of five U.S. territories with an established civilian government. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Guam is listed as one of sixteen Non-Self-Governing Territories by the Special Committee on Decolonization of the United Nations . [ 4 ] The island's capital is Hagåtña (formerly Agaña). Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands . The Chamorros , Guam's indigenous people, first populated the island approximately 4,000 years ago. [ 5 ] The island has a long history of European colonialism . Discovered by Ferdinand Magellan during a Spanish expedition on March 6, 1521, the first colony was established in 1668 by Spain with the arrival of settlers including Padre San Vitores , a Catholic missionary . For more than two centuries Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons that crossed the Pacific annually. The island was controlled by Spain until 1898, when it was surrendered to the United States during the Spanish-American War and later formally ceded as part of the Treaty of Paris . As the largest island in Micronesia and the only U.S. held island in the region before WW II , Guam was captured by the Japanese on December 8, 1941, hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor , and was occupied for two and a half years. During the occupation, the people of Guam were subjected to acts that included torture, beheadings and rape, [ 6 ] and were forced to adopt the Japanese culture. [ 7 ] Guam was subject to fierce fighting when U.S. troops recaptured the island on July 21, 1944, a date commemorated every year as Liberation Day . [ 8 ] Today, Guam's economy is supported by its principal industry, tourism , which is composed primarily of visitors from Japan. Guam's second largest source of income is the United States military . [ 9 ] English_language;Barack_Obama;United_States_dollar;United_States;Philippines;Mexico;United_States;Portugal;Philippines;Mexico;Philippines;Language;Songs;Spanish_language;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Puerto_Rico;Taiwan;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;United_Airlines;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Australia;Chile;Fiji;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Japan;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;United_States;Australia;France;New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;United_States;Taiwan;Brunei;Cambodia;Fiji;Malaysia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Philippines;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Vietnam;United_States;California;Indiana;Kansas;Massachusetts;Michigan;New_Jersey;Puerto_Rico;Guam;Guam; Guardian_Unlimited guardian.co.uk , formerly known as Guardian Unlimited , is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group . Georgina Henry is the editor. [ 2 ] It contains nearly all of the content of the newspapers The Guardian and The Observer , as well as a substantial body of web-only work produced by its own staff, including a rolling news service. As of May 2011 it was the second-most popular UK newspaper website after MailOnline ( dailymail.co.uk ), with 2.8m unique visitors per day, and 51.3m per month, behind the MailOnline's 4.4m and 77.3m. [ 3 ] The site is made up of a core news site, plus a network of niche websites covering subjects including media, environment and technology, sport, education and the public sector. guardian.co.uk is notable for its engagement with readers, including long-running talkboards and, more recently, a network of weblogs. Its seven blogs were joined on March 14, 2006 by a new comment site, Comment is free (see below), named after the famous quote by The Guardian editor, C. P. Scott . Articles (like the talkboards until their sudden closure on 25th February, 2011) accept comments without pre-moderation, although posts on Comment is Free are moderated after the event. All now require registration for comments. The site can be viewed for free and without registration, though some services such as leaving comments on articles require users to register. In March 2009, guardian.co.uk launched their API , using the OAuth protocol, and making a wide range of Guardian content available for use by web application developers. [ 4 ] The_Guardian;English_language;The_Guardian;The_Guardian;API;Web_application;The_Guardian;New_York_Times;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;The_Guardian;The_Guardian; Guatemala Guatemala ( i / ˌ ɡ w ɑː t ə ˈ m ɑː l ə / GWAH -tə- MAH -lə ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( Spanish : República de Guatemala [reˈpuβlika ðe ɣwateˈmala] ), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. Its area is 108,890 km 2 (42,043 mi 2 ) with an estimated population of 13,276,517. A representative democracy , its capital is Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City . Guatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contributes to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot . [ 4 ] The former Mayan civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization, which continued throughout the Post-Classic period until the arrival of the Spanish . The Mayas live in Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, the southern part of Mexico and northern parts of El Salvador. Guatemala became independent from Spain in 1821, joining the Mexican Empire . After it became an independent country in its own right, it was ruled by a series of dictators, assisted by the United Fruit Company . The late 20th century saw Guatemala embroiled in a 36-year-long civil war . Following the war, Guatemala has witnessed both economic growth and successful democratic elections. In the most recent election, held in 2011, Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party won the presidency. Spanish_language;Spain;Spanish_language;Mexico;Honduras;El_Salvador;Honduras;El_Salvador;Mexico;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Mexico;El_Salvador;Nicaragua;Mexico;Norway;United_States;Mexico;Mexico;Canada;Germany;Honduras;Honduras;El_Salvador;El_Salvador;Spain;Taiwan;Colombia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Mexico;Mexico;Mexico;Guatemala;Honduras;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Honduras;Nicaragua;Panama;North_America;Canada;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;El_Salvador;France;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Netherlands;Panama;United_States;Puerto_Rico;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Guatemala;Guatemala; Guess_Things_Happen_That_Way " Guess Things Happen That Way " is a 1958 cross over single by Johnny Cash , which was written by Jack Clement . The single, a song about "a man struggling ... after the love of his life has left him", [ 1 ] was Johnny Cash's fourth number one on the country chart spending eight weeks at number one and a total of twenty-four weeks on the chart. [ 2 ] The B-side of "Guess Things Happen That Way", a song entitled, "Come In Stranger" made it to number six on the country chart. The single also crossed over to the pop chart, peaking at number eleven. [ 3 ] On February 25, 2010, the song, purchased by grandfather and Woodstock, Georgia native Louie Sulcer, became the 10 billionth download through the Apple iTunes Store . [ 4 ] Johnny_Cash;Country_music;Record_label;Songwriter;Record_producer;Johnny_Cash;Johnny_Cash;ITunes_Store;Rolling_Stone;Johnny_Cash;Johnny_Cash;Country_music;Guess_Things_Happen_That_Way;Guess_Things_Happen_That_Way; Guitar Musical_instrument;Musical_instrument;Polycarbonate;Acoustic_guitar;Electric_guitar;Blues;Country_music;Flamenco;Jazz;Heavy_metal_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Pop_music;Acoustic_guitar;Flamenco;Jazz;Country_music;Loudspeaker;Folk_music;Blues;Electric_guitar;Jazz;Blues;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Legato;Double_bass;Double_bass;Violin;Musical_instrument;Stainless_steel;Equal_temperament;LED;Loudspeaker;Flamenco;Stompbox;Violin;Cello;Blues;Country_music;George_Harrison;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Electric_guitar;Acoustic_guitar;Guitar;Guitar; Gulf_Cartel The Gulf Cartel ( Spanish : Cártel del Golfo , Golfos , or CDG ) [ 3 ] [ 4 ] is a criminal syndicate and drug trafficking organization in Mexico , [ 5 ] and perhaps the oldest organized crime group in the country. [ 6 ] It is currently based in Matamoros, Tamaulipas , directly across the border from Brownsville, Texas . Their network is international, and are believed to have dealings with crime groups in Europe , West Africa , Asia , Central America , South America , and the United States . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Besides drug trafficking , the Gulf Cartel operates through protection rackets , assassinations , extortions , kidnappings , and other criminal activities. [ 9 ] The Gulf Cartel is known for intimidating the population and for being "particularly violent." [ 10 ] Although its founder Juan Nepomuceno Guerra smuggled alcohol in small quantities to the United States during the epoch of Prohibition , [ 11 ] it was not until the 1970s that the cartel was formed and shifted to drug trafficking —primarily cocaine — under the command of Juan Nepomuceno Guerra and Juan García Ábrego . Mexico;Mexico;United_States;Spanish_language;Mexico;Europe;Asia;United_States;United_States;United_States;Colombia;United_States;Mexico;English_language;Mexico;Mexico;Mexico;United_States;United_States;Facebook;The_Guardian;Mexico;United_States;Barack_Obama;Colombia;United_States;United_States;Barack_Obama;Facebook;Italy;BlackBerry;Europe;Europe;CNN;CNN;CNN;Mexico;United_States;Mexico;United_States;Mexico;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;Mexico;USD;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Gulf_Cartel;Gulf_Cartel; Guvera Guvera is a new breed of online music download and streaming service that allows members to download and stream music for free, and artists get paid. Guvera offers members 100% DRM Free 256kbs MP3 music downloads paid for (or sponsored) by brands from a large music catalogue available to members in Australia and the United States. [ 2 ] Guvera has launched offering music content to members and plans to expand it's free digital downloads and streaming to include movies and TV shows. [ 3 ] English_language;Streaming_media;Guvera;Guvera; Gyroscope A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation , based on the principles of angular momentum . [ 1 ] Mechanically, a gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disk in which the axle is free to assume any orientation. Although this orientation does not remain fixed, it changes in response to an external torque much less and in a different direction than it would without the large angular momentum associated with the disk's high rate of spin and moment of inertia . Since external torque is minimized by mounting the device in gimbals , its orientation remains nearly fixed, regardless of any motion of the platform on which it is mounted. Gyroscopes based on other operating principles also exist, such as the electronic, microchip-packaged MEMS gyroscope devices found in consumer electronic devices, solid-state ring lasers , fibre optic gyroscopes , and the extremely sensitive quantum gyroscope . Applications of gyroscopes include inertial navigation systems where magnetic compasses would not work (as in the Hubble telescope ) or would not be precise enough (as in ICBMs ), or for the stabilization of flying vehicles like radio-controlled helicopters or unmanned aerial vehicles . Due to their precision, gyroscopes are also used to maintain direction in tunnel mining. [ 2 ] IPod_touch;Vibrating_structure_gyroscope;Magnetometer;Accelerometer;Vibrating_structure_gyroscope;Popular_Science;IFixit;Digital_object_identifier;Popular_Science;Gyroscope;Gyroscope; Gzip gzip is a software application used for file compression and decompression . The program was created by Jean-Loup Gailly and Mark Adler as a free software replacement for the compress program used in early Unix systems, and intended for use by the GNU Project (the "g" is from "GNU"). Version 0.1 was first publicly released on 31 October 1992, and version 1.0 followed in February 1993. Various implementations of the program have been written. The most commonly known is the GNU Project's implementation using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). OpenBSD's version of gzip is actually the compress program, to which support for the gzip format was added in OpenBSD 3.4. The 'g' in this specific version stands for gratis . [ 2 ] FreeBSD , DragonFlyBSD and NetBSD use a BSD-licensed implementation instead of the GNU version; it is actually a command-line interface for zlib intended to be compatible with the GNU implementation's options. [ 3 ] These implementations originally come from NetBSD , and supports decompression of bzip2 and the Unix pack(1) format. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Data_compression;Software_license;Software_developer;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Data_compression;Software_license;Software_application;Data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Unix;Filename_extension;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Data_compression;Data_compression;Algorithm;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_Software_Foundation;Lzip;Lzop;Xz;Compress;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;Rzip;StuffIt;PAQ;EPUB;PAQ;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Gzip;Gzip; HDHomeRun HDHomeRun is a networked digital TV Tuner box, produced by Silicondust . Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Ethernet;Digital_video_recorder;Software;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Windows_Media_Center;DVBViewer;Beyond_TV;SageTV;MediaPortal;Elgato;MythTV;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Dreambox;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;HDHomeRun;HDHomeRun; HDMI HDMI ( High-Definition Multimedia Interface ) is a compact audio/video interface for transferring uncompressed digital audio/video data from a HDMI-compliant device ("the source") to a compatible digital audio device, computer monitor , video projector , and digital television . [ 1 ] A digital audio/video source for HDMI can include a HDMI-compliant set-top box , DVD player, HD DVD player, Blu-ray Disc player, AVCHD camcorder , personal computer (PCs), video game console (such as the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii U and the Ouya ), AV receiver , tablet computer , and mobile phone . [ 1 ] HDMI is a digital alternative to consumer analog standards, such as radio frequency (RF) coaxial cable , composite video , S-Video , SCART , component video , D-Terminal , or VGA (also called D-sub or DE-15F). There are a number of HDMI-standard cable connectors available, each of which can be used for any uncompressed TV or PC video format, including standard, enhanced, high definition and 3D video signals; up to 8 channels of compressed or uncompressed digital audio; a CEC (Consumer Electronics Control) connection; and an Ethernet data connection. HDMI implements the EIA/CEA-861 standards, which define video formats and waveforms, transport of compressed, uncompressed, and LPCM audio, auxiliary data, and implementations of the VESA EDID . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The CEC allows HDMI devices to control each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple devices with one remote control handset. [ 4 ] Because HDMI is electrically compatible with the CEA-861 signals used by digital visual interface (DVI), no signal conversion is necessary, nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI-to-HDMI adapter is used. [ 5 ] As an uncompressed CEA-861 connection, HDMI is independent of the various digital television standards used by individual devices, such as ATSC and DVB , as these are encapsulations of compressed MPEG video streams (which can be decoded and output as an uncompressed video stream on HDMI). Production of consumer HDMI products started in late 2003. [ 6 ] In Europe either DVI-HDCP or HDMI is included in the HD ready in-store labeling specification for TV sets for HDTV, formulated by EICTA with SES Astra in 2005. HDMI began to appear on consumer HDTV camcorders and digital still cameras in 2006. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Shipments of HDMI were expected to exceed those of DVI in 2008, driven primarily by the consumer electronics market. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] HDMI Licensing, LLC announced on October 25, 2011 that there were over 1,100 HDMI Adopters and that over 2 billion HDMI-enabled products had shipped since the launch of the HDMI standard. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] From October 25, 2011, all development of the HDMI specification became the responsibility of the newly-created HDMI Forum. [ 15 ] Linear_pulse_code_modulation;DVD;AVCHD;Camcorder;Personal_computer;Video_game_console;Tablet_computer;Mobile_phone;Composite_video;Component_video;VGA_connector;Personal_computer;Ethernet;Remote_control;Video_compression;MPEG;HDTV;Camcorder;Sony;Toshiba;Intel;Universal_Studios;Warner_Bros.;The_Walt_Disney_Company;De_facto_standard;PC_Magazine;Dolby_Digital;HDTV;Closed_captioning;HDTV;Equalization;Remote_control;Trade_name;Samsung;Sony;Toshiba;Backward_compatibility;DVD_Video;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Hertz;Hertz;Hertz;Ethernet;Hertz;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Hertz;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Personal_computer;Personal_computer;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Linux;Intel;Dell;Samsung;LG_Display;VGA;BlackBerry_PlayBook;IPad;VGA;VGA;HDTV;PC_Magazine;Engadget;TRS_connector;TOSLINK;VGA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;F_connector;TRS_connector;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Video_Graphics_Array;Component_video;Component_video;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;Advanced_Audio_Coding;HDV;Component_video;VGA_connector;HDMI;HDMI; HDTV High-definition television ( HDTV ) provides a resolution that is substantially higher than that of standard-definition television . HDTV may be transmitted in various formats: 1080p - 1920×1080p: 2,073,600 pixels (approximately 2.1 megapixels ) per frame 1080i - typically either: 1920×1080i: 1,036,800 pixels (approximately 1 megapixel) per field or 2,073,600 pixels (approximately 2.1 megapixels) per frame 1440×1080i: [ 1 ] 777,600 pixels (approximately 0.8 megapixels) per field or 1,555,200 pixels (approximately 1.6 megapixels) per frame 720p - 1280×720p: 921,600 pixels (approximately 0.9 megapixels) per frame The letter "p" here stands for progressive scan while "i" indicates interlaced . When transmitted at two megapixels per frame, HDTV provides about five times as many pixels as SD (standard-definition television). Image_resolution;Megapixel;Progressive_scan;NTSC;PAL;NTSC;PAL;Video_compression;Progressive_scan;NBC;United_Kingdom;Progressive_scan;Pixel;XGA;XGA;Liquid_crystal_display;HDV;Sony;DVD;Lossy_compression;NTSC;PAL;NTSC;Image_resolution;Frames_per_second;IPTV;Digital_video_recorder;Digital_video_recorder;Digital_video_recorder;TiVo;MPEG_transport_stream;FireWire;International_Standard_Book_Number;Microsoft;Display_resolution;Video_CD;DVD;DV;NTSC;PAL;HDV;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;Advanced_Audio_Coding;HDV;Component_video;HDMI;VGA_connector;Video;Video;NTSC;PAL;Surround_sound;Closed_captioning;Progressive_scan;Surround_sound;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Closed_captioning;MPEG_transport_stream;Video_on_demand; HDV HDV is a format for recording of high-definition video on DV cassette tape . [ 1 ] The format was originally developed by JVC and supported by Sony , Canon and Sharp . [ 2 ] The four companies formed the HDV consortium in September 2003. Conceived as an affordable high definition format for digital camcorders , HDV quickly caught on with many amateur and professional videographers due to its low cost, portability, and image quality acceptable for many professional productions. HDV and HDV logo are trademarks of JVC and Sony . [ 3 ] DV;JVC;Camcorder;JVC;Sony;Lossy_compression;Multiplexing;MPEG_transport_stream;Progressive_scan;Liquid_crystal_display;Sony_Vegas;FireWire;AVCHD;Hard_disk_drive;Video_compression;DV;DNxHD_codec;Apple_Intermediate_Codec;AVCHD;Camcorder;Sony;AVCHD;MPEG_transport_stream;Video;Video_CD;DVD;Digital_video;DV;AVCHD;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Component_video;HDMI;VGA_connector;HDV;HDV; HD_media_player HD media player or HDD media player ( HDMP ) is a generic term used for a category of consumer product that combines a hard drive (HD) enclosure with hardware and software for playing audio , video and photos through a home cinema or home theater PC . It can be used either as a conventional external hard drive, or to play computer-based media files through external media devices without the need for a separate computer. Hard_drive;Video;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Digital_camera;JPEG;Internet;MPEG_transport_stream;VOB;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Ogg;Firmware;Infrared;Remote_control;Liquid_crystal_display;FireWire;HDMI;Ethernet;Wireless;WiFi;Bluetooth;Digital_audio_player;Digital_media_receiver;Digital_video_recorder;Portable_media_player;Transcoding;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;HD_media_player;HD_media_player; HFS_Plus HFS Plus or HFS+ is a file system developed by Apple Inc. to replace their Hierarchical File System (HFS) as the primary file system used in Macintosh computers (or other systems running Mac OS ). It is also one of the formats used by the iPod digital music player. HFS Plus is also referred to as Mac OS Extended (or, erroneously, “HFS Extended”), where its predecessor, HFS, is also referred to as Mac OS Standard (or, erroneously, as “HFS Standard”). During development, Apple referred to this filesystem with the codename Sequoia . [ 5 ] HFS Plus is an improved version of HFS, supporting much larger files (block addresses are 32-bit length instead of 16-bit) and using Unicode (instead of Mac OS Roman or any of several other character sets) for naming the items (files, folders) – names which are also character encoded in UTF-16 [ verification needed ] and normalized to a form very nearly the same as Unicode Normalization Form D (NFD) [ 6 ] (which means that precomposed characters like å are decomposed in the HFS+ filename and therefore count as two characters [ 7 ] and UTF-16 implies that characters from outside the Basic Multilingual Plane – often seldom used and characters from ancient writing systems – also count as two characters in an HFS+ filename). HFS Plus permits filenames up to 255 UTF-16 characters in length, and n-forked files similar to NTFS , though until recently, almost no systems software takes advantage of forks other than the data fork and resource fork . HFS Plus also uses a full 32-bit allocation mapping table, rather than HFS’s 16 bits. This was a serious limitation of HFS, meaning that no disk could support more than 65,536 allocation blocks under HFS. When disks were small, this was of little consequence, but as larger-capacity drives became available, it meant that the smallest amount of space that any file could occupy (a single allocation block) became excessively large, wasting significant amounts of space. For example, on a 1 GB disk, the allocation block size under HFS is 16 KB, so even a 1 byte file would take up 16 KB of disk space. Unlike most other file systems HFS Plus supports hard links to directories. Like HFS, HFS Plus uses B-trees to store most volume metadata . Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;OS_X_Lion;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Operating_system;OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Hierarchical_File_System;Macintosh;Mac_OS;IPod;Resource_fork;Hard_link;Journaling_file_system;Microsoft;Windows_XP;FileVault;Linux;Free_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;File_Allocation_Table;Hierarchical_File_System;Macintosh_File_System;Xsan;Flash_memory;File_Allocation_Table;Xsan;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Server_Message_Block;HFS_Plus;HFS_Plus; HIL_bus The HP-HIL ( Hewlett-Packard Human Interface Link ), not to be confused with the HP-IL , is the name of a computer bus used by Hewlett-Packard to connect keyboards, mice, trackballs, digitizers, tablets, barcode readers, rotary knobs, touchscreens, and other human interface peripherals to their HP 9000 workstations. The bus was in use until the mid 1990s, when HP substituted PS/2 technology for HIL. The PS/2 peripherals were themselves replaced with USB -connected models. The HIL bus is a daisy-chain of up to 7 devices, running at a raw clock speed of 8 MHz. Each HIL device typically has an output connector, and an input connector to which the next device in the chain plugs; the exception is the mouse which has only the output connector. HIL buses can be found on HP PA-RISC and m68k based machines, as well as in some early HP Vectra computers. HP-UX , OpenBSD , Linux and NetBSD include drivers for the HIL bus and HIL devices. The HP-HIL bus uses specific 4-pin, 6-pin, or 8-pin SDL connectors , somewhat similar to the 8P8C 8-pin modular connector commonly (though incorrectly) called the RJ-45 . The bus can reportedly also use a 9-pin D-subminiature DE-9 connector. A HIL to PS/2 converter is available, namely the HP A4220-62001. Universal_Serial_Bus;Linux;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;HIL_bus;HIL_bus; HIPPI SCSI;Fibre_Channel;American_National_Standards_Institute;Ethernet;InfiniBand;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;HIPPI;HIPPI; HKD Hong_Kong;Macau;United_States_dollar;Mandarin_Chinese;Chinese_language;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;United_States_dollar;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;Japan;United_States;United_States_dollar;European_Union;Japan;United_Kingdom;Australia;Switzerland;Swiss_franc;Canada;Canadian_dollar;Hong_Kong;Sweden;Swedish_krona;New_Zealand;Singapore;Norway;Norwegian_krone;Mexico;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Switzerland;Republic_of_China;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;Asia;Bhutan;United_States_dollar;Singapore;Brunei;United_States_dollar;Cyprus; HMV_Group HMV is a British global entertainment retail chain. The company also operates in Hong Kong and Singapore . It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE Fledgling Index . Acquisitions by the HMV Group include Waterstone's in 1998 from W H Smith [ 1 ] (sold in 2011), the music retailer Fopp in August 2007, and selected Zavvi retail outlets in February 2009. [ 4 ] Simon Fox has been Chief Executive Officer since 28 September 2006. For this role he is paid an annual salary of £873,000. [ 5 ] HMV stands for His Master's Voice , a painting created in 1899 [ 6 ] by Francis Barraud , of the dog Nipper listening to a cylinder phonograph . For advertising purposes this was changed to a wind-up gramophone , and eventually used simply as a silhouette. Film;Film;Talent_manager;Singapore;Virgin_Megastores;ITunes_Store;Online_music_store;Office_of_Fair_Trading;ARIA_Charts;JVC;Compact_disc;Video_game;BusinessWeek;Forbes;The_Daily_Telegraph;BBC_News;BBC_News;BBC_News;The_Daily_Telegraph;BBC_News;HMV_Group;HMV_Group; HP_MediaSmart_Connect HP MediaSmart Connect is a digital media receiver that streams or syncs media from other personal computers in an area with Wi-Fi connectivity to be played and accessed on a television screen. It utilizes Windows Media Center Extender for the television user interface of the MediaSmart Connect box. It is also part of Hewlett-Packard 's current MediaSmart brand, alongside HP MediaSmart Server and HP MediaSmart TV . Digital_media_receiver;Personal_computer;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;HP_MediaSmart_Connect; HP_Precision_Bus Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;HP_Precision_Bus;HP_Precision_Bus; HSDPA Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Megabit;Japan;Australia;Telstra;Rogers_Wireless;Canada;Telus;Telus;Telstra;Vodafone;Paraguay;Finland;USB;Ethernet;WiFi;UMTS_frequency_bands;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Ethernet;Bluetooth;General_Packet_Radio_Service; HTC_Corporation HTC Corporation ( Chinese : 宏達國際電子股份有限公司 ; pinyin : Hóngdá Guójì Diànzǐ Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī ) ( TWSE : 2498 ), formerly High Tech Computer Corporation , [ 3 ] is a Taiwanese manufacturer of smartphones and tablets . The company initially made smartphones based mostly on Microsoft 's Windows Mobile operating system (OS) software, but in 2009 it began to shift its core focus away from Windows Mobile devices to devices based on Android OS, and in 2010 to Windows Phone OS as well. HTC is also a member of the Open Handset Alliance , a group of handset manufacturers and mobile network operators dedicated to the advancement of the Android mobile device platform. [ 4 ] The HTC Dream , marketed by T-Mobile in many countries as the T-Mobile G1 or Era G1 in Poland, was the first phone on the market to use the Android mobile device platform. [ 5 ] Republic_of_China;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Microsoft;Operating_system;Windows_Phone;Laptop;Mobile_device;Smartphone;United_States;United_Kingdom;Australia;Singapore;Apple_Inc.;United_States_International_Trade_Commission;IPhone;Nokia;Apple_Inc.;Samsung_Electronics;Samsung;Apple_Inc.;BlackBerry;Microsoft;Wireless;Contract_manufacturer;Bloomberg_L.P.;Mobile_operating_system;Windows_Phone;HTC_Corporation;Foxconn;Samsung_Electronics;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Vodafone;Software;Google;Nuance_Communications;Broadcom;Nvidia;Mobile_phone;Dell;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone; HTC_TyTN The HTC TyTN (also known as the HTC Hermes and the HTC P4500) is an Internet -enabled Windows Mobile Pocket PC smartphone designed and marketed by High Tech Computer Corporation of Taiwan. It has a touchscreen with a left-side slide-out QWERTY keyboard. The TyTN's functions include those of a camera phone and a portable media player in addition to text messaging and multimedia messaging . It also offers Internet services including e-mail (including Microsoft's DirectPush push e-mail solution, as well as BlackBerry services with applications provided by BlackBerry-partnered carriers), instant messaging , web browsing , and local Wi-Fi connectivity. It is a quad-band GSM phone with GPRS , and EDGE , and a single/dual band UMTS phone with HSDPA . It is a part of the first line of phones directly marketed and sold by HTC. On AT T/Cingular, the TyTN was the successor to the HTC Wizard , known as the Cingular 8125. Also on AT T, the TyTN was superseded by the HTC TyTN II , known as the AT T 8925 and the AT T Tilt. List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Australia;United_States;United_Kingdom;Vodafone;France;Germany;Vodafone;Switzerland;Japan;Canada;Rogers_Wireless;Cellular_network;Quad_band;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;GSM_frequency_ranges;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;UMTS_frequency_bands;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;ARM_architecture;Random_access_memory;Removable_media;MicroSD;MicroSD;QWERTY;Touchscreen;Pixel;Liquid_crystal_display;Camera_phone;Megapixel;Portable_media_player;Ringtones;MIDI;Windows_Media_Audio;USB;TRS_connector;Enhanced_Data_Rate;Internet;Smartphone;Touchscreen;QWERTY;Camera_phone;Portable_media_player;Text_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;BlackBerry;Instant_messaging;Web_browser;Quad_band;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;HSDPA;HTC_Corporation;Vodafone;Vodafone;Pixels_per_inch;Aspect_ratio;Touchscreen;QWERTY;Megapixel;Camera_phone;Samsung;ARM_architecture;Megabyte;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Megabyte;Flash_memory;MicroSD;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Quad_band;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;HSDPA;UMTS_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Enhanced_Data_Rate;AOL;PDF;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Word;GPS;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;ActiveSync;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft_Outlook;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;HTC_TyTN;HTC_TyTN; HTML HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ) is the main markup language for displaying web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like html ), within the web page content. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like h1 and /h1 , although some tags, known as empty elements , are unpaired, for example img . The first tag in a pair is the start tag , the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags ). In between these tags web designers can add text, tags, comments and other types of text-based content. I LOVE BRIELLE The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them -- 68.190.76.75 ( talk ) 16:24, 22 August 2012 (UTC)into visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page. HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms . It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML webpages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C , maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicitly presentational HTML markup. [ 1 ] Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;XHTML;Web_browser;JavaScript;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Internet;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;CSS;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;XHTML;Internationalization_and_localization;Microsoft;MathML;International_Organization_for_Standardization;XHTML;XML;Programming_language;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Feed_aggregator;Application_programming_interface;Algorithm;Accessibility;Email;HTML_email;Plain_text;Graphical_user_interface;Filename_extension;DOS;File_Allocation_Table;Microsoft_Windows;Cascading_Style_Sheets;XHTML;MathML;Graphical_user_interface;CSS;CSS;XML;International_Standard_Book_Number;XHTML;MathML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;MathML;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;XHTML;XML;XQuery;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;Portable_Document_Format;HTML;HTML; HTML_email HTML email is the use of a subset of HTML (often ill-defined) to provide formatting and semantic markup capabilities in email that are not available with plain text . Most graphical email clients support HTML email, and many default to it. [ 1 ] Many of these clients include both a GUI editor for composing HTML emails and a rendering engine for displaying received HTML emails. HTML mail allows the sender to properly express quotations (as in inline replying ), headings, bulleted lists , emphasized text , subscripts and superscripts , and other visual and typographic cues to improve the readability and aesthetics of the message, as well as semantic information encoded within the message, such as the original author and Message-ID of a quote. Long URLs can be linked to without being broken into multiple pieces, and text is wrapped to fit the width of the user agent's viewport, instead of uniformly breaking each line at 78 characters (defined in RFC 5322 , which was necessary on older text terminals ). It allows in-line inclusion of tables , as well as diagrams or mathematical formulae as images, which are otherwise difficult to convey (typically using ASCII art ). HTML;Email;Plain_text;Email_client;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Google;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Email_client;Electronic_mailing_list;IMAP;HTML_email;HTML_email; HVGA The graphics display resolution describes the width and height dimensions of a display, such as a computer monitor , in pixels. Certain combinations of width and height are standardized and typically given a name and an initialism that is descriptive of its dimensions. A higher display resolution means that displayed content appears sharper . Display_resolution;VGA;VGA;VGA;Display_resolution;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Handheld_game_console;IBM;Video_Graphics_Array;Graphics_processing_unit;Digital_video;Digital_camera;Mobile_phone;Frames_per_second;XGA;Display_resolution;YouTube;Touch_screen;IPod_nano;IPhone;BlackBerry_Bold;Palm_Pre;Television;Video_Graphics_Array;VGA_connector;Personal_computer;Display_resolution;VGA;Netbook;Dell;Nokia;Aspect_ratio;Aspect_ratio;Mobile_phones;Video_Graphics_Array;IBM;VGA;XGA;IPhone;Tablet_computer;Display_resolution;Video_Graphics_Array;Central_processing_unit;XGA;Aspect_ratio;Operating_system;XGA;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;HDTV;Cathode_ray_tube;LCD;Sun_Microsystems;Megabyte;Apple_Computer;Macintosh_II;Widescreen;Laptop;Display_resolution;IBM;Aspect_ratio;Liquid_crystal_display;Sony;Cathode_ray_tube;Megabyte;Laptop;LCD;Display_resolution;Toshiba;Widescreen;Laptop;LCD;MacBook_Pro;Display_resolution;Display_resolution;Image_resolution;Widescreen;Widescreen;Display_resolution;Liquid_crystal_display;Television;Cathode_ray_tube;XGA;Liquid_crystal_display;Apple_Cinema_Display;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Display_resolution;Dell;Samsung;Display_resolution;IBM;Sony;Dell;Display_resolution;LG;Samsung;IBM;Digital_camera;Video_codec;Aspect_ratio;PlayStation_Vita;NTSC;Progressive_scan;Aspect_ratio;Liquid_crystal_display;Apple_LED_Cinema_Display;IMac;Pixel_density;Toshiba;Sony;Display_resolution;Digital_object_identifier;Engadget;BBC_News;Graphics_processing_unit;Video_Graphics_Array;Display_resolution;VGA; Half_Rate Half Rate ( HR or GSM-HR or GSM 06.20 ) is a speech coding system for GSM , developed in the early 1990s. Since the codec , operating at 5.6 kbit/s, requires half the bandwidth of the Full Rate codec, network capacity for voice traffic is doubled, at the expense of audio quality. It is recommended to use this codec when the battery is low, it saves 30% energy [ citation needed ] . The sampling rate is 8 kHz with resolution 13 bit, frame length 160 samples (20 ms) and subframe length 40 samples (5 ms). GSM Half Rate is specified in ETSI EN 300 969 (GSM 06.20), and uses a form of the VSELP algorithm. [ 1 ] Previous specification was in ETSI ETS 300 581-2, which first edition was published in December 1995. [ 2 ] For some Nokia phones you can configure the use of this codec: To activate HR codec use enter the following code: *4720# To deactivate HR codec use enter the following code: #4720# GSM;Codec;Full_Rate;Full_Rate;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Half_Rate;Half_Rate; Handango Symbian_OS;BlackBerry;Apple_Inc.;Google;Apple_Inc.;Google;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Handango;Handango; Handheld_game_console A handheld video game console is a lightweight, portable electronic device with a built-in screen, game controls, speakers and replaceable and/or rechargeable batteries or battery pack. [ 1 ] Handheld game consoles are smaller than home video game consoles and contain the console, screen, speakers, and controls in one unit, allowing people to carry them and play them at any time or place. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In 1976, Mattel introduced the first handheld electronic game with the release of Auto Race . [ 4 ] Later, several companies—including Coleco and Milton Bradley —made their own single-game, lightweight table-top or handheld electronic game devices. [ 5 ] The oldest true handheld game console with interchangeable cartridges is the Milton Bradley Microvision in 1979. [ 6 ] Nintendo is credited with popularizing the handheld console concept with the release of the Game Boy in 1989 [ 3 ] and as of 2011 continues to dominate the handheld console market [ 7 ] with their Nintendo DS and DSi systems. [ 8 ] However, Nintendo's latest handheld, the Nintendo 3DS , has been their largest handheld or video game console investment success in 30 years. Video_game_console;Liquid_crystal_display;LCD;LED;Rechargeable_battery;Backlight;Central_processing_unit;Hertz;Touchscreen;Infrared;Sega;United_States_dollar;Backlight;Nokia;Nokia;Smartphone;Personal_digital_assistant;Internet;Touchscreen;Secure_Digital;North_America;Internet;Open_source_software;PlayStation_Vita;Nokia;GSM;Mobile_phone;Digital_audio_player;Bluetooth;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Palm_OS;Personal_digital_assistant;Nokia;JPEG;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Global_Positioning_System;Sony_Ericsson;PlayStation_Vita;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Forbes;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BusinessWeek;Nokia;Sega;Sony;PlayStation_Vita;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Wireless_sensor_network;Handheld_game_console;Handheld_game_console; Hanlin_eReader The Hanlin is an e-Reader, an electronic book ( e-book ) reading device. The device, Hanlin v3, features a 6" (15 cm), 4-level grayscale electrophoretic display ( E Ink material) with a resolution of 600×800 pixels (167 ppi ). The Hanlin v5 Mini, features a 5" (15 cm), 8-level grayscale electrophoretic display ( E Ink material) with a resolution of 600×800 pixels (200 ppi ). The device runs a Linux -based OS . The device is manufactured by the JinKe Electronic Company in China. It is rebranded by various OEMs and sold under the names Bebook, Walkbook, lBook, Iscriptum, Papyre, EZ Reader, Koobe and ECO Reader. The Hanlin eReader works best with EPUB , RTF , FB2 , and Mobipocket documents, because of their simplicity, interoperability, and low CPU processing requirements. These files also offer more zoom levels, and more options like search, landscape mode, and text to speech than with PDF , DOC , HTML , or TXT . It also uses JinKe's proprietary WOLF format ( file extension .wol). Pixel;Pixels_per_inch;Pixel;Pixels_per_inch;Linux;Operating_system;EPUB;FictionBook;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;HTML;Backlight;SD_card;USB;USB;Linux;PDF;HTML;Microsoft_Reader;EPUB;Mobipocket;TIFF;JPEG;GIF;BMP_file_format;Portable_Network_Graphics;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Hanlin_eReader;Hanlin_eReader; Hard_disk A hard disk drive ( HDD ; also hard drive , hard disk , or disk drive ) [ 2 ] is a device for storing and retrieving digital information, primarily computer data. It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly rotating discs ( platters ) coated with magnetic material, and with magnetic heads arranged to write data to the surfaces and read it from them. Hard drives are classified as non-volatile , random access , digital , magnetic , data storage devices . Introduced by IBM in 1956, hard disk drives have been the dominant device for secondary storage of data in general purpose computers since the early 1960s. [ 3 ] They have maintained this position because of advances which have resulted in increased recording capacity, reliability, and speed, as well as decreased cost, allowing them to keep pace with ever more demanding requirements for secondary storage. [ 3 ] IBM;Data_storage_device;IBM;Floppy_disk;Magnet;Loudspeaker;Terabyte;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Operating_system;Serial_ATA;SATA;IBM;Floppy_disk;IBM;Microdrive;Toshiba;Flash_memory;Terabyte;Gigabyte;Megabyte;Parallel_ATA;Serial_ATA;Digital_video_recorder;Quiet_PC;Serial_ATA;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;Encoder;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Megabit;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;SCSI;Hertz;Megabyte;Apple_Macintosh;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;Serial_ATA;USB;SCSI;Seagate_Technology;Parallel_ATA;Parallel_ATA;Serial_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Central_processing_unit;Apple_Macintosh;SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Serial_ATA;Accelerometer;Apple_Inc.;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;VAIO;Toshiba;Google;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Toshiba;Terabyte;Terabyte;Plug_and_play;Gigabyte;Seagate_Technology;Gigabyte;Plug_and_play;USB;Plug_and_play;Desktop_computer;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Fibre_Channel;Digital_video_recorder;Digital_video_recorder;Google;Internet_Archive;IBM;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Group_Code_Recording;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Floppy_disk;Seagate_Technology;Toshiba;Apple_Inc.;IBM;JVC;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Disk_image;File_format;Compact_Disc;Hard_disk_drive;Hard_disk_drive; Hard_disk_drive A hard disk drive ( HDD ; also hard drive , hard disk , or disk drive ) [ 2 ] is a device for storing and retrieving digital information, primarily computer data. It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly rotating discs ( platters ) coated with magnetic material, and with magnetic heads arranged to write data to the surfaces and read it from them. Hard drives are classified as non-volatile , random access , digital , magnetic , data storage devices . Introduced by IBM in 1956, hard disk drives have been the dominant device for secondary storage of data in general purpose computers since the early 1960s. [ 3 ] They have maintained this position because of advances which have resulted in increased recording capacity, reliability, and speed, as well as decreased cost, allowing them to keep pace with ever more demanding requirements for secondary storage. [ 3 ] IBM;Data_storage_device;IBM;Floppy_disk;Magnet;Loudspeaker;Terabyte;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Operating_system;Serial_ATA;SATA;IBM;Floppy_disk;IBM;Microdrive;Toshiba;Flash_memory;Terabyte;Gigabyte;Megabyte;Parallel_ATA;Serial_ATA;Digital_video_recorder;Quiet_PC;Serial_ATA;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;Encoder;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Megabit;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;SCSI;Hertz;Megabyte;Apple_Macintosh;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;Serial_ATA;USB;SCSI;Seagate_Technology;Parallel_ATA;Parallel_ATA;Serial_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Central_processing_unit;Apple_Macintosh;SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Serial_ATA;Accelerometer;Apple_Inc.;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;VAIO;Toshiba;Google;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Toshiba;Terabyte;Terabyte;Plug_and_play;Gigabyte;Seagate_Technology;Gigabyte;Plug_and_play;USB;Plug_and_play;Desktop_computer;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Fibre_Channel;Digital_video_recorder;Digital_video_recorder;Google;Internet_Archive;IBM;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Group_Code_Recording;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Floppy_disk;Seagate_Technology;Toshiba;Apple_Inc.;IBM;JVC;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Disk_image;File_format;Compact_Disc;Hard_disk_drive;Hard_disk_drive; Hard_drive A hard disk drive ( HDD ; also hard drive , hard disk , or disk drive ) [ 2 ] is a device for storing and retrieving digital information, primarily computer data. It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly rotating discs ( platters ) coated with magnetic material, and with magnetic heads arranged to write data to the surfaces and read it from them. Hard drives are classified as non-volatile , random access , digital , magnetic , data storage devices . Introduced by IBM in 1956, hard disk drives have been the dominant device for secondary storage of data in general purpose computers since the early 1960s. [ 3 ] They have maintained this position because of advances which have resulted in increased recording capacity, reliability, and speed, as well as decreased cost, allowing them to keep pace with ever more demanding requirements for secondary storage. [ 3 ] IBM;Data_storage_device;IBM;Floppy_disk;Magnet;Loudspeaker;Terabyte;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Operating_system;Serial_ATA;SATA;IBM;Floppy_disk;IBM;Microdrive;Toshiba;Flash_memory;Terabyte;Gigabyte;Megabyte;Parallel_ATA;Serial_ATA;Digital_video_recorder;Quiet_PC;Serial_ATA;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;Encoder;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Megabit;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;SCSI;Hertz;Megabyte;Apple_Macintosh;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;Serial_ATA;USB;SCSI;Seagate_Technology;Parallel_ATA;Parallel_ATA;Serial_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Central_processing_unit;Apple_Macintosh;SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Serial_ATA;Accelerometer;Apple_Inc.;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;VAIO;Toshiba;Google;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Toshiba;Terabyte;Terabyte;Plug_and_play;Gigabyte;Seagate_Technology;Gigabyte;Plug_and_play;USB;Plug_and_play;Desktop_computer;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Fibre_Channel;Digital_video_recorder;Digital_video_recorder;Google;Internet_Archive;IBM;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Group_Code_Recording;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Floppy_disk;Seagate_Technology;Toshiba;Apple_Inc.;IBM;JVC;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Disk_image;File_format;Compact_Disc;Hard_disk_drive;Hard_disk_drive; Hard_link In computing , a hard link is a directory entry that associates a name with a file on a file system . (A directory is itself a special kind of file that contains a list of such entries.) The term is used in file systems which allow multiple hard links to be created for the same file. This has the effect of creating multiple names for the same file, causing an aliasing effect: e.g. if the file is opened by one of its names, and changes are made to its content, then these changes will also be visible when the file is opened by an alternative name. By contrast, a soft link on such file systems is not a link to a file itself, but to a file name. This also creates aliasing, but in a different way. Directories are files, so multiple hard links to directories are possible; however, their unrestricted creation is usually avoided, because of the cyclic structures this may create. Hard links—that is, multiple directory entries to the same file—are supported by POSIX -compliant and partially POSIX-compliant operating systems , such as GNU/Linux , Android , Apple's Mac OS X , Windows NT4 [ 1 ] and later Windows NT operating systems. Support also depends on the type of file system being used. For instance, the NTFS file system supports hard links, while FAT does not. Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Windows_NT;File_Allocation_Table;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;Unix;Hard_link;Hard_link; Harman_International_Industries industry = Electronics audio, electronic, and infotainment systems for automotive OEM's , home and computer systems, loudspeakers and electronics for audio professionals (concert halls, stadiums, airports, recording, broadcasting, and cinema) $3.772 billion (2011) $136 million (2011) 10,103 (2011) [ 1 ] Harman International Industries, Incorporated ( NYSE : HAR ) is an American audio and infotainment equipment company. The company designs, manufactures and markets audio and infotainment products for the car, the home, theatres and venues, as well as electronics for audio professionals. Harman International's consumer group makes loudspeakers , CD and DVD players , CD recorders , and amplifiers under several brand names such as Harman Kardon, JBL , and Infinity. Harman's automotive division sells branded audio systems through several car makers, including Mercedes-Benz , Toyota / Lexus , BMW , and General Motors . Its professional unit makes audio equipment, such as studio monitors , amplifiers, microphones , and mixing consoles for recording studios, cinemas, touring performers, and others. The company is headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut , and maintains major operations in the Americas, Europe , and Asia . Harman International includes many consumer and specialty brands targeting specific audio and electronics product categories. Loudspeaker;JBL;Toyota;BMW;General_Motors;Microphone;Europe;Asia;Harman_Kardon;Bose_Corporation;Harman_Kardon;JBL;Nielsen_Company;Harman_International_Industries;Harman_International_Industries; Harman_Kardon harman/kardon is a division of Harman International Industries and manufactures home and car audio equipment . Founded in 1953 by Dr. Sidney Harman (April 8, 1918 – December 4, 2011) and Bernard Kardon – two men with a deep interest in music and the arts – the company helped create the high-fidelity audio industry. [ citation needed ] Their first product was an FM tuner. One year after its founding, Harman Kardon introduced the world's first true high-fidelity receiver, the Festival D1000. This monaural unit was not only aimed at non-technical consumers but also incorporated many now-familiar features such as a tuner, component control unit and amplifier on a single chassis. In 1958, Harman Kardon introduced the world's first stereo receiver, the Festival TA230, once again aimed at non-technical users in an attempt to make high-fidelity widely available. Stereo sound was achieved by using one channel from the AM band, and one channel from the FM band. The first true FM Multiplex Stereo Receiver was sold by HH Scott in 1961 with introduction of the Model 350 tuner. In 2010, Toshiba began equipping selected versions of their Mini and Satellite notebooks with Harman Kardon branded speakers built-in. Harman_International_Industries;Toshiba;BMW;Land_Rover;Harman_Kardon;Harman_Kardon; Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding , abbreviated as HVXC is a speech coding algorithm used in MPEG-4 Part 3 (MPEG-4 Audio) standard for very low bit rate speech coding. HVXC supports bit rates of 2 and 4 kbit/s in the fixed and variable bit rate mode and sampling frequency 8 kHz. It also operates at lower bitrates, such as 1.2 - 1.7 kbit/s, using a variable bit rate technique. [ 1 ] The total algorithmic delay for the encoder and decoder is 36 ms. [ 2 ] It was published as subpart 2 of ISO / IEC 14496-3:1999 (MPEG-4 Audio) in 1999. [ 3 ] An extended version of HVXC was published in MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 (ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] MPEG-4 Natural Speech Coding Tool Set uses two algorithms: HVXC and CELP ( Code Excited Linear Prediction ). HVXC is used at a low bit rate of 2 or 4 kbit/s. Higher bitrates than 4 kbit/s in addition to 3.85 kbit/s are covered by CELP. [ 6 ] Algorithm;Variable_bit_rate;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;ISO;ISO;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding; Harry_Potter Audiobook;Genre;Warner_Bros.;Genre;American_English;Podcast;Borders_Group;Warner_Bros.;IPod;The_Mail_on_Sunday;The_Guardian;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Electronic_Arts;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;Associated_Press;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Harry_Potter;Harry_Potter; Hauppauge_Computer_Works Hauppauge Computer Works ( / ˈ h ɔː p ɒ ɡ / ), or just Hauppauge , is a US manufacturer and marketer of electronic video hardware for personal computers . Although it is most widely known for its WinTV line of TV tuner cards for PCs , Hauppauge also produces personal video recorders , digital video editors, digital media players, hybrid video recorders and digital television products for both Windows and Mac. The company is named after the hamlet of Hauppauge, New York , in which it is based. It is sometimes misspelled as Happage, Happauge, or Hauppage. In addition to its headquarters in New York, Hauppauge also has sales and technical support offices in France , Germany , the Netherlands , Sweden , Italy , Poland , Singapore , Spain and the UK . United_States;Video;Personal_computer;France;Germany;Netherlands;Sweden;Italy;Poland;Singapore;Spain;UK;Megabit;SageTV;Thin_client;PowerPC;Open_source_software;MythTV;Beyond_TV;SageTV;Windows_Media_Center;Linux;MythTV;SageTV;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;Hauppauge_Computer_Works; Hauppauge_MediaMVP The Hauppauge MediaMVP is a network media player. It consists of a hardware unit with remote control, along with software for a Windows PC . Out of the box, it is capable of playing video and audio, displaying pictures, and "tuning in" to Internet radio stations. Alternative software is also available to extend its capabilities. It can be used as a front end for various PVR projects. The MediaMVP is popular with some PVR enthusiasts because it is inexpensive and relatively easy to modify. Hauppauge_Computer_Works;Microsoft_Windows;Personal_computer;Internet_radio;Digital_video_recorder;SageTV;MPEG;MPEG;Windows_Media_Audio;GIF;Remote_control;LED;Ethernet;Composite_video;Stereophonic_sound;RCA_connector;CPU;Megabyte;SDRAM;Linux;Random_access_memory;Firmware;LCD;MythTV;VLC_media_player;Video_Disk_Recorder;Home_theater_PC;Dreambox;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Multimedia;Dreambox;TiVo;Roku;Amazon_Kindle;Sony_Reader;Mobile_phone;Palm_Pre;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Hauppauge_MediaMVP; Hay_fever Allergic rhinitis is an allergic inflammation of the nasal airways. It occurs when an allergen , such as pollen , dust or animal dander (particles of shed skin and hair) is inhaled by an individual with a sensitized immune system . In such individuals, the allergen triggers the production of the antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE), which binds to mast cells and basophils containing histamine . When caused by pollens of any plants, it is called "pollinosis", and if specifically caused by grass pollens, it is known as " hay fever ". Hay fever isn't caused by hay and does not exhibit symptoms of fever, but since grasses shed their pollens into the air at about the same time that hay is being cut, the common term hay fever is used. IgE bound to mast cells are stimulated by pollen and dust, causing the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine (and other chemicals). [ 1 ] This usually causes sneezing , itchy and watery eyes, swelling and inflammation of the nasal passages, and an increase in mucus production. Symptoms vary in severity between individuals. Very sensitive individuals can experience hives or other rashes . Particulate matter in polluted air, and chemicals such as chlorine and detergents, which can normally be tolerated, can greatly aggravate allergic rhinitis. The physician John Bostock first described hay fever in 1819 as a disease. Allergies are common. Heredity and environmental exposures may contribute to a predisposition to allergies. It is roughly estimated that one in three people have an active allergy at any given time and at least three in four people develop an allergic reaction at least once in their lives. In Western countries between 10–25% of people annually are affected by allergic rhinitis. [ 2 ] MedlinePlus;Histamine;Chlorine;Skin_allergy_test;Diphenhydramine;Cetirizine;Loratadine;Ketotifen;Pseudoephedrine;Skin_allergy_test;Skin_allergy_test;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier; Headphone_amplifier A headphone amplifier is an audio amplifier designed particularly to drive headphones instead of loudspeakers . Most commonly they are found embedded in electronic devices such as integrated amplifiers , portable music players and televisions, but standalone units are not uncommon. Headphones;Frequency_response;Headphone_amplifier;Headphone_amplifier; Headphone_jack A TRS connector (tip, ring, sleeve) is a common family of connector typically used for analog signals including audio . It is cylindrical in shape, typically with three contacts, although sometimes with two (a TS connector ) or four (a TRRS connector ). It is also termed an audio jack , phone jack , phone plug , and jack plug . Specific models are termed stereo plug , mini-jack , mini-stereo , headphone jack , tiny telephone connector and bantam plug . The TRS connector was invented for use in telephone switchboards in the 19th century and is still widely used, both in its original 1 ⁄ 4 in (exactly 6.35 mm) size and in miniaturized versions: 3.5 mm (approx. 1 ⁄ 8 in) and 2.5 mm (approx. 3 ⁄ 32 in). The connector's name is an initialism derived from the names of three conducting parts of the plug: tip , ring , and sleeve [ 1 ] — hence TRS . In the UK, the terms jack plug and jack socket are commonly used for the respective male and female TRS connectors. [ 2 ] In the US, a stationary (more fixed) electrical connector is called a "jack". [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The terms phone plug and phone jack are sometimes used to refer to TRS connectors, [ 5 ] but are also sometimes used colloquially to refer to RJ11 and older telephone plugs and the corresponding jacks that connect wired telephones to wall outlets (the similar terms phono plug and phono jack (or in the UK, phono socket) refer to RCA connectors common in consumer HiFi and Audio Visual equipment). In conversation, the diameter is often added to specify which size — quarter-inch phone plug or 3.5 mm phone jack for the unbalanced two-channel three-contact version, and balanced TRS jack or TRS phone plug for the balanced one-channel three-contact version. RCA_connector;Stereophonic_sound;Camcorder;Laptop;Computer;Smartphone;IPod;IPhone;Nokia;TOSLINK;Microphone;Electric_guitar;Headphones;Loudspeaker;Stereophonic_sound;Short_circuit;Earphone;Mobile_phone;Digital_cameras;Microphone;Electric_guitar;Musical_instrument;Loudspeaker;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Synthesizer;MIDI;Universal_Serial_Bus;IPod_Shuffle;Apple_Lisa;Sound_recording;Personal_computer;Apple_Computer;Dolby_Digital;Smartphones;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Samsung;Nokia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;TOSLINK;VGA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;F_connector;HDMI;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Video_Graphics_Array;Component_video;Component_video;HDMI;HDMI;TRS_connector;TRS_connector; Headphones Headphones are a pair of small loudspeakers that are designed to be held in place close to a user's ears . Headphones either have wires for connection to a signal source such as an audio amplifier , radio , CD player , portable media player or mobile phone , or have a wireless receiver, which is used to pick up signal without using a cable. They are also known as stereophones [ citation needed ] or, colloquially, cans . The in-ear versions are known as earphones or earbuds . In the context of telecommunication , a headset is a combination of headphone and microphone . Loudspeaker;Portable_media_player;Mobile_phone;Wireless;Microphone;Electrical_impedance;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Home_cinema;Personal_computer;Digital_audio_player;Mobile_phone;Infrared;Bluetooth;Disc_jockey;TRS_connector;Sony;Electrical_impedance;Headphone_amplifier;Watt;Musician;Microphone;Bluetooth;Electrical_impedance;Loudspeaker;Magnet;Sound;Microphone;Sound;Video_game;Stereophonic_sound;France;Digital_audio_player;Headphone_amplifier;TRS_connector;International_Standard_Book_Number;Hertz;Headphones;Headphones; Hearing_loss Deafness , hearing impairment , or hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear. [ 1 ] MedlinePlus;Hearing_loss;Telecommunications_device_for_the_deaf;Wireless;Internet;Mobile_phone;Short_message_service;Text_messaging;Instant_messaging;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Videophone;Video_conferencing;Mobile_phones;Closed_captioning;Videophone;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Open_Directory_Project; Heavy_metal_music Heavy metal (often referred to simply as metal ) is a genre of rock music [ 2 ] that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the Midlands of the United Kingdom and in the United States. [ 3 ] With roots in blues rock and psychedelic rock , the bands that created heavy metal developed a thick, massive sound, characterized by highly amplified distortion , extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are generally associated with masculinity and machismo . [ 4 ] The first heavy metal bands, such as Led Zeppelin , Black Sabbath , Deep Purple , and Blue Cheer eventually attracted large audiences, though many were critically reviled at the time (with the notable exception of Led Zeppelin), a status common throughout the history of the genre. In the mid-1970s Judas Priest helped spur the genre's evolution by discarding much of its blues influence; [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility and an increasing emphasis on speed. Bands in the New Wave of British Heavy Metal such as Iron Maiden followed in a similar vein. Before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as " metalheads " or " headbangers ". During the 1980s, glam metal became a major commercial force with groups like Mötley Crüe and Poison . Underground scenes produced an array of more extreme, aggressive styles: thrash metal broke into the mainstream with bands such as Megadeth , Metallica , Slayer , and Anthrax , while other styles of the most extreme subgenre of metal like death metal and black metal remain subcultural phenomena. Since the mid-1990s, popular styles such as nu metal , which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop ; and metalcore , which blends extreme metal with hardcore punk , have further expanded the definition of the genre. United_Kingdom;United_States;Electric_guitar;Rock_music;Led_Zeppelin;Blues;Hip_hop_music;New_York_Times;Electric_guitar;Pop_music;Staccato;Music_video;Rolling_Stone;Rolling_Stone;Blues;Tempo;Led_Zeppelin;Led_Zeppelin;Led_Zeppelin;NME;Def_Leppard;MTV;Music_television;New_Jersey;MTV;Funk;Hip_hop_music;Experimental_music;Nine_Inch_Nails;Rock_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;Rolling_Stone;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Rock_music;Comedy_rock;Heavy_metal_music;Heavy_metal_music; Helvetica Helvetica is a widely used sans-serif typeface developed in 1957 by Swiss typeface designer Max Miedinger with Eduard Hoffmann . [ 1 ] Switzerland;Switzerland;BMW;Microsoft;Motorola;Target_Corporation;Verizon_Wireless;Apple_Inc.;IPod;CNN;International_Herald_Tribune;Helvetica;Helvetica; Henri_La_Fontaine Henri La Fontaine ( French pronunciation: [lafɔ̃ˈtɛn] ; 22 April 1854 – 14 May 1943), was a Belgian international lawyer and president of the International Peace Bureau . He received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1913. Belgium;Paul_Otlet;International_Standard_Book_Number;Henri_La_Fontaine;Henri_La_Fontaine; Hepatic The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification , protein synthesis , and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion . The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used short term. This organ plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body, including glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. It lies below the diaphragm in the abdominal-pelvic region of the abdomen. It produces bile , an alkaline compound which aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids . The liver's highly specialized tissues regulate a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions. [ 2 ] Medical terms related to the liver often start in hepato- or hepatic from the Greek word for liver, hēpar (ἡπαρ). Gastrointestinal_tract;Gastrointestinal_tract;Drug_metabolism;United_States;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Liver;Liver; Hepzidine Hepzidine is a tetracyclic thymoleptic agent. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Hepzidine;Hepzidine; Hertz Sine_wave;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Sound;Infrared;Central_processing_unit;Watt;Hertz;Hertz; Hexadecimal In mathematics and computer science , hexadecimal (also base 16 , or hex ) is a positional numeral system with a radix , or base, of 16. It uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0 – 9 to represent values zero to nine, and A ,  B ,  C ,  D ,  E ,  F (or alternatively a – f ) to represent values ten to fifteen. For example, the hexadecimal number 2AF3 is equal, in decimal, to (2 × 16 3 ) + (10 × 16 2 ) + (15 × 16 1 ) + (3 × 16 0 ) , or 10995. Each hexadecimal digit represents four binary digits ( bits ), and the primary use of hexadecimal notation is a human-friendly representation of binary-coded values in computing and digital electronics. One hexadecimal digit represents a nibble , which is half of an octet (8 bits). For example, byte values can range from 0 to 255 (decimal), but may be more conveniently represented as two hexadecimal digits in the range 00 to FF. Hexadecimal is also commonly used to represent computer memory addresses . Computer_science;XML;XHTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Assembly_language;Motorola;VHDL;VHDL;Verilog;Pixel;Macintosh;Central_processing_unit;Algorithm;JavaScript;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Universal_binary;JavaScript;Digital_object_identifier;Hexadecimal;Hexadecimal; Hidden_file In computing , a hidden directory or hidden file is a directory (folder) or file which file system utilities do not display by default. They are commonly used for storing user preferences or preserving the state of a utility and are frequently created implicitly by using various utilities. Usually the intent is to not "clutter" the display of the contents of a directory with files the user did not create. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Mac_OS_X;DOS; Hidden_files In computing , a hidden directory or hidden file is a directory (folder) or file which file system utilities do not display by default. They are commonly used for storing user preferences or preserving the state of a utility and are frequently created implicitly by using various utilities. Usually the intent is to not "clutter" the display of the contents of a directory with files the user did not create. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Mac_OS_X;DOS; Hidden_track In the field of recorded music , a hidden track (sometimes called a secret track or ghost track ) is a piece of music that has been placed on a CD , audio cassette , vinyl record or other recorded medium in such a way as to avoid detection by the casual listener. In some cases, the piece of music may simply have been left off the track listing, while in other cases more elaborate methods are used. In some rare cases a "hidden track" is actually the result of an error that occurred during the mastering stage of the record's production. Sound_recording_and_reproduction;CD;The_Beatles;Paul_McCartney;Coldplay;The_Beatles;New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Hidden_track;Hidden_track; Hierarchical_Data_Format Hierarchical Data Format ( HDF , HDF4 , or HDF5 ) is the name of a set of file formats and libraries designed to store and organize large amounts of numerical data . Originally developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications , it is currently supported by the non-profit HDF Group, whose mission is to ensure continued development of HDF5 technologies, and the continued accessibility of data currently stored in HDF. In keeping with this goal, the HDF format, libraries and associated tools are available under a liberal, BSD-like license for general use. HDF is supported by many commercial and non-commercial software platforms, including Java , MATLAB , IDL , and Python . The freely available HDF distribution consists of the library, command-line utilities, test suite source, Java interface, and the Java-based HDF Viewer (HDFView). [ 1 ] There currently exist two major versions of HDF, HDF4 and HDF5, which differ significantly in design and API. Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;MATLAB;SQL;Fortran;MATLAB;Scilab;Mathematica;Perl;Hierarchical_Data_Format;Hierarchical_Data_Format; Hierarchical_File_System Hierarchical File System ( HFS ) is a file system developed by Apple Inc. for use in computer systems running Mac OS . Originally designed for use on floppy and hard disks , it can also be found on read-only media such as CD-ROMs . HFS is also referred to as Mac OS Standard (or, erroneously, "HFS Standard"), while its successor, HFS Plus , is also called Mac OS Extended (or, erroneously, "HFS Extended"). With the introduction of OS X 10.6 , Apple has dropped support to format or write HFS disks and images , which are only supported as read-only volumes. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS;Floppy_disk;Hard_disk;HFS_Plus;Disk_image;Macintosh_File_System;Apple_III;Apple_IIe;Apple_Lisa;DOS;File_Allocation_Table;Resource_fork;Floppy_disk;Hard_drive;Operating_system;Macintosh_Plus;HFS_Plus;OS_X;Creator_code;Type_code;International_Standard_Book_Number;Portable_Document_Format;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;File_Allocation_Table;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Xsan;Flash_memory;File_Allocation_Table;Xsan;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Server_Message_Block;Hierarchical_File_System;Hierarchical_File_System; High_Efficiency_Video_Coding High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) , also unofficially called H.265, H.NGVC, and MPEG-H Part 2, is a draft video compression standard. HEVC is a successor to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (Advanced Video Coding) and is currently under joint development by the ISO / IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG). MPEG and VCEG have established a Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) to develop the HEVC standard. [ 1 ] HEVC is said to improve video quality, double the data compression ratio compared to H.264, and can support resolutions up to 7680 × 4320. [ 2 ] Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Progressive_scan;Frame_rate;Display_resolution;Graphical_user_interface;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding; High_definition_video High-definition video or HD video is any video system of higher resolution than standard-definition (SD) video , and most commonly involves display resolutions of 1,280×720 pixels ( 720p ) or 1,920×1,080 pixels ( 1080i or 1080p ). This article discusses the general concepts of high-definition video, as opposed to its specific applications in television broadcast ( HDTV ), video recording formats ( HDCAM , HDCAM-SR , DVCPRO HD , D5 HD , AVC-Intra , XDCAM HD , HDV , and AVCHD ), the Blu-ray Disc , and the D-VHS video tape format. Image_resolution;HDTV;HDV;AVCHD;Japan;Display_resolution;Progressive_scan;Hertz;Hertz;Hertz;Pixel;Hertz;Hertz;Hertz;Hertz;Frame_rate;Hertz;Progressive_scan;Progressive_scan;Hertz;Progressive_scan;Progressive_scan;Progressive_scan;Progressive_scan;Progressive_scan;YouTube;Vimeo;Hulu;Hulu;ITunes;Apple_TV;QuickTime;Vimeo;Vudu;YouTube;HDMI;PAL;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Xbox;Kibibyte;Kibibyte;Kibibyte;Display_resolution;Video_CD;DVD;DV;NTSC;PAL;HDV;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;Advanced_Audio_Coding;HDV;Component_video;HDMI;VGA_connector;Video;Video;NTSC;PAL;Surround_sound;Closed_captioning;Progressive_scan;Surround_sound;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Closed_captioning;MPEG_transport_stream;Video_on_demand; High_dynamic_range_imaging High dynamic range imaging ( HDRI or HDR ) is a set of methods used in imaging and photography , to allow a greater dynamic range between the lightest and darkest areas of an image than current standard digital imaging methods or photographic methods. HDR images can represent more accurately the range of intensity levels found in real scenes, from direct sunlight to faint starlight, and is often captured by way of a plurality of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In simpler terms, HDR is a range of methods to provide higher dynamic range from the imaging process. Non-HDR cameras take pictures at one exposure level with a limited contrast range. This results in the loss of detail in bright or dark areas of a picture, depending on whether the camera had a low or high exposure setting. HDR compensates for this loss of detail by taking multiple pictures at different exposure levels and intelligently stitching them together to produce a picture that is representative in both dark and bright areas. HDR is also commonly used to refer to display of images derived from HDR imaging in a way that exaggerates contrast for artistic effect. The two main sources of HDR images are computer renderings and merging of multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) [ 4 ] or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) [ 5 ] photographs. Tone mapping methods, which reduce overall contrast to facilitate display of HDR images on devices with lower dynamic range, can be applied to produce images with preserved or exaggerated local contrast for artistic effect. Germany;Raw_image_format;JPEG;Lossy_compression;Image_scanner;Luminance;Luminance;Dodging_and_burning;Photograph;Digital_camera;Computer_graphics;OpenEXR;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Aperture;Chromatic_aberration;Photograph;Digital_photography;Digital_camera;Pixel;Display_device;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;TFT_LCD;High_dynamic_range_imaging;High_dynamic_range_imaging; Hip_hop_music Hip hop music , also called hip-hop , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] rap music [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or hip-hop music , [ 2 ] [ 5 ] is a musical genre consisting of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping , a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted. [ 2 ] It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: MCing / rapping , DJing / scratching , breaking / dancing , and graffiti writing . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Other elements include sampling (or synthesis ), and beatboxing . While often used to refer to rapping, "hip hop" more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The term hip hop music is sometimes used synonymously with the term rap music , [ 2 ] [ 5 ] though rapping is not a required component of hip hop music; the genre may also incorporate other elements of hip hop culture , including DJing and scratching, beatboxing, and instrumental tracks . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Funk;Reggae;Synthesizer;Digital_audio_workstation;Drums;Guitar;Piano;Disc_jockey;Electronic_music;Latino;Funk;Soul_music;Saturday_Night_Live;Electronic_music;House_music;New_York_Times;Rock_music;Japan;Australia;Puerto_Rico;Rock_music;Rolling_Stone;MTV;Los_Angeles_Times;RIAA_certification;Dominican_Republic;Germany;France;Netherlands;Italy;Romania;Portugal;Philippines;Brazil;Soul_music;Rock_music;Heavy_metal_music;Netherlands;United_Kingdom;Jazz;Electronic_music;Electronic_music;United_States;RIAA_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Grammy_Award;Pop_music;Canada;Japan;TIME;Internet;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;USA_Today;Gannett_Company;Los_Angeles_Times;Tribune_Company;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;MTV;Rolling_Stone;Digital_object_identifier;Hip_hop_music;Hip_hop_music; Hispanics_in_the_United_States Spanish • American English Predominantly Roman Catholic ; large minority of Protestants ; small minority of Muslims [ 2 ] ; also irreligious Related ethnic groups Latin Americans , Spaniards , Haitian Americans , Belizean Americans , Brazilian Americans , White Latin Americans and others Hispanic or Latino Americans are Americans with origins in the countries of Latin America and the Iberian peninsula consisting of Spain and Portugal and in general all persons in the United States who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Reflecting especially the Latin American population, which has origins in all the continents and many ancestries, [ 8 ] Hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category , rather than a race . [ 6 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] While the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, "Hispanic" is a narrower term which only refers to persons of Spanish-speaking origin or ancestry, while "Latino" is more frequently used to refer more generally to anyone of Latin American origin or ancestry, including Brazilians. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Hispanic thus includes persons from Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin Americans but excludes Brazilians while Latino excludes persons from Spain but includes Spanish-speaking Latin Americans and Brazilians. Because Brazil's population of 191,000,000 [ 22 ] is several times larger than Spain's population of 47,000,000 [ 23 ] and also because there are more Brazilian Americans ( between 360,000 [ 24 ] and 1,100,000 [ 25 ] [ 26 ] as of 2010) than Spanish Americans (about 85,000 as of 2010) [ 27 ] in the United States, Latino is a broader term encompassing more people. The choice between the terms Latino and Hispanic among those of Spanish-speaking origin is also associated with location: persons of Spanish-speaking origins residing in the eastern United States tend to prefer the term Hispanic , whereas those in the west tend to prefer Latino . [ 5 ] Hispanics or Latinos constitute 16.3% of the total United States population, or 50.5 million people, [ 1 ] forming the second largest ethnic group, after non-Hispanic White Americans (a group composed of dozens of sub-groups, as is Hispanic and Latino Americans). [ 28 ] Hispanic and Latino Americans are the largest of all the minority groups, but Black Americans are the largest minority among the races , after White Americans in general (non-Hispanic and Hispanic). [ 29 ] Mexican Americans , Cuban Americans , Colombian Americans , Dominican Americans , Puerto Ricans , Spanish Americans , and Salvadoran Americans are some of the Hispanic and Latino American national origin groups. [ 30 ] There have been people of Hispanic or Latino heritage in the territory of the present-day United States continuously [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] since the 1565 founding of St. Augustine, Florida , by the Spanish, the longest among European American ethnic groups and second-longest of all U.S. ethnic groups , after Native Americans . Hispanics have also lived continuously in the Southwest since near the end of the 16th century, with settlements in New Mexico that began in 1598, and which were transferred to the area of El Paso, Texas , in 1680. [ 35 ] Spanish settlement of New Mexico resumed in 1692, and new ones were established in Arizona and California in the 18th century. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The Hispanic presence can even be said to date from half a century earlier than St. Augustine, if San Juan, Puerto Rico is considered to be the oldest Spanish settlement, and the oldest city, in the U.S. [ 38 ] Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;American_English;United_States;California;American_English;Spanish_language;National_Football_League;Guam;Palau;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;American_English;Spain;Portugal;Kansas;California;Mexico;Puerto_Rico;El_Salvador;Dominican_Republic;Guatemala;Colombia;Honduras;Ecuador;Peru;Nicaragua;Argentina;Venezuela;Panama;Chile;Costa_Rica;Bolivia;Paraguay;California;Puerto_Rico;California;New_Jersey;Mexico;Puerto_Rico;El_Salvador;Dominican_Republic;Guatemala;California;California;Indiana;Indiana;Kansas;Kansas;Massachusetts;Massachusetts;Michigan;Michigan;New_Jersey;New_Jersey;Guam;Guam;Puerto_Rico;Puerto_Rico;United_States;Major_League_Baseball;CBS;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Puerto_Rico;Puerto_Rico;CBS;NBC;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;Spanish_language;United_States;Barack_Obama;Portable_Document_Format;Portable_Document_Format;Portable_Document_Format;Portable_Document_Format;Portable_Document_Format;Portable_Document_Format;Portable_Document_Format;PDF;Los_Angeles_Times;CNN; Histamine 2-(1 H -imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine InChI=1S/C5H9N3/c6-2-1-5-3-7-4-8-5/h3-4H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8) Y Key: NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C5H9N3/c6-2-1-5-3-7-4-8-5/h3-4H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8) Key: NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYAP 83.5 °C (182.3 °F) 209.5 °C (409.1 °F) Solubility in water Easily soluble in cold water, hot water [ 1 ] Easily soluble in methanol. Very slightly soluble in diethyl ether. [ 1 ] Easily soluble in ethanol. Y (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter . [ 2 ] Histamine triggers the inflammatory response . As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens , histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues. [ 3 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Nitrogen;Hydrogen;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Diamine_oxidase;Hay_fever;Histamine_antagonist;Cimetidine;Ranitidine;Antipsychotic;Allergies;Histamine_antagonist;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;DrugBank;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Histamine; Histamine_antagonist A histamine antagonist (commonly called an antihistamine ) is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits the action of histamine by blocking it from attaching to histamine receptors ; or it may inhibit the enzymatic activity of histidine decarboxylase, catalyzing the transformation of histidine into histamine (atypical antihistaminics). Antihistamines are commonly used for the relief of allergies caused by intolerance of proteins. [ 1 ] Histamine;Histamine_receptor;Histamine;Histamine;Inverse_agonist;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Azelastine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Carbinoxamine;Cetirizine;Chlorpromazine;Cyclizine;Clemastine;Cyproheptadine;Desloratadine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Sedative;Ebastine;Embramine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Loratadine;Meclozine;Olopatadine;Orphenadrine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Promethazine;Quetiapine;Rupatadine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Inverse_agonist;Cimetidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Nizatidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Thioperamide;Thioperamide;Histidine_decarboxylase;Tritoqualine;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Carbinoxamine;Clemastine;Chlorphenoxamine;Diphenylpyraline;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimetindene;Pheniramine;Talastine;Chloropyramine;Histapyrrodine;Mepyramine;Methapyrilene;Tripelennamine;Phenothiazine;Alimemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isothipendyl;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Oxomemazine;Promethazine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Levocetirizine;Niaprazine;Oxatomide;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Ebastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Pyrrobutamine;Rupatadine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Loratadine;Terfenadine;Bamipine;Chloropyramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Clemastine;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Isothipendyl;Mepyramine;Promethazine;Thenalidine;Antazoline;Azelastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Olopatadine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Enzyme;Inverse_agonist;Enzyme;Histamine;Histamine_antagonist;Histamine_antagonist; Histamine_receptor The histamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with histamine as their endogenous ligand . [ 1 ] There are four known histamine receptors: Histamine;Diphenhydramine;Loratadine;Cetirizine;Fexofenadine;Ranitidine;Cimetidine;Famotidine;Nizatidine;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Thioperamide;Thioperamide;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Histamine_receptor;Histamine_receptor; Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;International_Chemical_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide; Histaminergic International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Nitrogen;Hydrogen;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Diamine_oxidase;Hay_fever;Histamine_antagonist;Cimetidine;Ranitidine;Antipsychotic;Allergies;Histamine_antagonist;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;DrugBank;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Histamine; Histapyrrodine InChI=1S/C19H24N2/c1-3-9-18(10-4-1)17-21(19-11-5-2-6-12-19)16-15-20-13-7-8-14-20/h1-6,9-12H,7-8,13-17H2 Y Key:MXHODDGKGSGCDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Histapyrrodine is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Histapyrrodine;Histapyrrodine; Histidine_decarboxylase Histamine;CAS_registry_number;KEGG;Enzyme;Histamine;Tritoqualine;Histamine;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Histidine_decarboxylase;Histidine_decarboxylase; History_of_Apple_Inc. Apple Inc. , formerly Apple Computer, Inc. , is a multinational corporation that creates consumer electronics , computer software , and commercial servers . Apple's core product lines are the iPad , iPhone , iPod music player, and Macintosh computer line-up. Founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak effectively created Apple Computer on April 1, 1976, with the release of the Apple I , and incorporated the company on January 3, 1977, in Cupertino, California . For more than two decades, Apple Computer was predominantly a manufacturer of personal computers, including the Apple II , Macintosh , and Power Mac lines, but it faced rocky sales and low market share during the 1990s. Jobs, who had been ousted from the company in 1985, returned to become Apple's CEO in 1996 after his company NeXT was bought by Apple Inc., and he brought with him a new corporate philosophy of recognizable products and simple design. With the introduction of the successful iPod music player in 2001, Apple established itself as a leader in the consumer electronics industry, dropping "Computer" from its name. The company is now also known for its iOS range of products that began with the iPhone , iPod Touch and now iPad . As of 2011 [update] , Apple is the largest technology firm in the world, with annual revenues of more than 100 billion. [ 1 ] Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;IPad;IPhone;IPod;Macintosh;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_Computer;Apple_I;Apple_II;Macintosh;NeXT;IPod;IOS;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Central_processing_unit;Ronald_Wayne;Television;Apple_I;Ronald_Wayne;Volkswagen;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Japan;Japan;Apple_II_series;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Integrated_circuit;Financial_Times;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Newsweek;John_Sculley;MacWrite;MacPaint;Software_developer;Microsoft;Microsoft_Word;Adobe_Systems;Visual_effects;Pixar;NeXT;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Apple_II;Apple_Macintosh;John_Gruber;Apple_II;Apple_IIgs;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;PowerBook;Laptop;Internet;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Centris;Macintosh_Performa;IBM;Power_Macintosh;PowerPC;Sun_Microsystems;Personal_digital_assistant;NeXT;Steve_Jobs;Mac_OS_X;WebObjects;NeXT;Macworld_Expo;Microsoft;IMac;IBook;AirPort;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;NeXT;Unix;Apple_Store;IPod;IPod;Digital_audio_player;IPod_Mini;IPod_Touch;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPhone;IPad;Xserve;Rack_unit;Xserve_RAID;IBM;Apple_Store;Apple_community;Mac_OS_X;Open_source;IMac;MacBook_Pro;.Mac;ICloud;IPod;ITunes_Store;LED;Flash_memory;Advanced_Audio_Coding;IPod_Shuffle;ITunes_Store;ITunes;Microsoft_Windows;United_States;IPod_Mini;United_Kingdom;France;Germany;European_Union;Eurozone;Republic_of_Ireland;Canada;Denmark;Norway;Sweden;Switzerland;Massachusetts;IPod_Nano;New_Zealand;IOS;IPhone;IPad;The_Guardian;Braeburn_Capital;Apple_Inc.;NASDAQ;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Apple_media_events;Apple_Computer;Microsoft;New_Jersey;International_Standard_Book_Number;New_Jersey;International_Standard_Book_Number;MacWorld;Newsweek;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;Apple_Inc.;CNET;AppleInsider;John_Markoff;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;New_York_Times;BusinessWeek;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;History_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.; History_of_the_iPhone The history of the iPhone line of phones began with Steve Jobs ' direction that Apple Inc. engineers investigate touchscreens. At the time he had been considering having Apple work on tablet PCs , which later came to fruition with the iPad . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Many have noted the device's similarities to Apple's previous touch-screen portable device, the Newton MessagePad . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Like the Newton, the iPhone is nearly all screen. Its form factor is credited to Apple's head of design, Jonathan Ive . [ 3 ] [ 9 ] MessagePad;IPhone;IPhone;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Tablet_computer;IPad;MessagePad;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Jonathan_Ive;Personal_digital_assistant;File_synchronization;ITunes;Motorola;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Internet;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Shenzhen;Taiwan;Foxconn;Foxconn;IPod_advertising;YouTube;WWDC;Uniform_Resource_Locator;United_States_dollar;Associated_Press;CDMA;Deutsche_Telekom;Sprint_Nextel;Blog;United_Kingdom;Germany;Deutsche_Telekom;Vodafone;Italy;Slovenia;Sweden;Norway;Denmark;Finland;Estonia;Lithuania;Latvia;Estonia;Greece;Lithuania;Finland;SingTel;Singapore;Philippines;IPhone;Singapore;Philippines;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;AUD;New_Zealand;Canadian_dollar;Bell_Mobility;Vodafone;Optus;Japan;Apple_Inc.;CDMA;Verizon_Wireless;The_Wall_Street_Journal;CDMA;Verizon_Wireless;United_States;Verizon_Wireless;Sprint_Nextel;C_Spire_Wireless;United_Kingdom;Germany;France;Vodafone;Tesco_Mobile;Austria;Republic_of_Ireland;Australia;Austria;Belgium;Canada;Denmark;Finland;Hong_Kong;Italy;Japan;Mexico;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Portugal;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;SingTel;Optus;Rogers_Wireless;Telstra;Vodafone;Argentina;Chile;Colombia;Czech_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Estonia;Greece;Guatemala;Honduras;Hungary;Macau;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Poland;Romania;Singapore;Slovakia;SingTel;Vodafone;Brazil;Latvia;Lithuania;Vodafone;Luxembourg;Vodafone;Dominican_Republic;Malta;Nicaragua;Panama;Taiwan;Venezuela;Vodafone;Thailand;Bulgaria;Malaysia;Guam;Vodafone;Vietnam;Slovenia;IPhone;Jon_Lech_Johansen;Privilege_escalation;Gizmodo;SIM_lock;Engadget;IPhone_Dev_Team;Engadget;Vodafone;SIM_card;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macworld;Engadget;EWeek;Wired_News;Wired_News;Walter_Mossberg;The_Wall_Street_Journal;CNN;Gizmodo;Apple_Inc.;News_release;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Apple_Inc.;The_Guardian;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;Macworld;USA_Today;CNET;Macworld;Macworld;The_Washington_Post;USA_Today;The_New_York_Times;Apple_Inc.;News_release;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Jon_Lech_Johansen;Gizmodo;BBC_News;BBC_News;Engadget;Macworld;Macworld;The_New_York_Times;Gizmodo;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;History_of_the_iPhone;History_of_the_iPhone; HitQuarters HitQuarters is an international music industry publication and contact database founded in 1999. It is noted for in-depth interviews with industry figures, with past subjects including Simon Cowell , Martin Kierszenbaum , Jason Flom , Diane Warren , Peter Edge , Ron Fair and RedOne , as well as its A R and manager contact directory, free artist promo pages and song sale facility, demo reviews and A R chart. [ 2 ] It is the sister site to the songwriting tip sheet SongQuarters . Database;English_language;The_Guardian;HitQuarters;HitQuarters; Home_Theater_PC A Home Theater PC ( HTPC ) or Media Center appliance is a convergence device that combines some or all the capabilities of a personal computer with a software application that supports video, photo, music playback, and sometimes video recording functionality. Although computers with some of these capabilities were available from the late 1980s, the "Home Theater PC" term first appeared in mainstream press in 1996. In recent years, other types of consumer electronics, including gaming systems and dedicated media devices have crossed over to manage video and music content. The term "media center" also refers to specialized application software designed to run on standard personal computers . [ 1 ] An HTPC and other convergence devices integrate components of a home theater into a unit co-located with a home entertainment system. An HTPC system typically has a remote control and the software interface normally has a 10-foot user interface design so that it can be comfortably viewed at typical television viewing distances. An HTPC can be purchased pre-configured with the required hardware and software needed to add video programming or music to the PC. Enthusiasts can also piece together a system out of discrete components as part of a software-based HTPC. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Since 2007 digital media receiver software has been incorporated into consumer electronics through software or hardware changes including gaming systems, blu-ray players, televisions , and set top boxes. The increased availability of specialized devices, coupled with paid and free digital content, now offer alternatives to multipurpose (and more costly) personal computers. [ 6 ] Mac_Mini;Personal_computer;Digital_video_recorder;Application_software;Personal_computer;Home_cinema;Digital_media_receiver;Smart_TV;Macintosh_TV;DVD;Progressive_scan;TiVo;VxWorks;MythTV;Free_software;Linux;XBMC;Xbox;Boxee;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X;Mac_mini;HDTV;HDTV;Liquid_crystal_display;VGA;HDMI;Hulu;YouTube;NBC;CBS;Streaming_media;Hard_drive;Internet;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;Television;HDMI;Component_video;Video_Graphics_Array;Composite_video;IPhone;Boxee;SageTV;MediaPortal;Beyond_TV;Multimedia;Quiet_PC;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;MythTV;XBMC;Digital_video_recorder;Video_Disk_Recorder;SageTV;Boxee;MythDora;Ubuntu_TV;LinuxMCE;Mac_Mini;Small_form_factor;Mac_OS_X;Cover_Flow;Apple_Remote;Boxee;XBMC;Elgato;Digital_video_recorder;MediaPortal;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Vista;WinDVD;Digital_video_recorder;DVBViewer;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;SageTV;Beyond_TV;MediaPortal;MediaPortal;MediaPortal;Digital_media_receiver;Roku;Roku;Smart_TV;Netflix;Amazon.com;List_of_iOS_devices;Digital_media_receiver;Digital_video_recorder;Digital_media_receiver;Home_cinema;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Ars_Technica;Ars_Technica;Maximum_PC;Ars_Technica;The_Washington_Post;Chris_Breen;Macworld;Engadget;Engadget;Ars_Technica;MacWorld;Macworld;Bloomberg_L.P.;Forbes;Forrester_Research;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Home_theater_PC;Home_theater_PC; Home_cinema Home cinema , also commonly called home theater , refers to home entertainment systems that seek to reproduce a movie theater experience and mood, with the help of video and audio equipment in or outside a private home. Eastman_Kodak;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;IPod_nano;Surround_sound;Loudspeaker;Home_theater_PC;Digital_media_receiver;Cathode_ray_tube;LCD;HDTV;Dolby_Digital;VCR;Home_theater_PC;Home_theater_PC;Remote_control;Surround_sound;HDTV;Eastman_Kodak;Pixel;HDMI;Home_theater_PC;Media_server;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Home_cinema;Home_cinema; Home_theater_PC A Home Theater PC ( HTPC ) or Media Center appliance is a convergence device that combines some or all the capabilities of a personal computer with a software application that supports video, photo, music playback, and sometimes video recording functionality. Although computers with some of these capabilities were available from the late 1980s, the "Home Theater PC" term first appeared in mainstream press in 1996. In recent years, other types of consumer electronics, including gaming systems and dedicated media devices have crossed over to manage video and music content. The term "media center" also refers to specialized application software designed to run on standard personal computers . [ 1 ] An HTPC and other convergence devices integrate components of a home theater into a unit co-located with a home entertainment system. An HTPC system typically has a remote control and the software interface normally has a 10-foot user interface design so that it can be comfortably viewed at typical television viewing distances. An HTPC can be purchased pre-configured with the required hardware and software needed to add video programming or music to the PC. Enthusiasts can also piece together a system out of discrete components as part of a software-based HTPC. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Since 2007 digital media receiver software has been incorporated into consumer electronics through software or hardware changes including gaming systems, blu-ray players, televisions , and set top boxes. The increased availability of specialized devices, coupled with paid and free digital content, now offer alternatives to multipurpose (and more costly) personal computers. [ 6 ] Mac_Mini;Personal_computer;Digital_video_recorder;Application_software;Personal_computer;Home_cinema;Digital_media_receiver;Smart_TV;Macintosh_TV;DVD;Progressive_scan;TiVo;VxWorks;MythTV;Free_software;Linux;XBMC;Xbox;Boxee;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X;Mac_mini;HDTV;HDTV;Liquid_crystal_display;VGA;HDMI;Hulu;YouTube;NBC;CBS;Streaming_media;Hard_drive;Internet;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;Television;HDMI;Component_video;Video_Graphics_Array;Composite_video;IPhone;Boxee;SageTV;MediaPortal;Beyond_TV;Multimedia;Quiet_PC;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;MythTV;XBMC;Digital_video_recorder;Video_Disk_Recorder;SageTV;Boxee;MythDora;Ubuntu_TV;LinuxMCE;Mac_Mini;Small_form_factor;Mac_OS_X;Cover_Flow;Apple_Remote;Boxee;XBMC;Elgato;Digital_video_recorder;MediaPortal;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Vista;WinDVD;Digital_video_recorder;DVBViewer;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;SageTV;Beyond_TV;MediaPortal;MediaPortal;MediaPortal;Digital_media_receiver;Roku;Roku;Smart_TV;Netflix;Amazon.com;List_of_iOS_devices;Digital_media_receiver;Digital_video_recorder;Digital_media_receiver;Home_cinema;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Ars_Technica;Ars_Technica;Maximum_PC;Ars_Technica;The_Washington_Post;Chris_Breen;Macworld;Engadget;Engadget;Ars_Technica;MacWorld;Macworld;Bloomberg_L.P.;Forbes;Forrester_Research;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Home_theater_PC;Home_theater_PC; Homochlorcyclizine Homochlorcyclizine ( INN ) is an antihistamine which has been marketed in Japan since 1965. [ 1 ] It is used in the treatment of allergies and other conditions. It also has some anticholinergic , antidopaminergic , and antiserotonergic properties. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Japan;Chlorcyclizine;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Carbinoxamine;Clemastine;Chlorphenoxamine;Diphenylpyraline;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimetindene;Pheniramine;Talastine;Chloropyramine;Histapyrrodine;Mepyramine;Methapyrilene;Tripelennamine;Phenothiazine;Alimemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isothipendyl;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Oxomemazine;Promethazine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Levocetirizine;Niaprazine;Oxatomide;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Ebastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Pyrrobutamine;Rupatadine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Loratadine;Terfenadine;Bamipine;Chloropyramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Clemastine;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Isothipendyl;Mepyramine;Promethazine;Thenalidine;Antazoline;Azelastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Olopatadine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Homochlorcyclizine;Homochlorcyclizine; Homopipramol International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Homopipramol;Homopipramol; Honda Acura;Chrysler;Toyota;General_Motors;Acura;Toyota;Acura;Toyota;Nissan;Toyota;Acura;San_Francisco;Fiscal_year;Acura;Hydrogen;Hydrogen;Oxygen;Greece;Pioneer_Corporation;Tetris;National_Hockey_League;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project;Acura;Acura;Japan;Acura;Infiniti;Toyota;Japan;Japan;Japan;Sony;Toshiba;Toyota;Nikon;Japan;Japan;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Shionogi;Sony;Toshiba;Toyota;Honda;Honda; Honduras Honduras [ 5 ] is a republic in Central America . It was at times referred to as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras , which became the modern-day state of Belize . [ 6 ] The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala , to the southwest by El Salvador , to the southeast by Nicaragua , to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca , and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras , a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea . Honduras was home to several important indigenous cultures, most notably the Maya . Much of the country was conquered by Spain who introduced its now predominant language and many of its customs in the sixteenth century. It became independent in 1821 and has been a republic since the end of Spanish rule. The area of Honduras is about 112,492 km² and the population exceeds eight million. Its northern portions are part of the Western Caribbean Zone . Honduras is most notable for production of minerals, coffee, tropical fruit, sugar cane and recently for export of clothing in the international market. Spanish_language;Guatemala;El_Salvador;Nicaragua;El_Salvador;Nicaragua;Nicaragua;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Nicaragua;Nicaragua;El_Salvador;Good_Friday;European_Union;Spanish_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Nicaragua;Panama;North_America;Canada;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Puerto_Rico;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Honduras;Honduras;Honduras; Hong_Kong Coordinates : 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E  /  22.27833°N 114.15889°E  / 22.27833; 114.15889 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China [ note 1 ] 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區 Anthem: March of the Volunteers 《義勇軍進行曲》 View at night from Victoria Peak (2007) Official language(s) Chinese, English [ note 2 ] Cantonese , English Traditional Chinese , English alphabet Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China Chief Secretary for Administration Financial Secretary Secretary for Justice Legislative Council Japanese occupation 25 December 1941 – Conveyance from British sovereignty to Chinese sovereignty 1,104 km 2 ( 179th ) 4.58 (50 km²; 19 mi²) [ 3 ] 6,480 [ 5 ] /km 2 ( 4th ) $351.119 billion [ 6 ] $243.302 billion [ 6 ] Hong Kong dollar ( HKD ) yyyy年m月d日 (Chinese) dd-mm-yyyy (English) Cantonese Jyutping [hœ̂ːŋkɔ̌ːŋ] - Yale Romanization Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Traditional Chinese 香港特別行政區 (or 香港特區) 香港特别行政区 (or 香港特区) Hiông-kóng Thi̍t-phe̍t Hàng-tsṳn-khî Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū Hiong-kang Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu shian 平 kaon 上 deh 入 bih 入 ghan 平 tsen 去 chiu 平 Hoeng 1 gong 2 Dak 6 bit 6 Hang 4 zing 3 Keoi 1 This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters . Full view of Kowloon and Hong Kong. The old Kai Tak Airport can be seen on the left. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Museum located in northwest Kowloon was built in 1969 after the tomb's discovery in 1955. Hong Kong [ note 3 ] ( Chinese : 香港 ) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau . It is situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea , [ 9 ] it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km 2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. [ 10 ] Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. [ 11 ] Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province. [ 12 ] Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island , the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War , after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty . [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. [ 15 ] The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong , often described as "East meets West", [ 16 ] and the educational system , which used to loosely follow the system in England [ 17 ] until reforms implemented in 2009. [ 18 ] Under the principle of " one country, two systems ", Hong Kong has a different political system from mainland China . [ 19 ] Hong Kong's independent judiciary functions under the common law framework. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Hong Kong Basic Law , its constitutional document, which stipulates that Hong Kong shall have a "high degree of autonomy" in all matters except foreign relations and military defence, governs its political system . [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Although it has a burgeoning multi-party system , a small-circle electorate controls half of its legislature . That is, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong , the head of government, is chosen by an Election Committee of 400 to 1,200 members, a situation that will be in effect during the first 20 years of Chinese rule. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] As one of the world's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade, and the currency, Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . [ 28 ] The lack of space caused demand for denser constructions, which developed the city to a centre for modern architecture and the world's most vertical city. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. [ 6 ] The dense space also led to a highly developed transportation network with public transport travelling rate exceeding 90 percent, [ 31 ] the highest in the world. [ 32 ] Hong Kong has numerous high international rankings in various aspects. For instance, its economic freedom , financial and economic competitiveness, quality of life , corruption perception , Human Development Index , etc., are all ranked highly. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] According to both UN and WHO estimates, Hong Kong has the longest life expectancy of any country in the world from 2012. [ 40 ] Cantonese;English_language;Chinese_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese;Chinese_language;Chinese_language;Macau;Cantonese;Shenzhen;Macau;Shenzhen;Switzerland;Singapore;Nepal;Chinese_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Gibraltar;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNBC;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;National_Geographic_Society;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Herald_Tribune;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Shenzhen;Macau;Macau;Shenzhen;Macau;Macau;Japan;Mongolia;Taiwan;Macau;Vietnam;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Macau;Singapore;Taiwan;European_Union;Macau;Malaysia;Singapore;Taiwan;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Shenzhen;Macau;Shenzhen;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Brazil;Japan;Philippines;Shenzhen;United_States;Argentina;United_Kingdom;Shenzhen;Bangalore;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong; Hot_Press Hot Press is a fortnightly music and politics magazine based in Dublin , Ireland founded in June 1977. The magazine has been edited since its inception by Niall Stokes . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , it had a circulation of 19,215 during 2007. It has won a number of PPAI Awards , including Website of the Year (2003 2007), Magazine of the Year (2002) and Publisher of the Year (2004) and has been cited by independent sources such as The Irish Times [ 1 ] and the British based NME . [ 2 ] Rory Gallagher featured on the cover of the first issue. [ 3 ] The magazine title is a play on the term " hot press ", a common Irish term referring to a domestic airing cupboard . The magazine has featured interviews with politicians, breaking stories that are later covered by national and international news agencies . [ 4 ] It is also known for having conducted one of the last interviews with the model Katy French before her death in 2007. Other issues discussed during its existence include abuses within the Catholic Church . [ 5 ] In 2005, the Irish Examiner said: " Hot Press still gives a platform to Irish music" and is "a vital outlet for up and coming Irish music and music writers, having given starts to Declan Lynch, Liam Mackey and Liam Fay". [ 6 ] The newspaper included Hot Press editor Niall Stokes in its top fifty list of "most important and influential people in Irish music during 2005". [ 6 ] Republic_of_Ireland;NME;NME;Social_network_service;Facebook;The_Guardian;Daily_Mail;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Paul_McCartney;European_Commission;Vodafone;NME;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;NME;Rolling_Stone;Hot_Press;Hot_Press; Hotkey In computing , a keyboard shortcut is a finite set of one or more keys that invoke a software or operating system operation when triggered by the user . A meaning of term "keyboard shortcut" can vary depending on software manufacturer. For instance, Microsoft differentiates keyboard shortcuts from hotkeys (mnemonics) whereby the former consists of a specific key combination used to trigger an action, and the latter represents a designated letter in a menu command or toolbar button that when pressed together with the Alt key, activates such command. Software;Operating_system;User_interface;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Unix;C;Unix; House_music House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in the American city of Chicago in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized circa 1984 in discothèques catering to gay [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] and mixed, [ 2 ] [ 5 ] primarily African-American [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 5 ] and Latino [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] audiences in Chicago, but beginning in 1985, fanned out to other major cities such as Detroit , Toronto , New York City , New Jersey , Montreal , San Francisco , Los Angeles , Manchester , [ 7 ] Miami , London , [ 7 ] and Paris . It then began to influence popular music in Europe, with songs such as "House Nation" by House Master Boyz and the Rude Boy Of House (1987) and "Doctorin' The House" by Coldcut (1988) in the pop charts. Since the early to mid-1990s, house music has been infused in mainstream pop and dance music worldwide. Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats and rhythms centered around drum machines , [ 8 ] off-beat hi-hat cymbals and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, [ 9 ] and the structured music's focus around a repetitive rhythm was more important than the song itself. House music today, while keeping several of these core elements, notably the prominent kick drum on every beat, varies a lot in style and influence, ranging from the soulful and atmospheric deep house , to the more minimalistic microhouse . House music has also fused with several other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as Euro house and tech house . [ 9 ] House music, after enjoying significant underground and club-based success in Chicago from the early 1980s onwards, emerged into the UK mainstream pop market in the mid-to-late 80s. Popularity quickly followed in the rest of Europe, and it became a global phenomenon from the early-to-mid 90s onwards. [ 8 ] It proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna , [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Janet Jackson , [ 10 ] Björk , and C+C Music Factory [ 8 ] [ 9 ] incorporated the genre into their work. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the second wave of Progressive House (1999–2001). The genre still remains popular and fused into other subgenres which are popular, as the DJ mag poll has been dominated by House DJs since the beginning of the polls. In Europe, the genre remains highly popular into the 2000s, with groups and artists such as Daft Punk [ 8 ] and Justice performing in the genre, and obtaining commercial success and critical acclaim. [ 8 ] In the 2000s, a house subgenre known as electro house achieved popularity. Today, house music remains popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene. Soul_music;Funk;United_States;Synthesizer;Music_sequencer;Personal_computer;Electronic_dance_music;United_States;Latino;New_Jersey;San_Francisco;Jazz;Blues;Funk;Soul_music;Gospel_music;Synthesizer;Music_sequencer;Roland_Corporation;Synthesizer;Soul_music;Compilation_album;Gospel_music;Reggae;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Electronic_music;Drum_and_bass;Disc_jockey;House_music;House_music; How_Stuff_Works HowStuffWorks is a commercial edutainment website that was founded by Marshall Brain with the goal of giving its target audience an insight into the way in which many things work. The site uses various media in its effort to explain complex concepts, terminology and mechanisms, including photographs, diagrams, videos and animations, and articles. A documentary television series with the same name also premiered in November 2008 on the Discovery Channel . Slogan;English_language;Website;Podcasts;ITunes;Research_In_Motion;IOS;Doctor_Who;Blog;Internet_Archive;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;NBC;NBCUniversal; Hubdog Hubdog is an RSS aggregator for Windows Mobile . It was created and developed by Société Radio Numérique (SRN) Inc. Hubdog combines the functionalities of an RSS reader , a podcast player, a unique search engine , and channels that can be shared among community members and synced with Internet Explorer and Firefox desktop web browsers. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;News_aggregator;Software_license;Proprietary_software;News_aggregator;Internet_Explorer;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Mobile_device;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Hubdog;Hubdog; Hudson_Soft Hudson Soft Company, Limited ( 株式会社ハドソン, kabushiki-gaisha Hadoson ? ) , formally known as Honeybee Soft Company, Limited ( 株式会社ハニービー・ソフト ? ) , was a Japanese electronic entertainment publisher headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . [ 2 ] It was founded on May 18, 1973. Initially, Hudson dealt with personal computer products, but had expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , and video game peripherals. As of 2003, the company employed over 500 people, with offices in Sapporo , Tokyo , and California . Hudson Soft was owned by Konami Corporation . [ 1 ] On March 1, 2012, Hudson Soft Co., Ltd. officially ceased to exist as it was absorbed into Konami. Around 2010-2011, many employees migrated to Nintendo 's restructured Nd Cube studio, which is headed by former Hudson Soft President, Hidetoshi Endo. Japan;Personal_computer;Video_game;California;Japan;Photograph;Personal_computer;Video_game;Sega;California;Hudson_Soft;Hudson_Soft; Huffyuv Huffyuv (or HuffYUV ) is a lossless video codec created by Ben Rudiak-Gould which is meant to replace uncompressed YCbCr as a video capture format. Despite the "YUV" in the name, it does not compress the YUV color space, but YCbCr. [ citation needed ] The codec can also compress in the RGB color space. "Lossless" means that the output from the decompressor is bit-for-bit identical with the original input to the compressor. Lossless only occurs when the compression color space matches the input and output color space. When the color spaces do not match, a low loss compression is performed. Huffyuv's algorithm is similar to that of lossless JPEG , in that it predicts each sample and then Huffman -encodes the error. Video_for_Windows;Video_codec;Lossless_JPEG;Lagarith;FFmpeg;Linux;Mac_OS_X;VLC_media_player;MPlayer;Ffdshow;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Huffyuv;Huffyuv; Hulu Hulu is a website and over-the-top (OTT) subscription service offering ad-supported on-demand streaming video of TV shows, movies, webisodes and other new media, trailers, clips, and behind-the-scenes footage from NBC , Fox , ABC , CBS , Nickelodeon , and many other networks and studios. Hulu videos are currently offered only to users in Japan and the United States and its overseas territories. [ 9 ] Hulu provides video in Flash Video format, including many films and shows that are available in 288p, 360p, 480p , and in some cases, 720p HD. Hulu also provides web syndication services for other websites including AOL , MSN , MySpace , Facebook , Yahoo! , and Comcast 's xfinityTV . Hulu is a joint venture of NBCUniversal ( Comcast / General Electric ), [ 10 ] Fox Entertainment Group ( News Corp ) and Disney-ABC Television Group ( The Walt Disney Company ), [ 11 ] with funding by Providence Equity Partners , the owner of Newport Television , which made a US$ 100 million equity investment and received a 10% stake. [ 12 ] United_States;United_States;Japan;NBCUniversal;Slogan;Video_on_demand;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;Japanese_language;Website;Streaming_media;NBC;United_States;Flash_Video;AOL;Facebook;NBCUniversal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;United_States_dollar;Mandarin_Chinese;Software_release_life_cycle;United_States;Disney;ComScore;YouTube;Apple_TV;TiVo;Smart_TV;Roku;WD_TV;The_Wall_Street_Journal;EMI;Warner_Music_Group;HDMI;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;IOS;NBC_Universal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;NBCUniversal;Time_Warner;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;Financial_Times;Boxee;Video_on_demand;Digital_rights_management;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;Mashable;Mashable;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Wall_Street_Journal;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;Universal_Studios;NBC;CNBC;CNBC;NBC;NBCNews.com;Universal_Music_Group;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;All_Things_Digital;MarketWatch;The_Wall_Street_Journal;National_Geographic_Society;NBCUniversal;Associated_Press;NBCUniversal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;United_States_dollar;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Hulu;Hulu; Hulu_Plus Hulu is a website and over-the-top (OTT) subscription service offering ad-supported on-demand streaming video of TV shows, movies, webisodes and other new media, trailers, clips, and behind-the-scenes footage from NBC , Fox , ABC , CBS , Nickelodeon , and many other networks and studios. Hulu videos are currently offered only to users in Japan and the United States and its overseas territories. [ 9 ] Hulu provides video in Flash Video format, including many films and shows that are available in 288p, 360p, 480p , and in some cases, 720p HD. Hulu also provides web syndication services for other websites including AOL , MSN , MySpace , Facebook , Yahoo! , and Comcast 's xfinityTV . Hulu is a joint venture of NBCUniversal ( Comcast / General Electric ), [ 10 ] Fox Entertainment Group ( News Corp ) and Disney-ABC Television Group ( The Walt Disney Company ), [ 11 ] with funding by Providence Equity Partners , the owner of Newport Television , which made a US$ 100 million equity investment and received a 10% stake. [ 12 ] United_States;United_States;Japan;NBCUniversal;Slogan;Video_on_demand;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;Japanese_language;Website;Streaming_media;NBC;United_States;Flash_Video;AOL;Facebook;NBCUniversal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;United_States_dollar;Mandarin_Chinese;Software_release_life_cycle;United_States;Disney;ComScore;YouTube;Apple_TV;TiVo;Smart_TV;Roku;WD_TV;The_Wall_Street_Journal;EMI;Warner_Music_Group;HDMI;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;IOS;NBC_Universal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;NBCUniversal;Time_Warner;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;Financial_Times;Boxee;Video_on_demand;Digital_rights_management;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;Mashable;Mashable;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Wall_Street_Journal;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;Universal_Studios;NBC;CNBC;CNBC;NBC;NBCNews.com;Universal_Music_Group;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;All_Things_Digital;MarketWatch;The_Wall_Street_Journal;National_Geographic_Society;NBCUniversal;Associated_Press;NBCUniversal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;United_States_dollar;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Hulu;Hulu; Hungary – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 47°26′N 19°15′E  /  47.433°N 19.25°E  / 47.433; 19.25 Official language(s) Ethnic groups (2001) 92.3% Hungarians , 5.8% others and unspecified [ 1 ] [ dead link ] Parliamentary republic Speaker of the National Assembly Foundation of Hungary Recognized as Christian kingdom Current 3rd republic 93,030 km 2 ( 109th ) 9,942,000 [ 2 ] ( 84th ) 107.2/km 2 ( 94th ) $195.640 billion [ 4 ] $140.303 billion [ 4 ] 24.96 ( low ) ( 3rd ) yyyy. mm .dd ( CE ) Also .eu as part of the European Union. Hungary i / ˈ h ʌ ŋ ɡ ər i / ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen ) ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe . [ 6 ] It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine , and Romania to the east, Serbia , and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest . Hungary is a member of the European Union , NATO , the OECD , the Visegrád Group , and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian , also known as Magyar , which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non- Indo-European language in Europe. [ 7 ] Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád , whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary existed for 946 years, [ note 1 ] and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy , and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918). A great power until the end of World War I , Hungary has lost about 70 percent of its territory, along with one third of its ethnically Hungarian population, [ 8 ] and all its sea ports under the Treaty of Trianon , [ 9 ] the terms of which have been considered excessively harsh by many in Hungary. [ 10 ] The kingdom was succeeded by an authoritarian regime, and then a Communist era (1947–1989) during which Hungary gained widespread international attention during the Revolution of 1956 and the seminal opening of its border with Austria in 1989, thus accelerating the collapse of the Eastern Bloc . The present form of government is a parliamentary republic , which was established in 1989. Today, Hungary is a high-income economy . [ 11 ] Hungary is one of the thirty most popular tourist destinations in the world, attracting 10.2 million tourists a year (2011). [ 12 ] The country is home to the largest thermal water cave system [ 13 ] and the second largest thermal lake in the world ( Lake Hévíz ), the largest lake in Central Europe ( Lake Balaton ), and the largest natural grasslands in Europe ( Hortobágy ). Europe;European_Union;Slovakia;Ukraine;Romania;Slovenia;Austria;European_Union;Austria;Bulgaria;Romania;European_Union;Slovakia;Cathode_ray_tube;Romania;Folk_music;Jazz;PDF;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Ukraine;Ukraine;Romania;Hungary;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Slovakia;Hungary;Hungary; Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV ( HbbTV ) is both an industry standard and promotional initiative for hybrid digital TV to harmonise the broadcast , IPTV , and broadband delivery of entertainment to the end consumer through connected TVs ( Smart TVs ) and set-top boxes . [ 1 ] The HbbTV consortium, regrouping digital broadcasting and Internet industry companies, is establishing a standard for the delivery of broadcast TV and broadband TV to the home, through a single user interface, creating an open platform as an alternative to proprietary technologies. [ citation needed ] Products and services using the HbbTV standard can operate over different broadcasting technologies, such as satellite , cable , or terrestrial networks. HbbTV is the association of two projects born in February 2009, with the French H4TV project and the German HTML profil project. HbbTV can show digital television content from a number of different sources including traditional broadcast TV , internet, and connected devices in the home. To watch hybrid digital TV, consumers will need a hybrid IPTV set-top box with a range of input connectors, including Ethernet as well as at least one tuner for receiving broadcast TV signals. The tuner in a hybrid set-top box can be digital terrestrial ( DVB-T , DVB-T2 ), digital cable ( DVB-C , DVB-C2 ) and digital satellite ( DVB-S , DVB-S2 ). HbbTV was first demonstrated in 2009, in France by France Télévisions and two developers of Set Top Box technologies, Inverto Digital Labs of Luxembourg, and Pleyo of France, for the Roland Garros tennis sport event on a DTT transmission and an IP connection and in Germany using the Astra satellite at 19.2° east during the IFA and IBC exhibitions. [ 2 ] IPTV;Smart_TV;Internet;Ethernet;Social_networking;BBC_iPlayer;Hard_drive;Internet;Social_networking;N;Poland;Ethernet;Samsung;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Samsung;Sony;IPTV;Video_on_demand;Internet;N;Smart_TV;IPTV;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV; Hydrogen Hydrogen ( / ˈ h aɪ d r ɵ dʒ ə n / HY -drə-jən ) [ 7 ] is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1. With an average atomic weight of 1.007 9 4 u ( 1.007 8 25 u for hydrogen-1 ), hydrogen is the lightest element and its monatomic form (H 1 ) is the most abundant chemical substance, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's baryonic mass. [ 8 ] Non- remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. At standard temperature and pressure , hydrogen is a colorless , odorless , tasteless , non-toxic, nonmetallic , highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H 2 . Naturally occurring atomic hydrogen is rare on Earth because hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most elements and is present in the water molecule and in most organic compounds . Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid-base chemistry with many reactions exchanging protons between soluble molecules. In ionic compounds , it can take a negative charge (an anion known as a hydride and written as H − ), or as a positively charged species H + . The latter cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds always occur as more complex species. The most common isotope of hydrogen is protium (name rarely used, symbol 1 H) with a single proton and no neutrons . As the simplest atom known, the hydrogen atom has been of theoretical use. For example, as the only neutral atom with an analytic solution to the Schrödinger equation , the study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics . Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with strong acids. In 1766–81, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, [ 9 ] and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name: in Greek, hydrogen means "water-former". Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive hydrogen production methods like the electrolysis of water . [ 10 ] Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking ) and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen is a concern in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals, [ 11 ] complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks. [ 12 ] Hydrogen;Carbon;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Chlorine;CAS_registry_number;Chlorine;Oxygen;Oxygen;Nitrogen;Carbon;New_Jersey;Chlorine;Enzyme;Oxygen;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;European_Union;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Stanford_University;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Carbon;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Hydrogen;Hydrogen; Hydroxyethylpromethazine InChI=1S/C19H25N2OS/c1-15(21(2,3)12-13-22)14-20-16-8-4-6-10-18(16)23-19-11-7-5-9-17(19)20/h4-11,15,22H,12-14H2,1-3H3/q+1 Y Key:PDSVTRQOBUIQBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Hydroxyethylpromethazine is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It is structurally analogous to promethazine . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Promethazine;Promethazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine; Hydroxyzine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Renal;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;United_States;Insomnia;Anxiety;Sedative;Cyclizine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Urticaria;Histamine;Cetirizine;Phenothiazine;Antimuscarinic;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Carbinoxamine;Clemastine;Chlorphenoxamine;Diphenylpyraline;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimetindene;Pheniramine;Talastine;Chloropyramine;Histapyrrodine;Mepyramine;Methapyrilene;Tripelennamine;Phenothiazine;Alimemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isothipendyl;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Oxomemazine;Promethazine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Cyclizine;Levocetirizine;Niaprazine;Oxatomide;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Ebastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Pyrrobutamine;Rupatadine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Loratadine;Terfenadine;Bamipine;Chloropyramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Clemastine;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Isothipendyl;Mepyramine;Promethazine;Thenalidine;Antazoline;Azelastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Olopatadine;Clozapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Promethazine;Cimetidine;Cyclobenzaprine;Orphenadrine;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Hydroxyzine;Hydroxyzine; HyperCard HyperCard was an application program and programming tool for Apple Macintosh and Apple IIGS computers that was among the first successful hypermedia systems before the World Wide Web . It combines database capabilities with a graphical, flexible, user-modifiable interface. [ 1 ] HyperCard also features HyperTalk , a programming language for manipulating data and the user interface. This combination of features - simple form layout, database capabilities and ease of programming - led to widespread use in many different roles. Some HyperCard users employed it as a programming system for Rapid Application Development of applications and databases, others for building interactive applications with no database requirements, command and control systems, and many examples in the demoscene . HyperCard was originally released in 1987 for $49.95 and was included for free with all new Macs sold at the time. [ 2 ] It was withdrawn from sale in March 2004, although by then it had not been updated for many years. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Macintosh;Database;Programming_language;Programming_language;Weak_typing;English_language;Resource_fork;Creator_code;Trademark;Massachusetts;Compiler;QuickTime;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Web_browser;Steve_Jobs;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;The_Beatles;Renault;HTML;JavaScript;AppleScript;Mac_OS_X;Multimedia;Apple_Media_Tool;MacWorld;International_Standard_Book_Number;French_language;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;HyperCard;HyperCard; HyperTransport HyperTransport ( HT ), formerly known as Lightning Data Transport ( LDT ), is a technology for interconnection of computer processors. It is a bidirectional serial/parallel high-bandwidth, low-latency point-to-point link that was introduced on April 2, 2001. [ 1 ] The HyperTransport Consortium is in charge of promoting and developing HyperTransport technology. HyperTransport is best known as the system bus architecture of modern AMD central processing units (CPUs) and the associated Nvidia nForce motherboard chipsets. HyperTransport has also been used by IBM and Apple for the Power Mac G5 machines, as well as a number of modern MIPS systems. System_bus;Central_processing_unit;Nvidia;IBM;Hertz;Hertz;Gigabyte;Central_processing_unit;Direct_memory_access;PCI_Express;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;Megabit;Ethernet;Direct_memory_access;Random_access_memory;Broadcom;ATI_Technologies;Nvidia;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Intel;Fibre_Channel;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;PCI_Express;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;HyperTransport;HyperTransport; Hypertext_Markup_Language HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ) is the main markup language for displaying web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like html ), within the web page content. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like h1 and /h1 , although some tags, known as empty elements , are unpaired, for example img . The first tag in a pair is the start tag , the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags ). In between these tags web designers can add text, tags, comments and other types of text-based content. The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page. HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms . It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML webpages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C , maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicitly presentational HTML markup. [ 1 ] Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;XHTML;Web_browser;JavaScript;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Internet;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;CSS;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;XHTML;Internationalization_and_localization;Microsoft;MathML;International_Organization_for_Standardization;XHTML;XML;Programming_language;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Feed_aggregator;Application_programming_interface;Algorithm;Accessibility;Email;HTML_email;Plain_text;Graphical_user_interface;Filename_extension;DOS;File_Allocation_Table;Microsoft_Windows;Cascading_Style_Sheets;XHTML;MathML;Graphical_user_interface;CSS;CSS;XML;International_Standard_Book_Number;XHTML;MathML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;MathML;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;XHTML;XML;XQuery;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;Portable_Document_Format;HTML;HTML; IAd iAd is a mobile advertising platform developed by Apple Inc. for its iPhone , iPod Touch , and iPad line of mobile devices allowing third-party developers to directly embed advertisements into their applications. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Announced on April 8, 2010, iAd is part of Apple's iOS 4, originally stated for release on June 21, 2010, the actual date change to July 1, 2010 was announced at Apple's June 7, 2010 keynote, with an iPad version appearing in the fall. Hosted and sold by Apple, [ 3 ] the iAd platform is expected to compete with Google's AdMob mobile advertising service. [ 4 ] Similar to AdMob , iAd facilitates integrating advertisements into applications sold on the iOS App Store . [ 5 ] If the user taps on an iAd banner, a full-screen advertisement appears within the application, unlike other ads that send the user into the Safari web browser. Ads are promised to be more interactive than on other advertising services, and users will able to close them at any time, returning to where they left their app. Apple CEO Steve Jobs indicated that Apple would retain 40% of the ad revenue, in line with what he called "industry standard", with the other 60% going to the developers. [ 6 ] iAd is expected to benefit free applications as well. [ 7 ] Apple_Inc.;United_States;Google;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;IPad;Steve_Jobs;UK;France;Germany;Google;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;IAd;IAd; IBM Software;Forbes;Newsweek;Floppy_disk;Hard_disk_drive;FORTRAN;Barack_Obama;Barack_Obama;Microsoft;United_States;Forbes;Newsweek;National_Geographic_Society;Linux;Open_source;Floppy_disk;Hard_disk_drive;Software_developer;Linux;Web_service;XML;Linux;Hard_disk_drive;Open_source_software;Video_game_console;Integrated_circuit;PowerPC;Toshiba;Sony;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Instant_messaging;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Firefox;Cisco_Systems;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Solar_power;Forbes;Forbes;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Reuters;Fortran;Hard_disk_drive;Floppy_disk;Cisco_Systems;Intel;Microsoft;Walmart;The_Walt_Disney_Company;General_Motors;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;IBM;IBM; IBM_Lotus_Notes IBM Lotus Notes is the client of a collaborative client-server platform. IBM Lotus Domino is the application server . Lotus Notes provides integrated collaboration functionality, including email, calendaring, contacts management, to do tracking, instant messaging, an office productivity suite ( IBM Lotus Symphony ), and access to other Lotus Domino applications and databases. Lotus Notes can also be integrated with additional collaboration capabilities including voice and video conferencing, online meetings, discussions, forums, blogs, file sharing, microblogs, and user directories. In addition to these standard applications the organization may use the IBM Lotus Domino Designer development environment and other tools to develop additional integrated applications such as request approval / workflow and document management. Lotus Notes was originally created by Lotus Development Corp. in 1989. In 1995 Lotus was acquired by IBM and became known as the Lotus Development division of IBM and is now part of the IBM Software and Systems Group. IBM describes the software as "an easy-to-use, single point of access to everything you need to get your work done quickly, including business applications, email , calendars, feeds, and more" [ 1 ] Prior to release 4.5, the term Lotus Notes referred to both the client and server applications. [ 2 ] As of October 4, 2011 Lotus Notes was in release 8.5.3. Whereas typical email applications are programmed to be an email client, Lotus Notes is an application that is part of an application development platform, where mail is just one of many possible applications. Lotus Notes and Lotus Domino have spawned a great deal of third-party software, including applications, add-ins, add-ons, widgets, plug-ins and more, such as document management systems , [ 3 ] discussion forums, [ 4 ] and numerous other business applications. In 2008, IBM released XPages technology, allowing Lotus Notes data to be displayed to browser clients on any platform supporting standard web standards. Software_developer;IBM;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Linux;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Email_client;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Lotus_Domino;IBM;Email;Lotus_Domino;Instant_messaging;Instant_messaging;Web_browsing;RSS;Feed_aggregator;Customer_relationship_management;Application_software;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Instant_messaging;Presence_information;Web_service;HTML;Database;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Encryption;Laptop;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Novell_GroupWise;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS;SQL;JavaScript;XML;IMAP;Internet_Explorer;Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Outlook;The_Guardian;Operating_system;User_interface;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;IBM;Web_browser;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Post_Office_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;ICal;Linux;Forbes;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Microsoft_Outlook;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;IBM;Fortran;Hard_disk_drive;Floppy_disk;Massachusetts;IBM;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;IBM_Lotus_Notes;IBM_Lotus_Notes; IBM_Lotus_Sametime IBM Sametime is a client–server application and middleware platform that provides real-time, unified communications and collaboration for enterprises. Those capabilities include presence information , enterprise instant messaging , web conferencing , community collaboration, and telephony capabilities and integration. It is sold by the Lotus Software division of IBM. Because IBM Sametime is middleware, it supports enterprise software and business process integration ( Communication Enabled Business Process ), either through a IBM Sametime plugin or by surfacing IBM Sametime capabilities through third-party applications. IBM Sametime integrates with a wide variety of software, including Lotus collaboration products, Microsoft Office productivity software, and portal and Web applications. Software_developer;IBM;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Presence_information;Instant_messaging;VoIP;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Google_Talk;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Social_networking;Instant_messaging;AOL;ICQ;Yahoo;Google_Talk;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Lotus_Notes;Lotus_Domino;Microsoft_Outlook;Session_Initiation_Protocol;SIMPLE;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Free_software;Adium;Kopete;Massachusetts;IBM;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;IBM_Lotus_Sametime; IBook The iBook is a line of laptop computers sold by Apple Computer from 1999 to 2006. The line targeted the consumer and education markets, with lower specifications and prices than the PowerBook , Apple's higher-end line of laptop computers. Three distinct designs of the iBook were introduced during its lifetime. The first, known as the "Clamshell", was influenced by the design of Apple's popular iMac line at the time. It was a significant departure from previous portable computer designs due to its shape, bright colors, incorporation of a handle into the casing, lack of a hinged cover over the external ports, and built-in wireless networking. Two years later, the second generation abandoned the original form factor in favor of a more conventional rectangular design. In October 2003, a third iteration was released that added a PowerPC G4 chip and a slot-loading drive. Apple replaced the iBook line with the MacBook in May 2006 during Apple’s transition to Intel processors . They were also a major name for education , with Henrico County Public Schools being the first of many school systems in the USA to distribute one to every student. IBooks;Apple_Computer;PowerBook;IMac;MacBook;Central_processing_unit;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_LC;Power_Macintosh;PowerBook;IMac;PowerBook;Steve_Jobs;Central_processing_unit;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;AirPort;FireWire;Ethernet;Operating_System;Gigabyte;PC_Card;Apple_Inc.;Central_processing_unit;California;Polycarbonate;Polycarbonate;IMac;EMac;Mac_mini;Operating_System;Combo_drive;Operating_System;Central_processing_unit;AirPort;Bluetooth;Operating_System;Mac_OS_X_Panther;AirPort;Bluetooth;Operating_System;MacBook;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;IBook;IBook; IBooks iBooks is an e-book application by Apple Inc. for their iOS operating system and devices . It was announced in conjunction with the iPad on January 27, 2010, [ 1 ] and was released for the iPhone and iPod Touch in mid-2010, as part of the iOS 4 update. [ 2 ] iBooks is not pre-loaded onto iOS devices; users may install iBooks free of charge from the iTunes App Store. It primarily receives ePub content from the iBookstore, but users can also add their own ePub and PDF files via data synchronization with iTunes . Additionally, they can be downloaded to iBooks through Safari or Apple Mail. It is also capable of displaying e-books that incorporate multimedia. [ 1 ] [ clarification needed ] [ 3 ] According to product information as of March 2010, iBooks will be able to "read the contents of any page [to the user]" using VoiceOver . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] On January 19, 2012 at an education-focused special event in New York City, Apple announced the free release of iBooks 2, which can operate in landscape mode and allows for interactive reading. In addition, a new application, iBooks Author , was announced for the Mac App Store, allowing anyone to create interactive textbooks for reading in iBooks; and the iBookstore was expanded with a textbook category. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] PowerPC;IBook;IPad;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;File_size;Megabyte;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Digital_distribution;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;IOS;IDevices;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;EPub;PDF;ITunes;VoiceOver;IBooks_Author;Textbook;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPad;IBooks_Author;UK;EPub;Portable_Document_Format;IBooks_Author;Digital_Rights_Management;EPub;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Project_Gutenberg;IPad;CNBC;IBooks_Author;IBook;AppleInsider;Apple_Inc.;Los_Angeles_Times;Ars_Technica;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;IBooks;IBooks; IBooks_Author iBooks Author (iBA) is an e-book authoring application by Apple Inc . Documents created with iBooks Author may be exported as PDF files or be published to the Apple iBooks Bookstore. iBooks Author is available free of charge. Apple released iBooks Author on January 19, 2012 at an education-focused special event in New York City. [ 2 ] Simultaneously, Apple also released iBooks 2 and a new iBooks Bookstore category for textbooks . [ 3 ] The software is proprietary and available only for Mac OS X . Apple offers it for free download in the Mac App Store . Apple describes iBooks Author as a tool for "educators and smaller publishers to create their own books". [ 2 ] Documents created by iBooks Author may only be sold for a fee if they are accepted by and distributed by Apple, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] but authors also have the option to distribute their work anywhere if the work is being distributed for free. [ 6 ] Many aspects of a document may be edited in WYSIWYG fashion, including text, fonts, colors, foreground and background images, interactive widgets, and charts. Tables of contents and glossaries may be managed with some automation. The user interface and editing features have been described as nearly identical to Apple's Keynote and Pages products. [ 7 ] Apple clarified its position on rights of ebooks generated by iBooks Author on Feb. 3, 2012 to address some controversy that its ebooks could be sold only through the Apple Bookstore, specifying that only books carrying the .ibooks suffix were subject to such restrictions [ 8 ] . Apple also specified that the use of the software to create text or PDF files are within the terms of its user agreement. Publishers of books for sale in the iBookstore are still required to purchase an ISBN which commonly costs $100, but distribution of free books carries no such requirement [ 9 ] . The output of iBooks Author is a proprietary Apple file format similar to the EPUB standard, but with extensions that prevent it from being universally readable or editable as an EPUB document. [ 10 ] The format uses undocumented, proprietary XML namespaces and undocumented extensions to CSS. [ 11 ] Software_design;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Digital_distribution;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc;Portable_Document_Format;IBooks;Textbook;Proprietary_software;Mac_OS_X;Mac_App_Store;EPUB;Los_Angeles_Times;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;IBooks_Author;IBooks_Author; IBookstore PowerPC;IBook;IPad;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;File_size;Megabyte;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Digital_distribution;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;IOS;IDevices;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;EPub;PDF;ITunes;VoiceOver;IBooks_Author;Textbook;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPad;IBooks_Author;UK;EPub;Portable_Document_Format;IBooks_Author;Digital_Rights_Management;EPub;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Project_Gutenberg;IPad;CNBC;IBooks_Author;IBook;AppleInsider;Apple_Inc.;Los_Angeles_Times;Ars_Technica;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;IBooks;IBooks; ICER ICER is a wavelet -based image compression file format used by the NASA Mars Rovers . ICER has both lossy and lossless compression modes. The Mars Exploration Rovers “Spirit” ( MER-A ) and “Opportunity” ( MER-B ) both use ICER. Onboard image compression is used extensively to make best use of the downlink resources. The Mars Science Lab supports the use of ICER for its navigation cameras (but all other cameras use other file formats). Most of the MER images are compressed with the ICER image compression software. The remaining MER images that are compressed make use of modified Low Complexity Lossless Compression ( LOCO ) software, a lossless submode of ICER. ICER is a wavelet-based image compressor that allows for a graceful trade-off between the amount of compression (expressed in terms of compressed data volume in bits / pixel ) and the resulting degradation in image quality (distortion). ICER has some similarities to JPEG2000 , with respect to select wavelet operations. The development of ICER was driven by the desire to achieve high compression performance while meeting the specialized needs of deep space applications. Pixel;CPU;JPEG;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;ICER;ICER; ICQ ICQ is an instant messaging computer program , which was first developed and popularized by the Israeli company Mirabilis , then bought by America Online , and since April 2010 owned by Mail.ru Group . The name ICQ is a homophone for the phrase "I seek you". This is an adaptation of the Morse code callout " CQ ", which means "calling any station". The first version of the program was released in November 1996 and ICQ became the first Internet -wide instant messaging service, later patenting the technology. [ 1 ] AOL acquired Mirabilis on June 8, 1998, for US$287 million in cash up front and $120 million in additional payments over three years. [ 2 ] In 2001, ICQ had over 100 million accounts registered. [ 3 ] In April 2010, AOL sold ICQ to Digital Sky Technologies for $187.5 million. [ 4 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Mobile_phone;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Instant_messaging;AOL;Internet;Instant_messaging;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;AOL;Text_messaging;Instant_messaging;Text_messaging;Mobile_phone;Video;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Instant_messaging;AOL_Instant_Messenger;America_Online;User_interface;Facebook;Windows_Live_Messenger;AOL;AOL;OSCAR_protocol;Proprietary_software;Adium;Google_Talk;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Mac_OS_X;Ayttm;Internet_Relay_Chat;Centericq;EBuddy;Mac_OS_X;IChat;Mac_OS_X;Java_ME;Kopete;Meebo;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Windows;Palringo;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Symbian_OS;AOL_Instant_Messenger;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Windows_Live_Messenger;New_York_Times;Financial_Times;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;ICQ;ICQ; ICab iCab is a web browser for the Macintosh by Alexander Clauss, derived from Crystal Atari Browser (CAB) for Atari TOS compatible computers. It is the most recently actively developed browser for 68k -based Macintoshes that features tabbed browsing [ citation needed ] and one of a very few browsers that was still updated in the recent past for the classic Mac OS at all; only Classilla is more recent. The downloadable product is fully functional, but is nagware —periodically displaying a dialog box asking the user to register the product, and upgrade to the "Pro" version. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Web_browser;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Web_browser;Macintosh;PowerPC;WebKit;Cascading_Style_Sheets;YouTube;YouTube;HTML;JavaScript;Smiley;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Camino;Kazehakase;OmniWeb;Netscape_Browser;Mozilla_Firefox;Internet_Explorer;SeaMonkey;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;ICab;ICab; ICal Calendar , called iCal before the release of OS X Mountain Lion , is a personal calendar application made by Apple Inc. that runs on the Mac OS X operating system . iCal was the first calendar application for OS X to offer support for multiple calendars and the ability to intermittently publish/subscribe calendars to WebDAV server. Originally released as a free download for Mac OS X v10.2 on September 10, 2002, it was bundled with the operating system as iCal 1.5 with the release of Mac OS X v10.3 . Version 2 of iCal was released as part of Mac OS X v10.4 , Version 3 as part of Mac OS X v10.5 , Version 4 as part of Mac OS X v10.6 , and Version 5 as part of Mac OS X v10.7 . Apple licensed the iCal name from Brown Bear Software, who have used it for their iCal application since 1997. [ 1 ] With the release of OS X v10.8 in the summer of 2012, iCal is called Calendar, similar to the iOS version. iCal development is quite different from other Apple software because it was designed independently by a small French team working "secretly" in Paris , led by Jean-Marie Hullot , a friend of Steve Jobs . iCal's development has since been transferred to Apple US headquarters in Cupertino . [ 2 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;Steve_Jobs;ICloud;Internet;Short_message_service;Macworld_Expo;IPad;AppleInsider;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment; IChat iChat (or iChat AV ) is an instant messaging software application developed by Apple Inc. for use on its Mac OS X operating system . It supports instant text messaging over either iMessage , XMPP / Jingle or OSCAR ( AIM ) protocol; it also features audio, video and screen-sharing capabilities. It also allows for local network discussion with users discovered through Bonjour protocols. As of February 16, 2012, iChat has been discontinued, to be replaced in future versions of Mac OS X by Messages . Users can currently choose to download Messages on Apple's website as of February 16, 2012, the same day Apple introduced a preview to OS X Mountain Lion . 3 Supported protocols [ edit ] Interface iChat incorporates Apple's Aqua interface and uses speech bubbles and pictures to personify the online chatting experience. With iChat, green (available), yellow (idle), and red (away) icons can be displayed next to the name of each connected user on the buddy list. For color-blind users, this can be altered to show different shapes to illustrate status rather than color. iChat was first released in August 2002 with the introduction of Mac OS X v10.2 . It featured integration with the Address Book and Mail applications and was the first officially-supported AIM client that was native to Mac OS X (the first-party AIM application at the time was still running in Classic emulation). [ edit ] iChat AV In June 2003, Apple announced iChat AV , the second major version of iChat. It added video and audio conferencing capabilities based on the industry-standard Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). The final version of the software was shipped with Mac OS X v10.3 and became available separately on the same day for Mac OS X v10.2 for $ 29.95. [ 1 ] [ edit ] iChat AV 2 In February 2004, AOL introduced AOL Instant Messenger (AIM) version 5.5 for Windows users, which enabled video, but not audio, chats over the AIM protocol and was compatible with Apple's iChat AV. On the same day, Apple released a public beta of iChat AV 2.1 to allow Mac OS X users to video conferencing with AIM 5.5 users. [ edit ] iChat AV 3 In June 2004, Steve Jobs announced that the next version of iChat AV would be included with Mac OS X v10.4 . iChat AV 3 added additional support to allow up to four people in a single video conference and ten people in an audio conference. Additionally, the new version of iChat used the H.264/AVC codec, which offers superior quality video compared to the older H.263 codec used in previous versions. This release supports the XMPP protocol, which can be directly used to connect to Google Talk and indirectly be used to connect to users of services including Facebook Chat , and Yahoo! Messenger . [ 2 ] However, support is limited as it does not support several common XMPP features such as account creation, service discovery and full multi-user chat support. iChat 3 also includes the Bonjour protocol, previously Rendezvous, which allows iChat to automatically find other users with iChat Bonjour messaging enabled on the users local network. [ 3 ] In October 2005, iChat received support for encrypted communications, but only for paid subscribers to Apple's MobileMe (then known as .Mac ) service. These features are part of iChat 3.1, released as part of the Mac OS X v10.4.3 update. This version also added support for XMPP multi-user chat. In March 2007, Apple released the Mac OS X v10.4.9 update, which allowed USB video device class (UVC) cameras to be used with iChat, rather than just FireWire-compliant cameras. This allows a much wider range of cameras to be used with iChat AV. iChat 4 was introduced as a part of Mac OS X v10.5 and received new features including: iChat Theater, Backdrops, and Screen Sharing . iChat Theater allows users to share any file that is supported by Quick Look , including photos, Keynote presentations, and movies over a video chat session. [ 4 ] "Backdrops" allow users to insert movies or photos as a backdrop in video chats. Screen Sharing allows two users of Mac OS X Leopard to have control of the same desktop and work collaboratively. Minor features in the new release include multiple logins, animated icons, use of Photo Booth effects in live video chat, and tabbed chats. iChat 5.0, released with Mac OS X v10.6 , reduced the bandwidth required for 640×480 video chats and upgraded iChat Theater to the same resolution. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] iChat 6.0, released with Mac OS X v10.7 , adds support for Yahoo Messenger account and allow iChat users to have text, voice and video chats using their Yahoo Mail account. It also supports third party plugins, eventually allowing other protocols to be compatible with the software. [ 7 ] [ edit ] Messages Main article: Messages (application) As part of the OS X Mountain Lion preview, Apple announced on February 16, 2012 that its Mac OS messaging client would from then on be known as Messages [ 8 ] , and that it would support its iMessage protocol, making it compatible with the iOS clients. It also incorporates FaceTime support, initiating video conversation through this service where possible. Apple also made Messages immediately available as a downloadable beta version for use on OS X Lion . [ edit ] Supported protocols iChat's AIM support is fully endorsed by AOL , and uses their official implementation of the AIM OSCAR protocol . Using a XMPP transport, [ 9 ] iChat can serve as a client for AOL Instant Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger , MobileMe , ICQ and XMPP . iChat can also integrate Google Talk contacts into the XMPP pane. [ edit ] See also Comparison of instant messaging clients Comparison of instant messaging protocols Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Instant_messaging;Software_application;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;IMessage;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;OSCAR_protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Mac_OS_X;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Speech_bubble;Videoconferencing;VOIP;Session_Initiation_Protocol;United_States_dollar;AOL;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Steve_Jobs;Google_Talk;Service_discovery;MobileMe;.Mac;USB_video_device_class;Screen_Sharing;Quick_Look;Photo_Booth;Mac_OS_X_Lion;IMessage;FaceTime;OS_X_Lion;America_Online;OSCAR_protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;MobileMe;ICQ;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Talk;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;FaceTime;Video_conferencing;MacRumors;Apple_Inc.;AppleInsider;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;IChat;IChat; ICloud ICloud is a cloud storage and cloud computing service [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] from Apple Inc. announced on June 6, 2011 at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC). The service allows users to store data such as music files on remote computer servers for download to multiple devices such as iOS -based devices (except older iPhones [ 6 ] ), and personal computers running OS X or Microsoft Windows . It also replaces Apple's MobileMe service, [ 5 ] acting as a data syncing center for email, contacts, calendars, bookmarks, notes, to-do lists, and other data. As of July 2012, the service has over 150 million users. [ 7 ] Mac_OS_X_Lion;Software_design;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;IOS;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Cloud_computing;Apple_Inc.;IOS;OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;MobileMe;MobileMe;Moscone_Center;WWDC;MobileMe;API;IDevices;MobileMe;Macintosh;Smartphone;Apple_TV;Apple_ID;Digital_rights_management;Apple_Lossless;ITunes_Store;WAV;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Digital_rights_management;Digital_rights_management;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Canada;Canadian_dollar;United_Kingdom;Eurozone;Asia;Switzerland;Singapore;Australia;New_Zealand;Mexico;IWork;IDevices;Mac_OS_X_Lion;ITunes_Store;IDevices;Macintosh;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Windows_Vista;Microsoft_Outlook;Internet_Explorer;Web_browser;MobileMe;Cloud_computing;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;ICloud;ICloud; IDEN Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN) is a mobile telecommunications technology, developed by Motorola , which provides its users the benefits of a trunked radio and a cellular telephone . iDEN places more users in a given spectral space, compared to analog cellular and two-way radio systems, by using speech compression and time division multiple access (TDMA) . Motorola;Mobile_phone;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Sprint_Nextel;Canada;Argentina;Peru;Mexico;Brazil;Chile;Philippines;Singapore;Japan;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Motorola;CDMA;Canada;Canada;United_States;United_States;Colombia;United_States;United_States;Singapore;Guam;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Ecuador;Japan;United_States;Sprint_Nextel;United_States;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Mexico;Peru;Brazil;Puerto_Rico;United_States;Telus;Canada;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands; IDG International Data Group ( IDG ) is a technology media, research, event management, and venture capital organization. IDG evolved from International Data Corporation (IDC) which was formed in 1964 in Newtonville, Massachusetts , by Patrick Joseph McGovern and a friend, Fred Kirch. IDC is now a subsidiary of IDG. There is an international mother company (located in Boston), with a few publications. In every country where IDG is located, the publications are produced on a national level, where there is a lot of knowledge for that particular local market. IDG publishes over 300 magazines in 85 countries and their five global publication product lines — Computerworld / InfoWorld , ITworld , CIO , Macworld , Network World , and PC World — account for more than 175 of these titles. McGovern has made billions of dollars from the growth of IDG, which has remained a private company. Macworld;Computer;Norway;GamePro;Macworld;IDG;IDG; IDVD iDVD is a discontinued [ 1 ] DVD -creation application for OS X produced by Apple Inc. . iDVD allows the user to burn QuickTime Movies, MP3 music, and digital photos to a DVD that can then be played on a commercial DVD player. It is comparable to Windows DVD Maker , [ 2 ] and is often considered the last step of Apple's iLife suite, bringing together the results of all of the other iLife apps onto a removable medium . 3 Version History [ edit ] Availability While initially available only for Macs with a SuperDrive , it was included until 2011 with all new Macs; from iDVD 6 onwards, Apple supports the ability to burn projects with third-party optical drives. iDVD is no longer preinstalled on Macs shipping with OS X 10.7 Lion, and is not available on the Mac App Store with all of the other iLife apps. It is, however, still available in the boxed copy of iLife '11. [ 3 ] [ edit ] Description iDVD includes over 100 Apple-designed themes for DVD menus and submenus, allowing for the easy creation of DVD menu systems. The themes include 'drop zones', onto which movies or photographs can be dropped, some of which can be automatically animated. Themes can be applied to multiple levels of DVD projects. [ 4 ] iDVD integrates tightly with the rest of the iLife suite, as well as with Final Cut Express and Final Cut Pro . iMovie projects and iPhoto slideshows can be exported directly to iDVD. In the case of iMovie projects, scene selection menus are automatically created in accordance with chapter markers that are set within iMovie. The application also has a 'Media' area that provides access to the user's iTunes library, iPhoto library and Movies folder at any time. It also provides a map view, which shows the current project's menu system in a graphical form. [ 5 ] Another feature is the ability to hide or show an approximation of the 'TV-safe area' (as old televisions often cut off some of a video's outer areas). iDVD also incorporates a 'One Step DVD' function, which will automatically rewind the currently connected DV camcorder and burn a DVD of the video footage stored on the tape. In addition, iDVD ships with fonts (located at /Applications/iDVD.app/Contents/Resources/Fonts) that are not installed, to prevent them from being available to other applications by default. [ edit ] Version History Themes from iDVD 1 omitted Drop zones (the user can customize indicated areas with pictures and videos) Bundled as part of iLife '03 Themes from iDVD 2 omitted 30-second menu loop limit omitted (the user can set the menu loop for longer than 30 seconds) Bundled as part of iLife '04 Drop zones are numbered Drop zone editor (the user can edit all drop zones in a menu at once) Motion playhead (the user can go to a specific point in the menu) Bundled as part of iLife '05. Incompatible with later versions of Mac OS X 10.5 Change of aspect ratio (the user can choose to create a widescreen project) Bundled as part of iLife '06. First version of iDVD to be made available as a Universal binary. Also sports a refined look based on iTunes 5 and 6. Themes from iDVD 1 and iDVD 2 restored Bundled as part of iLife '08 Bundled as part of iLife '09 Bundled as part of iLife '11 Apple Inc. software Apple Remote Desktop Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;List_of_software_categories;DVD;Software_license;Proprietary_software;DVD;Software_application;OS_X;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;Photograph;Windows_DVD_Maker;ILife;Removable_media;Macintosh;SuperDrive;Apple_Inc.;ILife;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;IMovie;IPhoto;ITunes;DV;Camcorder;ILife;ILife;ILife;ILife;ILife;ILife;ILife;ILife;IPhoto;IMovie;GarageBand;IWeb;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;IDVD;IDVD; IDevices iDevice in its widest sense, is an unofficial general term that can refer to any mobile electronic devices marketed by Apple Inc. that start with "i", such as the iPod (including the iPod Touch ), iPhone , and iPad , [ 1 ] or more specifically any of their devices (sometimes then referred to as iOS devices ) that use the iOS operating system, this usually means the portable devices (the iPod Touch , iPhone , and iPad ), but can also include the non-portable Apple TV device (only the 2nd or 3rd generation, which use a version of iOS). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Additionally, the term can be used pejoratively, indicating that the product is an overpriced status symbol . British writers Shaun Nichols and Iain Thomson explained: "Apple products tend to be very polarising: either you think they're revolutionary devices that reshape the industry, or you think they're overpriced, underpowered status symbols for those who have more money than brains." [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPad;Apple_TV;List_of_iOS_devices; IDisk Apple_Inc.;MobileMe;Gigabyte;Mac_OS_X;MobileMe;ICloud;IWeb;ILife;MobileMe;GarageBand;Preference_Pane;Mac_OS_X;MobileMe;MobileMe;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;MobileMe;IDisk;IDisk; IFixIt iFixit is a private company in San Luis Obispo , California . Founded in 2003 while the founders were attending Cal Poly , the company sells repair parts and publishes free wiki -like online repair guides for consumer electronics and gadgets on its web site. [ 1 ] iFixit teardowns of new Apple products are carried [ 2 ] by PC World [ 3 ] , the Mac Observer [ 4 ] , and other publications [ 5 ] . Founder Kyle Wiens aims to reduce electronic waste by teaching people to repair their own gear [ 6 ] and offering tools, parts, and a forum to discuss repairs [ 7 ] . In 2011, he travelled through Africa with a documentary team; a short film is in progress [ 8 ] and stories of "fixers" met on the trip are posted on the company's activism-oriented blog, ifixit.org [ 9 ] [ 10 ] . iFixit provides a SaaS platform known as Dozuki to enable others to use iFixit's documentation framework to produce their own documentation. An early adopter was O'Reilly Media , whose Make and Craft magazines use Dozuki to feature community guides alongside instructions originally written by the staff for the print magazine [ 11 ] . California;IFixit;IFixit; IFixit California;IFixit;IFixit; IFund United_States_dollar;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;IPhone_SDK;California;Blog;Google;News.com;Apple_Inc.;TechCrunch;ZDNet;Blog;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IOS_jailbreaking;IFund;IFund; IGoogle Software_developer;Google;Computing_platform;Web_browser;List_of_software_categories;Google;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;API;YouTube;RSS;GUI_widget;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;IGoogle;IGoogle; ILBM ILBM is a subtype of the Interchange File Format (IFF) used for storing picture data. ILBM stands for I nter L eaved B it M ap which refers to the way the pictures are stored. The image data is stored as a varying number of bitplanes , each storing one bit of data for each pixel in the image. The format supports horizontal and vertical RLE (Run Length Encoding) compression. Besides supporting TrueColor (24-bit color) with or without an 8-bit alpha channel, the format is capable of closely matching the abilities and expectations of the original Amiga chipsets, of which three major revisions existed. On the OCS / ECS chipsets up to 6 bitplanes are supported, which would normally limit the number of colors to 64. However only 32 palette registers are available. Usage of one to five bitplanes is straightforward, according to binary progression. The first bitplane provides 2 colors, the second one doubles that to 4 colors, the third again doubles that to 8 colors, the fourth provides 16, and five bitplanes allows for 32 colors. With six bitplanes there are two display modes. Extra Half-Bright mode provides 64 colors, the last 32 being half as bright as the first. And more interestingly the Hold And Modify (or HAM) mode which while only making use of 16 palette colors, allowed the display of 4096 colors with some restrictions. On the AGA chipset the Amiga is able to use 8 bitplanes and have 256 color registers. This means the addition of straight 64, 128, and 256 color modes. Additionally an upgraded HAM8 mode is made available, using 64 palette colors, and offering a maximum of 262,144 displayable colors. Because ILBM is based on the Interchange File Format, the file consists of chunks. Each chunk consists of a 4-byte type, a 4-byte length field and a structure dependent on the type of the chunk. This makes it possible for programs to extend the format. Unknown chunks can be skipped because the length is known. The following chunks are defined for the ILBM type: BMHD ( B it M ap H ea D er) CMAP ( C olor MAP ) - standard IFF chunk for color palette GRAB ( GRAB position) CAMG ( C ommodore AM i G a computer) BODY - all bitplanes and masks, interleaved by row Of course, an ILBM file can have any of the standard IFF chunks for description of author, version, copyright etc. Files created with DPaint also have: DPAN ( Dpa i n t) - for storing Deluxe Paint 's internal settings A variation on the ILBM format exists called ANIM , which supports animation. This format has extra chunk types defined: ANHD ( AN imation H ea D er) DLTA ( D e LTA ) - stores changes between frames, with various compression methods supported to make use of the redundancy between frames. Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Software;ILBM;ILBM; ILife Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;IOS;Mac_OS_X;Computing_platform;Intel;PowerPC;File_size;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Application_software;Mac_OS_X;IPhoto;IMovie;IDVD;GarageBand;IWeb;Apple_Macintosh;IMovie;IMac_DV;User_interface;IPhoto;Facial_recognition_system;IDVD;SuperDrive;CD;DVD;Apple_Macintosh;GarageBand;IWeb;HTML;PowerPC;Universal_binary;ITunes;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;Apple_TV;User_interface;IPhoto;Facial_recognition_system;Geotagging;Metadata;IMovie;Digital_video;Digital_camera;FireWire;AVCHD;HDV;ISight;ITunes;IDVD;IMovie;DVD;GarageBand;IWeb;Websites;MobileMe;MobileMe;IWork;MobileMe;List_of_Macintosh_software;IPhoto;IMovie;GarageBand;IWeb;IDVD;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;ILife;ILife; ILounge iLounge (formerly iPodlounge ) is an independent website covering all things related to Apple 's iPod , iPhone , iPad and the related iTunes software. Founded by Dennis Lloyd in the days after Apple released their first generation iPod on October 23, 2001, iLounge is a popular source of iPod, iPhone and iPad information, assistance, news, and discussion. The website is updated regularly with news, reviews, articles, previews, and tutorials. Website;Apple_Computer;IPod;IPhone;IPad;ITunes;Application_software;Hard_disk;Blog;IPod;IPhone;IPad;ITunes;Portable_media_player;ILounge;ILounge; IMAP Internet message access protocol ( IMAP ) is one of the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval, the other being the Post Office Protocol (POP). [ 1 ] Virtually all modern e-mail clients and mail servers support both protocols as a means of transferring e-mail messages from a server. Internet_Relay_Chat;Post_Office_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Ethernet;Post_Office_Protocol;Microsoft;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;IBM;Lotus_Notes;Pegasus_Mail;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Streaming_media;Post_Office_Protocol;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol; IMAX IMAX is a motion picture film format and a set of cinema projection standards created by the Canadian company IMAX Corporation . IMAX has the capacity to record and display images of far greater size and resolution than conventional film systems. Since 2002, some feature films have been converted (or upgraded) into IMAX format for display in IMAX theatres and some have also been partially shot in IMAX. A comparison between 35 mm and 15/70 mm negative areas IMAX is the most widely used system for special-venue film presentations. As of March 2012 [update] , there are 643 IMAX theatres in 52 countries. [ 1 ] Film;Canada;Image_resolution;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Image_resolution;Frame_rate;Soundtrack;Hard_disk_drive;Audio_file_format;Dolby_Digital;LCD;Frame_rate;Eastman_Kodak;Pixar;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Paramount_Pictures;DVD;Universal_Studios;Philippines;Poland;United_States;Paramount_Pictures;Film;Widescreen;IMAX;IMAX; IMDb English, French, German , Spanish , Italian and Portuguese The Internet Movie Database ( IMDb ) is an online database of information related to films , television programs , actors , production crew personnel, video games and fictional characters featured in visual entertainment media. It is one of the most popular online entertainment destinations, with over 100 million unique users each month and a solid and rapidly growing mobile presence. [ 2 ] IMDb was launched on October 17, 1990, and in 1998 was acquired by Amazon.com . As of August 14, 2012, IMDb had 2,280,354 films and 4,780,533 personalities in its database. [ 3 ] German_language;Spanish_language;Italian_language;Amazon.com;Film;Television_program;Amazon.com;Unix;Perl;Proxy_server;United_States_dollar;Amazon.com;Data_compression;SQL;Rotten_Tomatoes;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Audible.com;Amazon_Instant_Video;Amazon_Kindle;LoveFilm;Mobipocket;Amie_Street;Songza;Sellaband;NASDAQ; IMEI The International Mobile Equipment Identity or IMEI ( / aɪ ˈ m iː / ) is a number, usually unique, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] to identify GSM , WCDMA , and iDEN mobile phones , as well as some satellite phones . It is usually found printed inside the battery compartment of the phone. It can also be displayed on the screen of the phone by entering *#06# into the keypad on most phones. The IMEI number is used by a GSM network to identify valid devices and therefore can be used for stopping a stolen phone from accessing that network. For example, if a mobile phone is stolen, the owner can call his or her network provider and instruct them to "blacklist" the phone using its IMEI number. This renders the phone useless on that network and sometimes other networks too, whether or not the phone's SIM is changed. The IMEI is only used for identifying the device and has no permanent or semi-permanent relation to the subscriber. Instead, the subscriber is identified by transmission of an IMSI number, which is stored on a SIM card that can (in theory) be transferred to any handset. However, many network and security features are enabled by knowing the current device being used by a subscriber. GSM;IDEN;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_phone;Subscriber_Identity_Module;SIM_card;United_Kingdom;Latvia;Sony;Sony_Ericsson;BlackBerry;IOS;Bluetooth;Mobile_phone;SIM_lock;BBC_News; IMVU Software_developer;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Freeware;Menlo_Ventures;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Wired_News;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;IMVU;IMVU; IM_bot IM bot is a chatterbot program that uses instant messaging as an application interface. IM users can add the name of the IM bot to their buddy list . Because the bot uses artificial intelligence , the end user thinks that he is talking to a real person and can forget that he is actually just querying a database. Enterprise-class instant messaging systems are incorporating IM bots to provide a convenient way for employees to look up information. Some IM bots are able to connect to outside databases and provide the user with news, weather reports, driving directions, movie times, stock quotes, and other information. IM bots are also called interactive agents. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Chatterbot;Instant_messaging;Contact_list;IM_bot;IM_bot; IMac The iMac is a range of all-in-one Macintosh desktop computers designed and built by Apple Inc. . It has been the primary part of Apple's consumer desktop offerings since its introduction in 1998, and has evolved through five distinct forms . [ 3 ] In its original form, the iMac G3 had a gum-drop or egg-shaped look, with a CRT monitor, mainly enclosed by a colored, translucent plastic case, which was refreshed early on with a sleeker design notable for its slot-loaded optical drive . The second major revision, the iMac G4 , moved the design to a hemispherical base containing all the main components and an LCD monitor on a freely moving arm attached to it. The third/fourth major revision, the iMac G5 and the Intel iMac placed all the components immediately behind the display, creating a slim unified design that tilts only up and down on a simple metal base. The current iMac shares the same form as the previous model, but is thinner and uses anodized aluminum and a glass panel over the entire front. It also adds an SDXC slot directly under the slot-loading SuperDrive . The newest version features quad-core Intel processors across the line, 1 (on 21.5″) or 2 (on 27″) Thunderbolt ports, and a FaceTime HD camera, features introduced on the early 2011 MacBook Pro updates. [ 4 ] 5 Timeline of iMac models The announcement of the iMac in 1998 was a source of discussion and anticipation among commentators, Mac fans, and detractors. Opinions were divided over Apple's drastic changes to the Macintosh hardware. At the time, Apple was trying to improve its retail strategy. Apple declared that "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's". [ 5 ] Apple declared the 'i' in iMac to stand for " Internet "; it also represented the product's focus as a personal device ('i' for "individual"). [ 6 ] Attention was given to the out-of-box experience : the user needed to go through only two steps to set up and connect to the Internet. "There's no step 3!" was the catch-phrase in a popular iMac commercial narrated by actor Jeff Goldblum . [ 7 ] Another commercial, dubbed "Simplicity Shootout", pitted seven-year-old Johann Thomas and his border collie Brodie, with an iMac, against Adam Taggart, a Stanford University MBA student, with an HP Pavilion 8250, in a race to set up their computers. Johann and Brodie finished in 8 minutes and 15 seconds, [ 8 ] whereas Adam was still working on it by the end of the commercial. Apple later adopted the 'i' prefix across its consumer hardware and software lines, such as the iPod , iBook , iPhone , iPad and various pieces of software such as the iLife suite and iWork and the company's media player/store, iTunes . In 2005, as it became more and more apparent that IBM's development for the desktop implementation of PowerPC was grinding to a halt, Apple announced that it would be switching the Macintosh to the x86 architecture and Intel's line of Core processors. The first Intel-equipped Macs were unveiled on January 10, 2006: the Intel iMac and the introductory MacBook Pro. Within nine months, Apple had smoothly transitioned the entire Macintosh line to Intel. One of the highly touted side benefits of this switch was the ability to run Windows on Mac hardware. On July 27, 2010, Apple updated its line of iMacs to feature the new Intel Core processors across the line. The 21.5" models, including the high end 27", now feature the Core i3 processor, but these are upgradable to the Core i5. The high end 27" features a Quad-Core i5 processor, which is upgradable to a Quad-Core i7 . On this date Apple also announced its new " Apple Magic Trackpad " peripheral, a trackpad similar to that of the MacBook Pro for use with the iMac, or any other Apple computer. They also introduced their first ever AA NiMH battery charger intended to simplify the use of batteries in its new peripherals. Apple offers an option to use a solid state hard drive instead of a large mechanical drive. On May 3, 2011, Apple updated its iMac line with the introduction of Intel Thunderbolt technology and Intel Core i5 and i7 Sandy Bridge processors as well as a 1 mega pixel high definition FaceTime camera, features which were first introduced in the MacBook Pro line in February 2011. [ 4 ] [ 9 ] [ edit ] Influence The original iMac was the first legacy-free PC . [ 10 ] It was the first Macintosh computer to have a USB port but no floppy disk drive . Subsequently, all Macs have included USB. Via the USB port, hardware makers could make products compatible with both x86 PCs and Macs. Previously, Macintosh users had to seek out certain hardware, such as keyboards and mice specifically tailored for the "old world" Mac's unique ADB interface and printers and modems with MiniDIN-8 serial ports. Only a limited number of models from certain manufacturers were made with these interfaces, and often came at a premium price. USB, being cross-platform, has allowed Macintosh users to select from a large selection of devices marketed for the Wintel PC platform, such as hubs , scanners , storage devices , USB flash drives , and mice . This came at a price, however. As USB was far slower than a number of ports available at the time such as SCSI, unmodified iMacs and iBooks were badly crippled until adequate replacements such as FireWire and USB 2.0 became standard. After the iMac, Apple continued to remove older peripheral interfaces and floppy drives from the rest of its product line. Borrowing from the 1997 Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh , the various LCD-based iMac designs continued the all-in-one concept first envisioned in Apple's original Macintosh computer. The successful iMac allowed Apple to continue targeting the Power Macintosh line at the high-end of the market. This foreshadowed a similar strategy in the notebook market when the iMac-like iBook was released in 1999. Since then, the company has continued this strategy of differentiating the consumer versus professional product lines. Apple's focus on design has allowed each of its subsequent products to create a distinctive identity. Apple avoided using the beige colors then pervading the PC industry. The company would later drift from the multicolored designs of the late 1990s and early 2000s. The later part of the first decade of the 21st century saw Apple using anodized aluminum, glass, and white, black, and clear polycarbonate plastics. Today many PCs are more design-conscious than before the iMac's introduction, with multi-shaded design schemes being common, and some desktops and laptops available in colorful, decorative patterns. [ 11 ] Apple's use of translucent candy-colored plastics inspired similar designs in other consumer devices. For example, grilling machines , portable electronics, pencil sharpeners, video game consoles and peripherals (including the Nintendo 64 , which was released in special edition 'Funtastic' colors) featured the translucent plastic. Apple's later introduction of the iPod, iBook G3 (Dual USB), and iMac G4, all featuring snowy white plastic, inspired similar designs in consumer electronic products. The color rollout also featured two distinctive ads: one called 'Life Savers' featured the Rolling Stones song " She's a Rainbow " and an advertisement for the white version had the introduction of Cream 's " White Room " as its backing track. [ edit ] Reception The iMac has received considerable critical acclaim, including praise from technology columnist Walt Mossberg as the "Gold Standard of desktop computing"; [ 12 ] Forbes magazine described the original candy-colored line of iMac computers as being an "industry-altering success". [ 13 ] The first 24" Core 2 Duo iMac received CNET 's "Must-have desktop" in their 2006 Top 10 Holiday Gift Picks . [ 14 ] Apple faced a class-action lawsuit filed in 2008 for allegedly deceiving the public by promising millions of colors from the LCD screens of all Mac models while its 20 inch model only held 262,144 colors. [ 15 ] This issue arose due to the use of 6-bit per pixel Twisted nematic LCD screens, instead of higher quality technologies. The case was dismissed on January 21, 2009. [ 16 ] While not a criticism of the iMac per se , the iMac's integrated design has some inherent tradeoffs that have garnered criticism. In The Mythical Midrange Mac Minitower , Dan Frakes of Macworld suggests that with the iMac occupying the midrange of Apple's product line, Apple has little to offer consumers who want some ability to expand or upgrade their computers, but don't need (or can't afford) the Mac Pro . [ 17 ] For example, the iMac's integration of monitor and computer, while convenient, commits the owner to replacing both at the same time. For a time before the Mac mini 's introduction, there were rumors of a "headless iMac" [ 18 ] but the G4 Mac mini as introduced had lower performance compared to the iMac, which at the time featured a G5 processor. [ 19 ] Similarly, though the graphics chipset in some Intel models is on a removable MXM , neither Apple nor third parties have offered retail iMac GPU upgrades, with the exception of those for the original iMac G3's "mezzanine" PCI slot. Models after the iMac G5 (excluding the August 7, 2007 iMac update) made it difficult for the end-user to replace the hard disk or optical drive, and Apple's warranty explicitly forbids upgrading the socketed CPU. While conceding the possibility of a minitower cannibalizing sales from the Mac Pro, Frakes argues there is enough frustration with iMac's limitations to make such a proposition worthwhile. This disparity has become more pronounced after the G4 era since the bottom-end Power Mac G5 (with one brief exception) and Mac Pro models have all been priced in the $1999–$2499 range, while base model Power Macs G4s and earlier were $1299–$1799. [ citation needed ] Timeline of iMac models See also: Timeline of Macintosh models and Timeline of Apple Inc. products For more detailed timelines, see the articles for each individual generation. iMac (Intel plastic) iMac (Aluminum Unibody) 15″ (13.8″ viewable) CRT 15″, 17″, or 20″ LCD 17″, 20″, or 24″ LCD 21.5" or 27" LED-LCD 500GB to 2TB or 256GB SSD Included Mac OS version [ 21 ] 8.1 , 8.5 , 8.6 , 9.0 , 9.1, 10.0 9.2, 10.1 , 10.2 , 10.3 10.4, 10.5 , 10.6 10.6 , 10.7 , 10.8 [ edit ] See also Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. List of Macintosh games List of Macintosh models by case type Template:Timeline of Old World ROM Power Macintosh models EMac;Apple_Inc.;Desktop_computer;Operating_system;OS_X;Watt;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Terabyte;Serial_ATA;Hard_disk_drive;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Megahertz;Gigabit_Ethernet;Enhanced_Data_Rate;SD_Card;SDXC;ICloud;Intel_iMac;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;Anodized_aluminum;SDXC;SuperDrive;Intel;ISight;MacBook_Pro;Internet;Jeff_Goldblum;Border_collie;Stanford_University;MBA;IPod;IBook;IPhone;IPad;ILife;IWork;ITunes;Apple_Magic_Trackpad;Sandy_Bridge;High_definition_video;ISight;MacBook_Pro;USB;Floppy_disk_drive;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Wintel;USB_hub;Image_scanner;Data_storage_device;USB_flash_drives;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Power_Macintosh;IBook;Anodizing;Polycarbonate;George_Foreman_Grill;Rolling_Stones;White_Room;Walt_Mossberg;Forbes;CNET;Mac_Pro;Mac_mini;Mobile_PCI_Express_Module;Graphics_processing_unit;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Generation;Display_device;Cathode_ray_tube;LCD;Hard_drive;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Mountain_Lion;List_of_Macintosh_games;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;Engadget;AOL;Jeff_Goldblum;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;Walter_Mossberg;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California;Macworld;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IMac;IMac; IMac_DV Apple_Inc.;Desktop_computer;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Central_processing_unit;IMac;Apple_Inc.;Compact_Macintosh;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Jobs;Macintosh_Performa;IMac;Cathode_ray_tube;Jonathan_Ive;Universal_Serial_Bus;Apple_Desktop_Bus;SCSI;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Power_Macintosh;Megabyte;Hard_disk;Random_access_memory;Dynamic_random_access_memory;SCSI;FireWire;AirPort;Ethernet;Bluetooth;EMac;Apple_Inc.;Desktop_computer;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Cathode_ray_tube;USB;Ethernet;Central_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;SDRAM;Display_device;Computer_graphics;Hard_drive;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Operating_system;Mac_OS;Mac_OS;Apple_Inc.;Desktop_computer;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Central_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;SDRAM;Display_device;VGA;Computer_graphics;Hard_drive;Gigabyte;AirPort;Operating_system;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;CNET;EMac;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products; IMesh iMesh is a media and file sharing client that's available in 9 languages. It uses a proprietary, centralized, P2P network (IM2Net) operating on ports 80 , 443 and 1863 . [ 1 ] iMesh is owned by American company iMesh, Inc. and maintains a development center in Israel . It is the 3rd most popular music subscription service in the US. [ 2 ] iMesh operates the first " RIAA -approved" P2P service, allowing users residing in United States and Canada to download music content of choice for a monthly fee in the form of either a Premium subscription or a "ToGo" subscription. This subscription based approach is advocated by theories such as the Open Music Model . A third option is also available for users (residing in either country) to permanently purchase tracks for 0.99 USD each, without a subscription. In addition to the paid content, iMesh allows all users (regardless of origin country) access to "non-copyrighted" music and video files. A legalized ringtone download service provided by Thumbplay is also available, allowing users to purchase ringtones for their cellphones. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;File_size;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Audio_file_format;Streaming_media;File_sharing;United_States;Open_Music_Model;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Megabyte;YouTube;YouTube;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;IMesh;IMesh; IMessage iMessage is an instant messenger service developed by Apple Inc. for iOS 5 [ 1 ] and OS X Mountain Lion . [ 2 ] OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Apple_Inc.;IOS;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Scott_Forstall;IOS;OS_X;IChat;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IPhone;IPad;IPod_touch;Macintosh;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;IMessage;IMessage; IMovie iMovie is a proprietary video editing software application sold by Apple Inc. for the Mac , iPhone , iPad , and iPod touch . It was originally released in 1999 as a Mac OS 8 application bundled with the first FireWire-enabled consumer Mac model – the iMac DV . [ 1 ] Since version 3, iMovie has been an OS X -only application included with the iLife suite of Macintosh applications. [ 2 ] iMovie imports video footage to the Mac using either the FireWire interface on most MiniDV format digital video cameras or the computer's USB port. It can also import video and photo files from a hard drive. From there, the user can edit the photos and video clips and add titles, music, and effects, including basic color correction and video enhancement tools and transitions such as fades and slides. 1 High-definition video support 2 Version history 5.1 Criticism of iMovie '08 10 External links [ edit ] High-definition video support Starting with version 5 (from 2005), iMovie processes high-definition video from HDV camcorders , in later versions also from AVCHD camcorders and H.264 -compressed video from MPEG-4 or QuickTime Movie files (.mov). , e.g. as generated by a number of digital photo cameras with HD video recording feature. To facilitate this, iMovie/iLife installs the Apple Intermediate Codec on the system as a QuickTime component. iMovie transcodes (‘optimizes’) HD video upon ingestion (‘import’) using this codec and stores it in the QuickTime file format (.mov). [ edit ] Version history Bundled with iMac DV, later issued as a free download. Mac OS 8.6 and OS 9 Bundled with FireWire-enabled Macs, also a separate purchase and later bundled as part of Mac OS X. Added new sound effects (including some from Skywalker Sound), but removed older ones; also removed the Water Ripple effect. Bundled with all new Macs, also a separate purchase (iLife), later as a free download. Bundled as part of iLife. Bundled with all new Macs, also a separate purchase (iLife '04). Bundled as part of the iLife '04 package. Bundled with all new Macs, also a separate purchase (iLife '05). Bundled as part of the iLife '05 package. Bundled with all new Macs and separate purchase (iLife '06), later as free download for owners of iLife '08. Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther), Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger), Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) and Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard) Bundled as part of the iLife '06 package. Bundled with all new Macs and for separate purchase (iLife '08). Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger) and 10.5 (Leopard). Bundled as part of the iLife '08 package. Redesigned. Bundled with all new Macs and for separate purchase (iLife '09). Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) and Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard) Bundled as part of the iLife '09 package. Bundled with all new Macs sold on or after October 20, 2010 or for separate purchase in iLife '11. Mac OS X Snow Leopard (10.6.3 and later) Bundled as part of the iLife '11 package. Also available for purchase in the Mac App Store . Available to purchase in the App Store. Initial release for iPhone 4 Available to purchase in the App Store. Added support for iPod Touch (4th generation) Available to purchase in the App Store. Added support for iPad 2, and later iPhone 4S Available to purchase in the App Store. Added support for iPad (3rd generation) [ edit ] iMovie HD 5 A blank movie project in iMovie HD, included with iLife '05. iMovie HD included support for HDV (720p and 1080i) and integration with the rest of the iLife suite, with toolbox buttons allowing the importing of images from iPhoto , music from iTunes and the setting of chapter markers ready for exporting to iDVD . iMovie HD 5 imported mjpeg files as dv by default, which introduces noise; mjpeg files are cryptically lumped with "isight" files in this version. Another new feature was included called "Magic iMovie", which attempted to automate the whole process of video editing, by allowing a common transition to be added between scenes, a music track to be synchronised with the video and a DVD to be created with the accompanying iDVD software. [ edit ] iMovie HD 6 iMovie 6 was released in January 2006 as part of the iLife '06 suite, and was also optionally included with iLife '08 as a substitution for iMovie '08 (due to the new version's incompatibility with older Power PC Macintosh computers). It was integrated with iPhoto , iTunes , iDVD , GarageBand and iWeb . iMovie HD 6 was designed for ease of use, and included new themes. Themes allow the user to drop movie clips or photos into professionally-designed backdrops. Each theme included full-motion graphic bumpers and transitions. iMovie HD 6 also added real-time effects, which took advantage of the computer's graphic processing unit to perform some effects without rendering. It also introduced real-time titling, enhanced audio tools and effects, the ability to have multiple projects open at once, video podcasts and blogs (using integration with iWeb), and a refined look based on iTunes 5 and 6. [ edit ] iMovie '08 iMovie '08 (Version 7.0) was released in August 2007 as a part of the iLife '08 suite. iMovie '08 was a complete redesign and rewrite of iMovie. It had much better HD output, and more formats to convert to. This was limited, however, by an undocumented restriction on supported codecs. iPhoto uses the QuickTime library and can create thumbnails for all QuickTime supported formats, but most of these cannot be used by iMovie '08. Some of the formats that iMovie '08 is able to import will not be recognized when they are added to an iPhoto library. Though Motion JPEG -encoded AVI files do appear to be recognized, this was the most common format used by digital cameras. The tile-based editing interface was also promoted as something unique and groundbreaking, even though it is functionally identical to the interface of the Toaster Flyer non-linear digital video editing systems released for Amiga computers by NewTek, Inc. in 1993. A new feature called "skimming" for quickly previewing video in the library at a user controlled speed was added, and so was a feature that allows the user to highlight parts of video clips just like highlighting text. iMovie 08 also had the ability to add more than two layers of background sound, including multiple music, narration and sound effects; previous versions only had two spare audio tracks. It included more exportation formats, including iPhone-sized video. It also supported non-tape-based HD video, such as AVCHD and footage from DVD and HDD camcorders. iMovie '08 also has the ability to export movies to the YouTube video sharing website. According to Apple's system requirements , iMovie '08 requires a Mac with either a 1.9 GHz or faster PowerPC G5 or Intel processor. G4s are not supported, even though Apple sold its last G4-based Computers (iBook G4s) 14 months before the release of iLife '08. However, a system hack enables iMovie 7.1 or higher to run on a PowerPC G4. [ 3 ] [ edit ] Criticism of iMovie '08 iMovie 08 was criticized due to its drastic abandonment of some iMovie HD 6 features. New York Times reviewer David Pogue said "iMovie ‘08 is an utter bafflement... incapable of the more sophisticated editing that the old iMovie made so enjoyable...All visual effects are gone — even basic options like slow motion, reverse motion, fast motion, and black-and-white. And you can’t have more than one project open at a time." [ 4 ] Features removed included the classic timeline, the ability to create DVD chapter markers, support for plugins, and in-timeline audio adjustment and control. iMovie '08 imports to a much more limited set of video codecs and metadata formats than previous versions of iMovie or today's QuickTime Player. For example, QuickTime Player can be extended to support the FLIP Video 3ivx MPEG-4 codec, but iMovie '08 cannot. iMovie '08 also removed the ability to import DV footage. As a result, all resulting videos have lossy compression applied and there is no facility for managing full format video. The peculiar lack of QuickTime support means QuickTime Pro can edit a larger range of video than iMovie '08. Apple released iMovie HD 6 as a free download to those who had purchased iMovie '08. [ 5 ] However, in response to the release of the subsequent newer version of iMovie '09, Apple removed the download in late January 2009 [ 6 ] while also reducing the $299 price tag for Final Cut Express to $199. Several of the features removed from iMovie '08 that were previously included with iMovie HD 6 have been restored into iMovie '09 and, more recently, iMovie '11. [ edit ] iMovie '09 iMovie '09 (Version 8.0) was released January 2009 as part of the iLife '09 package. It introduced some new features and restored some features from previous versions of iMovie, including basic video effects (such as fast/slow motion and aged film) and image stabilization as well as travel map functions for marking locations where a video was shot. iMovie '09 also introduced simple implementations of more advanced features such as picture-in-picture and Chroma keying . It also improved editing with a precision cut editor and a clip trimmer, improved support for hard drive-based cameras such as the Flip Mino, added some new titles and transitions, and added full iDVD support (which was unavailable in iMovie '08). In addition, it introduced a Full-Screen Library Browser with which the user can find and examine all of his or her video in one place. [ edit ] iMovie '11 iMovie '11 (Version 9.0) was released on October 20, 2010 as part of the iLife '11 package. It has the ability to make trailers for home movies, more control over audio, instant replay and flash and hold effects, facial recognition, news themes, and the ability to watch the video on a Mac, iPad, iPhone/iPod touch, or Apple TV, as well as sharing on Facebook and YouTube. It now supports the AVCHD Lite format. Apple worked with Abbey Road Studios in London, England to bring original music/film scores to iMovie '11. The music is most notably used in the "trailers" feature provided by the software. On January 6, 2011, Apple made iMovie '11 (along with Aperture , the iWork suite, and the rest of the iLife suite) available on the then-new Mac App Store [ 7 ] [ edit ] iMovie for iOS On June 7, 2010, Steve Jobs announced in his WWDC keynote that the upcoming iPhone 4 would support a new, iOS -native version of iMovie that supports many of the basic features of the Mac version of the software. [ 8 ] The app may be obtained by downloading it from the App Store for $4.99. iMovie for iPhone was officially available on June 24, 2010 to coincide with the launch of the iPhone 4 . On September 1, 2010, iMovie was made compatible with the new 4th-generation iPod Touch . An iPad version of iMovie for iOS was made available with the release of iPad 2 , announced at an Apple media event on March 2, 2011 and released seven days later. [ 9 ] On March 7, 2012, Tim Cook announced an updated version of iMovie for iOS along with the third-generation iPad . Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;IOS;Mac_OS;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;IOS;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;IPhone;IPad;IPod_touch;IMac_DV;OS_X;ILife;FireWire;USB;HDV;Camcorder;AVCHD;QuickTime_File_Format;Digital_camera;Apple_Intermediate_Codec;QuickTime;Transcoding;Video_codec;ILife;ILife;Mac_App_Store;ILife;HDV;ILife;IPhoto;ITunes;IDVD;DVD;ILife;IPhoto;ITunes;IDVD;GarageBand;IWeb;IPhoto;QuickTime;Motion_JPEG;AVCHD;YouTube;New_York_Times;David_Pogue;Final_Cut_Express;Chroma_keying;AVCHD_Lite;Abbey_Road_Studios;Aperture;IWork;Mac_App_Store;WWDC;IPod_Touch;ILife;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IDVD;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;IMovie;IMovie; IOS 5.1.1 (Build 9B206) (May 7, 2012 ; 3 months ago ( 2012-05-07 ) ) Apple TV (2G and later) 5.1.1 (Build 9B830) (June 5, 2012 ; 2 months ago ( 2012-06-05 ) ) [ ± ] Latest unstable release iPhone (3GS and later) iPod Touch (4G and later) iPad (2G and later) Apple TV (2G and later) 6.0 Beta 4 (Build 10A5376e) (August 6, 2012 ; 16 days ago ( 2012-08-06 ) ) [ ± ] Available language (s) 34 languages [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Supported platforms ARM ( iPhone , iPod Touch , iPad , and 2nd gen. and higher Apple TV ), Apple A4 , Apple A5 , Apple A5X Default user interface Cocoa Touch ( multi-touch , GUI ) Proprietary EULA except for open-source components iOS (previously iPhone OS ) is a mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch , it has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV . Unlike Microsoft 's Windows CE ( Windows Phone ) and Google 's Android , Apple does not license iOS for installation on non-Apple hardware. As of June 12, 2012 ( 2012 -06-12 ) [update] , Apple's App Store contained more than 650,000 iOS applications, which have collectively been downloaded more than 30 billion times. [ 3 ] It had a 23% share of the smartphone operating system units sold in the first quarter of 2012, behind only Google 's Android . [ 4 ] In June 2012, it accounted for 65% of mobile web data consumption (including use on both the iPod Touch and the iPad ). [ 5 ] At the half of 2012, there were 410 million devices activated. [ 6 ] The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation , using multi-touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The response to user input is immediate and provides a fluid interface. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode). iOS is derived from OS X , with which it shares the Darwin foundation, and is therefore a Unix operating system. In iOS, there are four abstraction layers : the Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The current version of the operating system (iOS 5.1.1) dedicates 1-1.5 GB of the device's flash memory for the system partition, using roughly 800 MB of that partition (varying by model) for iOS itself. [ 7 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;Unix;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;ARM_architecture;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_TV;XNU;User_interface;Cocoa_Touch;Graphical_user_interface;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Mobile_operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_TV;Microsoft;Windows_Phone;Google;Smartphone;Google;IPod_Touch;IPad;User_interface;Direct_manipulation;Accelerometer;OS_X;Unix;Cocoa_Touch;IPhone;Software_release_life_cycle;IBooks;IOS_version_history;Apple_Inc.;Cisco_Systems;IPad;IPhone;ITunes_Ping;ITunes_Store;CDMA;Verizon_Wireless;Verizon_Wireless;ICloud;Notification_Center;IMessage;ICloud;Apple_TV;Google_Maps;IPad;Facebook;Facebook;FaceTime;SpringBoard;Application_software;Notification_Center;Web_browser;IPod;IPod;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;IMessage;Instant_messaging;YouTube;Camcorder;High_dynamic_range_imaging;FaceTime;Photo_Booth;Google_Maps;Assisted_GPS;ITunes;Compass;Game_Center;Voice_Control;BlackBerry_Messenger;Application_programming_interface;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;Game_Center;Internet;Web_browser;Web_application;IOS_SDK;Software_development_kit;Xcode;IOS_jailbreaking;SIM_lock;SpringBoard;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;DMCA;SIM_lock;Digital_rights;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Brewster_Kahle;Jonathan_Zittrain;Free_Software_Foundation;Microsoft;Digital_rights_management;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;List_of_iOS_devices;Windows_Phone;Macworld;Macworld;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;USA_Today;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Los_Angeles_Times;USA_Today;Wired_Magazine;Apple;USA_Today;The_Guardian;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Developer_Connection;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;Mac_OS;Newton_OS;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;IOS;IOS; IOS_SDK 5.1.1 (Build 9B206) (May 7, 2012 ; 3 months ago ( 2012-05-07 ) ) Apple TV (2G and later) 5.1.1 (Build 9B830) (June 5, 2012 ; 2 months ago ( 2012-06-05 ) ) iPhone (3GS and later) iPod Touch (4G and later) iPad (2G and later) Apple TV (2G and later) 6.0 Beta 4 (Build 10A5376e) (August 6, 2012 ; 14 days ago ( 2012-08-06 ) ) Programming language used Translation available Software development kit The iOS SDK (Software Development Kit) (formerly iPhone SDK ) is a software development kit developed by Apple Inc. and released in February 2008 to develop native applications for iOS . Software_design;Apple_Inc.;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_development_kit;Software_development_kit;Apple_Inc.;Software_development_kit;Xcode;IOS_version_history;Interface_Builder;Graphical_user_interface;.Mac;Mac_OS_X;MobileMe;Xcode;Xcode;XNU;Mac_OS_X;Xcode;Cocoa_Touch;Accelerometer;Internationalization_and_localization;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Core_Animation;OpenGL_ES;Core_Location;XNU;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Skyhook_Wireless;GPS;GLONASS;SVG;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;HTML;Sun_Microsystems;Sun_Microsystems;ARM_architecture;.NET_Framework;Adobe_Flash;Hulu;IOS_jailbreaking;Apple_Inc.;Adobe_Flash_Player;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash;Apple_Developer;United_States_dollar;Mac_OS_X;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;Macworld;Apple_Inc.;MacRumors;Gizmodo;Gizmodo;MacRumors;MacRumors;Apple_Inc.;MacRumors;MacRumors;Engadget;Engadget;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;CNet;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;IOS_SDK;IOS_SDK; IOS_jailbreaking iOS jailbreaking is the process of removing the limitations imposed by Apple on devices running the iOS operating system through the use of hardware/software exploits — such devices include the iPhone , iPod touch , iPad , and second generation Apple TV . Jailbreaking allows iOS users to gain root access to the operating system, allowing them to download additional applications, extensions, and themes that are unavailable through the official Apple App Store . Jailbreaking is a form of privilege escalation , and the term has been applied to privilege escalation on other computer systems as well. The name refers to breaking the device out of its "jail", [ 1 ] which is a technical term used in Unix -style systems, for example in the term " FreeBSD jail ". A jailbroken iPhone , iPod touch , or iPad running iOS can still use the App Store, iTunes , and other normal functions, such as making telephone calls. Unlike rooting an Android device, jailbreaking is necessary if the user intends to run software not authorized by Apple. Under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act , jailbreaking iPhones is legal in the United States, although Apple has announced that the practice "can violate the warranty". [ 2 ] Apple_Inc.;IOS;Operating_system;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;Apple_TV;Privilege_escalation;Unix;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;ITunes;Cydia;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;SIM_lock;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Australia;Netherlands;JailbreakMe;PDF;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;United_States_Copyright_Office;Apple_Inc.;JailbreakMe;PwnageTool;IPhone_Dev_Team;PwnageTool;Cydia;Boot_ROM;JailbreakMe;Portable_Document_Format;IOS;IPhone_Dev_Team;PwnageTool;IPad;JailbreakMe;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;JailbreakMe;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_TV;IPod_Touch;IPad;IPhone_Dev_Team;IPod_Touch;IPad;IOS_version_history;Mobile_security;ABC_Online;Associated_Press;United_States_Copyright_Office;Engadget;Engadget;Engadget;IOS_jailbreaking;IOS_jailbreaking; IOS_version_history Apple provides updates to the iOS operating system, for the iPhone , iPad and iPod Touch , through iTunes and since iOS version 5.0 also through firmware over the air ( FOTA ). With the June 6, 2011 announcement of iOS version 5.0, a USB connection to iTunes is no longer needed to activate iOS devices; data synchronization happens automatically and wirelessly through Apple's new iCloud service. Revamped notifications, a proprietary messaging app across all iOS devices and full Twitter integration are among the 200 new features. IOS;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;ITunes;ICloud;IPhone_SDK;Mac_OS_X;IPod_Touch;IPhone;API;IPad;GSM;CDMA;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_TV;IPod_Touch;ITunes_Music_Store;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Bluetooth;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;GPRS;ITunes;Ringtone;Google_Maps;Skyhook_Wireless;Gift_card;IMAP;Frame_rate;Korean_language;IWork;SVG;Geotagging;ITunes;Japan;Headphones;Apple_TV;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;IPod_Touch;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;IWork;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;File_sharing;Dock_Connector;Tethering;VoiceOver;QWERTY;ITunes;IPod_Touch;Voice_command_device;VoiceOver;WebKit;IOS_jailbreaking;IPad;IWork;IBooks;Mac_OS_X;YouTube;Facebook;IBooks;IOS_jailbreaking;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;FaceTime;IBooks;ITunes;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IAd;Tethering;Flight_mode;IPod_Touch;Display_resolution;IPad;MobileMe;IMAP;File_synchronization;Google;Apple_Inc.;Bluetooth;IBooks;Bluetooth_profile;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;Antennagate;IOS_jailbreaking;IPod_Touch;Proximity_sensor;Bluetooth;IOS;FaceTime;WebKit;IPod_Touch;High_dynamic_range_imaging;ITunes;ITunes_Ping;ITunes_Music_Store;Renting;AirPlay;Deutsche_Telekom;WebKit;Game_Center;YouTube;IPad;IPad;AirPlay;FaceTime;Voice_over_IP;IPod_Touch;IPad;Code_division_multiple_access;AirPlay;JavaScript;ITunes_Ping;ITunes;IOS;FaceTime;IPod_Touch;FaceTime;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IAd;AirPlay;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Tethering;VoiceOver;FaceTime;IOS_jailbreaking;IPod_Touch;IPad;Notification_Center;IMessage;SpringBoard;IBooks;ICloud;Game_Center;ICloud;IPad;IPod_Touch;WWDC;IPod_Touch;IPad;IPod_Touch;National_Football_League;Major_League_Baseball;OpenTable;Youku;Tudou;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Apple_TV;AirPlay;VoiceOver;AirPlay;IOS;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;AirPlay;Apple_TV;IOS;ITunes_Store;AirPlay;Netflix;IOS;ITunes_version_history;Safari_version_history;IOS_jailbreaking;Vox_Media;IPod_Touch;IPad;GSM;CDMA;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;Apple_Inc.;MacRumors;MacRumors;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;USA_Today;MacWorld;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;FaceTime;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;AOL;Vox_Media;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IOS_version_history;IOS_version_history; IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model Metadata;File_format;Digital_camera;JPEG;Exif;TIFF;Portable_Network_Graphics;GIF;PCX;Metadata;Adobe_Systems;Metadata;Metadata;XML;Metadata;GIF;Portable_Network_Graphics;HTML;PDF;SVG;Reuters;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model; IPTV Internet Protocol television ( IPTV ) is a system through which television services are delivered using the Internet protocol suite over a packet-switched network such as the Internet , instead of being delivered through traditional terrestrial , satellite signal, and cable television formats. IPTV services may be classified into three main groups: live television , with or without interactivity related to the current TV show; time-shifted television: catch-up TV (replays a TV show that was broadcast hours or days ago), start-over TV (replays the current TV show from its beginning); video on demand (VOD): browse a catalog of videos, not related to TV programming. IPTV is distinguished from Internet television by its on-going standardization process (e.g., European Telecommunications Standards Institute ) and preferential deployment scenarios in subscriber-based telecommunications networks with high-speed access channels into end-user premises via set-top boxes or other customer-premises equipment . Television;Internet;Video_on_demand;Internet_television;Television_program;Videoconferencing;Internet_radio;Video_on_demand;Canada;Canada;Sweden;United_States;Nielsen_Company;Germany;Deutsche_Telekom;France;United_States;Hong_Kong;Japan;Italy;Spain;Belgium;Luxembourg;Austria;Singapore;Taiwan;Switzerland;Portugal;Canada;Lithuania;Poland;Mongolia;Romania;Slovenia;Netherlands;Greece;Denmark;Finland;Estonia;Czech_Republic;Slovakia;Hungary;Norway;Sweden;Lithuania;Colombia;Chile;United_Kingdom;Dominican_Republic;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;Sri_Lanka;Malaysia;Video_on_demand;Wireless;Personal_computer;MPEG_transport_stream;YouTube;Vimeo;Internet;Video_on_demand;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Ethernet;Internet;Encryption;Digital_rights_management;Video_on_demand;Hong_Kong;Microsoft;Video_on_demand;Content_delivery_network;Internet_television;Streaming_media;TVCatchup;Netherlands;IPTV;IPTV; IP_address An Internet Protocol address ( IP address ) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. [ 1 ] An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing . Its role has been characterized as follows: " A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there. " [ 2 ] The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit number [ 1 ] and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the predicted depletion of available addresses , a new version of IP ( IPv6 ), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995. [ 3 ] IPv6 was standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998, [ 4 ] and its deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. IP addresses are binary numbers , but they are usually stored in text files and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (for IPv6). The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages the IP address space allocations globally and delegates five regional Internet registries (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to local Internet registries ( Internet service providers ) and other entities. Internet;Hexadecimal;Subnetwork;Subnetwork;Hexadecimal;Voice_over_IP;Subnetwork;Microsoft;Proxy_server;Proxy_server;Geolocation;Subnetwork;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;IP_address;IP_address; IPad 1st 2nd Generation Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR GSM models also include 850, 1,900, 2,100 MHz 850, 900, 1,800, 1,900 MHz) CDMA model also includes CDMA / EV-DO Rev. A Bluetooth 4.0 technology GSM models also include UMTS / HSDPA / HSPA+ / DC-HSDPA 850, 900, 1,900, 2,100 MHz 850, 900, 1,800, 1,900 MHz CDMA model also includes CDMA / EV-DO Rev. A UMTS / HSDPA / HSPA+ / DC-HSDPA 850, 900, 1,900, 2,100 MHz 850, 900, 1,800, 1,900 MHz iTunes Store , App Store , iCloud , iBookstore 9.56 in (243 mm) (h) 7.47 in (190 mm) (w) 0.50 in (13 mm) (d) 9.50 in (241 mm) (h) 7.31 in (186 mm) (w) 0.34 in (8.6 mm) (d) 9.50 in (241 mm) (h) 7.31 in (186 mm) (w) 0.37 in (9.4 mm) (d) Wi-Fi model: 1.5 lb (680 g) Wi-Fi + 3G model: 1.6 lb (730 g) [ 16 ] 2nd generation: 1.325 lb (601 g) 3rd generation Wi-Fi model: 1.44 lb (650 g) 3rd generation Wi-Fi + 4G model: 1.46 lb (660 g) iPhone , iPod touch ( Comparison ) The iPad ( / ˈ aɪ p æ d / EYE -pad ) is a line of tablet computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. , primarily as a platform for audio-visual media including books, periodicals, movies, music, games, apps and web content. Its size and weight fall between those of contemporary smartphones and laptop computers. The iPad runs on iOS , the same operating system used on Apple's iPod Touch and iPhone , and can run its own applications as well as iPhone applications. Without modification or a developer certificate, the iPad will only run programs approved by Apple and distributed via the Apple App Store (with the exception of programs that run inside the iPad's web browser ). Like iPhone and iPod Touch, the iPad is controlled by a multitouch display—a departure from most previous tablet computers, which generally used a pressure-triggered stylus —as well as a virtual onscreen keyboard in lieu of a physical keyboard. The iPad is sold with Wi-Fi and cellular models. The Wi-Fi connection is used to access local area networks and the Internet. Cellular models connect to mobile data networks with 3G or 4G in addition to Wi-Fi. Since the release of iOS 5, the device does not need to be managed and synced by iTunes running on a personal computer via USB cable. Apple_Inc.;Foxconn;Contract_manufacturer;Tablet_computer;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Flash_memory;Pixel;Pixel_density;XGA;Pixel;Pixel_density;PowerVR;Intel_Consumer_Electronics;PowerVR;Intel_Consumer_Electronics;PowerVR;Touch_screen;Proximity_sensor;Accelerometer;Magnetometer;Compass;Gyroscope;GSM;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;UMTS_frequency_bands;Hertz;GSM;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;GSM_frequency_bands;CDMA;Code_division_multiple_access;GSM;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;UMTS_frequency_bands;GSM;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;GSM_frequency_bands;CDMA;Code_division_multiple_access;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;UMTS_frequency_bands;GSM;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;GSM_frequency_bands;ITunes_Store;ICloud;IBookstore;IPhone;IPod_touch;List_of_iOS_devices;Tablet_computer;Apple_Inc.;Smartphone;IOS;Operating_system;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IOS_jailbreaking;Web_browser;Multitouch;Cellular_network;Local_area_network;File_synchronization;ITunes;USB;MessagePad;ARM_architecture;Acorn_Computers;PowerBook_Duo;MessagePad;IPhone;Multitouch;PADD;Steve_Jobs;Yerba_Buena_Center_for_the_Arts;IPhone;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Store;Dual_core;FaceTime;Gyroscope;Tim_Cook;Yerba_Buena_Center_for_the_Arts;Touchscreen;Liquid_crystal_display;Lipophobicity;Stylus;Capacitive_stylus;Accelerometer;Page_orientation;Screen_rotation;VGA;Frame_rate;Digital_zoom;FaceTime;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Macintosh;Trilateration;Skyhook_Wireless;Google_Maps;Assisted_GPS;TRS_connector;Dock_connector;Ethernet;TRRS_connector;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Rechargeable_battery;Republic_of_China;IPod;Flash_memory;SD_card;Subscriber_Identity_Module;GSM;SIM_lock;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;CDMA;Verizon_Wireless;IPad_accessories;Dock_connector;Macintosh;Personal_computer;USB;Secure_Digital;USB_sound_card;MIDI_keyboard;MicroSD;VGA_connector;HDMI;Microfiber;Display_device;Multitouch;Pixel;Multitouch;Pixel;Central_processing_unit;Data_storage_device;Gigabyte;Wireless;HSDPA;EDGE;Geolocation;Assisted_GPS;Radiolocation;Sensor;Accelerometer;Photodetector;Magnetometer;Gyroscope;Operating_system;Progressive_scan;Megapixels;Frame_rate;VGA;Foxconn;Shenzhen;Product_teardown;Samsung;Toshiba;Samsung;Broadcom;LG_Display;Samsung;Wintek;STMicroelectronics;IPhone_applications;ITunes;IBooks;Macintosh;IWork;VoIP;Digital_rights;Free_Software_Foundation;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Brewster_Kahle;GigaOM;Laura_Sydell;IOS_jailbreaking;Software_piracy;JailbreakMe;WH_Smith;YouPorn;Adbusting;IBookstore;IBooks;EPub;IBookstore;Amazon_Kindle;Amazon.com;Subscription_business_model;Walter_Mossberg;Netbook;Microsoft_Windows;Zune;David_Pogue;File_sharing;Adobe_Flash;Groasis_Waterboxx;Federal_Aviation_Administration;Alaska_Airlines;Supply_chain_management;Business_intelligence;Major_League_Baseball;Carl_Crawford;Super_Bowl_XLV;National_Football_League;Cowboys_Stadium;Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers;Gorillaz;Damon_Albarn;Social_television;Second_screen;Second_screen;Second_screen;Apple_Inc.;Pen_computing;Apple_media_events;List_of_iOS_devices;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;Comparison_of_tablet_computers;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Financial_Times;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;CNET;CBS_Interactive;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;Ars_Technica;Engadget;AOL;Ars_Technica;Apple_Inc.;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;Ars_Technica;Glenn_Fleishman;TidBits;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;CNBC;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;IDG;NBCNews.com;NBCUniversal;All_Things_Digital;Engadget;AOL;CNET;CBS_Interactive;MacRumors;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;ILounge;Ars_Technica;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post_Company;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;USA_Today;Gannett_Company;Engadget;AOL;Ziff_Davis;Apple_Inc.;TechCrunch;MacWorld;CNET;CBS_Interactive;IDG;Google_News;Google;EWeek;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;The_Register;TechCrunch;Apple_Inc.;CNET;CBS_Interactive;MacWorld;Ars_Technica;Slashdot;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Laura_Sydell;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;IDG;Engadget;AOL;TechCrunch;AOL;Gawker;TechCrunch;AOL;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;Nilay_Patel;Engadget;AOL;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;TechCrunch;AOL;Google_News;Google;Walter_Mossberg;All_Things_Digital;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Ars_Technica;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Walter_Mossberg;All_Things_Digital;David_Pogue;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;PC_Magazine;Michael_Arrington;TechCrunch;AOL;IDG;Ars_Technica;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Bloomberg_Businessweek;Bloomberg_L.P.;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;Apple_Inc.;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;IPad;IPad; IPad_accessories The iPad has a wide variety of accessories made by Apple available for it, including a screen cover specifically for the iPad 2 called Smart Cover , as well as a number of accessories to allow the iPad to connect to other devices, some of which enable non-touch screen input. Stevenote;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;FaceTime;Microfiber;HDMI;Dock_Connector;IPad;USB;SD_Card;MIDI_keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Bluetooth;FaceTime;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;IPad_accessories;IPad_accessories; IPhone The iPhone ( / ˈ aɪ f oʊ n / EYE -fohn ) is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. which run on iOS , originally iPhone OS . The first iPhone was unveiled by Steve Jobs , then CEO of Apple, on January 9, 2007, [ 1 ] and released on June 29, 2007. The most recent iPhone, the 5th generation iPhone 4S , was released in October 2011. An iPhone can function as a video camera (video recording was not a standard feature until the iPhone 3GS was released [ citation needed ] ), a camera phone , a portable media player , and an Internet client with email and web browsing capabilities, can send texts and receive visual voicemail , and has both Wi-Fi and cellular data ( 2G and 3G ) connectivity. The user interface is built around the device's multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard rather than a physical one. Third-party as well as Apple application software is available from the App Store , which launched in mid-2008, and as of 2012, has over 500,000 [ 2 ] "apps" approved by Apple. These apps have diverse functions, including games , reference , GPS navigation , social networking , security, and advertising for television shows, films, and celebrities . There are five generations of iPhone models, each accompanied by one of the five major releases of iOS (formerly iPhone OS). The original iPhone was a GSM phone, and established design precedents, such as screen size and button placement, that have persisted through all models. The iPhone 3G added 3G cellular network capabilities and A-GPS location . The iPhone 3GS added a compass, faster processor , and higher resolution camera, including video recording at 480p . The iPhone 4 has a rear-facing camera ( 720p video) and a front facing camera (at a lower resolution) for FaceTime video calling and for use in other apps like Skype . The iPhone 4 featured a higher-resolution 960 × 640 display; it was released on June 24, 2010. In the U.S., AT T was the only authorized carrier until February 10, 2011, when a CDMA version of the iPhone 4 launched for Verizon . On October 4, 2011, Apple announced the iPhone 4S . [ 3 ] The iPhone 4S added a higher resolution camera (8 megapixel ) with 1080p video recording, face detection , and video stabilization , a faster, dual core processor, support for both GSM/UMTS and CDMA on one chip, GLONASS support and a natural language voice control system called Siri . [ 4 ] It is available in 16 GB and 32 GB, as well as a new 64 GB capacity. In the United States, it was announced that two new carriers, Sprint and C Spire , would begin carrying the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S in October and November 2011, respectively. [ 5 ] On April 20, 2012, six more regional US carriers (Cellcom, Appalachian Wireless, Alaska Communications, GCI, MTA Solutions, and nTelos) were added in to the list of iPhone service providers. [ 6 ] 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IPhone_4S Wi-Fi ( 802.11 b / g / n ) (2.4 GHz only) Combined GSM/CDMA antenna: quad-band GSM / GPRS / EDGE ( 800 850 900 1,800 1,900 MHz ) Quad-band UMTS / HSDPA / HSUPA ( 800 850 900 1,900 2,100 MHz) (800 MHz unannounced) Dual-band CDMA / EV-DO Rev. A (800 1,900 MHz) iCloud , App Store , iTunes Store , iBookstore 115.2 mm (4.54 in) H 58.66 mm (2.309 in) W iPhone , iPad (3rd generation) , iPod Touch The iPhone 4S is a touchscreen -based smartphone developed by Apple Inc. It is the fifth and most recent generation of the iPhone [ 5 ] and retains the exterior design of its predecessor, the iPhone 4 , but is host to a range of improved hardware specifications and software updates. [ 6 ] The phone added a voice recognition system known as Siri , for which the S in the product's name stands, [ 7 ] and a cloud storage service named iCloud . Some of the device's functions may be voice-controlled through Siri. On October 4, 2011, in Cupertino, California , Apple announced the iPhone 4S. On October 7, 2011, it became available for preorder in seven initial countries (United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan) with the first delivery date set for October 14, 2011 and available on that same day for direct in-store sales in those countries. It was released in 22 more countries, including Ireland, Mexico, and Singapore on October 28. [ 8 ] It is available for 100 cell service carriers in 70 countries, including eight carriers in the United States. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] For US customers, unlocked (contract-free) sales started on November 11, 2011. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The Associated Press said that AT T described early iPhone 4S demand as "extraordinary". [ 13 ] Reception to the iPhone 4S was generally favorable. Reviewers noted Siri, the new camera, and processing speeds as significant advantages over the prior model. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Four million units of the iPhone 4S were sold in the first three days of release. 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Commercial reception The "Let's Talk iPhone" event was held on the Apple Campus , instead of the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts , where most non- WWDC events are held. Speculation about Apple's next generation phone, including various specifications and a predicted name ("iPhone 5"), were widespread in the time preceding its debut. [ 17 ] After the iPhone 4S was announced, there was some disappointment about the new phone's name. [ 17 ] As early as May 2011, some leaks had a fairly accurate description of the product including the name "iPhone 4S", the A5 chip, HSDPA+, [ 18 ] new camera, and Sprint carrying. [ 19 ] There were no external differences between the iPhone 4 CDMA model and the iPhone 4S, with the exception of a SIM card slot on the iPhone 4S. [ 17 ] all changes were internal (slight external differences between the iPhone 4 GSM model and the iPhone 4S exist, as said differences existed between the CDMA and GSM models of the iPhone 4). [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The iPhone 4S was unveiled at Apple's "Let's Talk iPhone" event on October 4, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino, California . [ 22 ] The keynote was the first in which Tim Cook led since the Verizon keynote earlier in the year. It was also Cook's first launch without Apple co-founder, Steve Jobs , whose health was deteriorating and died the day after the announcement of iPhone 4S. Tim Carmody of Wired praised Cook for focusing on company achievements, calling him a "global business thinker" and a "taskmaster". [ 23 ] At the "Let's Talk iPhone" event held by Apple on October 4, 2011, Mike Capps demonstrated Epic Games' Infinity Blade II , the sequel to Infinity Blade , on an iPhone 4S. Capps boasted that the game uses Epic Games' Unreal Engine 3 and features the same graphic techniques used in the Xbox 360 game Gears of War 3 . [ 24 ] October 14, 2011 [ 25 ] November 11, 2011 [ 26 ] November 25, 2011 [ 27 ] December 16, 2011 [ 28 ] January 13, 2012 [ 29 ] United States (non-contract) United Arab Emirates Antigua and Barbuda British Virgin Islands Central African Republic St. Vincent and The Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago [ edit ] Features [ edit ] Software Shown is the iPhone 4S's setup screen. The iPhone 4S is the first iPhone that does not need to connect to iTunes in order to be activated, due to iOS 5. The iPhone 4S uses iOS , Apple's mobile operating system . [ 30 ] The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation , using multi-touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The response to user input is immediate and provides a fluid interface. [ 31 ] Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode). [ 31 ] The 4S uses iOS 5.1.1, which was released on May 7, 2012. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] It can act as a hotspot , sharing its internet connection over WiFi, Bluetooth, or USB, [ 34 ] and also accesses the App Store , a digital application distribution platform for iOS developed and maintained by Apple. The service allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with Xcode and the iOS SDK and were published through Apple. From the App Store, GarageBand , iMovie , iPhoto , and the iWork apps ( Pages , Keynote , and Numbers ) are available for purchase to use on the iPhone. [ 35 ] The 4S comes with several applications by default, including Safari, Mail, Photos, Video, YouTube, Music, iTunes, App Store, Maps, Notes, Calendar, Game Center, and Contacts. [ 36 ] Like all iOS devices, the 4S can sync with a Mac or PC using iTunes, although iOS 5 and later can be completely PC-free. In addition to making phone calls over a cellular network, a user can use a wired headset or the built-in speaker and microphone and place phone calls over Wi-Fi or cellular using a VoIP application. [ 37 ] The 4S access play music, movies, television shows, ebooks, audiobooks, and podcasts and can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists , genres , composers, podcasts, audiobooks, and compilations . Options are always presented alphabetically, except in playlists, which retain their order from iTunes [ 38 ] . The iPhone uses a large font that allows users plenty of room to touch their selection. Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow . Like on iTunes, this feature shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen. Alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks. On the 4S, the volume can be changed with the included Apple Earphones, and the Voice Control feature can be used to identify a track, play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist, or create a Genius playlist . [ 38 ] The iPhone 4S introduced a new automated voice control system called " Siri ", unique to the 4S, [ 20 ] that allows the user to give the iPhone commands, which it can execute and respond to. For example, iPhone commands such as "What is the weather going to be like?" will generate a response such as "The weather is to be cloudy and rainy and drop to 54 degrees today". These commands can vary greatly and control almost every application of the phone. The commands given do not have to be specific and can be used with natural language . Siri can be accessed by holding down the home button for an extra amount of time (compared to using the regular function). An impact of Siri, as shown by Apple video messages, is that it is much easier for people to use device functions while driving, exercising, or when they have their hands full. [ 17 ] It also means people with trouble reading, seeing, or typing can access the phone more easily. [ 17 ] On the iPhone 4S, texting can be aided by the voice assistant, which allows speech-to-text. [ 17 ] In addition to regular texting, messaging on the iPhone 4S is supported by iMessage , a specialized instant messaging program and service that allows unlimited texting to other Apple iOS 5 products. This supports the inclusion of media in text messages, integration with the device's voice controlled software assistant, and read receipts for sent messages. Input to the computer comes from a keyboard displayed on the multi-touch screen or by voice-to text by speaking into the microphone. Entered text is supported by predictive and suggestion software as well as a spell-checker, that includes many regional dialects like Swiss spoken French. [ 6 ] At announcement, plans were in place for the iPhone 4S to support many languages. Different features have different language requirements, such as keyboards compared to the word predictor and spell-checker, which needs a large dictionary of words. Language support is related to the iOS 5 operating system that the device launched with, although not always. The Siri digital assistant supported French, English, and German at launch. [ 14 ] Since it uses a software based keyboard supported by the multi-touch display, it can support many different keyboard layouts without having to change physically. The iPhone 4S can display different languages and scripts at the same time. [ 39 ] [ edit ] Hardware The iPhone 4S features an 8 megapixel camera and 1080p video recording. The iPhone 4S uses the Apple A5 system-on-a-chip ( SoC ) that incorporates an Imagination Technologies PowerVR SGX543 graphics processing unit ( GPU ). This GPU features pixel, vertex, and geometry shader hardware supporting OpenGL ES 2.0. The SGX543 is an improved version of the GPU used in the iPhone 4S' predecessor, the iPhone 4. The iPhone 4S uses a dual-core model that is integrated with the Apple A5 SoC in the same way as the iPad 2. [ 40 ] Apple claims that the iPhone 4S can process graphics "up to seven times faster" than the iPhone 4; this was corroborated by Epic Games president Mike Capps. [ 41 ] The iPhone 4S has 512 MB of DDR2 RAM . [ 4 ] Maximum available storage size increased to 64 GB whilst the 32 GB and 16 GB model options were retained. The screen is the same as the prior generation iPhones; 3.5 inches (89 mm), 640×960 resolution (Apple's "retina" design). [ 39 ] There was an improvement in interactive multimedia applications compared to its predecessor. [ 20 ] The iPhone 4S has an improved cellular (GSM) antenna design over the iPhone 4. The new antenna is divided up into two pieces within the stainless steel band that wraps around the sides of the phone. Therefore, if the iPhone 4S is gripped in such a way as to attenuate one piece of the cellular antenna, the radio will switch to the other piece that isn't being gripped. [ 42 ] The iPhone 4S can support a maximum theoretical download speed of up to 14.4 Mbps with HSDPA+ . As a result of an upgraded radio chip inside the phone, in addition to being a world phone , so both CDMA and GSM customers can roam internationally on GSM networks. [ 39 ] It also supports Bluetooth 4.0. [ 6 ] The camera on the iPhone 4S, also known as an iSight camera, can take 8 megapixel photos (3,264 by 2,448 pixels) and record 1080p videos at up to 30 frames per second with upgraded quality [ 43 ] (30% better clarity, 26% better white balance, color accuracy) due to an additional lens, IR filter , a wider f/2.4 aperture, and Image signal processor (built-in A5). [ 39 ] [ 44 ] In iOS 5.1, the camera can be accessed directly from the lock screen, and the volume up button doubles as a shutter trigger. The built-in gyroscope is able to stabilize the camera while recording video. Other features of the camera are macro (for close up pictures) and faster capture including being able to take its first picture in 1.1 seconds and the next half a second later. [ 20 ] [ 39 ] The iPhone 4S features a 3.5 inches (89 mm) 960 by 640 pixel multitouch Retina display . It has two volume buttons and a ring/silent switch on the left side. [ 18 ] On the top left there is a 3.5 mm headphone jack and a microphone that is used for both noise cancellation during calls and when in speakerphone/ FaceTime (video calling) mode. The lock/power button is situated on the top right edge of the device. [ 18 ] The right side of the device has a Micro- SIM card slot. The bottom of the device features a speaker output on the right and a microphone input on the left with Apple's proprietary 30-pin dock connector in the center. [ 18 ] The iPhone 4S supports video out via AirPlay and various Apple A/V cables. [ 39 ] Supported video formats include H.264 (1080p 30 frames per second maximum), MPEG-4 video, and motion JPEG (M-JPEG). [ 39 ] In addition to user inputs, the device also has several sensors that give the phone information about its orientation and external conditions. These include a three-axis gyroscope, an accelerometer, a proximity sensor, and an ambient light sensor. [ 6 ] The iPhone 4S is stated to have 200 hours standby time ( iPhone 4 300 hours), 8 hours talk time on 3G (iPhone 4–7 hours), 14 hours talk time on 2G, 6 hours 3G browsing, and 9 hours Wi-Fi browsing. [ 6 ] [ 39 ] [ 45 ] Additionally, it can sustain up to 10 hours of video playback or 40 hours of audio playback. [ 46 ] Comparison between the GSM iPhone 4 hardware (top) and iPhone 4S hardware (bottom). Notice the repositioned stainless steel antennae which form the perimeter around the phone. The iPhone 4S has a stainless steel , dual cellular antenna design. Apple redesigned the antenna in the iPhone 4S after some original iPhone 4 users reported cellular signal attenuation problems as a result of holding the phone in certain positions. The improved cellular radio in the phone can switch between two antennas, depending on which is sending/receiving the best signal. These two antennas are incorporated into the distinctive stainless steel band that wraps around the sides of the iPhone 4S. [ 42 ] The bands on the iPhone 4S are divided into two antennas: cellular and GPS , with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi reliant on an internal antenna. [ 18 ] [ 47 ] The iPhone 4 and 4S were designed by Jonathan Ive . The '4' generation iPhones differ from earlier Apple designs; the bulges of the back panel as well as the band between the front and back are gone and have been replaced with flattened surfaces. The redesign reflects the utilitarianism and uniformity of existing Apple products, such as the iPad and the iMac . The overall dimensions of the iPhone 4S are lower than that of the 3GS. [ 48 ] It is 4.53 inches (115 mm) high, 2.31 inches (59 mm) wide, and 0.37 inches (9.4 mm) deep, compared to the iPhone 3GS, which is 4.55 inches (116 mm) high, 2.44 inches (62 mm) wide, and 0.48 inches (12 mm) deep; making the iPhone 4 and 4S 21.5% thinner than the 3GS . The internal components are situated between two panels of aluminosilicate glass, described by Apple as being "chemically strengthened to be 20 times stiffer and 30 times harder than plastic," theoretically allowing it to be more scratch resistant and durable than the prior models. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ edit ] Reception Reviewers praised the 4S's Siri as one of the most innovative new features. Consumers using the iPhone 4S in an Apple Store. [ edit ] Critical reception Reception to the iPhone 4S was generally favorable. Reviewers noted Siri, the new camera, and processing speeds as significant advantages over the prior model. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Tim Stevens of Engadget said that the "iPhone 4S does everything better than the iPhone 4, but it simply doesn't do anything substantially different." [ 16 ] Joshua Topolsky of The Verge stated that "if this were to be a car, it would be a Mercedes" and that Siri is "probably one of the most novel applications Apple has ever produced." [ 14 ] Most reviewers thought that Siri was the most important feature on the iPhone 4S. Brian Chen of Wired said that "the fifth-generation iPhone's superb camera and speedy dual-core processor are classy additions. But Siri is the reason people should buy this phone." [ 15 ] Retrevo surveyed more than 1,300 U.S. consumers and reported that 71 percent of all smartphone owners were not disappointed by the new iPhone 4S but 47 percent or almost a half of current iPhone 4 owners were; 12 percent were hoping for a bigger display, 21 percent wanted a refreshed design, and 29 percent desired 4G . [ 51 ] Echoing technology pundits, Reuters suggested that the lack of a more radical departure from the iPhone 4 could open new market opportunities for rivals. [ 52 ] Analyst C. K. Lu of Gartner believed that Apple no longer had the leading edge and that the 4S would only sell due to brand loyalty, as fans had been expecting an iPhone 5 with a thinner profile, edge-to-edge screen, and stronger features. [ 52 ] These same fans had also wanted a cheaper, stripped-down iPhone 4. [ 20 ] Gaming on the iPhone 4S has been likened to the PlayStation Vita , [ 53 ] [ 54 ] that features the same SGX GPU only in a quad-core configuration, and the Nintendo 3DS handheld game consoles . Further, the iPhone 4S' ability to process 80 million polygons per second [ 55 ] has been compared to the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 home video game consoles that can process 275 million and 500 million polygons per second respectively. [ 40 ] CVG 's deputy editor Andy Robinson told TechRadar that the "iPhone 4S is certainly laying down some serious credibility for the iPhone as a core gaming device. Not only is it now pushing out games that simply eclipse the Nintendo 3DS visually, but features like cloud saving and TV streaming support are really exciting for gamers." [ 40 ] The senior gaming analyst at Jon Peddie Research, Ted Pollak, believes the biggest improvement to gaming on the iPhone 4S is the voice control features, noting that "one of the features that Nintendogs players loved was the ability to talk to it. There's no reason why a game like that couldn't be done on the iPhone 4S, and much more sophisticated given the voice control shown." [ 56 ] [ edit ] Commercial reception Unlike prior iPhone models, the number of sales of the iPhone 4 had not yet climaxed before the introduction of the 4S. Previous iPhone models were released during or after declining sales figures. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] In addition, iPhone 4 users had high marks for being satisfied with their phone. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Nevertheless, they wanted more from Apple, forgetting that from Apple's perspective the iPhone 4 was still a hit and that new users may not be bothered by the unchanged look and feel as they did not formerly own an iPhone 4. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Upon the announcement of the iPhone 4S, shares of Samsung Electronics , HTC and Nokia gained on Wednesday after the 4S was announced, while Apple stock fell. However, later in the day Apple shares rebounded ending with a 1% gain. [ 52 ] [ 57 ] With the launch of the pre-order, AT T said that the demand for the iPhone 4S was "extraordinary". [ 13 ] [ 58 ] Over 200,000 pre-orders were placed within 12 hours of release through AT T. The German phone company Deutsche Telekom said they were "satisfied" with consumer interest. [ 59 ] In addition, AT T, Verizon, and Sprint sold-out pre-order stock by October 8, 2011 and by October 9 there was a 1-2 week estimate on new pre-orders to be filled. On October 20, 2011 AT T surpassed 1 million iPhone 4S activations. [ 60 ] On October 10, Apple announced that over one million iPhone 4Ss had been pre-ordered within the first 24 hours of it being on sale, beating the 600,000 device record set by the iPhone 4. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] The 16-month wait between the iPhone 4 and 4S may have contributed to overwhelming sales as well. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] On October 17, 2011, Apple had announced that four million units of the iPhone 4S were sold in the first three days of release, and 25 million iOS users had upgraded to the then latest version of iOS, iOS 5, which was released upon the introduction of the phone. Phil Schiller , Apple's senior vice president of Worldwide Product Marketing, stated that the "iPhone 4S is off to a great start with more than four million sold in its first weekend—the most ever for a phone and more than double the iPhone 4 launch during its first three days." [ 2 ] The used phone market saw unprecedented rates of trade-ins in the weeks leading up to the 4S announcement, and after it there was a drop in prices offered. [ 65 ] Previous generation iPhones are recirculated through the markets through various methods and third-party buyers may purchase older generation iPhones. Apple also buys back previous generation iPhones under a special program. [ 65 ] On April 24, 2012, AT T announced that 7.6 million iPhone units were activated in Q4 2011, and 4.3 million in Q1 2012. In total, AT T sold 5.5 million smartphones in the first quarter of 2012, out of which 78% were iPhones. [ 66 ] [ edit ] See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: iPhone 4S List of iOS devices Comparison of smartphones Apple_Inc.;Foxconn;Slogan;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;Operating_system;IOS;System_on_a_chip;Central_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit;PowerVR;LED_backlit;Image_resolution;Pixel_density;Contrast_ratio;Luminance;Fingerprint;Lipophobicity;Coating;Loudspeaker;TRS_connector;Frequency_response;Hertz;Megapixel;Backside_illumination;Frame_rate;IR_filter;Facial_recognition_system;Image_stabilization;Video_Graphics_Array;Hertz;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;GSM_frequency_bands;Hertz;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;UMTS_frequency_bands;Code_division_multiple_access;GLONASS;Global_Positioning_System;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IBookstore;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Website;Touchscreen;Smartphone;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Software;ICloud;Associated_Press;Apple_Campus;Yerba_Buena_Center_for_the_Arts;WWDC;CDMA;GSM;Apple_Campus;Tim_Cook;Steve_Jobs;Infinity_Blade_II;Infinity_Blade;IOS;Mobile_operating_system;User_interface;Direct_manipulation;Accelerometer;Application_software;Digital_distribution;Mobile_apps;ITunes_Store;Xcode;IOS_SDK;GarageBand;IMovie;IPhoto;VoIP;Podcast;Playlist;Genre;Compilation_album;Page_orientation;Cover_Flow;Natural_language_processing;Texting;IMessage;Keyboard_layout;SoC;GPU;OpenGL_ES;World_phone;CDMA;GSM;Bluetooth;ISight;Megapixel;Frames_per_second;IR_filter;Gyroscope;Pixel;Multitouch;Retina_display;Headphone_jack;Noise_cancellation;FaceTime;SIM_card;AirPlay;Motion_JPEG;Stainless_steel;Cellular_network;Global_Positioning_System;Bluetooth;Jonathan_Ive;IPad;IMac;Aluminosilicate;Engadget;Joshua_Topolsky;Reuters;Gartner;PlayStation_Vita;Handheld_game_console;Video_game_console;Computer_and_Video_Games;TechRadar;Cloud_computing;Streaming_media;Nintendogs;Samsung_Electronics;HTC_Corporation;Nokia;Deutsche_Telekom;Philip_W._Schiller;List_of_iOS_devices;Comparison_of_smartphones;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;AOL;IFixit;PC_Magazine;Ziff_Davis;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;AOL;CNN;Time_Warner;Apple_Inc.;IDG;USA_Today;Gannett_Company;Joshua_Topolsky;Vox_Media;Engadget;AOL;Mashable;Apple_Inc.;NBCNews.com;NBCUniversal;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;The_Next_Web;SlashGear;CNET;CBS_Interactive;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Apple_Inc.;El_Espectador;El_Espectador;Vox_Media;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;TIME;Time_Warner;Apple_Inc.;Eastern_Fare_Music_Foundation;Apple_Inc.;Los_Angeles_Times;Tribune_Company;Apple_Inc.;TechRadar;Future_plc;Computer_and_Video_Games;Future_plc;IDG;Ars_Technica;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;The_New_York_Times;Gizmodo;Engadget;AOL;Reuters;Thomson_Reuters;Future_plc;Maximum_PC;Future_US;Imagine_Publishing;Imagine_Publishing;Eurogamer;The_Huffington_Post;AOL;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Dow_Jones_and_Company;TechCrunch;AOL;Apple_Inc.;The_Economic_Times;The_Times_Group;International_Business_Times;IDG;PC_Magazine;Ziff_Davis;YouTube;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation; IPhone_Dev_Team The iPhone Dev Team is a group of engineers in the iOS (formerly iPhone OS ) community which has developed several tools to enable use of applications not authorized by Apple Inc on the iPhone , iPod Touch and iPad , and to enable use of the iPhone on GSM carriers not contracted by Apple. These applications provide owners with the ability to sidestep the limitations placed on the devices by the manufacturer, allowing for activities such as deep customization and easy international roaming. The group and their tools have become emblematic for these activities, [ 1 ] which are termed jailbreaking and SIM unlocking respectively, to the extent that the Electronic Frontier Foundation have made them the primary example used in their petition to create a DMCA anti-circumvention exemption for jailbreaking [ 2 ] and Apple executive Greg Joswiak (Vice President iPhone Product Marketing) has quoted them in his countering comment to the same petition. [ 3 ] By 2008, the Dev Team's tools had been used on at least 1.6 million devices worldwide. [ 4 ] IOS;IOS_version_history;Apple_Inc;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;GSM;IOS_jailbreaking;SIM_lock;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;PwnageTool;IPhone_Dev_Team;IPhone_Dev_Team; IPhone_OS 5.1.1 (Build 9B206) (May 7, 2012 ; 3 months ago ( 2012-05-07 ) ) Apple TV (2G and later) 5.1.1 (Build 9B830) (June 5, 2012 ; 2 months ago ( 2012-06-05 ) ) [ ± ] Latest unstable release iPhone (3GS and later) iPod Touch (4G and later) iPad (2G and later) Apple TV (2G and later) 6.0 Beta 4 (Build 10A5376e) (August 6, 2012 ; 16 days ago ( 2012-08-06 ) ) [ ± ] Available language (s) 34 languages [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Supported platforms ARM ( iPhone , iPod Touch , iPad , and 2nd gen. and higher Apple TV ), Apple A4 , Apple A5 , Apple A5X Default user interface Cocoa Touch ( multi-touch , GUI ) Proprietary EULA except for open-source components iOS (previously iPhone OS ) is a mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch , it has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV . Unlike Microsoft 's Windows CE ( Windows Phone ) and Google 's Android , Apple does not license iOS for installation on non-Apple hardware. As of June 12, 2012 ( 2012 -06-12 ) [update] , Apple's App Store contained more than 650,000 iOS applications, which have collectively been downloaded more than 30 billion times. [ 3 ] It had a 23% share of the smartphone operating system units sold in the first quarter of 2012, behind only Google 's Android . [ 4 ] In June 2012, it accounted for 65% of mobile web data consumption (including use on both the iPod Touch and the iPad ). [ 5 ] At the half of 2012, there were 410 million devices activated. [ 6 ] The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation , using multi-touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The response to user input is immediate and provides a fluid interface. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode). iOS is derived from OS X , with which it shares the Darwin foundation, and is therefore a Unix operating system. In iOS, there are four abstraction layers : the Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The current version of the operating system (iOS 5.1.1) dedicates 1-1.5 GB of the device's flash memory for the system partition, using roughly 800 MB of that partition (varying by model) for iOS itself. [ 7 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;Unix;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;ARM_architecture;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_TV;XNU;User_interface;Cocoa_Touch;Graphical_user_interface;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Mobile_operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_TV;Microsoft;Windows_Phone;Google;Smartphone;Google;IPod_Touch;IPad;User_interface;Direct_manipulation;Accelerometer;OS_X;Unix;Cocoa_Touch;IPhone;Software_release_life_cycle;IBooks;IOS_version_history;Apple_Inc.;Cisco_Systems;IPad;IPhone;ITunes_Ping;ITunes_Store;CDMA;Verizon_Wireless;Verizon_Wireless;ICloud;Notification_Center;IMessage;ICloud;Apple_TV;Google_Maps;IPad;Facebook;Facebook;FaceTime;SpringBoard;Application_software;Notification_Center;Web_browser;IPod;IPod;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;IMessage;Instant_messaging;YouTube;Camcorder;High_dynamic_range_imaging;FaceTime;Photo_Booth;Google_Maps;Assisted_GPS;ITunes;Compass;Game_Center;Voice_Control;BlackBerry_Messenger;Application_programming_interface;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;Game_Center;Internet;Web_browser;Web_application;IOS_SDK;Software_development_kit;Xcode;IOS_jailbreaking;SIM_lock;SpringBoard;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;DMCA;SIM_lock;Digital_rights;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Brewster_Kahle;Jonathan_Zittrain;Free_Software_Foundation;Microsoft;Digital_rights_management;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;List_of_iOS_devices;Windows_Phone;Macworld;Macworld;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;USA_Today;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Los_Angeles_Times;USA_Today;Wired_Magazine;Apple;USA_Today;The_Guardian;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Developer_Connection;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;Mac_OS;Newton_OS;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;IOS;IOS; IPhone_SDK 5.1.1 (Build 9B206) (May 7, 2012 ; 3 months ago ( 2012-05-07 ) ) Apple TV (2G and later) 5.1.1 (Build 9B830) (June 5, 2012 ; 2 months ago ( 2012-06-05 ) ) iPhone (3GS and later) iPod Touch (4G and later) iPad (2G and later) Apple TV (2G and later) 6.0 Beta 4 (Build 10A5376e) (August 6, 2012 ; 16 days ago ( 2012-08-06 ) ) Programming language used Translation available Software development kit The iOS SDK (Software Development Kit) (formerly iPhone SDK ) is a software development kit developed by Apple Inc. and released in February 2008 to develop native applications for iOS . Software_design;Apple_Inc.;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_development_kit;Software_development_kit;Apple_Inc.;Software_development_kit;Xcode;IOS_version_history;Interface_Builder;Graphical_user_interface;.Mac;Mac_OS_X;MobileMe;Xcode;Xcode;XNU;Mac_OS_X;Xcode;Cocoa_Touch;Accelerometer;Internationalization_and_localization;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Core_Animation;OpenGL_ES;Core_Location;XNU;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Skyhook_Wireless;GPS;GLONASS;SVG;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;HTML;Sun_Microsystems;Sun_Microsystems;ARM_architecture;.NET_Framework;Adobe_Flash;Hulu;IOS_jailbreaking;Apple_Inc.;Adobe_Flash_Player;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash;Apple_Developer;United_States_dollar;Mac_OS_X;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;Macworld;Apple_Inc.;MacRumors;Gizmodo;Gizmodo;MacRumors;MacRumors;Apple_Inc.;MacRumors;MacRumors;Engadget;Engadget;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;CNet;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;IOS_SDK;IOS_SDK; IPhone_applications The iPhone ( / ˈ aɪ f oʊ n / EYE -fohn ) is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. which run on iOS , originally iPhone OS . The first iPhone was unveiled by Steve Jobs , then CEO of Apple, on January 9, 2007, [ 1 ] and released on June 29, 2007. The most recent iPhone, the 5th generation iPhone 4S , was released in October 2011. An iPhone can function as a video camera (video recording was not a standard feature until the iPhone 3GS was released [ citation needed ] ), a camera phone , a portable media player , and an Internet client with email and web browsing capabilities, can send texts and receive visual voicemail , and has both Wi-Fi and cellular data ( 2G and 3G ) connectivity. The user interface is built around the device's multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard rather than a physical one. Third-party as well as Apple application software is available from the App Store , which launched in mid-2008, and as of 2012, has over 500,000 [ 2 ] "apps" approved by Apple. These apps have diverse functions, including games , reference , GPS navigation , social networking , security, and advertising for television shows, films, and celebrities . There are five generations of iPhone models, each accompanied by one of the five major releases of iOS (formerly iPhone OS). The original iPhone was a GSM phone, and established design precedents, such as screen size and button placement, that have persisted through all models. The iPhone 3G added 3G cellular network capabilities and A-GPS location . The iPhone 3GS added a compass, faster processor , and higher resolution camera, including video recording at 480p . The iPhone 4 has a rear-facing camera ( 720p video) and a front facing camera (at a lower resolution) for FaceTime video calling and for use in other apps like Skype . The iPhone 4 featured a higher-resolution 960 × 640 display; it was released on June 24, 2010. In the U.S., AT T was the only authorized carrier until February 10, 2011, when a CDMA version of the iPhone 4 launched for Verizon . On October 4, 2011, Apple announced the iPhone 4S . [ 3 ] The iPhone 4S added a higher resolution camera (8 megapixel ) with 1080p video recording, face detection , and video stabilization , a faster, dual core processor, support for both GSM/UMTS and CDMA on one chip, GLONASS support and a natural language voice control system called Siri . [ 4 ] It is available in 16 GB and 32 GB, as well as a new 64 GB capacity. In the United States, it was announced that two new carriers, Sprint and C Spire , would begin carrying the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S in October and November 2011, respectively. [ 5 ] On April 20, 2012, six more regional US carriers (Cellcom, Appalachian Wireless, Alaska Communications, GCI, MTA Solutions, and nTelos) were added in to the list of iPhone service providers. [ 6 ] 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IPhone_models This is a list and comparison of devices designed and marketed by Apple Inc. that run a Unix-like operating system named iOS , often referred to simply as iDevices . The devices include the iPhone multimedia smartphone , the iPod Touch , which is similar to the iPhone but has no cell phone hardware, and the iPad tablet computer . All three devices function as digital audio and portable media players and Internet clients. The Apple TV , which also runs iOS, is a set-top box for streaming local media to a connected television set, and has no screen of its own. The operating system on iOS devices can be updated through iTunes , or, on iOS 5 or later, via App Store without data cable. A new version of iOS tends to be released once a year, and is normally free, although iPod Touch users were formerly required to pay a small fee. Apple upgrades its products' hardware periodically (approximately yearly). There have been five generations of iPhone ( original iPhone , iPhone 3G , iPhone 3GS , iPhone 4 , and iPhone 4S ), four of iPod Touch (1st to 4th generations), and three of iPad (iPad, iPad 2 , and iPad (3rd generation) ). Magic_Mouse;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;IOS;IDevices;IPhone;Smartphone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Tablet_computer;Digital_audio_player;Portable_media_player;Internet;Apple_TV;ITunes;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Operating_system;GSM;Code_division_multiple_access;Display_device;Pixel;HVGA;Pixels_per_inch;Contrast_ratio;Lipophobicity;Aluminosilicate;Pixels_per_inch;Luminance;Data_storage_device;Gigabyte;Central_processing_unit;Hertz;Underclocking;Samsung;ARM_architecture;Underclocking;System_on_a_chip;System_on_a_chip;Computer_graphics;PowerVR;Graphics_processing_unit;Megabyte;Universal_Serial_Bus;Dock_connector;Quad_band;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;GSM_frequency_bands;Assisted_GPS;Megabit;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;UMTS_frequency_bands;Apple_earbuds;Magnetometer;Broadcom;UMTS_frequency_bands;Gyroscope;Active_noise_control;MicroSIM;World_phone;Geotagging;VGA;Camcorder;Frame_rate;Autofocus;LED;Face_detection;Image_stabilization;Wolfson_Microelectronics;Cirrus_Logic;Aluminosilicate;Stainless_steel;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;Pixel;HVGA;Pixels_per_inch;Underclocking;Samsung;PowerVR;Universal_Serial_Bus;Global_Positioning_System;Magnetometer;Frame_rate;Video_Graphics_Array;Wolfson_Microelectronics;Pixel;XGA;Pixels_per_inch;Contrast_ratio;PowerVR;Dock_connector;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;HSDPA;UMTS_frequency_bands;Video_Graphics_Array;Frame_rate;Apple_TV;OS_X;IOS;IOS;PowerVR;Graphics_processing_unit;NAND_flash;Fast_Ethernet;HDMI;TOSLINK;Infrared;Apple_Remote;Universal_Serial_Bus;NTSC;PAL;PAL;Watt;Display_resolution;HVGA;XGA;Pixel;Pixel_density;Contrast_ratio;Luminance;Active_noise_control;Apple_earbuds;Game_Center;AirPlay;OpenGL_ES;Accelerometer;Photodetector;Gyroscope;Proximity_sensor;Bluetooth;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Evolved_HSPA;Geolocation;Assisted_GPS;GLONASS;Magnetometer;FaceTime;Image_stabilization;Face_detection;Game_Center;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;List_of_iPod_models;Engadget;AOL;EE_Times;Apple_Inc.;MacRumors;Apple_Store;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;List_of_iOS_devices;List_of_iOS_devices; IPhoto iPhoto is a digital photograph manipulation software application developed by Apple Inc. and released with every Macintosh personal computer as part of the iLife suite of digital media management applications . First released in 2002, iPhoto can import, organize, edit, print and share digital photos . iPhoto is often compared to Google 's Picasa , CyberLink 's MediaShow , Adobe 's Photoshop Album , Phase One 's Media Pro and Microsoft 's Windows Live Photo Gallery . iPhoto 9, the latest version of the software, was released as part of the iLife '11 suite on October 20, 2010. On March 7, 2012, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced a new, iOS-native version of iPhoto alongside the third-generation iPad . 2 Version history [ edit ] Description [ edit ] Mac version iPhoto is designed to allow the importing of pictures from digital cameras , scanners , picture CDs and the Internet to a user's iPhoto Library. Almost all digital cameras are recognized without additional software, as are many scanners. iPhoto supports most common image file formats . After photos are imported, they can be titled, labeled, sorted and organized into groups (known as "events"). Individual photos can be edited with basic image manipulation tools, such as a red-eye filter, contrast and brightness adjustments, cropping and resizing tools, and other basic functions. iPhoto does not, however, provide the comprehensive editing functionality of programs such as GIMP , Apple 's own Aperture , or Adobe 's Photoshop (not to be confused with Photoshop Elements or Album ). iPhoto offers numerous options for sharing photos. Photo albums can be made into dynamic slideshows and optionally set to music imported from iTunes . These slideshows can be exported to QuickTime movie files, further edited in iMovie or burned directly to DVD-video discs using iDVD . Both slideshows and static photos can be shared to other Macs on a local network by using the Bonjour " zero-configuration " technology. iPhoto can also sync photo albums to any iPod with a color display. These iPods may also have an audio/video output to allow photos to be played back, along with music, on any modern television . Additionally, photos can be printed to a local printer, or, in certain markets, be sent over the internet to Kodak for professional printing. iPhoto users can order a range of products, including standard prints, posters, cards, calendars, and 100-page hardcover or softcover volumes — again, such services are available only to users in certain markets. [ 2 ] [ edit ] iOS version At an Apple media event on March 7, 2012 Tim Cook announced a new version of iPhoto for use on the iOS mobile operating system. [ 3 ] . iPhoto for iOS was made available that day on the App Store for $4.99 alongside the already-released iMovie and GarageBand for iOS. It is officially supported on the iPhone 4 , iPhone 4S , iPad 2 , and third-generation iPad , but hackers have discovered that it can be installed manually on older devices using Apple's iPhone Configuration Utility application. [ 4 ] iPhoto for iOS offers a feature set fairly comparable to that of its Mac counterpart. It can organize photos that have been synced to the device or taken with its camera. Editing features include color correction tools and photo effects, as well as cropping and straightening tools. iPhoto for iOS lacks tools for creating books, calendars, and cards and ordering prints, though it can create "Photo Journals" –- digital photo collages that can be uploaded to Apple's iCloud service and shared. [ 5 ] iPhoto for iOS has been highly praised for its professional tools and good performance and compatibility. [ 6 ] [ edit ] Version history January 7, 2002 [ 1 ] [ edit ] See also Comparison of image viewers Digital photography ^ a b "Apple Introduces iPhoto" . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/01/07Apple-Introduces-iPhoto.html . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ "Apple — iPhoto — Make your own photo books, calendars, and cards." . Apple Inc. . http://www.apple.com/ilife/iphoto/print-products.html . Retrieved 2009-04-16 . ^ "iPhoto for iOS now available on App Store for $4.99" . Idownloadblog.com. 2012-03-07 . http://www.idownloadblog.com/2012/03/07/iphoto-for-ios-now-available-on-app-store-for-4-99/ . Retrieved 2012-03-16 . ^ Dilger, Daniel Eran. "New iPhoto and iMovie apps can manually be copied to original iPad" . http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/12/03/10/new_iphoto_and_imovie_apps_can_be_manually_copied_to_the_original_ipad.html . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . ^ Dove, Jackie. "iPhoto Version 1.0 Review" . http://www.macworld.com/appguide/app.html?id=1189243 expand=false . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . ^ Boehret, Katherine (March 13, 2012). "Letting Your Fingers Do the Photo Editing" . All Things Digital . http://allthingsd.com/20120313/letting-your-fingers-do-the-photo-editing/ . Retrieved March 16, 2012 . [ edit ] External links iPhoto product page at Apple.com Apple Inc. software Apple Remote Desktop Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPhoto oldid=508932124 " Categories : Mac OS X-only software made by Apple Inc. Image viewers Photo software Image organizers Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Featured content Donate to Wikipedia Community portal Contact Wikipedia Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Bahasa Indonesia ‪norsk (bokmål)‬ Українська This page was last modified on 24 August 2012 at 13:29. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. 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Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Mobile view mw.loader.state({"site":"loading","user":"ready","user.groups":"ready"}); mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.user","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.legacy.mwsuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.vector.collapsibleNav","ext.vector.collapsibleTabs","ext.vector.editWarning","ext.vector.simpleSearch","ext.UserBuckets","ext.articleFeedback.startup","ext.articleFeedbackv5.startup","ext.markAsHelpful","ext.Experiments.lib","ext.Experiments.experiments"], null, true); Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;IOS;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_photography;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Personal_computer;ILife;Application_software;Digital_photo;Google;Picasa;CyberLink;CyberLink_MediaShow;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Photoshop_Album;Phase_One_Media_Pro;Microsoft;Windows_Live_Photo_Gallery;Tim_Cook;Digital_cameras;Image_scanner;Internet;File_format;GIMP;Apple_Inc.;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Photoshop_Elements;Adobe_Photoshop_Album;Slideshow;ITunes;QuickTime;IMovie;IDVD;Local_area_network;Zero_configuration_networking;IPod;IPod;Television;Eastman_Kodak;Tim_Cook;IMovie;GarageBand;ICloud;PowerPC;ILife;Universal_Binary;Comparison_of_image_viewers;Digital_photography;Apple_Inc.;ILife;IMovie;GarageBand;IWeb;IDVD;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;IPhoto;IPhoto; IPod iPod is a line of portable media players created by and marketed by Apple Inc. The product line-up consists of the hard drive-based iPod classic , the touchscreen iPod touch , the compact iPod nano and the ultra-compact iPod shuffle . iPod classic models store media on an internal hard drive , while all other models use flash memory to enable their smaller size (the discontinued mini used a Microdrive miniature hard drive). As with many other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices . Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod shuffle to 160 GB for the iPod classic. The iPod line was announced by Apple on October 23, 2001, and released on November 10, 2001. All of the models have been redesigned multiple times since their introduction. The most recent iPod redesigns were introduced on September 1, 2010. Apple's iTunes software can be used to transfer music to the devices from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems. [ 2 ] For users who choose not to use iTunes or whose computers cannot run iTunes, several open source alternatives are available for the iPod. [ 3 ] iTunes and its alternatives may also transfer photos, videos, games , contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars to iPod models supporting those features. Discontinued models of the line include the iPod mini and the iPod photo , the former being replaced by the iPod nano , and the latter reintegrated into the main iPod line (now the iPod classic). In iOS versions prior to iOS 5, the iPod branding is also used for the media player applications included with the iPhone and iPad ; the iPhone version is essentially a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named 'Music' and 'Video' are standardized across all iOS-powered products. [ 4 ] While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media-player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. In the last few years, iPhone and iPad sales have overtaken those of the iPod. 1 History and design 2.1 User interface 2.3 File storage and transfer 3.3 Audio performance 5 Timeline of iPod models 6 Patent disputes 8 Industry impact 9.1 Battery problems 9.2 Reliability and durability 9.3 Allegations of worker exploitation 12 External links Various iPod models, all of which have been discontinued or updated. The iPod line came from Apple's "digital hub" category, [ 5 ] when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user interfaces that were "unbelievably awful," [ 5 ] so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs , Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey , [ 6 ] and design engineer Jonathan Ive . [ 5 ] Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. [ 7 ] The product was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put "1,000 songs in your pocket." [ 8 ] Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer 's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. [ 5 ] Apple contracted another company, Pixo , to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. [ 5 ] As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod mini , the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans . Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans —a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad . iPods with color displays then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock . In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod classic and third-generation iPod nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item). In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a "plastic music box" in 1981, which he called the IXI. [ 9 ] He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$ 120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea. [ 9 ] See also: Timeline of Apple Inc. products The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Open the pod bay door, Hal !", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. [ 5 ] Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an "iPod" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks . The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005. [ 10 ] The earliest recorded use in commerce of an "iPod" trademark was in 1991 by Chrysalis Corp. of Sturgis, Michigan, styled "iPOD". [ 11 ] The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC / M4A , Protected AAC , AIFF , WAV , Audible audiobook , and Apple Lossless . The iPod photo introduced the ability to display JPEG , BMP , GIF , TIFF , and PNG image file formats. Fifth and sixth generation iPod classics, as well as third generation iPod nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 ( H.264/MPEG-4 AVC ) and QuickTime video formats , with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data-rates. [ 12 ] Originally, iPod software only worked with Mac OS ; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second generation model. [ 13 ] Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support Microsoft 's WMA audio format—but a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the "Advanced" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC , are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox ). During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer, an iPod's library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer's library. The signature iPod click wheel . iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod shuffle , the 6th generation iPod nano , and iPod touch ) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface . The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation iPod shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod touch has no click-wheel; instead it uses a 3.5" touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod touch is identical to that of the iPhone . Differences include a lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS . Main articles: iTunes and iTunes Store The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch [ 14 ] and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. [ 15 ] At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called "iTunes Plus." While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On 17 October 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009. iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft 's protected WMA or RealNetworks ' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music . RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself [ 16 ] by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales. [ 17 ] However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street . Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Music Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity. [ 18 ] Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled "The Beat Goes On..." This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of a iPhone, the telephone network . Main articles: iPod game and App Store (iOS) Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak ) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute , Solitaire , and Music Quiz . In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later. Those games were: Bejeweled , Cubis 2 , Mahjong , Mini Golf , Pac-Man , Tetris , Texas Hold 'Em , Vortex , Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and Zuma . Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod nano. With third parties like Namco , Square Enix , Electronic Arts , Sega , and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late. [ 19 ] The games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise [ citation needed ] . When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games . Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. [ 20 ] Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games. All iPods except for the iPod touch can function in "disk mode" as mass storage devices to store data files [ 21 ] but this may not be the default behavior, and in the case of the iPod touch, requires special software. [ citation needed ] If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS X computer, it uses the HFS+ file system format, which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a Mac computer. [ 22 ] If it is formatted on Windows, the FAT32 format is used. With the release of the Windows-compatible iPod, the default file system used on the iPod line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be reformatted to either file system (excluding the iPod shuffle which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (excluding the iPod shuffle) is initially plugged into a computer running Windows, it will be formatted with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS X it will be formatted with HFS+. [ 23 ] Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms. iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it. Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod. Chipsets and Electronics Chipset or Electronic iPod classic first to third generations Two ARM 7TDMI-derived CPUs running at 90 MHz iPod fourth and fifth generations, iPod mini, iPod nano first generation Variable-speed ARM 7TDMI CPUs, running at a peak of 80 MHz to save battery life iPod nano second generation Samsung System-on-a-chip , based around an ARM processor . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] iPod shuffle first generation SigmaTel STMP3550 chip that handles both the music decoding and the audio circuitry. [ 26 ] iPod touch first and second generation ARM 1176JZ(F)-S at 412mhz for first gen, 533mhz for second gen. iPod touch third and fourth generation ARM Cortex A8 at 600mhz for third gen, 800mhz for fourth gen. All iPods (except the iPod shuffle, 6G classic and 2G touch) [ 27 ] Audio Codecs developed by Wolfson Microelectronics Sixth-generation iPod classic Cirrus Logic Audio Codec Chip 45.7 mm (1.8 in) hard drives ( ATA-6 , 4200 rpm with proprietary connectors) made by Toshiba 25.4 mm (1 in) Microdrive by Hitachi and Seagate Flash Memory from Samsung , Toshiba , and others iPod shuffle and touch iPod first and second generation, shuffle Internal Lithium Polymer Batteries iPod third generation onward, iPod mini, iPod nano, iPod touch, fourth generation iPod shuffle (including maybe earlier) Internal Lithium-Ion Batteries 1.54-inch (diagonal) Multi-Touch , 240-by-240 resolution at 220 pixels per inch [ 28 ] 2.5-inch (diagonal) color LCD with LED backlight , 320-by-240 resolution at 163 pixels per inch [ 29 ] 3.5-inch (diagonal) widescreen Multi-Touch , 960-by-640 resolution at 326 pixels per inch [ 30 ] See also: iPod dock connector Four iPod wall chargers for North America , all made by Apple. These have FireWire (left) and USB (right three) connectors, which allow iPods to charge without a computer. The units have been miniaturized over time. Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery . The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector , allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod nano and the fifth-generation iPod classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod touch and the fourth-generation iPod nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm jack which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock. The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin . Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple. [ 31 ] The "Made for iPod" logo found on most classic iPod accessories Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi , are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. [ 32 ] Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology , Belkin , JBL , Bose , Monster Cable , and SendStation . Two designs of iPod earphones . The current version is shown on the right. BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, [ 33 ] allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz , [ 34 ] Volvo , [ 35 ] Nissan , Toyota , [ 36 ] Alfa Romeo , Ferrari , [ 37 ] Acura , Audi , Honda , [ 38 ] Renault , Infiniti [ 39 ] and Volkswagen . [ 40 ] Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars. Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC , Pioneer , Kenwood , Alpine , Sony , and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip —although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard. [ 41 ] Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United , Continental , Delta , and Emirates , reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. [ 42 ] Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems. [ 43 ] The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low- impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter , which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. [ 46 ] The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier . The first-generation iPod shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage , [ 44 ] rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load. For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings could "distort the [bass] sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs". [ 47 ] This would happen for EQ settings like R B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion ( clipping ) on bass instruments. From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. [ 48 ] Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit. [ 49 ] Main article: List of iPod models While the suffix "classic" was not introduced until the sixth generation, it has been applied here retroactively to all generic iPods for clarity. Original release date Rated battery life (hours) First model, with mechanical scroll wheel. 10 GB model released later. Touch-sensitive wheel. FireWire port had a cover. Hold switch revised. Windows compatibility through Musicmatch . 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 GB FireWire ( USB for syncing only) First complete redesign with all-touch interface, dock connector, and slimmer case. Musicmatch support dropped with later release of iTunes 4.1 for Windows. Adopted Click Wheel from iPod Mini, hold switch redesigned. Premium spin-off of 4G iPod with color screen and picture viewing. Later re-integrated into main iPod line. USB (FireWire for charging only) Second full redesign with a slimmer case, and larger screen with video playback. Offered in black or white. Hardware and firmware updated with 60 GB model replaced with 80 GB model on 12 September 2006. USB (FireWire for charging only) Introduced the "Classic" suffix. New interface and anodized aluminum front plate. Silver replaces white. In September 2008 the hardware and firmware was updated with a 120 GB model replacing the 80 GB model and the 160 GB model was discontinued. In September 2009, the 120GB model was replaced with a 160GB model. New smaller model, available in 5 colors. Introduced the "Click Wheel". Brighter color variants with longer battery life. Click Wheel lettering matched body color. Gold color discontinued. Later replaced by iPod Nano. USB (FireWire for charging only) Replaced Mini . Available in black or white and used flash memory. Color screen for picture viewing. 1 GB version released later. USB (FireWire for charging only) Anodized aluminum casing and 6 colors available. USB (FireWire for charging only) 2" QVGA screen, colors refreshed with chrome back, new interface, video capability, smaller Click Wheel. Revert to tall form and all-aluminum enclosure with 9 color choices, added accelerometer for shake and horizontal viewing. 4 GB model limited release in select markets. First iPod to include a video camera; also included a larger screen, an FM radio, a speaker, a pedometer, and a polished exterior case while retaining the similar colors as the fourth generation model. First iPod nano to include multi-touch screen; clip from iPod shuffle added. Video playback, speakers and camera removed. (no adaptor required) New entry-level model. Uses flash memory and has no screen. Smaller clip design with anodized aluminum casing. 4 color options added later. Colors were later refreshed twice. Smaller design with controls relocated to right earbud cable. Introduced with two colors, and features VoiceOver. More colors and 2GB model added in September 2009. Controls returned to the body of the iPod. Introduced with five colors, and features VoiceOver. USB (FireWire for charging only) [ 50 ] First iPod with Wi-Fi and a Multi-Touch interface. Features Safari browser and wireless access to the iTunes Store and YouTube . 32 GB model later added. iOS 2.0 and App Store access requires an upgrade fee. New tapered chrome back with Nike+ functionality, volume buttons, and built-in speaker added. iOS 2.0 and App Store access standard. Bluetooth support added but not made active until iOS 3.0, which requires an upgrade fee. Updated to include the upgraded internals from the iPhone 3GS; includes Voice Control support and bundled remote earphones. New thinner design including two cameras for FaceTime and HD video recording, hold button moved to top right corner, Retina display similar to iPhone 4, Apple A4 chip. White-colored version added on 4 October 2011. Sources: Apple Inc. [ 51 ] , Mactracker [ 52 ] Timeline of iPod models See also: Timeline of full-sized iPod models and Timeline of compact iPod models Sources: Apple press release library, [ 53 ] Mactracker Apple Inc. model database [ 52 ] In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: [ 54 ] Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a "music jukebox", [ 55 ] while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent [ 56 ] issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony , RealNetworks, Napster , and Musicmatch as defendants. [ 57 ] Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on "rotational user inputs", [ 58 ] as used on the iPod interface, received a third "non-final rejection" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology , one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent [ 59 ] on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on August 9, 2005. [ 60 ] On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States. [ 61 ] On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program. [ 62 ] iPod quarterly sales. Click for table of data and sources. Note that Q1 is October through December of previous year, the holiday season. See also: iPod advertising Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. [ 63 ] During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including Wal-Mart —and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple. [ 64 ] In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod sales. [ not in citation given ] [ 65 ] On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. [ 66 ] Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers. [ 67 ] On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt. [ 68 ] On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales. [ 69 ] On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. [ 70 ] At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. [ 71 ] As of October 2011 [update] , Apple reported that total number of iPods sold worldwide was 300 million. [ 72 ] iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence, [ 73 ] to most innovative audio product, [ 74 ] to fourth best computer product of 2006. [ 75 ] iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has "altered the landscape for portable audio players". [ 74 ] Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, [ 76 ] and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia , which play AAC files rather than WMA. Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff. [ 77 ] iPods have also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website, [ 78 ] including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education [ 79 ] and more general K-16 education. [ 80 ] Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications. [ 81 ] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Yes, children, there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. Weird." [ 82 ] The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. [ 83 ] In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. [ 84 ] The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement. [ 85 ] iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use [ 86 ] (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span ) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits. Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before [ 87 ] a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers . [ 88 ] The initial cost was US$99, [ 89 ] and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. [ 90 ] For the iPod nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] The first generation iPod nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. [ 93 ] Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge. iPods have been criticized for alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that "the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. [ 94 ] In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] A class action lawsuit was also filed. [ 97 ] Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves. On June 11, 2006, the British tabloid The Mail on Sunday reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts. [ 98 ] Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time. [ 99 ] Foxconn , Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, [ 100 ] but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verité, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions , [ 101 ] the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] In 2010, a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China. Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] As of 2006, the iPod was produced by about 14,000 workers in the U.S. and 27,000 overseas. Further, the salaries attributed to this product were overwhelmingly distributed to highly skilled U.S. professionals, as opposed to lower skilled U.S. retail employees or overseas manufacturing labor. One interpretation of this result is that U.S. innovation can create more jobs overseas than domestically. [ 106 ] Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. Comparison of portable media players Comparison of iPod managers ^ "Apple, HP, Dell Looking Into Foxconn’s Working Conditions In China – ChinaTechNews.com – The Technology Source for the Latest Chinese News on Internet, Computers, Digital, Science, Electronics, Law, Security, Software, Web 2.0, Telecom, and Wireless Industries" . ChinaTechNews.com. May 28, 2010 . http://www.chinatechnews.com/2010/05/28/12117-apple-hp-dell-looking-into-foxconns-working-conditions-in-china . Retrieved June 2, 2010 . ^ Apple Inc.. "iTunes system requirements. Apple iTunes software runs on Mac OS X 10.3.9 or OS X 10.4.9 or later and on Microsoft Windows XP (Service Pack 2) or Vista" . http://www.apple.com/itunes/download/ . Retrieved May 28, 2008 . ^ McKillop, Ross (July 8, 2007). "10 Alternatives to iTunes for managing your iPod" . Simple Help . http://www.simplehelp.net/2007/07/08/10-alternatives-to-itunes-for-managing-your-ipod/ . Retrieved May 28, 2008 . ^ "APPLE IOS 5 IPHONE / IPAD HANDS-ON (screenshot of iPhone home screen with iOS 5 preview)" . Boy Genius Report . June 6, 2011 . http://www.bgr.com/nggallery/page-320/album-all/gallery-186/image/2403/ . Retrieved June 6, 2011 . ^ a b c d e f Kahney, Leander. Straight Dope on the iPod's Birth , Wired News , October 17, 2006. Retrieved on October 30, 2006. ^ " 2007 Engineer of the Year Finalist Michael Dhuey’s Hardware Knowledge Helps Breathe Life Into iPod, TelePresence ", Design News , September 24, 2007. ^ Steve Jobs by Walter Issac page 865 ^ "A History of the iPod: 2000 to 2004" . Lowendmac.com . http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/origin-of-the-ipod.html . Retrieved 2011-08-15 . ^ a b Boffey, Daniel Apple admit Briton DID invent iPod, but he's still not getting any money Daily Mail , September 8, 2008. Retrieved on September 8, 2008. ^ Serial No. 78018061, Registration No. 2781793, records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. InPub, LLC, filed an "IPOD" trademark on June 1, 1999, for "computer software and hardware." The trademark was abandoned May 18, 2000, without commercial use. ^ "Ipod by Chrysalis Incorporated" . Trademarkia . http://www.trademarkia.com/ipod-74132201.html . Retrieved December 20, 2011 . ^ The restrictions vary from generation to generation; for the earliest video iPods, video is required to be Baseline Profile (BP), up to Level 1.3 , meaning most significantly no B-frames (BP), a maximum bitrate of 768 kb/s (BP Level 1.3), and a maximum framerate of 30 frame/s at 320×240 resolution. Newer iPods support BP up to level 3.0 (10,000 kb/s), for a maximum framerate of 30 frame/s at 640×480 resolution. Current specifications can be seen at iPod classic Technical Specs , and practical implementations can be seen in the libx264-ipod320.ffpreset and libx264-ipod640.ffpreset preset files for FFmpeg , as discussed in [Ffmpeg-user] Successful ipod h264 encoding , by Daniel Rogers, Jun 11, 2006. ^ "iTunes Downloads" . Apple.com. 2008-02-07 . http://www.apple.com/itunes/download/ . Retrieved 2011-08-15 . ^ iTunes Music Store Catalog Tops One Million Songs , Apple Inc. , August 10, 2004. Retrieved on December 28, 2006. ^ Scott-Joynt, Jeremy. 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Docs.info.apple.com. 2010-01-06 . http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=306414 . Retrieved 2011-08-15 . ^ —Gina Trapani (2007-05-14). "How To: Boot up your Mac from your iPod" . Lifehacker.com . http://lifehacker.com/software/how-to/boot-up-your-mac-from-your-ipod-260157.php . Retrieved 2011-08-15 . ^ "Restore iPod – Format iPod – Reformat iPod – iPod Restore Software" . Ipod.about.com. February 1, 2010 . http://ipod.about.com/od/restoreandreformatipod/a/ipod_format_a.htm . Retrieved June 2, 2010 . ^ Cassell, Jonathan. Apple Delivers More For Less With New iPod nano , iSuppli Corporation, September 20, 2006. Retrieved on October 21, 2006. ^ "mobile SoC" . Samsung Group. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008 . http://web.archive.org/web/20080225041633/http://www.samsung.com/global/business/semiconductor/products/mobilesoc/Products_MobileSoC.html . Retrieved August 4, 2009 . ^ Williams, Martyn. How Much Should an IPod shuffle Cost? , PC World , February 24, 2005. Retrieved on August 14, 2006. ^ Macworld Wolfson loses Apple iPod business ^ "iPod nano Technical Specifications" . Apple Inc. . http://www.apple.com/ipodnano/specs.html . Retrieved September 3, 2010 . ^ "iPod classic Technical Specifications" . Apple Inc. . http://www.apple.com/ipodclassic/specs.html . Retrieved August 4, 2009 . ^ "iPod touch Technical Specifications" . Apple Inc. . http://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/specs.html . Retrieved September 3, 2010 . ^ Johnson, Joel (July 10, 2008). "How the "Apple Tax" Boosts Prices on iPod iPhone Accessories" . Popular Mechanics . http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4272628.html?page=1 . Retrieved September 9, 2008 . ^ In-The-Ear Bluetooth Earphones . Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ iPod Your BMW . Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ Apple Mercedes-Benz Unveil iPod Integration Kit , Apple Inc. , January 11, 2005. Retrieved on June 20, 2006. ^ Apple Volvo Announce iPod Connectivity For Entire 2005 US Model Line , Apple Inc. , January 11, 2005. Retrieved on June 20, 2006. ^ "Toyota introduce iPod integration kit" . Gizmag.com. September 4, 2007 . http://www.gizmag.com/go/7945/ . Retrieved June 2, 2010 . ^ Apple Leading Car Companies Team Up to Deliver iPod Integration in 2005 , Apple Inc. , January 11, 2005. Retrieved on June 20, 2006. ^ Honda Music Link for iPods , Honda . Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ Apple Car Integration page [ dead link ] ^ Apple Teams Up With Acura, Audi, Honda Volkswagen to Deliver Seamless iPod Experience , Apple Inc. , September 7, 2005. Retrieved on June 20, 2006. ^ Car Integration: iPod your car , Apple Inc. . Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ Apple Teams Up With Continental, Delta, Emirates, United to deliver iPod Integration , Apple Inc. , November 14, 2006. Retrieved on December 7, 2006. ^ Marsal, Katie. Two of six airlines say there's no ink on iPod deal , AppleInsider , November 15, 2006. Retrieved on December 7, 2006. ^ a b Machrone, Bill. iPod audio measurements , PC Magazine , 2005. Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ Heijligers, Marc. iPod audio measurements . Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ Heijligers, Marc. iPod circuit design engineering , May 2006. Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ Kuzmanoski, Brian. Tweaking the iPod equalizer , DAP review , 2005. Retrieved on July 22, 2011. ^ Cohen, Peter. iPod update limits iPod volume setting , Macworld, 2006. Retrieved on November 7, 2008. ^ Fried, Ian. Apple pulls iPod in France . Retrieved on November 7, 2008. ^ "iPhone and iPod touch: Charging the battery" . Apple. 15 October 2009 . http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1476 . 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"Creative sues Apple over patent" . MacWorld . Mac Publishing . http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=14646 . Retrieved April 30, 2012 . ^ Apple Creative Announce Broad Settlement... , , Apple Inc. . Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ Marsal, Katie. iPod: how big can it get? , AppleInsider , May 24, 2006. Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ HP to stop selling Apple's iPods , AppleInsider , July 29, 2005. Retrieved on August 6, 2007. ^ "Apple Reports First Quarter Results" . Apple Press Info. January 17, 2007 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/17Apple-Reports-First-Quarter-Results.html . ^ "Apple Reports Second Quarter Results" . Apple Press Info. April 25, 2007 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/04/25Apple-Reports-Second-Quarter-Results.html . ^ "Study: iPod users to switch for iPhone" . MacNN. May 16, 2007 . http://www.macnn.com/articles/07/05/16/ipod.users.back.iphone/ . ^ Apple Reports Fourth Quarter 2007 Results , Apple Inc. , October 22, 2007. Retrieved on October 22, 2007. ^ Apple Inc. (January 22, 2008). Apple Reports First Quarter Results . Press release. Retrieved on January 23, 2008 ^ AppleInsider (October 27, 2008). [1] Retrieved on October 27, 2008 ^ World of Apple. (September 9, 2009). Live Coverage From Apple’s “It’s Only Rock and Roll” Event . Press release. Retrieved on September 9, 2009 ^ Albanesius, Chloe (October 4, 2011). "Apple Unveils Updated iPod nano, touch" . PC Magazine . http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2394061,00.asp . Retrieved December 20, 2011 . ^ iPod and Bluetooth lead to prizes , BBC News , June 3, 2005. Retrieved on March 20, 2007. ^ a b "The 25 Most Innovative Products of the Year" . PC World . August 3, 2007 . http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,123942-page,2/article.html . Retrieved February 17, 2007 . ^ Apple wins 5 'World Class' awards , MacNN . Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ Apple, iPod, and CD Copy Protection , MacRumors . Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ Hospitals train staff with iPods , BBC News , March 29, 2006. Retrieved on June 16, 2007. ^ "Mobile Learning" . Apple.com . http://www.apple.com/education/teachers-professors/mobile-learning.html . Retrieved 2011-08-15 . ^ Maag, M.E.D. (2006). "Podcasting and MP3 players: emerging education technologies" . CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing 24 (1): 9–13. PMID 16436906 . http://www.cinjournal.com/pt/re/cin/fulltext.00024665-200601000-00005.htm . Retrieved February 8, 2008 . ^ Slykhuis, D. (2006). Have an iPod? Then you need to know this about how to use it in your classroom . http://www.aace.org/newdl/index.cfm?fuseaction=Reader.ViewAbstract paper_id=22435 . Retrieved February 8, 2008 . [ dead link ] ^ — Doug Lederman. "Duke’s Ever-Evolving iPod Initiative" . Insidehighered.com . http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/04/28/ipod . Retrieved 2011-08-15 . ^ Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "THE 100 Greatest MOVIES, TV SHOWS, ALBUMS, BOOKS, CHARACTERS, SCENES, EPISODES, SONGS, DRESSES, MUSIC VIDEOS, AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84 ^ MP3 Insider: The truth about your battery life , mp3.com , March 13, 2006. Retrieved on July 10, 2006. ^ Apple investigates iPod batteries , BBC News , February 10, 2004. Retrieved on March 20, 2007. ^ Horwitz, Jeremy. Apple’s iPod Battery Settlement, Explained , iLounge , June 10, 2005. Retrieved on August 27, 2006. ^ The Curse of Lithium Ion Batteries , MP3 Newswire , January 6, 2006. Retrieved on November 30, 2006. ^ iPod Battery FAQ . Retrieved on November 26, 2006. ^ Neistat, Casey. A Message From the Neistat Brothers , November 20, 2003. Retrieved on February 17, 2007. ^ Apple offers iPod battery replacement service , MacMinute , November 14, 2003. Retrieved on November 26, 2006. ^ AppleCare for iPod now available , MacMinute , November 21, 2003. Retrieved on November 26, 2006. ^ Ecker, Clint. Vivisection of the Video iPod , Ars Technica , October 19, 2005. Retrieved on November 26, 2006. ^ Disassemble Guide for Video iPod . Retrieved on November 26, 2006. ^ "Apple opens up replacement program for first-gen iPod nano" . Apple Insider. November 12, 2011 . http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/11/12/apple_opens_up_replacement_program_for_first_gen_ipod_nano.html . Retrieved December 20, 2011 . ^ iPod Reliability Survey , MacInTouch , November 28, 2005. Retrieved on October 29, 2006. ^ Apple responds to iPod nano screen concerns , Macworld , September 27, 2005. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: iPod Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: iPod Apple iPod —Official website iPod troubleshooting basics and service FAQ —From the official website Apple's 21st century Walkman —Brent Schlender, Fortune , November 12, 2001 iPod Nation — Steven Levy , Newsweek , July 26, 2004 The Perfect Thing — Steven Levy , Wired , November 2006 Comparison of iPod managers Italics indicate discontinued products . See also: iOS-based products . Safari ( versions ) Notification Center iOS ( version history ) Apple hardware since 1998 Professional computers Apple Workgroup Server Consumer electronics Apple hardware before 1998 . Comparison of Macintosh models List of discontinued products Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman) Discontinued products Thunderbolt Display Stores and services Spruce Technologies Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPod oldid=508981732 " Categories : IPod 2001 introductions Portable media players Industrial designs IOS software ITunes Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2011 Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from July 2011 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia protected pages without expiry Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Featured content Donate to Wikipedia Community portal Contact Wikipedia Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Български Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული മലയാളം ‪norsk (bokmål)‬ ‪norsk (nynorsk)‬ Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски తెలుగు Українська This page was last modified on 24 August 2012 at 19:59. 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IPod_Classic The iPod Classic (trademarked, marketed, and stylized as iPod classic is a portable media player marketed by Apple Inc. The current generation is by far the most capacious iPod Classic, with 160GB of storage. To date, there have been six generations of the iPod Classic, as well as a spin-off (the iPod Photo ) that was later re-integrated into the main iPod line. (Some sources incorrectly refer to the revisions of the sixth generation as a separate "seventh generation." [ 1 ] ) All generations use a 1.8-inch (46 mm) hard drive for storage. The "classic" suffix was initially introduced during the 6th generations release. [ 2 ] and was formally introduced with the rollout of the sixth-generation iPod on September 5, 2007 [ 3 ] Prior to this, all iPod Classic models were simply referred to as iPods. [ 4 ] It is available in silver or black replacing the "signature iPod white". Apple_Inc.;Portable_media_player;Hard_drive;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Operating_system;Pixel;LCD;Pixel;LCD;LCD;Universal_Serial_Bus;FireWire;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;IPhone;Portable_media_player;Apple_Inc.;IPod_Photo;Hard_disk_drive;FireWire;Musicmatch_Jukebox;ITunes;ITunes;Microsoft_Windows;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;Harry_Potter;ITunes;IPod_Photo;IPod_Photo;IPod_Nano;QVGA;Steve_Jobs;Anodized_aluminum;Polycarbonate;Cover_Flow;Backlight;Megabyte;Random_access_memory;Firmware;Hard_disk_drive;Rockbox;Personal_digital_assistant;Solitaire;Gapless_playback;FireWire;FireWire;Musicmatch_Jukebox;FireWire;Touchpad;FireWire;Musicmatch_Jukebox;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;IPod_Photo;FireWire;USB;IPod_Photo;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;Harry_Potter;Harry_Potter;Harry_Potter;USB;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;FireWire;Windows_XP;USB;FireWire;Windows_XP;USB;FireWire;Windows_XP;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Macworld;Apple_Inc;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic; IPod_Mini The iPod Mini (marketed and stylized as the iPod mini ) is a digital audio player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It was the midrange model in Apple's iPod product line. It was announced on January 6, 2004 and released on February 20 of the same year. A second-generation version was announced on February 23, 2005 and released later that year. While it was in production, it was one of the most popular electronic products on the market, with consumers often unable to find a retailer with the product in stock. The iPod Mini line was officially discontinued on September 7, 2005 and was replaced by the iPod Nano line. The iPod Mini used the touch-sensitive scroll wheel of the third generation iPod. However, instead of the four touch buttons located above the wheel, the buttons were redesigned as mechanical switches beneath the wheel itself—hence the name click wheel . To use one of the four buttons, the user physically pushed the edge of the wheel inward over one of the four labels. Like its predecessors, the wheel was developed for Apple by Synaptics . The click wheel was now also used in the fourth , fifth and sixth generation iPods and the iPod Nano, from first generation through the fifth; however, in the Nano and 5G iPods onwards, the click wheel was developed by Apple. Above the wheel was a monochrome 138x110 LCD that displayed a menu or information about the selected track. Newer-generation iPods have since adopted color displays. Apple_Inc.;Digital_audio_player;Microdrive;Operating_system;LCD;USB;FireWire;Dock_connector;IPod_Nano;Digital_audio_player;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;IPod_Nano;Anodizing;Microdrive;Seagate_Technology;Microdrive;FireWire;Dock_connector;Universal_Serial_Bus;FireWire;IPod_Nano;Advanced_Audio_Coding;WAV;AIFF;Apple_Lossless;ITunes;ITunes_Store;Rockbox;Microdrive;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_Mini;IPod_Mini; IPod_Nano The iPod Nano (marketed, and stylized as iPod nano ) is a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first generation iPod Nano was introduced on September 7, 2005 as a replacement for the iPod Mini . [ 1 ] It uses flash memory for storage. The iPod Nano has gone through six models, or generations, since its introduction. The current "sixth generation" iPod Nano supports FM radio , a pedometer , and a 39.1-millimetre (1.54 in) square 240×240 display with a multitouch interface. Apple_Inc.;Foxconn;Portable_Media_Player;Flash_memory;Gigabyte;Operating_system;Liquid_crystal_display;Liquid_crystal_display;Liquid_crystal_display;IPod_click_wheel;Accelerometer;Dock_Connector;Universal_Serial_Bus;IPod_Mini;IPod_Classic;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Portable_media_player;Apple_Inc.;IPod_Mini;Flash_memory;FM_radio;Multitouch;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ITunes_Store;Variable_bitrate;Audible.com;Apple_Lossless;AIFF;WAV;Earphone;PortalPlayer;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPod_Mini;Steve_Jobs;Mexico;BusinessWeek;Personal_computer;ITunes;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Cover_Flow;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Classic;Firmware;Accelerometer;Cover_Flow;User_interface;IPod;Apple_Inc.;FireWire;Video_camera;Microphone;ITunes;Loudspeaker;IPod_Touch;Pixel;Pixels_per_inch;FM_radio;Disney;Universal_Serial_Bus;ITunes;IPod_Mini;Universal_Serial_Bus;ITunes;Universal_Serial_Bus;Windows_XP;ITunes;Quarter_VGA;Pixels_per_inch;QVGA;Universal_Serial_Bus;Windows_XP;ITunes;Quarter_VGA;Pixels_per_inch;Accelerometer;Universal_Serial_Bus;Windows_XP;ITunes;Pixels_per_inch;Universal_Serial_Bus;Windows_XP;ITunes;Pixels_per_inch;Apple_Store;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;ITunes;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPod_Mini;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;CNet;EWeek;Macworld;Engadget;Gizmodo;ZDNet;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;Engadget;Apple_Inc;Apple_Inc;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano; IPod_Photo The iPod Photo was a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It was the top-of-the-line model in Apple's iPod family. It was positioned as a premium higher-end spin-off of the fourth-generation iPod on October 26, 2004. [ 1 ] Originally named iPod Photo , with a capital "P", a few months later it was renamed iPod photo , [ citation needed ] presumably to fit in with the naming of the iPod mini . [ 2 ] [ when? ] It was merged back into the standard iPod Classic line within eight months of its introduction on June 28, 2005 as the iPod (with color display) . Apple_Computer;Portable_media_player;Hard_drive;Operating_system;LCD;USB;FireWire;Dock_connector;Portable_media_player;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPod_mini;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;Digital_audio_player;Hard_drive;Personal_computer;FireWire;USB;Pixel;LCD;ITunes;IPhoto;Apple_Macintosh;Adobe_Photoshop;Microsoft_Windows;JPEG;BMP_file_format;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Portable_Network_Graphics;Television;Slideshow;FireWire;Television;Digital_camera;Belkin;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_Photo;IPod_Photo; IPod_Shuffle The iPod Shuffle is a digital audio player designed and marketed by Apple Inc . It is the smallest model in Apple's iPod family, and was the first to use flash memory . The first model was announced at the Macworld Conference Expo on January 11, 2005; the current fourth generation model was introduced on September 1, 2010. [ 1 ] Apple_Inc.;Flash_memory;IPod_Nano;IPod_Mini;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPhone;Apple_Inc;IPod;Flash_memory;ITunes;Advanced_Audio_Coding;SigmaTel;System_on_a_chip;Liquid_crystal_display;Playlist;ISync;Apple_Lossless;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Universal_Serial_Bus;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Universal_Serial_Bus;Dell;Gigabyte;IPod_Mini;File_Allocation_Table;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Universal_Serial_Bus;TRS_connector;Variable_bitrate;Advanced_Audio_Coding;WAV;AIFF;Apple_Lossless;WAV;AIFF;Apple_Store;IPod_Nano;IPod_Mini;VoiceOver;ITunes;IPod_earbuds;Digital_rights_management;Apple_Store;Stainless_steel;VoiceOver;ITunes;Variable_bitrate;Advanced_Audio_Coding;WAV;AIFF;Apple_Lossless;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;VoiceOver;Windows_XP;Mac_Mini;IPod;IPod_Mini;NPD_Group;Steve_Jobs;Integrated_circuit;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;PC_Magazine;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Shuffle; IPod_Touch The iPod Touch (stylized and marketed as lowercase iPod touch ; also colloquially referred to as the iTouch , [ 8 ] by analogy to the iPhone ) is a portable media player , personal digital assistant , handheld game console , and Wi-Fi mobile device designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The iPod Touch adds the multi-touch graphical user interface to the iPod line. It is the first iPod with wireless access to the iTunes Store , and also has access to Apple's App Store , enabling content to be purchased and downloaded directly on the device. As of March 2011, Apple has sold over 60 million iPod Touch units. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Apple_Inc.;Foxconn;Operating_system;Sound;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Flash_memory;Megabyte;Liquid_crystal_display;Pixel;Pixels_per_inch;Touchscreen;Voice_control;Accelerometer;Gyroscope;VGA;Pixel;Universal_Serial_Bus;Dock_connector;ITunes_Store;IBookstore;ICloud;List_of_iOS_devices;IPhone;Portable_media_player;Personal_digital_assistant;Handheld_game_console;Mobile_device;Apple_Inc.;Graphical_user_interface;IPod;ITunes_Store;IOS;IOS_version_history;IBooks;FaceTime;List_of_iOS_devices;IOS;IOS_version_history;IPhone;IOS;Steve_Jobs;ICloud;Universal_Serial_Bus;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IBooks;ITunes_Store;Software_development_kit;IOS_SDK;JailbreakMe;IOS_jailbreaking;PwnageTool;List_of_iOS_devices;List_of_iPod_models;Universal_Serial_Bus;Dock_connector;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;ITunes_Store;IOS_version_history;Bluetooth;Broadcom;Voice_control;IOS_version_history;FaceTime;Retina_display;Operating_system;IOS_version_history;Operating_system;Display_device;Aspect_ratio;Liquid_crystal_display;Pixel;HVGA;Pixels_per_inch;Samsung;Samsung;Central_processing_unit;Hertz;Underclocking;ARM_architecture;Graphics_processing_unit;PowerVR;Data_storage_device;Gigabyte;Megabyte;Universal_Serial_Bus;Dock_connector;IPod_earbuds;Gyroscope;Camcorder;Frame_rate;VGA;Wolfson_Microelectronics;Cirrus_Logic;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;List_of_iOS_devices;CNET;CBS_Interactive;International_Standard_Book_Number;AppleInsider;Apple_Inc.;Ryan_Block;Engadget;AOL;Engadget;AOL;Ryan_Block;Engadget;AOL;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Apple_Inc.;Ryan_Block;Engadget;AOL;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;Apple_Inc.;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch; IPod_advertising Apple has used a variety of advertising campaigns to promote its iPod portable digital media player. The campaigns include television commercials , print ads, posters in public places, and wrap advertising campaigns. These advertising techniques are unified by a distinctive, consistent style that differs from Apple's other ads . iPod Nano advertisement in New York City Apple_Inc.;IPod;Apple_Inc._advertising;IPod_Nano;ITunes_Store;Gorillaz;Coldplay;IPod_shuffle;Steve_Jobs;IPod;IPod_nano;IPod_shuffle;Paul_McCartney;Coldplay;Apple_Inc._advertising;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_advertising;IPod_advertising; IPod_classic The iPod Classic (trademarked, marketed, and stylized as iPod classic is a portable media player marketed by Apple Inc. The current generation is by far the most capacious iPod Classic, with 160GB of storage. To date, there have been six generations of the iPod Classic, as well as a spin-off (the iPod Photo ) that was later re-integrated into the main iPod line. (Some sources incorrectly refer to the revisions of the sixth generation as a separate "seventh generation." [ 1 ] ) All generations use a 1.8-inch (46 mm) hard drive for storage. The "classic" suffix was initially introduced during the 6th generations release. [ 2 ] and was formally introduced with the rollout of the sixth-generation iPod on September 5, 2007 [ 3 ] Prior to this, all iPod Classic models were simply referred to as iPods. [ 4 ] It is available in silver or black replacing the "signature iPod white". Apple_Inc.;Portable_media_player;Hard_drive;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Operating_system;Pixel;LCD;Pixel;LCD;LCD;Universal_Serial_Bus;FireWire;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;IPhone;Portable_media_player;Apple_Inc.;IPod_Photo;Hard_disk_drive;FireWire;Musicmatch_Jukebox;ITunes;ITunes;Microsoft_Windows;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;Harry_Potter;ITunes;IPod_Photo;IPod_Photo;IPod_Nano;QVGA;Steve_Jobs;Anodized_aluminum;Polycarbonate;Cover_Flow;Backlight;Megabyte;Random_access_memory;Firmware;Hard_disk_drive;Rockbox;Personal_digital_assistant;Solitaire;Gapless_playback;FireWire;FireWire;Musicmatch_Jukebox;FireWire;Touchpad;FireWire;Musicmatch_Jukebox;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;IPod_Photo;FireWire;USB;IPod_Photo;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;Harry_Potter;Harry_Potter;Harry_Potter;USB;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;FireWire;Windows_XP;USB;FireWire;Windows_XP;USB;FireWire;Windows_XP;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Macworld;Apple_Inc;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic; IPod_click_wheel The iPod click wheel is the navigation component of several iPod models. It uses a combination of touch technology and traditional buttons, involving the technology of capacitive sensing , which senses the energy of the user's fingers. The wheel allows a user to find music, videos, photos and play games on the device. The wheel is flush on the face of the iPod and is located directly underneath the screen. The design was first released with the iPod Mini , and is now only currently used on the iPod Classic . IPod;IPod;IPod_Mini;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;How_Stuff_Works;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_click_wheel;IPod_click_wheel; IPod_earbuds iPod earbuds are the iconic [ 1 ] [ 2 ] white earphones that ship with all music players designed and marketed by Apple Inc. Headphones;Apple_Inc.;IPod_advertising;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Microphone;Timeline_of_Apple_products;New_York_Times;Flickr;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_earbuds;Apple_earbuds; IPod_earphones iPod earbuds are the iconic [ 1 ] [ 2 ] white earphones that ship with all music players designed and marketed by Apple Inc. Headphones;Apple_Inc.;IPod_advertising;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Microphone;Timeline_of_Apple_products;New_York_Times;Flickr;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_earbuds;Apple_earbuds; IPod_game An iPod click wheel game or iPod game is a video game playable on the various versions of the Apple portable media player, the iPod . The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak ) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games in addition to Brick : Parachute , Solitaire , and Music Quiz . These games should not be confused with games for the iPod Touch , which require iOS and are only available on Apple's App Store on iTunes . Video_game;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Steve_Wozniak;Firmware;Solitaire;IPod_Touch;IOS;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;Bejeweled;Mini_Golf;Tetris;United_States_dollar;Solitaire;Sega;Namco;Square_Enix;Electronic_Arts;Sega;Hudson_Soft;GamePro;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;Software_development_kit;IOS_SDK;IOS;IPhone;IPod_Touch;United_States_dollar;Apple_Inc.;Namco;Tetris;Electronic_Arts;Mini_Golf;Sega;Hudson_Soft;Disney;Bejeweled;Square_Enix;Square_Enix;Apple_Inc.;United_Kingdom;Australia;Software_development_kit;Digital_rights_management;Firmware;Rockbox;Engadget;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_game;IPod_game; IPod_mini The iPod Mini (marketed and stylized as the iPod mini ) is a digital audio player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It was the midrange model in Apple's iPod product line. It was announced on January 6, 2004 and released on February 20 of the same year. A second-generation version was announced on February 23, 2005 and released later that year. While it was in production, it was one of the most popular electronic products on the market, with consumers often unable to find a retailer with the product in stock. The iPod Mini line was officially discontinued on September 7, 2005 and was replaced by the iPod Nano line. The iPod Mini used the touch-sensitive scroll wheel of the third generation iPod. However, instead of the four touch buttons located above the wheel, the buttons were redesigned as mechanical switches beneath the wheel itself—hence the name click wheel . To use one of the four buttons, the user physically pushed the edge of the wheel inward over one of the four labels. Like its predecessors, the wheel was developed for Apple by Synaptics . The click wheel was now also used in the fourth , fifth and sixth generation iPods and the iPod Nano, from first generation through the fifth; however, in the Nano and 5G iPods onwards, the click wheel was developed by Apple. Above the wheel was a monochrome 138x110 LCD that displayed a menu or information about the selected track. Newer-generation iPods have since adopted color displays. Apple_Inc.;Digital_audio_player;Microdrive;Operating_system;LCD;USB;FireWire;Dock_connector;IPod_Nano;Digital_audio_player;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;IPod_Nano;Anodizing;Microdrive;Seagate_Technology;Microdrive;FireWire;Dock_connector;Universal_Serial_Bus;FireWire;IPod_Nano;Advanced_Audio_Coding;WAV;AIFF;Apple_Lossless;ITunes;ITunes_Store;Rockbox;Microdrive;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_Mini;IPod_Mini; IPod_nano The iPod Nano (marketed, and stylized as iPod nano ) is a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first generation iPod Nano was introduced on September 7, 2005 as a replacement for the iPod Mini . [ 1 ] It uses flash memory for storage. The iPod Nano has gone through six models, or generations, since its introduction. The current "sixth generation" iPod Nano supports FM radio , a pedometer , and a 39.1-millimetre (1.54 in) square 240×240 display with a multitouch interface. Apple_Inc.;Foxconn;Portable_Media_Player;Flash_memory;Gigabyte;Operating_system;Liquid_crystal_display;Liquid_crystal_display;Liquid_crystal_display;IPod_click_wheel;Accelerometer;Dock_Connector;Universal_Serial_Bus;IPod_Mini;IPod_Classic;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Portable_media_player;Apple_Inc.;IPod_Mini;Flash_memory;FM_radio;Multitouch;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ITunes_Store;Variable_bitrate;Audible.com;Apple_Lossless;AIFF;WAV;Earphone;PortalPlayer;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPod_Mini;Steve_Jobs;Mexico;BusinessWeek;Personal_computer;ITunes;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Cover_Flow;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Classic;Firmware;Accelerometer;Cover_Flow;User_interface;IPod;Apple_Inc.;FireWire;Video_camera;Microphone;ITunes;Loudspeaker;IPod_Touch;Pixel;Pixels_per_inch;FM_radio;Disney;Universal_Serial_Bus;ITunes;IPod_Mini;Universal_Serial_Bus;ITunes;Universal_Serial_Bus;Windows_XP;ITunes;Quarter_VGA;Pixels_per_inch;QVGA;Universal_Serial_Bus;Windows_XP;ITunes;Quarter_VGA;Pixels_per_inch;Accelerometer;Universal_Serial_Bus;Windows_XP;ITunes;Pixels_per_inch;Universal_Serial_Bus;Windows_XP;ITunes;Pixels_per_inch;Apple_Store;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;ITunes;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPod_Mini;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;CNet;EWeek;Macworld;Engadget;Gizmodo;ZDNet;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;Engadget;Apple_Inc;Apple_Inc;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano; IPod_photo The iPod Photo was a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It was the top-of-the-line model in Apple's iPod family. It was positioned as a premium higher-end spin-off of the fourth-generation iPod on October 26, 2004. [ 1 ] Originally named iPod Photo , with a capital "P", a few months later it was renamed iPod photo , [ citation needed ] presumably to fit in with the naming of the iPod mini . [ 2 ] [ when? ] It was merged back into the standard iPod Classic line within eight months of its introduction on June 28, 2005 as the iPod (with color display) . Apple_Computer;Portable_media_player;Hard_drive;Operating_system;LCD;USB;FireWire;Dock_connector;Portable_media_player;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPod_mini;FireWire;USB;FireWire;USB;Digital_audio_player;Hard_drive;Personal_computer;FireWire;USB;Pixel;LCD;ITunes;IPhoto;Apple_Macintosh;Adobe_Photoshop;Microsoft_Windows;JPEG;BMP_file_format;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Portable_Network_Graphics;Television;Slideshow;FireWire;Television;Digital_camera;Belkin;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPod_Photo;IPod_Photo; IPod_shuffle The iPod Shuffle is a digital audio player designed and marketed by Apple Inc . It is the smallest model in Apple's iPod family, and was the first to use flash memory . The first model was announced at the Macworld Conference Expo on January 11, 2005; the current fourth generation model was introduced on September 1, 2010. [ 1 ] Apple_Inc.;Flash_memory;IPod_Nano;IPod_Mini;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPhone;Apple_Inc;IPod;Flash_memory;ITunes;Advanced_Audio_Coding;SigmaTel;System_on_a_chip;Liquid_crystal_display;Playlist;ISync;Apple_Lossless;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Universal_Serial_Bus;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Universal_Serial_Bus;Dell;Gigabyte;IPod_Mini;File_Allocation_Table;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Universal_Serial_Bus;TRS_connector;Variable_bitrate;Advanced_Audio_Coding;WAV;AIFF;Apple_Lossless;WAV;AIFF;Apple_Store;IPod_Nano;IPod_Mini;VoiceOver;ITunes;IPod_earbuds;Digital_rights_management;Apple_Store;Stainless_steel;VoiceOver;ITunes;Variable_bitrate;Advanced_Audio_Coding;WAV;AIFF;Apple_Lossless;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;VoiceOver;Windows_XP;Mac_Mini;IPod;IPod_Mini;NPD_Group;Steve_Jobs;Integrated_circuit;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;PC_Magazine;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Shuffle; IPod_touch The iPod Touch (stylized and marketed as lowercase iPod touch ; also colloquially referred to as the iTouch , [ 8 ] by analogy to the iPhone ) is a portable media player , personal digital assistant , handheld game console , and Wi-Fi mobile device designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The iPod Touch adds the multi-touch graphical user interface to the iPod line. It is the first iPod with wireless access to the iTunes Store , and also has access to Apple's App Store , enabling content to be purchased and downloaded directly on the device. As of March 2011, Apple has sold over 60 million iPod Touch units. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Apple_Inc.;Foxconn;Operating_system;Sound;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Flash_memory;Megabyte;Liquid_crystal_display;Pixel;Pixels_per_inch;Touchscreen;Voice_control;Accelerometer;Gyroscope;VGA;Pixel;Universal_Serial_Bus;Dock_connector;ITunes_Store;IBookstore;ICloud;List_of_iOS_devices;IPhone;Portable_media_player;Personal_digital_assistant;Handheld_game_console;Mobile_device;Apple_Inc.;Graphical_user_interface;IPod;ITunes_Store;IOS;IOS_version_history;IBooks;FaceTime;List_of_iOS_devices;IOS;IOS_version_history;IPhone;IOS;Steve_Jobs;ICloud;Universal_Serial_Bus;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IBooks;ITunes_Store;Software_development_kit;IOS_SDK;JailbreakMe;IOS_jailbreaking;PwnageTool;List_of_iOS_devices;List_of_iPod_models;Universal_Serial_Bus;Dock_connector;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;ITunes_Store;IOS_version_history;Bluetooth;Broadcom;Voice_control;IOS_version_history;FaceTime;Retina_display;Operating_system;IOS_version_history;Operating_system;Display_device;Aspect_ratio;Liquid_crystal_display;Pixel;HVGA;Pixels_per_inch;Samsung;Samsung;Central_processing_unit;Hertz;Underclocking;ARM_architecture;Graphics_processing_unit;PowerVR;Data_storage_device;Gigabyte;Megabyte;Universal_Serial_Bus;Dock_connector;IPod_earbuds;Gyroscope;Camcorder;Frame_rate;VGA;Wolfson_Microelectronics;Cirrus_Logic;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;List_of_iOS_devices;CNET;CBS_Interactive;International_Standard_Book_Number;AppleInsider;Apple_Inc.;Ryan_Block;Engadget;AOL;Engadget;AOL;Ryan_Block;Engadget;AOL;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Apple_Inc.;Ryan_Block;Engadget;AOL;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;Apple_Inc.;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch; IRIX IRIX is a flavour of the UNIX System V computer operating system developed by Silicon Graphics, Inc. to run natively on their MIPS architecture workstations and servers. It was based on UNIX System V with BSD extensions. IRIX was the first operating system to include the XFS file system. The last major version of IRIX was IRIX 6.5 which was released in May 1998. New minor versions of IRIX 6.5 were released every quarter until 2005; since then there have been four further minor releases. Through version 6.5.22, there were two branches of each release: a maintenance release (identified by an m suffix to the version number) that included only fixes to the original IRIX 6.5 code, and a feature release (with an f suffix) that included improvements and enhancements. An overlay upgrade from 6.5.x to the 6.5.22 maintenance release is available as a free download, whereas versions 6.5.23 and higher require an active Silicon Graphics support contract, despite only running on Silicon Graphics hardware. Software_developer;Unix;Software_release_life_cycle;User_interface;Software_license;Operating_system;Journaling_file_system;Graphical_user_interface;Unix;Operating_system;Linux;OS_X;QNX;VxWorks;IRIX;IRIX; IR_filter Infrared cut-off filters , sometimes called IR filters or heat-absorbing filters , are designed to reflect or block mid- infrared wavelengths while passing visible light. They are often used in devices with bright incandescent light bulbs (such as slide and overhead projectors ) to prevent unwanted heating. There are also filters which are used in solid state ( CCD or CMOS ) video cameras to block IR due to the high sensitivity of many camera sensors to near-infrared light. These filters typically have a blue hue to them as they also sometimes block some of the light from the longer red wavelengths . Infrared; IRiver_Story Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Flash_memory;Pixel;Megapixel;Pixels_per_inch;Universal_Serial_Bus;Iriver;Linux;Operating_system;PC_Magazine;Engadget;PC_Magazine;Engadget;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Multimedia;Dreambox;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;TiVo;Roku;Amazon_Kindle;Sony_Reader;Mobile_phone;Palm_Pre; ISCSI In computing, iSCSI ( i / aɪ ˈ s k ʌ z i / eye- SKUZ -ee ), is an abbreviation of Internet Small Computer System Interface , an Internet Protocol (IP)-based storage networking standard for linking data storage facilities. By carrying SCSI commands over IP networks, iSCSI is used to facilitate data transfers over intranets and to manage storage over long distances. iSCSI can be used to transmit data over local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), or the Internet and can enable location-independent data storage and retrieval. The protocol allows clients (called initiators ) to send SCSI commands ( CDBs ) to SCSI storage devices ( targets ) on remote servers. It is a storage area network (SAN) protocol, allowing organizations to consolidate storage into data center storage arrays while providing hosts (such as database and web servers) with the illusion of locally-attached disks. Unlike traditional Fibre Channel , which requires special-purpose cabling, iSCSI can be run over long distances using existing network infrastructure. SCSI;Fibre_Channel;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Firmware;Conventional_PCI;Linux;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Fibre_Channel;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Parallel_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Linux;Fibre_Channel;InfiniBand;USB;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;ISCSI;ISCSI; ISO The International Organization for Standardization ( French : Organisation internationale de normalisation , Russian : Международная организация по стандартизации , tr. Myezhdunarodnaya organizatsiya po standartizatsii ), [ 1 ] widely known as ISO , is an international standard -setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations . Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary, industrial, and commercial standards . It has its headquarters in Geneva , Switzerland . [ 2 ] Switzerland;English_language;French_language;French_language;Switzerland;English_language;French_language;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Open_source;Microsoft;American_National_Standards_Institute;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;Portable_Document_Format;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization; ISO_base_media_file_format ISO base media file format defines a general structure for time-based multimedia files such as video and audio. It is used as the basis for other media file formats (e.g. container formats MP4 and 3GP ). ISO base media file format was specified as ISO / IEC 14496-12 (MPEG-4 Part 12). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The identical text is published as ISO/IEC 15444-12 (JPEG 2000, Part 12). [ 3 ] It is designed as a flexible, extensible format that facilitates interchange, management, editing and presentation of the media. The presentation may be local, or via a network or other stream delivery mechanism. The file format is designed to be independent of any particular network protocol while enabling support for them in general. [ 2 ] International_Organization_for_Standardization;Media_container;Multimedia;File_format;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Apple_Computer;QuickTime_File_Format;MPEG;QCELP;MPEG_transport_stream;Digital_rights_management;Flash_Video;GIF;Audio_Video_Interleave;Streaming_media;ISO;ISO;ISO;ISO;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;MPEG_transport_stream;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;ISO_base_media_file_format;ISO_base_media_file_format; ISO_standard The International Organization for Standardization ( French : Organisation internationale de normalisation , Russian : Международная организация по стандартизации , tr. Myezhdunarodnaya organizatsiya po standartizatsii ), [ 1 ] widely known as ISO , is an international standard -setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations . Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary, industrial, and commercial standards . It has its headquarters in Geneva , Switzerland . [ 2 ] Switzerland;English_language;French_language;French_language;Switzerland;English_language;French_language;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Open_source;Microsoft;American_National_Standards_Institute;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;Portable_Document_Format;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization; ISight Motion picture camera 1/4-inch; 640×480 resolution Attached to computer via FireWire Glass, internal auto-focus lens system Automatic (50 mm – ∞) Continuous up to 30 frame/s iSight is a webcam , both external and internal, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. The external iSight was sold retail for US$149, connected to a computer via a FireWire cable, and came with a set of mounts to place it atop any then-current Apple display, laptop computer, all-in-one desktop computer, or flat surface. Apple introduced iSight at the 2003 Worldwide Developers Conference , intended to be used with iChat AV , Apple's video-conferencing client. iMovie (version 4 and later) could also be used to capture video from the device. In April 2005, Apple released a firmware update for the iSight to improve audio performance. As of December 16, 2006, the external iSight was no longer for sale in the Apple online store or in retail locations. Meanwhile, Apple began using the term to refer to the camera built into Apple's iMac , MacBook , MacBook Air , and MacBook Pro computers, and Cinema Display . In November 2010, Apple began transitioning to calling them " FaceTime cameras". However, the term was not retired, as the third-generation iPad , the iPhone 4S , and the iPhone 4 all incorporate "iSight" rear cameras in addition to their front-facing VGA "FaceTime" cameras. Apple_Inc.;FireWire;Webcam;Apple_Inc.;FireWire;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;IMovie;Firmware;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;FaceTime;IPad;Video_Graphics_Array;Microphone;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;IMac;LED;USB;Photo_Booth;High_definition_video;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;MacBook;IDevices;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;ISight;ISight; ISync iSync is a software application published by Apple Inc. It runs only under Mac OS X and is used to synchronize contact and calendar data from Address Book and iCal with many non-Apple SyncML -enabled mobile phones via a Bluetooth or USB connection. Support for many (pre-October 2007) devices is built-in, [ 1 ] with newer devices being supported via manufacturer and third-party iSync Plugins. Support for Palm OS organizers and compatible smartphones was removed with the release of iSync 3.1 and Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard. BlackBerry OS , Palm OS , and Windows Mobile ( Pocket PC ) devices cannot be used with iSync, but are supported by third-party applications. Before the release of Mac OS X 10.4 , iSync could also synchronize a user's Safari bookmarks with the MobileMe subscription service provided by Apple. Starting with Mac OS X 10.4, much of iSync's original syncing functionality has been moved into the Sync Services framework , which developers can use to incorporate synchronization into their own applications. iSync, however, retains responsibility for the setup, configuration and synchronising of supported mobile handsets. Since the release of iTunes 4.8, the user interface for synchronizing iPods has been delegated to iTunes , although conflict-resolution and substantial changes to contact information ( 5%) shows use of iSync. Synchronization with MobileMe (previously .Mac) is now the domain of MobileMe Sync, accessible through a System Preferences pane. iSync was removed from Mac OS X in version 10.7 (Lion) . [ 2 ] . However since the underlying framework still exists in Lion, it's possible to restore the functionality of iSync using a 10.6 (Snow Leopard) installation or backup [ 3 ] . Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_application;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;ICal;Mobile_phone;Bluetooth;USB;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;MobileMe;ITunes;MobileMe;System_Preferences;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Operating_system;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;ISync;ISync; ITT_Visual_Information_Solutions Exelis Visual Information Solutions (Exelis VIS), a wholly owned subsidiary of Exelis, Inc. , provides software for the analysis and visualization of scientific data and imagery. The company develops products such as IDL , ENVI and IAS which are used in a variety of industries, including remote sensing , engineering, geology, aerospace, defense and intelligence, and medical imaging . Programming_language; ITUC The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) is the world's largest trade union federation. It was formed on November 1, 2006 out of the merger of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the World Confederation of Labour (WCL). The Founding Congress of the ITUC was held in Vienna and was preceded by the dissolution congresses of both the ICFTU and the WCL. The ITUC represents 175 million workers through its 311 affiliated organisations within 155 countries and territories. Sharan Burrow is the current General Secretary. [ 1 ] ITV ITV is the major commercial public service TV network in the United Kingdom . Launched in 1955 under the auspices of the Independent Television Authority (ITA) to provide competition to the BBC , it is also the oldest commercial network in the UK. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 , its legal name has been Channel 3 , the number 3 having no real meaning other than to distinguish it from BBC One , BBC Two and Channel 4 . In part, the number 3 was assigned as televisions would usually be tuned so that the regional ITV station would be on the third button, the other stations being allocated to the number within their name. ITV is to be distinguished from ITV plc , the company that resulted from the merger of Granada plc and Carlton Communications in 2004 and which holds the Channel 3 broadcasting licences in England, Wales , southern Scotland , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands through its subsidiaries ITV Broadcasting Limited and Channel Television Limited . Similarly ITV1 is the brand used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. Of the companies external to ITV plc, STV and UTV use their own brands in their own respective areas (northern and central Scotland and Northern Ireland). IPTV;Internet_television;TVCatchup;Zattoo;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;Financial_Times;The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;The_Mail_on_Sunday;BBC_iPlayer;TVCatchup;TiVo;Zattoo;EMI;Reuters;British_Phonographic_Industry;IPTV;ITV;ITV; ITheater iTheater: Mac Media Center , now obsolete , was an open source media center application for Mac OS X . Active development and support of iTheater is no longer underway in lieu of other media application availability. Before the release of Apple's own Front Row and the mass adoption of online video streaming services such as Hulu and Netflix , iTheater was one of the first pieces of third-party software to act as a conduit between users and the media on Mac OS X. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Home_theater_PC;Software_license;Open_source;Mac_OS_X;Hulu;Netflix;Mac_mini;MacWorld;Apple_Macintosh;Preference_Pane;Apple_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC_Media_Center;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;ITheater;ITheater; ITrip The iTrip is an FM-transmitter made by Griffin Technology as a third party accessory for Apple 's popular iPod MP3 player and iPhone . The iTrip plugs into the headphone socket (or USB port, depending on the model) of the iPod and converts the audio output into an FM radio signal, which can then be picked up by appliances such as car radios. It has a range of about fifteen feet (four and a half metres), and can broadcast on any FM frequency from 76.0 to 108.0 MHz (though the default US configuration is limited to 87.9 to 107.9 MHz). Instead of using batteries, the iTrip draws its power from the iPod through the remote connector port and the dock connector for an iTrip with a dock connector. In March 2006, Griffin Technology released the iTrip as well as some of their other iPod accessories for the Sony PlayStation Portable (PSP). Griffin_Technology;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPhone;Dock_connector;Sony;IPod_mini;USB;Remote_control;Headphones;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;ITrip;ITrip; ITunes iTunes 10.5 running on Mac OS X Lion Developer(s) Apple Inc. Initial release January 9, 2001 ; 11 years ago ( January 9, 2001 ) Stable release 10.6.3.25 (June 11, 2012 ; 2 months ago ( 2012-06-11 ) ) [ ± ] Preview release 10.7.1 (July 29, 2012 ; 27 days ago ( 2012-07-29 ) ) [ ± ] Development status Active Operating system Mac OS X , Microsoft Windows Size 126.23 MB (varies by OS) [ 1 ] Translation available 23 languages [ 2 ] Type Media player License Proprietary freeware Website www.apple.com/itunes iTunes is a media player computer program used for playing, downloading, saving, and organizing digital music and video files on desktop or laptop personal computers. It can also manage contents on iPod , iPhone , iPod Touch and iPad devices. iTunes can connect to the iTunes Store to purchase and download music, music videos, television shows, iPod games , audiobooks , podcasts , movies and movie rentals (not available in all countries), and ringtones (only available on iPhone and iPod Touch 4th Generation). It is also used to download application software from the App Store for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. iTunes has been criticized for not being able to transfer music from one portable device to another. iTunes was introduced by Apple Inc. on January 9, 2001. [ 3 ] The latest version, 10.6.3, is available as a free download for Mac OS X v10.5 or later, as well as Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 . In June 2010, Apple released a new privacy policy pertaining to the capture and collection of users' real-time location information. [ 4 ] The information had been included in various device-specific EULAs since 2008, but was not included in Apple's general privacy policy until 2010. [ 5 ] 2.1 Media management 2.1.1 File format support 2.1.2 File metadata 2.1.4 Library sharing 2.1.5 Library viewing modes 2.1.8 Sound processing 2.1.9 Television shows 2.1.11 Video support 2.1.12 Books / PDF support 2.1.13 iTunes in the Cloud 2.3.1 Managing podcasts on an iPod 2.3.2 Video podcasting 2.4 Synchronizing iPod and other MP3 players 2.5 iPhone activation 2.6 Integration with other applications 2.9 Internet radio 3 Apple's privacy policy controversy 4 The FinFisher exploit 5 System requirements 5.1 Macintosh hardware 5.2 Macintosh software 5.3 Windows hardware 5.4 Windows software See also: iTunes version history SoundJam MP , developed by Bill Kincaid and released by Casady Greene in 1999, [ 6 ] was renamed iTunes when Apple purchased it in 2000. Jeff Robbin, Kincaid, and Dave Heller moved to Apple as part of the acquisition, where they continue to work today as the software's original developers. They simplified SoundJam's user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support. [ 7 ] On January 9, 2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco. Macintosh users immediately began poking through iTunes' resource fork , where they discovered numerous strings and other resources that indicated iTunes was a re-engineered SoundJam MP. Casady Greene ceased distribution of SoundJam MP on June 1, 2001 at the request of the developers. [ 8 ] Originally a Mac OS 9 -only application, iTunes began to support Mac OS X when version 2.0 was released nine months later, which also added support for the original iPod. [ 9 ] version 3 dropped Mac OS 9 support but added smart playlists and a ratings system. [ 10 ] In April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the iTunes Store ; in October, version 4.1 added support for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP . [ 11 ] Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new iPod Shuffle , Version 4.7.1 introduced the ability to automatically convert higher-bitrate songs to 128kbit/s AAC as these devices did not natively support audio encoded in AIFF or Apple Lossless formats, also improving the value proposition of the Shuffle's limited flash-only storage . [ 12 ] Version 7.0 introduced gapless playback and Cover Flow in September 2006. [ 13 ] In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for Windows Vista , [ 14 ] and 7.3.2 was the last Windows 2000 version. [ 15 ] iTunes lacked support for 64-bit versions of Windows until the 7.6 update on January 16, 2008. iTunes is currently supported under any 64-bit version of Windows Vista, although the iTunes executable is still 32-bit . The 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 are not supported by Apple , but a workaround has been devised for both operating systems. [ 16 ] Version 8.0 added Genius playlists, grid view, and a new default visualizer . [ 17 ] iTunes 9 added "Home Share", enabling automatic updating of purchased items across other computers on the same subnet and offers a new iTunes Store UI . Genius Mixes were added, as well as improved app synchronization abilities, extending the iPod Shuffle 128 kbit/s down-convert feature to all of Apple's AAC-capable devices. [ 18 ] It also adds iTunes LPs to the store, which provides additional media with an album. Apple added iTunes Extras as well to the store, which adds content usually reserved for films on DVD and Blu-ray discs. [ 19 ] Both iTunes LPs and Extras use web-standards HTML , JavaScript and CSS . [ 20 ] A version of iTunes was shipped with cell phones from Motorola , which included the ability to sync music from an iTunes library to the cellphone, as well as a similar interface between both platforms. Since the release of the iPhone , Apple has stopped distributing iTunes with other manufacturers' phones. In the absence of support from Apple, Nokia has released a Mac application called Nokia Multimedia Transfer that supports transferring data from iTunes and iPhoto onto some Nokia devices. [ 21 ] Palm , however, reverse-engineered iTunes to allow its Pre device to sync directly with iTunes. It did this by fooling iTunes into thinking the device was an iPod. [ 22 ] In late March 2010, Apple released version 9.1, which has support for the iPad and its iBooks application. [ 23 ] In late June 2010, Apple released version 9.2, which brought support for the new iPhone 4 , as well as any iDevices running iOS 4 , and included support for the new iPhone and iPod Touch version of the iBooks app. [ 24 ] On September 1, 2010, Apple held their annual music press event, where they unveiled an updated version: iTunes 10. The new version was available for download later that day. One major feature includes the integration of iTunes Ping , which brings a social factor to the iTunes experience. Apple CEO Steve Jobs also announced a new logo, one without a CD in the background because of the increasing popularity of iTunes digital downloads. citation needed [ edit ] Features iTunes is an application that allows the user to purchase and manage audio and video on a personal computer, acting as a front end for Apple's QuickTime media player. Officially, using iTunes is required in order to manage the audio of an Apple iPod portable audio player, although alternative software does exist. Users can organize their music into playlists within one or more libraries, edit file information, record Compact Discs , copy files to a digital audio player , purchase music and videos through its built-in music store ( iTunes Store ), download free podcasts , back up songs onto a CD or DVD, run a visualizer to display graphical effects in time to the music, and encode music into a number of different audio formats. There is also a large selection of free internet radio stations to listen to. Additionally, users can add PDF files to their library (to add digital liner notes to their albums, for example), but the PDFs cannot be transferred to or read on an iPod, but can be read on the iPod Touch, iPhone and iPad. [ 25 ] However, iPhone/iPod Touch apps exist to sync any type of file to and from the device to an " iDisk " using Apple's MobileMe service. In iTunes 8.0, the Preferences window was given a complete makeover. The result added very few new options, but instead removed several options. For example, iTunes once gave users the option to display arrows beside the selected song's title, artist, album, and genre that link directly to the iTunes Store. Now these arrows are not removable, except through the direct editing of a preferences file. [ 26 ] [ edit ] Media management iTunes keeps track of songs by creating a virtual library, allowing users to access and edit a song's attributes. These attributes, known as metadata , are stored in two separate library files. The first is a binary file called iTunes Library and it uses a proprietary file format ("ITL"). It caches information like artist and genre from the audio format's tag capabilities (the ID3 tag, for example) and stores iTunes-specific information like play count and rating. iTunes typically reads library data only from this file. [ 27 ] The second file, iTunes Music Library.xml , is refreshed whenever information in iTunes is changed. It uses an XML format, allowing developers to easily write applications that can access the library information (including play count, last played date, and rating, which are not standard fields in the ID3v2.3 format). Apple's own iDVD , iMovie , and iPhoto applications all access the library. [ 28 ] If the first file exists but is corrupted, such as by making it zero-length, iTunes will attempt to reconstruct it from the XML file. Detailed third-party instructions regarding this are documented elsewhere. [ 29 ] Beginning with iTunes 10.5.3 this behavior has been changed such that the XML file is not read automatically to recreate the database when the database is corrupted. Rather, the user should load the iTunes Library.xml file via File Library Import Playlist.... It has also been noted that iTunes does not automatically track changes to actual files in the library. If a file is moved or deleted, iTunes will display an exclamation mark beside the library entry and the user will need to manually amend the library record. Several third party tools address this problem. [ 30 ] iTunes supports ripping from CDs, but not from DVDs. However, in 2008, Apple and select film studios introduced "iTunes Digital Copy ", a bonus feature on some DVDs that provides a copy-protected and iTunes-compatible file for select films. [ 31 ] [ edit ] File format support iTunes 10 can currently read, write and convert between MP3 , AIFF , WAV , MPEG-4 , AAC and Apple Lossless (.m4a). [ 32 ] iTunes can also play any audio files that QuickTime can play (as well as some video formats), including Protected AAC files from the iTunes Store and Audible.com audio books. There is limited support for Vorbis and FLAC enclosed in an Ogg container (files using the Ogg container format are not naturally supported) or Speex codecs with the Xiph QuickTime Components . Because tag editing and album art is done within iTunes and not QuickTime, these features will not work with these QuickTime components. As of Snow Leopard, iTunes 9 (Mac) will play HE-AAC / AAC+ internet streams. The latest version of iTunes (Win/Mac) supports importing audio CDs with the default iTunes standard file format of AAC at 256 kbit/s, but users can choose from 16 kbit/s to 320 kbit/s constant bit rates (CBR) in either AAC or MP3. citation needed Importing of audio CDs into MP3 or AAC formats can also be accomplished using variable bitrate (VBR) encoding. However, a double-blind experiment conducted in January 2004 of six MP3 encoders noted that the iTunes encoder came last, in that the quality of the files produced by iTunes was below par. It was stated in the final results that these tests only covered VBR encodings, thus iTunes might have performed better with a constant bitrate (CBR). [ 33 ] In a follow-up test performed in October, 2008, iTunes' results were similar to those of the four other MP3 encoders being compared. [ 34 ] The Windows version of iTunes can automatically transcode DRM-free WMA (including version 9) files to other audio formats, but does not support playback of WMA files and will not transcode DRM protected WMA files. Telestream, Inc. provides free codecs for Mac users of QuickTime to enable playback of unprotected Windows Media files. These codecs are recommended by Microsoft . [ 35 ] In addition to importing CDs into the iTunes library, the user can also import non-Apple mp3 files from Amazon.com and other sources. This can be accomplished by either right clicking on the file, selecting open with, and then selecting iTunes or dragging the file into the open iTunes window. Alternatively, for Amazon.com mp3s, the Amazon MP3 Downloader application will automatically import the mp3 files into the iTunes library. [ 36 ] [ edit ] File metadata For MP3 files, iTunes writes tags in ID3v2.2 using UCS-2 encoding by default, but converting them to ID3v2.3 (UCS-2 encoding) and ID3v2.4 (which uses UTF-8 encoding) is possible via its "Advanced" "Convert ID3 Tags" toolbar menu. If both ID3v2.x and ID3v1.x tags are in a file, iTunes ignores the ID3v1.x tags. [ 37 ] Advanced Audio Coding and Apple Lossless files support Unicode metadata, stored in the MPEG-4 Part 14 container as so-called "atoms". The QuickTime plugin that supports the OGG container format has no support for tag editing or album art. [ 37 ] citation needed iTunes uses the Gracenote interactive audio CD database to provide track name listings for audio CDs. The service can be set to activate when a CD is inserted into the computer and an Internet connection is available. Track names for albums imported to iTunes while not connected to the Internet can be obtained during a later connection, by a manual procedure. [ 38 ] For any album loaded into iTunes for which there is not an existing Gracenote track listing, the user can choose to submit track name data to Gracenote. [ 39 ] File metadata is displayed in columns, including album, artist, beats per minute, bit rate, composer, date added, date modified, disc number, genre, last played, last skipped, plays, purchase date, size, skips, time, track number, year, and a few fields that may be supplied by users, such as description, kind, and rating. Metadata fields not loaded with the song, or added by a user, remain blank. The Genius feature, introduced in iTunes 8, automatically generates a playlist of songs from the user's library which are similar to the selected song. Genius playlists are created by the ratings system and collaborative filtering . An iTunes Store account is required because information about the user's library must first be sent anonymously to Apple's database . Algorithms determine which songs to play based on other users' libraries, and Genius becomes more intelligent given a larger data set . The resulting Genius playlist can contain 25, 50, 75, or 100 songs and can be refreshed for new results or saved. The iTunes Sidebar recommends selections for purchase from the iTunes Store based on the selected library track. [ 40 ] Once Genius becomes active in iTunes, it can be used on current generations of the iPod Classic, iPod Nano, iPod Touch or the iPhone. [ 41 ] iTunes 9 added Genius Mixes, where the Genius software finds similar music and automatically puts them into mixes. [ 42 ] iTunes Genius creates playlists from the user's existing iTunes library based on a single selected song. Genius Mixes create playlists based on the musical genre. [ edit ] Library sharing One way of sharing a library is over the network, known as network sharing. A user's iTunes Library can be shared over a local network using the closed, proprietary Digital Audio Access Protocol (DAAP), created by Apple for this purpose. DAAP relies on the Bonjour network service discovery framework, Apple's implementation of the Zeroconf open network standard. Apple has not made the DAAP specification available to the general public, only to third-party licensees such as Roku . However, the protocol has been reverse-engineered and is now used to stream audio from non-Apple software (mainly on the Linux platform). [ 43 ] DAAP allows shared lists of songs within the same subnet to be automatically detected. When a song is shared, iTunes can stream the song but won't save it on the local hard drive, in order to prevent unauthorized copying. Songs in Protected AAC format can also be accessed, but authentication is required. A maximum of five users may connect to a single user every 24 hours. The multiple, alternate "View" options normally available to iTunes users including "Cover Flow" are disabled when viewing a shared library over a network. citation needed Library sharing was first introduced with iTunes 4.0, where users could freely access shared music anywhere over the Internet, in addition to one's own subnet, by specifying IP addresses of remote shared song libraries. Apple quickly removed this feature with version 4.0.1, claiming that users were violating the End User License Agreement . [ 44 ] With the release of iTunes 7.0, Apple changed their implementation of DAAP. This change prevents any third-party client, such as a computer running Linux, a modified Xbox , or any computer without iTunes installed, from connecting to a remote iTunes repository. iTunes will still connect as a client to other iTunes servers and to third-party servers. [ 45 ] iTunes libraries can also be shared using the “Home Share” option. This option enables users to share both video and audio files through the application. This allows users to also look for items that they don’t already have. [ 46 ] Like network sharing, it allows users to share over the same network to up to five computers. The media can then be transferred to any type of iPod or iPad. To set up home sharing, the two computers being used must be on the same network as well as set up using the same Apple ID . Another option to share music files is to burn CDs. To do this the user needs to create a playlist with the songs the user wishes to share. If the playlist exceeds roughly twenty songs it is likely they will need to make multiple CDs. By inserting a disk into the disk drive a button on the bottom of the window should give the option to burn a disk. The files are automatically downloaded to the disk and may be uploaded onto another computer or saved as a backup for the user’s computer. [ edit ] Library viewing modes iTunes has four different views for music and video libraries – a song list, an album list, Grid View or Cover Flow . The standard song list view displays library files with several detail fields. Album lists are much the same as the standard list view, only the list is broken up by albums, with the artwork as the header of the list. Album lists were introduced in iTunes 10.0, and although this view allows users to browse content more visually, sorting the list view by name will accordingly break up the library into redundant instances of each album. Cover Flow was introduced in iTunes 7.0 and it displays the album art as CD covers in a sliding format at the top of the screen. Under the album art is a small list of all the songs in that album. Compilation albums are only shown as a single album cover. If there is no album artwork, iTunes will display the default music note pictures. Grid View is similar to Cover Flow, displaying the user's cover art in a grid rather than a side-scrolling format. While using this view mode, music can be grouped into album, artist, genre, or composer. Grid View was introduced in iTunes 8.0. iTunes can also sort albums by artist or year, to make its artwork-centered interfaces more intuitive. [ edit ] Playlists In addition to static playlist support, version 3 of iTunes introduced support for smart playlists . [ 47 ] Smart playlists are playlists that can be set to automatically filter the library based on a customized list of selection criteria, much like a database query. Multiple criteria can be entered to manage the smart playlist. [ 48 ] Some automatic smart playlists that are added to the user’s library include Top 25 Most Played, Recently Played, Recently Added, My Top Rated, Music Videos, Classical Music, Purchased, and 90’s Music. While creating Smart Playlists the user has to choose whether they want the playlist to be based on genre, whether or not the songs have album artwork, date added, etc. and if they want it to contain or not contain certain genres or artists. For example, a genre like country music , or songs added in a specific month or year, or an individual artist. The user can also limit the amount of songs they want in the playlist or they can leave it as unlimited. The Live Updating option will automatically update their new playlist as their library changes. [ 49 ] Any user of iTunes can publish a playlist to the iTunes Store with his or her own preferences, which is called an iMix . Introduced in iTunes 4.5, [ 50 ] the "Party Shuffle" playlist was intended as a simple DJing aid. [ 51 ] By default, it selects tracks randomly from other playlists or the library, but users can override the automatic selections by deleting tracks (iTunes will choose new ones to replace them) or by adding their own via drag-and-drop or contextual menu . This allows a mixture of both preselected and random tracks in the same meta-playlist. The playlist from which Party Shuffle drew could be changed on the fly by the computer user, but doing so will cause all randomly chosen tracks to disappear and be replaced. Party Shuffle was renamed iTunes DJ in iTunes 8. When iTunes was updated to 8.1, quite a few features were added to iTunes DJ. The free Apple Remote application for the iPhone and iPod Touch was also updated at this time that added a new iTunes DJ option in the settings screen when the user is connected to a Wi-Fi network and a new song request feature is enabled in iTunes DJ on the hosts. Along with the song request feature voting on songs in the queue was added, the more votes a song gets the higher in the queue it will be and the sooner it will be played. Song voting can only be done when song requesting is enabled and in two ways: the first by right clicking on a song in the iTunes DJ queue on the host's computer in iTunes, the second is in the Remote application ether connected with the iTunes DJ option by a guest or by the host in the full playlist section. When song requesting is enabled a customizable welcome message is displayed below the host's shared library name in the button used to connect to iTunes DJ. [ 52 ] Playlists can be played randomly or sequentially . The randomness of the shuffle algorithm can be biased for or against playing multiple tracks from the same album or artists in sequence (a feature introduced in iTunes 5.0, and later discontinued in iTunes 8.0). iTunes DJ can also be biased towards selecting tracks with a higher star rating. The App section on iTunes keeps track of all of the apps the user has downloaded or purchased. It also organizes their apps by genre and there is another tab that lets the user see all of their apps. It also informs the user when they have updates available for their apps. [ edit ] Sound processing iTunes includes sound processing features, such as equalization , "sound enhancement" and crossfade . There is also a feature called "Sound Check", which automatically adjusts the playback volume of all songs in the library to the same level; this is usually called volume leveling or audio normalization . Like "sound enhancement" and crossfade, this can be turned on in the Playback section of iTunes' preferences. [ edit ] Television shows In October 2005 the iTunes Store began to offer the option of downloading television shows . [ 53 ] iTunes offers the option of buying individual episodes of TV shows for $1.99 in standard definition or $2.99 in High Definition . The high definition feature on TV shows was added in July 2008. [ 54 ] iTunes also offers the ability to buy a season pass for television shows. This allows viewers to buy an entire season that automatically downloads new episodes around twenty-four hours after they air. In the iTunes library, these shows are then categorized by season of the particular show. iTunes also gives the option of ordering shows based on: series, genre , or whether or not the episodes are unwatched. In fall of 2010 iTunes offered TV show rental options, but as of August 2011 this option is no longer offered. [ 55 ] In September 2006 iTunes progressed to selling full-length films. [ 54 ] This entails downloading movies from the iTunes store. The prices for these range from: $9.99, $14.99 if it is a new release, and $19.99 if it is in High Definition . [ 56 ] iTunes also gives the option of renting movies, which began in January 2008. [ 54 ] The price for renting a movie can range from $0.99 if the movie is on sale, $3.99, and $4.99 if the rental is HD. However, iTunes sometimes carries, for a limited time, movies to rent that are available OnDemand, for a price of $6.99 in both SD and HD. Once a rental is downloaded the viewer has thirty days to watch the movie before it expires. Once the viewer begins to watch the movie he/she has twenty-four hours to finish the movie before it expires. Movies can be organized in the iTunes library by title, genre , or unwatched. [ edit ] Video support On May 9, 2005, video support was introduced to iTunes with the release of iTunes 4.8. Users can drag and drop video clips from the computer into the iTunes Library for cataloguing and organization. They can be viewed in a small frame in the main iTunes display, in a separate window, or fullscreen. Before version 7 provided separate libraries for media types, videos were only distinguished from audio in the Library by a small icon resembling a TV screen and grouped with music in the library, organized by the same musical categories (such as "album" and "composer"). On October 12, 2005, Apple introduced iTunes 6.0, which added support for purchasing and viewing of video content from the iTunes Music Store. The iTunes Music Store initially offered a selection of thousands of Music Videos and five TV shows, including most notably the ABC network's Lost and Desperate Housewives . Disney Channel shows ( The Suite Life of Zack Cody and That's So Raven ) were also offered 24 hours after airing, as well as episode packs from past seasons. Since then, the collection has expanded to include content from numerous television networks. The iTunes Music Store also gives the ability to view Apple's large collection of film trailers. As of September 5, 2006, the iTunes Store offers over 550 television shows for download. Additionally, a catalog of 75 feature-length films from Disney -owned studios was introduced. As of April 11, 2007, over 500 feature-length films are available through iTunes. [ 57 ] Originally, films and TV shows were only available to U.S. customers, with the only video content available to non-U.S. customers being music videos and Pixar's short films. This feature is being extended to other countries as licensing issues are resolved. Video content available from the store used to be encoded as 540 kbit/s Protected MPEG-4 video ( H.264 ) with an approximately 128 kbit/s AAC audio track. Many videos and video podcasts currently require the latest version of QuickTime, QuickTime 7, which is incompatible with older versions of Mac OS (only v10.3.9 and later are supported). On September 12, 2006, the resolution of video content sold on the iTunes Store was increased from 320×240 ( QVGA ) to 640×480 ( VGA ). The higher resolution video content is encoded as 1.5 Mbit/s (minimum) Protected MPEG-4 video ( H.264 ) with a minimum 128 kbit/s AAC audio track. [ edit ] Books / PDF support In February 2010, Apple announced the release of the iPad, and along with it a new app for it called iBooks . The application performs two functions. The first function is as a direct link to the iTunes book store, called eponymously iBooks , which can be accessed on iOS devices and computers (Mac or PC). The second was as a storage place for downloaded books (whether free or purchased) from the iBooks store. The format of books from the Apple store (and the only one users could use with iBooks, until PDF functionality was added later) is ePub . Additional functions were later added in mid-2010 to include annotations and placeholder/bookmarks in any book being read. Also PDF documents were able to be added, and were stored under their own tab in a user's iBooks library, with the same functionality. The iBooks app for the other two iOS devices (iPhone and iPod Touch) was released when iOS 4 was distributed shortly before the release of the iPhone 4. One current limitation of books (though not PDF documents) is that they can only be read using the app on any iOS device and cannot be read inside iTunes on a user's Mac or PC. PDF documents can be read using Preview or any other PDF reader/editor application the user has on their machine. On January 19, 2012 Apple announced a new part of the Books store with textbooks . They also released a new authoring method called iBooks Author . [ edit ] iTunes in the Cloud On June 7, 2011, iTunes in the Cloud was debuted as part of iTunes 10.3.1. [ 58 ] The free feature allows for the wireless synchronization of iTunes Store purchases across multiple devices. This was announced alongside the forthcoming iCloud service, which would synchronize non-iTunes-purchased media across multiple devices. [ edit ] iTunes Store Main article: iTunes Store Version 4 of iTunes introduced the iTunes Store , then named the iTunes Music Store, from which iTunes users can buy and download songs for use on a limited number of computers and an unlimited number of iPods. In previous years, purchased music from the iTunes Store were copy protected with Apple's FairPlay digital rights management (DRM) system which allows protected songs to be played on up to five computers at one time, as well as unlimited devices (iPod, AppleTV, etc.) DRM protected songs cannot be played on computers not authorized to the purchaser's iTunes account. At the 2009 Macworld Conference Expo , it was announced that the iTunes Music Store would be DRM-free, with all songs digital rights management (DRM)-free by April 2009. [ 59 ] Apple also announced changes in their price tier. They announced that songs will now cost $0.69, $0.99, or $1.29, but did not elaborate on how they will be priced. Observers expected new hits to be $1.29 while older songs will be the cheaper $0.99 or $0.69 tier. [ 60 ] However, many record labels have listed whole catalogs by artists with nothing but $1.29 songs, taking advantage of the price option. Due to this, there are very few songs in the iTunes store with a $0.69 price tag. [ 61 ] In the years since, films , television programs , music videos , podcasts , and the App Store (for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad) have been added to iTunes' extensive store catalog. On January 6, 2009, Phil Schiller announced in his Macworld 2009 keynote speech that over 6 billion songs had been downloaded since the service first launched on April 28, 2003, [ 62 ] making it the largest online music store in the world. At the previous Macworld Expo 2008, Apple CEO Steve Jobs stated that the service had set a new single day record of 20 million songs on December 25, 2007. He also announced that the iTunes Store will offer over 1,000 movies for rental by the end of February. [ 63 ] The iTunes movie catalog includes content from 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , Walt Disney Pictures , Paramount Pictures , Universal Studios , and Sony Pictures Entertainment . These movies will also be transferable to all 6th generation iPods. [ 64 ] On February 24, 2010, Apple announced that over 10 billion tracks had been downloaded from the iTunes Store. [ 65 ] As of Tuesday, November 16, 2010, Beatles fans could download their entire catalog digitally via iTunes. [ 66 ] Artists whose music remains largely unavailable include Garth Brooks , AC/DC , Kid Rock , Tool , and Bob Seger . Def Leppard albums are no longer available through iTunes. [ 67 ] [ edit ] iTunes U On May 30, 2007, Apple announced the launch of " iTunes U " via its digital content store, iTunes, which delivers university lectures through a format called iTunesU. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] The service was created to manage, distribute, and control access to educational audio and video content for students in a college or university. Member institutions have the opportunity to have their own iTunes U site, which facilitates searching for material. The online service is free for uploading or downloading these documents. iTunes U includes lectures, language lessons, lab demonstrations, sports, and campus tours provided by many colleges and universities in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. Right around the end of 2009/start of 2010, new members' institutions no longer have the capability to upload content to Apple's servers. Any member institutions before that are grandfathered in. citation needed iTunes U has collected materials from a variety of locations around the world, including colleges, universities, museums, libraries and other cultural institutions of educational value. There are currently more than 75,000 files available for download. The Open University in the UK set the record for the most downloads as of October 3, 2011 having reached 40 million downloads. [ 70 ] In late August 2010, iTunes U surpassed 300 million downloads from more than 800 institutions. citation needed [ edit ] Podcasting Version 4.9 of iTunes, released on June 28, 2005, added built-in support for podcasts. [ 71 ] Users can subscribe to any podcast by entering its RSS feed URL , but also by browsing the podcast directory within iTunes Music Store. The front page of this displays high-profile podcasts from commercial broadcasters and independent podcasters and allows searching by category or popularity. Once subscribed, the podcast can be set to download manually, or automatically — and as with other audio, content can be listened to directly or synced to a portable hardware device like an MP3 player . The addition of podcasting functionality to such a widespread audio application like iTunes greatly helped podcasting enter the mainstream. [ 72 ] Within days after iTunes 4.9 was released, podcasters were reporting that the number of downloads of their audio files had tripled, sometimes even quadrupled, [ 73 ] and iTunes is considered the dominant podcast client . [ edit ] Managing podcasts on an iPod iTunes offers the ability to create "Smart Playlists" that can be used to control which podcasts are in the playlist, using multiple criteria such as date, number of times listened to, type, etc. [ 74 ] It is also possible to set up iTunes so that only certain playlists will be synced with the iPod. By using a combination of the two techniques, it is possible to control exactly which music and/or podcasts will be transferred to the iPod. A user may configure a smart playlist to display only podcasts less than two weeks old or removing any podcast that the iPod user has already listened to. This smart playlist is synced with the iPod every time the iPod is plugged into the PC, ensuring that the user does not have to listen to the same show more than once. Once a podcast has been listened to, it will be removed from this list as soon as the iPod is synced with the PC. There are many criteria which can control what goes in a smart playlist, such as "name", "artist", "category", "grouping", "kind", "last played", "play count", "rating", "last skipped", and "playlist" and these can be combined with functions such as "equals", "is greater than", "is less than", "contains", "does not contain", "is true", "is false", "is", "is not", "starts with", "ends with", "is in the range", "is before", and "is after". As a result, it is possible to control exactly which podcasts are transferred to the iPod. [ edit ] Video podcasting Version 6 of iTunes introduced official support for video podcasting , although video and RSS support was already unofficially there in version 4.9. [ 75 ] Users can subscribe to RSS feeds through the iTunes Store or by directly entering the feed URL . Video podcasts can contain downloadable video files (in MOV , MP4 , M4V , or MPG format), but also streaming sources and even IPTV . [ 76 ] Downloadable files can be synchronized to a video-capable iPod, or downloadable files and streams can be shown in Front Row . [ 75 ] [ edit ] Synchronizing iPod and other MP3 players iTunes 2 was the first version of the software to be able to sync with an iPod. iTunes can automatically synchronize its music and video library with an iPod or iPhone every time it is connected. New songs and playlists are automatically copied to the iPod, and songs and playlists that have been deleted from the library on the host computer are also deleted from the iPod . Ratings awarded to songs on the iPod will sync back to the iTunes library and audiobooks will also remember the current playback position. Automatic synchronization can be turned off in favor of manually copying individual songs or complete playlists. iTunes supports copying music to an iPod; however, only music and videos purchased from the iTunes Store can be transferred from the iPod back to iTunes. This functionality was added after third-party software was written which allowed users to copy all content back to their computer. It is also possible to copy from the iPod using ordinary Unix command line tools, or by enabling hidden file viewing in Windows Explorer , then copying music from the iPod drive to a local disk for backup. Doing this can be confusing because the files are arranged in such a way that their folders and (depending on iPod and iTunes versions) file names are seemingly picked at random as they are put on the iPod. It is worth noting, however, that the files (along with their embedded title and artist information) remain unchanged. It is therefore less confusing to let iTunes reimport, reorganize, and rename all of the files after they are backed up. When music or video purchased through the iTunes Store is copied from an iPod, it will only play on computers that are authorized with the account that was used to purchase them. Several third party utilities can remove this limitation by stripping iTunes DRM from protected files. The legality of using such software in the United States is currently the subject of active debate. [ 77 ] When an iPod is connected that does not contain enough free space to sync the entire iTunes music library, a playlist will be created and given a name matching that of the connected iPod. This playlist can then be modified to the user's preference in song selection to fill the available space. The Mac OS X version of iTunes can also synchronize with a small number of discontinued digital music players , [ 78 ] while the Windows version supports only the iPod. [ 79 ] The synchronization is limited, however, in that the iPod is the only digital music player compatible with Apple's proprietary FairPlay digital rights management technology, and thus most music purchased through the iTunes Store (before the introduction of iTunes Plus) can only be played on an iPod. The remaining ability to synchronize with a limited number of legacy digital music players is likely a remnant of Apple's history in the music industry: iTunes was released in January 2001, nine months prior to the iPod's unveiling, and slightly more than two years before the introduction of the iTunes Music Store. When iTunes was released, compatibility with other music players was critical. Since iPod has now become the dominant digital music player, Apple no longer considers that compatibility to be a necessity. In June 2009, Palm Inc released the Palm Pre , which has the ability to sync with both the Windows and Mac OS X version of iTunes by identifying itself to iTunes as an iPod. The Pre is able to sync only DRM-free music. [ 80 ] However, on July 14, 2009, Apple released iTunes version 8.2.1, which prevented the Palm Pre from syncing directly with iTunes. Then on July 23, 2009, Palm Inc released WebOS 1.1, re-enabling syncing between iTunes 8.2.1 and the Palm Pre . [ 81 ] But Apple again prevented Palm Pre syncing with the release of iTunes 9. [ 82 ] A number of unsupported third-party applications have been created to assist synchronization of songs with any music player that can be mounted as an external drive. Though iTunes is the only official method for synchronizing with the iPod, there are other applications available that allow the iPod to sync with other software players. As of iTunes 7, purchased music can be copied from the iPod onto the computer. The computer must be authorized by that iTunes account. iTunes currently allows up to 5 computers to be authorized on one account. To de-authorize and register new computers thereafter, all accounts must be deleted, followed by registering the live one. This can be done only once a year. iTunes does not feature any transfer facility for importing music files between computers directly. This is being addressed in September 2011 by iCloud , but only tracks that Apple sell in their iTunes Store are available (in 256 kbit/s AAC format) without uploading them to iCloud first. Any other tracks, that are either not available in the Store or that the user wants in different encoding can be uploaded to the iCloud with 5 GB of free space and the, as yet undisclosed, potential to purchase more storage. Though what audio formats will be accepted for upload has not been confirmed. iTunes managed content can also be accessed via the Apple TV set-top box. Files in the iTunes library can either be synchronized with the Apple TV unit, which results in their being copied to the Apple TV's hard drive (for the first generation Apple TV), or streamed to the Apple TV directly from a Macintosh or PC. Apple TV does not require the use of iTunes (as of the 'Take Two' software update) and can now import files from the iTunes Store directly over the internet. [ 83 ] As of iTunes 9.1, it is possible to sync the iPad to iTunes, allowing music, movies, applications and iBooks to be synced to the iPad. As of 10.5, iTunes supports syncing the iPhone using both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth . [ 84 ] [ edit ] iPhone activation Beginning with the introduction of the original iPhone, iTunes can activate their phone through their mobile carrier . The original plan for the iPhone 3G was to have the carrier authenticate it at the point of sale, either through iTunes or through the carrier's own activation interface. [ 85 ] However, a worldwide crash of iTunes' authentication servers on July 11, 2008, the day that the iPhone 3G was released, caused major issues. In some cases, AT T and Apple Store employees told iPhone buyers to attempt to activate it at home. [ 86 ] Also affected were original iPhone users attempting to upgrade to the 2.0 firmware. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] UK Apple, O2 and Carphone Warehouse stores were further impacted, as carrier O2's contract processing servers (known as Gateway) could not handle the amount of new contracts and upgrades happening on launch day. Some stores reverted to hand written contracts, while others held stock. With the launch of the iPhone 3GS on June 19, 2009, iTunes at home activation was available for people purchasing their iPhone from AT T and Apple . This allowed them to activate their new iPhone 3G/iPhone 3GS at home when they arrived. [ 89 ] [ edit ] Integration with other applications In Mac OS X, iTunes is tightly integrated with Apple's iWork and iLife suites. These applications can access the iTunes Library directly, allowing access to the playlists and songs stored within (including encrypted music purchased from the iTunes Store). Music files from iTunes can be embedded directly into Pages documents and can supply the score for iDVD, iMovie, and Keynote productions. iTunes is also integrated with Front Row , compiling its information from the user's iTunes and iPhoto libraries. In addition, any song exported from GarageBand , Apple's basic music-making application, is automatically added to the user's iTunes music library. iTunes's Artwork.saver is a screen saver included in Mac OS X v10.4 that displays album artwork as a screen saver. iTunes widget is a Dashboard Widget that controls iTunes. In Windows, Adobe Photoshop Elements can connect to iTunes in order to stream its photo library on Apple TV. Moreover, iTunes can be scripted, using AppleScript for Mac OS X or using the Apple-provided SDK for iTunes on Windows allowing many other applications to integrate themselves into iTunes. A common use is to relay the title and artist of what the user is currently listening to into their instant messenger , or social networking service . LimeWire , which closed on October 26, 2010, was a peer-to-peer program that provided integration with iTunes, adding songs from LimeWire directly to your iTunes library without sharing your iTunes purchased songs. [ 90 ] In addition, visualizer plugins and device plugins are supported. Visualizer plugins allow developers to create music-driven visual displays and free software development kits are available for Mac and Windows can be from Apple. [ 91 ] Device plugins allow support for additional music player devices, but the APIs is only licensed to authentic OEMs who sign a non-disclosure agreement . Apple Inc. also offers a free iOS application that allows the user to remotely control their iTunes library or Apple TV over DACP . [ 92 ] This can be downloaded from iTunes itself or directly from one's iOS device. It is only compatible with iOS v2.0 and above. In terms of usage, it is very similar to the iPod application that is included with all iPhones, with the only difference is the lack of Cover Flow support. Though iTunes itself can be installed where the user desires, ancillary applications such as Bonjour which are part of the iTunes installation cannot be placed in a user-desired directory. [ 93 ] [ edit ] Printing To compensate for the lack of a physical CD, iTunes can print custom-made jewel case inserts as well as song lists and album lists. After burning a CD from a playlist, one can select that playlist and bring up a dialog box with several print options. The user can choose to print either a single album cover (for purchased iTunes albums) or a compilation cover (for user-created playlists). iTunes then automatically sets up a template with art on one side and track titles on the other. citation needed An iMix is a free user-created playlist published in the iTunes Store . iMixes were first introduced in iTunes version 4.5. [ 94 ] However, they are limited to 100 songs, must feature content available on the iTunes Store, and are active for one year from their original published date. iMixes are public and searchable by any iTunes user, and can be rated using a five-star system. Users can publish their iTunes iMix to their blog , profile page, or website. [ 95 ] [ edit ] Internet radio When iTunes was first released, it came with support for the Kerbango Internet radio tuner service, giving users a selection of some of the more popular online radio streams available. [ 96 ] When Kerbango went out of business in 2001, Apple created its own Internet radio service for use with iTunes 2.0 and later. [ 97 ] As of February 2008, the iTunes radio service features 1795 "radio stations", mostly in MP3 streaming format. Programming covers many genres of music and talk, including streams from both internet-only sources and traditional radio stations. iTunes also supports the .pls and .m3u stream file formats used by Winamp and other media players. Since the release of iTunes 7, Apple no longer promotes the Internet radio feature, though it remains in the application. Some third-parties offer iTunes plugins that add additional radio stations. In addition, users are able to enter additional stream feeds to listen to in their own music libraries. This is done by selecting the menu item "Advanced" "Open Audio Stream..." or by the hotkey Ctrl-U (PC) or Command-U (Mac). [ 74 ] Main article: iTunes Ping Apple revealed a new feature within iTunes 10 on September 1, 2010 called Ping, [ 98 ] which is intended to bring a social music networking component to users of iTunes. It is not available in all countries yet. [ 99 ] Ping can be connected to user's Twitter accounts. [ 100 ] Ping connects user accounts of iTunes, allowing iTunes users to share and recommend music to one another. Ping also lets users follow artists to see the photos and videos they have posted, their tour dates, playlists they have created, and their comments on other artists’ albums. Users can create a profile so their friends can see whom they are following, what they’re listening to, and what concerts they are going to. Ping also shows users' top 10 lists of songs and albums among the people they follow. It also provides artist recommendations to follow based on one's library and preference options. [ 101 ] [ edit ] Apple's privacy policy controversy In June 2010, Apple updated its general privacy policy for the iTunes Store and iOS 4 supported devices, revealing that it could and would collect real-time location-based information on users aged 13 and over. The revised policy states that Apple has the right to share this information with 3rd parties who provide services to the customer, including advertising and promotion services. Apple also states that "it may be necessary" to provide this [real-time] information in response to "requests from public and governmental authorities within or outside your country of residence or if [Apple] determines that for purposes of national security, law enforcement, or other issues of public importance, disclosure is necessary or appropriate.... Additionally, in the event of a reorganization, merger, or sale we may transfer any and all personal information we collect to the relevant third party." The revised policy does not make any distinction between warrant-based and warrantless searches, nor provide what criteria would trigger the sharing of personal real-time information with government entities, nor allow an opt-out for the location-based information. The revised policy prompted the co-chairs of the Bi-Partisan Privacy Caucus of the United States House of Representatives to request that Apple respond to nine basic privacy questions out of concern of possible violation of that country's Federal Communications Act. The Caucus stated it was pleased with Apple's prompt written explanations, and stated they would continue to monitor the issue. [ 4 ] [ 102 ] [ edit ] The FinFisher exploit The Telegraph reported in November 2011 that Apple had been aware of a security flaw since 2008, that would let unauthorized third parties install "updates" to end-user's iTunes' software. [ 103 ] They reported that a security writer named Brian Krebs had informed Apple of the vulnerability in 2008. They reported that the flaw was only closed in November 2011. They reported that United Kingdom security software firm Gamma International developed a program named FinFisher , intended to covertly spy on computer uses, which can be clandestinely installed via bogus updates to iTunes' software. Der Spiegel reported Gamma International had advertised the capability to clandestinely install FinFisher by exploiting this iTunes vulnerability. [ 104 ] [ edit ] System requirements [ edit ] Macintosh hardware Mac computer with an Intel, PowerPC G5 or G4 processor Intel, PowerPC G5 or 1.0 GHz PowerPC G4 or faster processor is required to play Standard Definition video from the iTunes Store 2.0 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo or faster processor is required to play HD video, an iTunes LP, or iTunes Extras from the iTunes Store 512 MB of RAM; 1 GB is required to play HD video, an iTunes LP, or iTunes Extras Screen resolution of 1024×768 or greater; 1280×800 or greater is required to play an iTunes LP or iTunes Extras Playing videos also requires at least 16 MB of video RAM Broadband Internet connection to use the iTunes Store Apple combo drive or SuperDrive to create audio, MP3, or back-up CDs; some non-Apple CD-RW recorders may also work. Apple SuperDrive to back up library to DVDs; some non-Apple DVD-RW drives may also work. [ edit ] Macintosh software Mac OS X version 10.5 or later QuickTime 7.6 or later Safari 4.0.3 or later 200 MB of available disk space [ edit ] Windows hardware A PC with a 1 GHz Intel or AMD processor Intel Pentium D or faster processor is required to play Standard Definition video from the iTunes Store 2.0 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo or faster processor is required to play HD video, an iTunes LP, or iTunes Extras from the iTunes Store 512 MB of RAM; 1 GB is required to play HD video, an iTunes LP, or iTunes Extras Screen resolution of 1024×768 or greater; 1280×800 or greater is required to play an iTunes LP or iTunes Extras DirectX 9.0-compatible video card with 32 MB of video RAM; 64 MB recommended Broadband Internet connection to use the iTunes Store iTunes-compatible CD or DVD recorder to create audio CDs, MP3 CDs, or back-up CDs or DVDs [ edit ] Windows software 32-bit editions of Windows XP Service Pack 2 (or later), Windows Vista , or Windows 7 64-bit editions of Windows Vista or Windows 7 require the iTunes 64-bit installer 200 MB of available disk space Screen reader support requires Window-Eyes 7.1.1 or later [ edit ] See also [ edit ] References ^ iTunes 10.6.1 , iTunes 10.6.1 installer file sizes. ^ iTunes 10.3.1 , The 19 supported languages that iTunes is available in. ^ "Apple Introduces iTunes — World’s Best and Easiest To Use Jukebox Software" (Press release). 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"Twitter seeking more room, S.F. tries to keep it" . The San Francisco Chronicle . http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-11-12/business/24828053_1_twitter-users-iphone-app-tweets . ^ What is Ping for iTunes? . Qj.net. Retrieved on 2011-09-30. ^ "Apple replies to House privacy concerns" . macnn. July 19, 2010 . http://www.macnn.com/articles/10/07/19/reveals.details.of.how.gps.data.is.used/ . Christopher Williams (2011-11-24). "Apple iTunes flaw 'allowed government spying for 3 years'" . London: The Telegraph . http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/8912714/Apple-iTunes-flaw-allowed-government-spying-for-3-years.html . Retrieved 2011-11-28 . "A British company called Gamma International marketed hacking software to governments that exploited the vulnerability via a bogus update to iTunes, Apple's media player, which is installed on more than 250 million machines worldwide." Marcel Rosenbach (2011-11-22). "Firm Sought to Install Spyware Via Faked iTunes Updates" . Der Spiegel . http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,799259,00.html . Retrieved 2011-11-28 . "Apparently, at least according to a video promoting FinFisher, the software uses Apple's popular iTunes in order to load snooping software onto the computers of the intended suspects." [ edit ] External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: iTunes Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: iTunes Template:ITunes $100 Gift Card for Free Apple Inc. software on Windows platforms Apple Inc. software OS version history Consumer Numbers Professional Soundtrack Pro Bundled Apple Remote Desktop Apple iAd Producer Discontinued Public Beta "Kodiak" 10.6 "Snow Leopard" 10.8 "Mountain Lion" Applications iTunes ( version history ) Safari ( version history ) TextEdit Discontinued Bluetooth File Exchange Migration Assistant Remote Install Mac OS X VoiceOver Discontinued X11.app Technology and user interface Apple Push Notification Service Grand Central Dispatch Uniform Type Identifier Classic Environment News aggregators Client software FreeRange WebReader WebFetch Web browsers Netscape Navigator 9 Microsoft Outlook Mozilla Thunderbird Netscape Messenger 9 Windows Live Mail Zimbra Web-based software Windows Live Personalized Experience winnowTag Media aggregators Zune RSS+BitTorrent ZipTorrent Related articles Comparison of feed aggregators Italics indicate discontinued software. Media player software Freeware or free software Macromedia Shockwave MadCat Media Browser Media Player Classic Quintessential Player Gnome Music Player Client Music Player Daemon XMMS2 Multi-platform Commercial or bundled Windows Media Center Windows Media Player Yahoo! Music Jukebox Mac OS X Core Pocket Media Player Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ITunes oldid=509034600 " Categories : 2001 software Apple Inc. software Digital audio ITunes IPhone software IPod software Jukebox-style media players Mac OS media players Mac OS X CD ripping software Mac OS X media players Mobile device management software Online music database clients Podcasting software Tag editors Windows CD ripping software Windows CD/DVD writing software Windows media players Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2010 Articles with dead external links from December 2010 Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Featured content Donate to Wikipedia Community portal Contact Wikipedia Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Ελληνικά Bahasa Indonesia ქართული ‪norsk (bokmål)‬ ‪norsk (nynorsk)‬ Српски / srpski Українська This page was last modified on 25 August 2012 at 04:30. 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ITunes_Extras iTunes LP (referred to in pre-launch press by the code name Cocktail ) is a format for interactive album artwork introduced by Apple Inc. on the 9 September 2009. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is similar to the CMX format being developed by the 4 major record labels, and operates within the iTunes 9 and iTunes 10 software, allowing the user to view multimedia elements alongside the music. This format is also used to bundle extra content (known as iTunes Extras ) with selected movies at the iTunes Store . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] iTunes LP downloads use a proprietary file format with the extension .itlp , which is essentially a WebArchive adhering to special conventions using HTML , CSS , JavaScript , CSS Animations , and plists . [ 5 ] This technology is referred to in iTunes LP files as TuneKit . [ 4 ] [ 6 ] As of November 2009, a limited number of releases are available in this format, with more titles being added gradually over the first couple of months of the format's existence. In November 28, 2009, the iTunes LP SDK has been released to the public. [ 7 ] In 2011, MTV is introducing the O Music Awards , intended artists, fans, and innovators at this online awards show. One of the OMAs' inaugural categories is Best iTunes LP. [ 8 ] The winner of this category was " Pink - Greatest Hits...So Far!!! (Deluxe Edition) ". [ 9 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Album;Apple_Inc.;ITunes_Store;HTML;CSS;JavaScript;Property_list;MTV;ITunes_Store;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Ben_Folds;Britney_Spears;Danger_Mouse;Def_Leppard;George_Harrison;Gorillaz;Gorillaz;John_Lennon;John_Lennon;Norah_Jones;OneRepublic;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Paul_McCartney;ITunes_LP;ITunes_LP; ITunes_LP iTunes LP (referred to in pre-launch press by the code name Cocktail ) is a format for interactive album artwork introduced by Apple Inc. on the 9 September 2009. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is similar to the CMX format being developed by the 4 major record labels, and operates within the iTunes 9 and iTunes 10 software, allowing the user to view multimedia elements alongside the music. This format is also used to bundle extra content (known as iTunes Extras ) with selected movies at the iTunes Store . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] iTunes LP downloads use a proprietary file format with the extension .itlp , which is essentially a WebArchive adhering to special conventions using HTML , CSS , JavaScript , CSS Animations , and plists . [ 5 ] This technology is referred to in iTunes LP files as TuneKit . [ 4 ] [ 6 ] As of November 2009, a limited number of releases are available in this format, with more titles being added gradually over the first couple of months of the format's existence. In November 28, 2009, the iTunes LP SDK has been released to the public. [ 7 ] In 2011, MTV is introducing the O Music Awards , intended artists, fans, and innovators at this online awards show. One of the OMAs' inaugural categories is Best iTunes LP. [ 8 ] The winner of this category was " Pink - Greatest Hits...So Far!!! (Deluxe Edition) ". [ 9 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Album;Apple_Inc.;ITunes_Store;HTML;CSS;JavaScript;Property_list;MTV;ITunes_Store;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Ben_Folds;Britney_Spears;Danger_Mouse;Def_Leppard;George_Harrison;Gorillaz;Gorillaz;John_Lennon;John_Lennon;Norah_Jones;OneRepublic;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Paul_McCartney;ITunes_LP;ITunes_LP; ITunes_Music_Store Allowance, "Just For You", Celebrity Playlists, gift certificates and gift cards, iMix, billboard charts, advanced search Web only; See article The iTunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc. It opened on April 28, 2003, as the iTunes Music Store , and has been the most popular music vendor in the United States since April 2008, [ 2 ] and the most popular music vendor in the world since February 24, 2010. [ 3 ] It now offers over 28 million songs, videos and apps . [ 1 ] The iTunes Store's revenues in the first quarter of 2011 alone totalled nearly US$1.4 billion; [ 4 ] by October 4, 2011, the store had sold 16 billion songs. [ 5 ] While most downloaded files initially included restrictions on their use, enforced by FairPlay , Apple's implementation of digital rights management , iTunes later initiated a shift into selling DRM-free music in most countries, marketed as iTunes Plus. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM had been removed from 80% of the entire music catalog in the U.S. [ 6 ] Full iTunes Plus availability was achieved on April 7, 2009 in the U.S., coinciding with the introduction of a three-tiered pricing model; [ 7 ] however, television episodes , many books , and films are still FairPlay -protected. As of May 2012, the iTunes Store serves over 315 million mobile devices, including iPods , iPhones and iPads . [ 8 ] 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ITunes_Ping iTunes Ping , also known simply as Ping , is a software-based, music-oriented social networking and recommender system service developed and operated by Apple . It was announced and launched on 1 September 2010 [ 2 ] as part of the tenth major release of iTunes . [ 3 ] The service launched with 1 million members [ 4 ] [a] in 23 countries. [ 5 ] The service allows users to follow artists and see short timely postings by both friends and artists. Ping is also accessible via iTunes for the iPhone and iPod Touch . [ 6 ] Apple plans to remove Ping from its next major release of iTunes, likely in the fall of 2012. [ 7 ] Social_network_service;Internationalization_and_localization;Social_network_service;Apple_Inc.;ITunes;IPhone;IPod_Touch;ITunes;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Facebook;ITunes;Coldplay;Facebook;Application_programming_interface;Britney_Spears;Uniform_Resource_Locator;MacRumors;Ben_Folds;ITunes_Store;GigaOM;ReadWriteWeb;Podcast;The_Guardian;CNN;Apple_Inc.;Apple_ID;Apple_Inc.;TechCrunch;The_Register;Google_News;MTV;Gizmodo;MacRumors;ReadWriteWeb;MacRumors;Ben_Folds;The_Guardian;Apple_Inc.;Mashable;GigaOM;ReadWriteWeb;The_Guardian;CNN;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;ITunes_Ping;ITunes_Ping; ITunes_Store Allowance, "Just For You", Celebrity Playlists, gift certificates and gift cards, iMix, billboard charts, advanced search Web only; See article The iTunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc. It opened on April 28, 2003, as the iTunes Music Store , and has been the most popular music vendor in the United States since April 2008, [ 2 ] and the most popular music vendor in the world since February 24, 2010. [ 3 ] It now offers over 28 million songs, videos and apps . [ 1 ] The iTunes Store's revenues in the first quarter of 2011 alone totalled nearly US$1.4 billion; [ 4 ] by October 4, 2011, the store had sold 16 billion songs. [ 5 ] While most downloaded files initially included restrictions on their use, enforced by FairPlay , Apple's implementation of digital rights management , iTunes later initiated a shift into selling DRM-free music in most countries, marketed as iTunes Plus. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM had been removed from 80% of the entire music catalog in the U.S. [ 6 ] Full iTunes Plus availability was achieved on April 7, 2009 in the U.S., coinciding with the introduction of a three-tiered pricing model; [ 7 ] however, television episodes , many books , and films are still FairPlay -protected. As of May 2012, the iTunes Store serves over 315 million mobile devices, including iPods , iPhones and iPads . [ 8 ] 1 Features and restrictions 1.1 Pricing model 1.2 Weekly promotions 1.3 iTunes Store for iOS 1.4 Customer support 2 Catalog content 2.1.1 "Album Only" songs 2.1.2 "Work Only" songs 2.1.3 Sub-divisions 2.1.4 Song censorship 3.1.3 Applications 4 Internationalization 4.1 Payment options 5 Available file formats / History thereof 6 Digital rights management 6.1 Movement against DRM 8 Other platforms 9 Technical details 10 Legal disputes 10.1 Apple Records 10.2 The Consumer Council of Norway EULA challenge 10.2.1 EU anti-trust case 11 Content disputes 11.1 Universal Music Group 11.2 NBC Universal TV series 13 Notes and references [ edit ] Features and restrictions [ edit ] Pricing model Since the introduction of the iTunes Store, individual songs were all sold for the same price with no subscription fee (in contrast to most existing online music stores at the time of introduction, which charged a monthly fee for access to their catalog). Music in the store is in the Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) format, which is the MPEG-4-specified successor to MP3 . Songs with DRM are encoded at 128 kbit/s. As of the January 2009 Macworld Expo, Apple has announced that all music in iTunes will be available without DRM, and encoded at the higher-quality rate of 256 kbit/s. Previously, this model, known as "iTunes Plus", had been available only for music from EMI and some independent labels. Previews, ninety seconds in length, are available free, prior to buying a song. iTunes had the option between fully loading previews before playing, or simply streaming the preview; the former feature was removed with the release of iTunes 8. [ 9 ] Feature length movies and television episodes are available for purchase. Movies tend to be priced below a DVD of the same film while television episodes are approximately double the cost of a song. Finally, some games are available for some models of iPods for various prices, but none as expensive as a feature length film. In addition, the iTunes Store now offers Apps, which are applications used for various purposes (games, maps, movie showtimes, etc.) that are compatible with the iPod Touch and iPhone, although some Apps are specifically for the iPhone only. Some Apps cost money (called "Paid Apps") and some are free (called "Free Apps"). Developers can decide which price they want for apps. When someone downloads an App, 70 percent of the purchase goes to the developer(s), and 30 percent goes to Apple. [ 10 ] At the Macworld 2008 keynote, Steve Jobs , who was Apple's CEO at the time, announced iTunes movie rentals. [ 11 ] Movies are available for rent in the iTunes Store on the same day they are released on DVD. [ 12 ] They are only viewable for 24 hours after users begin viewing them. This feature is not yet available in all countries but it is available in the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada . [ edit ] Weekly promotions There is a weekly promotion in which one to three songs are available to download for free to logged-in users. Free downloads are available on Tuesdays, and remain free until the following Tuesday. [ 13 ] Some artists choose to have select songs available for no charge. This is not available at all iTunes Stores. Some iTunes television programs have begun the same technique to encourage brand loyalty; although those stay longer. In fact, the iTunes Store used to have a link to "Free TV" on its home page and the TV Shows section's home page which links to a complete listing of free TV shows, however it has disappeared (the page has remained online). Apple still offers free TV episodes; some channels, such as ABC and NBC , have their own pages of "Free Season Premieres". There are usually three types of free songs on the United States iTunes Store: the regular featured free song, the Discovery Download (featuring songs from different genres), and the Canción de la Semana (Latino free single of the week). Most recently, iTunes has been weekly offering free music videos. [ edit ] iTunes Store for iOS The iTunes Store shown on iOS 4.2. The iTunes Store allows users to purchase and download items directly to portable Apple devices, such as the iPhone , iPad and iPod Touch . [ 14 ] Originally, mobile users had to be connected to a Wi-Fi network in order to enter the store, hence its original name: the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store . However, at Macworld 2009, Apple issued a software update which automatically allowed 3G and EDGE users to access the store's full functionality for files smaller than 10 MB. [ 15 ] The iOS 3.0 update added the ability to download movies, TV shows, audiobooks, iTunes U, and ringtones on mobile devices, in addition to the previously available songs and podcasts. On 18 February 2010, Apple increased the 10 MB 3G download limit to 20 MB. In March 2012, Apple increased the 3G download limit to 50 MB. [ 16 ] [ edit ] Customer support Apple provides customer support for the iTunes Store With over the phone through AppleCare US server only, Not Canadian Server, for more information visit: apple.com/iTunes-servers. ; Timothy Noah of Slate has also found a customer service line. [ 17 ] Most customer service inquiries are handled online, via the Report a Problem link in the iTunes application. [ 18 ] [ edit ] Catalog content The store began operations after Apple signed deals with five major record labels: EMI , Universal , Warner , Sony Music Entertainment , and BMG . Songs from more than 2,000 independent labels were added later, the first being from The Orchard on June 24, 2003. As of 2012, the iTunes Store offers more than 28,000,000 songs, [ 1 ] [ 19 ] including exclusive tracks from numerous artists. Not all artists are available on iTunes, including some popular ones such as AC/DC or Tool . [ 20 ] New songs are added to the iTunes catalog every day, while the iTunes Store is updated each Tuesday. Apple releases a 'Single of the Week' every week, often in both English and an alternate language, and usually a 'Discovery Download' on Tuesdays, which are available for free for one week. [ 21 ] Downloaded songs come with song information (name, artist, album) already filled out, though iTunes provides a free service by Gracenote to do this for songs not purchased from the store, although they must be imported with iTunes. Songs that have an entry in the iTunes Store also come with album artwork (Artwork is embedded in the metadata). As of the release of iTunes 7, the artwork can be obtained for songs not purchased from the store for free if the user has an iTunes Store account. Purchased songs do not come with lyrics already typed in to the application's window for them; nor does iTunes provide a service for acquiring the missing lyrics. However, several third-party applications exist to locate and automatically add lyrics to the user's music. [ edit ] "Album Only" songs Some songs are available from the store by "Album Only", meaning the song can only be acquired through the purchase of the entire album, whereas most songs can be downloaded separately from the album they belong to. Most songs above 10 minutes in length are automatically album-only songs. Soundtracks also often have many Album Only tracks. Movie soundtracks normally include songs owned by many different labels, making licensing more complex. For example, Forrest Gump: The Soundtrack includes songs from Peacock Records , Argo Records Capitol Records , among many others. Greatest Hits by Red Hot Chili Peppers has only one song, " Higher Ground ", that is not available for download on a per song basis, whilst Circus ( Britney Spears' 2008 album) has two songs that are only available for album download only which are Rock Me In and Phonography . [ edit ] "Work Only" songs Some tracks are listed as "Work Only", which means they can only be obtained by purchasing the entire piece of work (within the album); the tracks cannot be bought as singles. One explanation given for this model is that the artist wants users to appreciate "the work" as a whole, instead of in fragments. [ citation needed ] [ edit ] Sub-divisions When entering the U.S. music store, there are multiple sub-divided stores that one can go into. These stores are either found under 'More In Music,' 'Genres,' 'Pre-Orders,' 'Celebrity Playlists' and 'Free Downloads.' Within 'More In Music,' one can enter various stores such as Starbucks Entertainment and iTunes Essentials. Groupings of music based upon the artist of the music (Artist Essentials), the genre or history of the music (Genres and History), or any other similarities (My Groove) are on iTunes Essentials. Each grouping of music is essentially a pre-made playlist . The songs in the playlist are all listed in order of their importance, starting with the artist's most well-known song. These playlists usually contain either 45 or 75 songs equally distributed in three sections: The Basics (the biggest, best, and most important songs), Next Steps (usually composed of popular songs just beyond the hits) and Deep Cuts (under-appreciated songs). Occasionally, specific Artist Essentials do not have a Deep Cuts section. This usually depends on how many releases the artist has completed over the years. Within 'Genres,' one can enter music stores that only have one genre. These genres include alternative , blues , children's music , Christian gospel , classical , comedy (this includes comedy rock and stand-up comedy ), country , dance , electronic , hip-hop/rap , jazz , Latino , pop , R B / soul , reggae , rock , singer–songwriter , soundtrack , vocal , and world . There are a total of 20 genres in the U.S. music store. 'Pre-Orders' lists albums that one can pre-order before the album is released. 'Celebrity Playlists' contains lists of songs chosen and described by celebrities. 'Free Downloads' are songs that subscribed iTunes Store users can obtain for free. On November 1, 2006, Apple created a category for Latino and Hispanic content, " iTunes Latino ". Telemundo and Mun2 made some of their popular programs available for purchase, becoming the first Hispanic television content in the store. It offers music, music videos, audiobooks, podcasts and television shows in Spanish in a single concentrated area. The brief descriptions given to the content is in Spanish as well as several sub-categories. Gibraltarian Flamenco Metal band Breed 77 , released an exclusive album called Un Encuentro to coincide with the launch of "iTunes Latino". It features 11 songs, all from previous albums, but all sung in Spanish . [ edit ] Song censorship There is a policy of censoring profanity in song titles on iTunes. [ 22 ] This has resulted in a Scunthorpe glitch , by which inoffensive titles are censored due to a coincidental string of letters. [ 23 ] If the song has an explicit label, it will be marked "explicit" next to the song title. If a song is marked "explicit" it is unavailable for purchase if "restrict explicit content" is checked under the parental controls preference. Often there will be a "clean" mark next to the title of some songs, meaning the lyrics have been censored, and is available to purchase on all accounts. Generally if a song is marked "clean" there is an explicit version available as well. [ edit ] Podcasts Main article: Podcast The iTunes Store has over 150,000 free podcasts available for subscription. [ when? ] Once a podcast has been subscribed to, iTunes will automatically download new episodes to the subscriber's iTunes library. Mobile devices running iOS 4.2 or later versions are also able to download podcasts automatically. [ edit ] Audiobooks The iTunes Store also includes over 20,000 hours of audiobooks, [ 24 ] encoded at 32 kbit/s (22.050-24.000 kHz, mono) and 64 kbit/s (22.050 kHz, stereo). Ninety-second previews are offered for every book. These books are provided by Audible.com . This is the same format available if the user signs up directly with Audible.com and chose the "iPod" format. The main difference is that it is unnecessary to sign up for a subscription to get audiobooks as is the case with Audible. A small discount is provided through buying audiobooks through the iTunes Store, but on a selective basis by Apple in comparison to an "always on member discount" if one has an Audible subscription. The "Audiobooks" category also includes radio shows and all other audio-only programs, except podcasts. In October 2005, Apple announced the latest iPod would be capable of playing video files, which would be sold online through the iTunes Store in the U.S. [ 25 ] These videos included 2,000 music videos and episodes of popular television programs. Apple made a deal with Disney to be the first supplier of TV shows. The first shows available included episodes of Lost and Desperate Housewives with each episode becoming available the day after it originally aired on broadcast TV. Several short animated films by Pixar are available. The selling of videos on iTunes sparked considerable debate as to whether there was a paying audience for programming available for free on TV. As MP3 Newswire pointed out, users are not so much paying for the TV programs themselves. Instead they are really paying for a service that offers the convenience of someone else digitizing free broadcast episodes for them for their portable device, each episode in commercial-free form, and a convenient place to select and download individual shows. Through an updated version of QuickTime Pro , users can create their own videos for the iPod, including digitized versions of programs recorded on their VCR if they wish to take the time and effort to save the cost. With the launch of iTunes 8, many TV shows, such as The Office and Heroes , have begun offering their programing in High Definition (HD). Until March 7, 2012, the HD content available on iTunes was in 720p (1280 x 720). After this date, 1080p content (1920 x 1080) was offered alongside 720p. In addition to the launch of high definition TV shows, iTunes 8 allowed for the rental of movies through the iTunes Store. The playing of movie rentals must begin within 30 days of purchase and must be completed within 24 hours of having been started. [ 26 ] In March 2009, Apple announced that iTunes customers can purchase and rent selected movie titles in HD from their computers. Previously, HD movie rentals were only available for purchase and playback on the Apple TV . HD movies available for purchase are priced at $19.99, introduced with titles such as Quantum of Solace and Twilight . [ 27 ] [ edit ] iTunes U On May 30, 2007, iTunes U was announced at Cupertino, California. The service was created to manage, distribute, and control access to educational audio and video content and PDF files for students within a college or university as well as the broader Internet; it has since been updated to include grade schools Kindergarten to 12th grade [ 28 ] . The member institutions are given their own iTunes U site that makes use of Apple's iTunes Store infrastructure. The online service is without cost to those uploading or downloading material. Content includes course lectures, language lessons, lab demonstrations, sports highlights and campus tours provided by qualifying two- and four-year accredited, degree-granting, public or private colleges, universities, elementary, middle, and high schools in the United States, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] An advantage iTunes U has over traditional podcasting tools is that access to content can be restricted because of the use of the iTunes infrastructure end-to-end. Authentication is handled by the member college or university, who prompts a visitor for information (like an account and password specific to that institution) and then passes a certain token on to the iTunes U web site. That token contains (indicates) the access level for that visitor. [ 31 ] An example might be a class podcast that can only be accessed by students enrolled in the class. There is material from a myriad of places, including colleges and universities, on iTunes U. There are over 350,000 files available to download. Individual universities can be visited through the Universities Colleges section, and other institutions can be visited through the "Beyond Campus" section. [ 32 ] The functions of iTunes U are much like those of Podcasts in that users can either download individual streams or subscribe to a stream so that iTunes will automatically download it. [ 32 ] Since making changes to individual iTunes U sites may be difficult to users not well-versed in XML tools (i.e. XQuery ), Richard Wolf at the University of Illinois at Chicago has created the Woolamaloo application and Woolamaloo Automator Actions for OS X to aid users in the setup and editing of sites. Woolamaloo makes it easy for non-programmers to use the iTunes U web services. By using the Automator workflow tool in OS X, the Woolamaloo Automator Actions can not only be configured but can then be combined with other actions to help with any routine iTunes U administrative tasks. After receiving multiple requests, Mr. Wolf subsequently released Woolamaloo for Windows. [ 33 ] [ edit ] iPod games Main article: iPod game On September 12, 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the iPod Classic or iPod Nano with video playback. Launch titles included: Bejeweled , Cubis, Mini Golf, Mahjong , Pac-Man , Tetris , Texas Hold 'Em , Vortex , and Zuma . Though they are downloaded through iTunes, the games cannot be played within the application itself; they can only be played on an iPod Classic or iPod Nano. [ edit ] App Store Main article: App Store (iOS) With the launch of iPhone 3G and the 2.0 iOS firmware for iPod Touch and iPhone owners, the App Store began allowing users to download applications through the iTunes desktop software or the App Store on their iPhones. The applications are now available for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. As of June 11, 2012, there are over 635,000 third-party applications available, of which 225,000 are applications specially designed for the iPad. [ 34 ] Developers of these applications receive 70 percent of the income and free applications are distributed without charge to the developer. [ 35 ] Each application is also protected with iTunes FairPlay DRM. [ edit ] iBookstore Main article: iBookstore As with the launch of the App Store on both the iOS as a standalone application and in iTunes as a section of the iTunes store, the iBookstore has been launched on both platforms in a similar fashion, with the desktop software being used to store and sync iBooks purchases exclusively with iDevices . The iPhone OS software update on 21 June 2010 allowed iPhone and iPod touch customers in the US to buy iBooks, with other countries coming on stream soon after. [ edit ] Reception Sales of iTunes songs, 2003—2010. Since its launch, the iTunes Store has crossed many milestones. In the first 18 hours, the store sold about 275,000 tracks and more than 1,000,000 in its first 5 days. When released for Windows in October 2003, iTunes was downloaded more than 1,000,000 times in the first 3 days, selling more than 1,000,000 songs in that period. On December 15, 2003, Apple announced that it had sold 25 million songs. In January 2004 at the Macworld Conference Expo in San Francisco , Steve Jobs announced (Sellers, 2004) that an unnamed person had purchased US$29,500 worth of music. On March 15, 2004, Apple announced that iTunes Music Store customers had purchased and downloaded 50 million songs from the iTunes Music Store. A song sold on iTunes gives the artist 9 cents in profit. They also reported that customers were purchasing 2.5 million songs a week which translates to a projected annual run rate of 130 million songs a year. The 50 millionth song was "The Path of Thorns" by Sarah McLachlan . [ 36 ] On April 28, 2004, the iTunes Music Store marked its first anniversary with 70 million songs sold, clear dominance in the paid online music market and a slight profit. [ 37 ] The store also offers hundreds of movie trailers and music videos, in an attempt to boost soundtrack sales. In the conference, Steve Jobs reiterated that a subscription service is still not in the interest of customers and reported that only 5 million of the 100 million songs offered in the Pepsi giveaway campaign were redeemed, which he blamed on technical problems in Pepsi distribution. According to an Apple Press Release released on August 10, 2004, the iTunes Music Store is the first store to have a catalog of more than one million songs. [ 38 ] Also, the iTunes Music Store at that point maintained an over 70 percent market share of legal music downloads. The emerging monopoly of the store has been criticised by Mike Lang of Miramax for "effectively strangling the industry". He says that because the music industry has allowed too few content providers, it is now suffering. Lang views the issue as being more of a threat than music piracy . [ 39 ] [ edit ] Milestones This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate . Editing help is available. (June 2011) 100 million songs sold : July 11, 2004 (Kevin Britten of Hays , Kansas , bought the 100 millionth song, and the twenty-year-old was given a call from Steve Jobs congratulating him.) [ 40 ] 125 million songs sold : September 1, 2004 [ 41 ] 150 million songs sold : October 14, 2004 [ 42 ] 200 million songs sold : December 16, 2004 (Ryan Alekman of Belchertown , Massachusetts , bought the 200 millionth song, which was one of the tracks on U2 's digital box set The Complete U2 . ) [ 43 ] 250 million songs sold : January 24, 2005 [ 44 ] 300 million songs sold : March 2, 2005 [ 45 ] 400 million songs sold : May 10, 2005 [ 46 ] On July 5, 2005, Apple announced a promotion counting down to half a billion songs sold. [ 47 ] 500 million songs sold : July 18, 2005 (Amy Greer of Lafayette , Indiana , bought the 500 millionth song, " Mississippi Girl " by Faith Hill .) [ 48 ] 850 million songs sold : January 10, 2006 [ 49 ] 1 billion songs sold : February 23, 2006 (Alex Ostrovsky of West Bloomfield , Michigan , bought the billionth song, " Speed of Sound " by Coldplay . [ 50 ] He later got a call from Steve Jobs with the news that the sixteen-year-old was getting ten iPods, an iMac, a $10,000 music gift certificate, and a scholarship established in his name at the Juilliard School.) [ 40 ] 1.5 billion songs sold : September 12, 2006 [ 51 ] 2 billion songs sold : January 10, 2007 [ 51 ] 2.5 billion songs sold : April 9, 2007 [ 52 ] 3 billion songs sold : July 31, 2007 [ 53 ] 4 billion songs sold : January 15, 2008 5 billion songs sold : June 19, 2008 [ 54 ] 6 billion songs sold : January 6, 2009 [ 55 ] 8 billion songs sold : July 21, 2009 8.6 billion songs sold : September 9, 2009 10 billion songs sold : February 24, 2010 [ 56 ] (Louie Sulcer of Woodstock, Georgia , downloaded " Guess Things Happen That Way " by Johnny Cash . At 71 years old, he was the oldest milestone winner. He received a call from Steve Jobs and a $10,000 iTunes gift card.) [ 57 ] 15 billion songs sold : June 6, 2011 [ 58 ] 1 million videos sold : October 31, 2005 [ 59 ] 3+ million videos sold : December 6, 2005 [ 60 ] 8 million videos sold : January 10, 2006 [ 49 ] 15 million videos sold : February 23, 2006 [ 50 ] 45 million videos sold : September 12, 2006 [ 51 ] 50 million television episodes sold : January 10, 2007 [ 51 ] 1.3 million feature-length films sold : January 10, 2007 [ 51 ] 2 million feature-length films sold : July 31, 2007 [ 61 ] 200 million television episodes sold : October 16, 2008 [ 62 ] 1+ million HD episodes sold : October 16, 2008 [ 62 ] [ edit ] Applications 10 million apps downloaded : July 14, 2008 [ 63 ] 100 million apps downloaded : September 9, 2008 [ 64 ] 200 million apps downloaded : October 22, 2008 [ 65 ] 300 million apps downloaded : December 5, 2008 [ 66 ] 500 million apps downloaded : January 16, 2009 [ 67 ] 800 million apps downloaded : March 17, 2009 [ 68 ] 1 billion apps downloaded : April 23, 2009 [ 69 ] 1.5 billion apps downloaded : July 14, 2009 [ 70 ] 1.8 billion apps downloaded : September 9, 2009 2 billion apps downloaded : September 28, 2009 3 billion apps downloaded : January 5, 2010 7 billion apps downloaded : October 20, 2010 10 billion apps downloaded : January 22, 2011 [ 71 ] 15 billion apps downloaded : July 7, 2011 [ 72 ] 25 billion apps downloaded : March 5, 2012 [ 8 ] [ edit ] Market share Steve Jobs announced in his "It's Showtime" keynote that Apple had 88% of the legal U.S. music download market on September 12, 2006. [ 51 ] On April 11, 2007, Apple announced that the iTunes Store had sold more than two million movies, making it the world's most popular online movie store. [ 61 ] On February 26, 2008, the iTunes Store surpassed Best Buy to become the second-biggest music seller in the USA behind Wal-Mart ; the iTunes Store became number one on April 3, 2008. [ 2 ] [ edit ] Internationalization Originally only Mac OS X users who had credit cards with a U.S. billing address could buy songs with the service, but Steve Jobs , the CEO of Apple, announced plans to support both Windows and non-American users. The Windows version of iTunes and support for the Windows platform from the iTunes Music Store were announced on October 16, 2003, with immediate availability. Beginning in 2004, the service has become available in a number of countries other than the United States: Music Videos [ 73 ] iTunes Match [ 74 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (0.91 - 1.53 USD) [ 78 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] April 2, 2008 [ 79 ] April 16, 2009 [ 80 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] April 30, 2012 [ 81 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] April 30, 2012 [ 81 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] April 30, 2012 [ 81 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 27, 2011 [ 83 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] April 30, 2012 [ 81 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] (0.67 - 1.25 USD) [ 78 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (1.25 - 1.67 USD) [ 78 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (1.32 - 1.66 USD) [ 78 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (1.53 - 2.11 USD) [ 78 ] TradeDoubler [ 77 ] (1.52 - 1.90 USD) [ 78 ] August 4, 2005 [ 86 ] LinkShare Japan [ 75 ] (1.81 - 3.02 USD) [ 78 ] June 24, 2008 [ 87 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] (1.28 - 2.35 USD) [ 78 ] December 6, 2005 [ 88 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] (1.29 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] August 4, 2009 [ 89 ] November 9, 2010 [ 90 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] (0.71 - 1.19 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] April 30, 2012 [ 81 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] July 19, 2012 [ 93 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] December 15, 2011 [ 76 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] July 19, 2012 [ 93 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] April 30, 2012 [ 81 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] September 29, 2011 [ 92 ] TradeDoubler [ 82 ] (0.92 - 1.72 USD) [ 78 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] TradeDoubler [ 91 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] December 13, 2011 [ 94 ] January 16, 2012 [ 84 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 27, 2012 [ 95 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] Federated States of Micronesia June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] São Tomé and Príncipe June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] June 21, 2012 [ 96 ] The countries where iTunes Store is available are shown in green. To buy files through the store, a user must install the proprietary digital media player iTunes to access the store. This software is available only for certain versions of the Macintosh or Windows operating systems. iTunes Store availability. Green: full functionality (music, apps, videos, etc.) Red: available, but with limitations (only apps, iTunes U, etc.) According to an Apple press release, the European iTunes Music Stores sold a combined total of 800,000 songs in one week, with 450,000 of those songs sold in the UK. [ 97 ] The Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Greek stores have been localized. On 3 December 2004 the British Office of Fair Trading referred the iTunes Music Store to the European Commission because it prevents consumers in one EU country from buying music from stores in other EU countries, in violation of EU free-trade legislation; the immediate cause of the referral was because the €0.99 price charged in the Eurozone equates to UK£0.68 in sterling, rather than the UK£0.79 actually charged there. iTunes Music Store in Japan had 1 million songs available at start. [ 86 ] In the next four days the store had sold one million songs – the pace faster than that of the U.S. store. [ 98 ] In addition to a long delay, Apple failed to have one set price for singles. Pundits [ who? ] speculated that this may have indicated the introduction of new price structure to the rest of the stores in future, in favor of record labels [ who? ] who would like to see higher prices for new songs. This extension to other countries was announced in January 2009. The release of video-capable iPods also saw the store launch in Australia with music videos and short films by Pixar . iTunes Gift Cards (as they are now known) are now also available in many more stores such as JB Hi-Fi , David Jones , and the Woolworths chain of stores. Access was inadvertently given to some people in New Zealand , too. [ 99 ] Failed negotiations with the Sony BMG label meant that none of that label's artists were available at the time of launch; they were later added on January 17, 2006. New Zealand users had briefly been able to buy from the Australian store when it first opened until that loophole was closed. On November 1, 2006, the store started offering a range of Latino content including television shows and music for its Hispanic American , Mexican and Puerto Rican clients. [ 100 ] The Spanish used on the Mexican store has been modified to Mexican Spanish . [ 101 ] [ 102 ] As of the 2009 Macworld Conference Expo , Apple had given no new information of the (possible; future) inclusion and expansion of music videos, TV-shows and movies in other European countries. The stores of the UK, Germany and France currently remain the only European Stores with local and/or localized selections of TV-shows, movies and music videos. [ edit ] Payment options A user must also pay with an iTunes gift card or a credit card with a billing address in Australia , Austria , Belgium , Brunei , Bulgaria , Brazil , Cambodia , Canada , Colombia , the Czech Republic , Cyprus , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hong Kong , Hungary , the Republic of Ireland , Italy , Japan , Laos , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Macau , Malaysia , Malta , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Puerto Rico , Romania , Singapore , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sri Lanka , Sweden , Switzerland , Taiwan , Thailand , United Kingdom , the United States or Vietnam . Apple also offers other payment methods (like Paypal ), which differ from country to country. Residents in other countries can only buy a gift card from a merchant or download free podcasts and previews. [ edit ] Available file formats / History thereof Originally, songs were encoded using FairPlay -encrypted 128 kbit/s AAC streams in an mp4 wrapper, using the .m4p extension. While licenses to the AAC compression and the mp4 file format are readily available, Apple generally has not licensed its proprietary FairPlay encryption scheme to other mobile device manufacturers, so only devices from Apple are able to play the FairPlay-encrypted songs sold at the iTunes Store. The only exceptions were three mobile phones sold by Motorola in the years 2005–6: the Motorola ROKR E1 , the Motorola RAZR V3i , and the Motorola SLVR L7 . Currently the digital booklets included with some albums are in PDF . With the present iPod software, these files are not readable on iPods without third party software. However, with the release of their latest firmware update for the iPhone and iPod Touch , these can be converted to books and viewed in the iBooks application. From May 29, 2007 tracks on the EMI label were made available in a DRM-less format called iTunes Plus . These files are unprotected and are encoded in the AAC format at 256 kbit/s, twice the bitrate of standard tracks bought through the service. They are labelled as "purchased AAC audio file" (.m4a) rather than "protected AAC audio file" (.m4p) in iTunes and the context menu obtained by right-clicking the song includes an option to convert to MP3 . In January 2009, Apple announced that all music would be available in the iTunes Plus format, bringing an end to the sale of music with DRM on iTunes. In April, the sale of protected music ended in the western versions of the store, making all music in the iTunes Store "iTunes Plus". iTunes store users may choose to "upgrade" any of their downloaded iTunes music to iTunes Plus if they wish, but most songs require payment to do so. FairPlay DRM-protected music is still available in the Japanese iTunes store. In September 2009, Apple introduced the iTunes LP format (known pre-launch by the code name "Cocktail") [ 103 ] [ 104 ] which features visual, interactive content alongside album tracks and lyrics. [ edit ] Digital rights management A white fifth-generation iPod with earphones . The only portable devices licensed to play protected music from the iTunes Store are iPods , the iPhone , the iPod Touch , the iPad and selected Motorola mobile phones , such as the ROKR . Apple's FairPlay digital rights management (DRM) is integrated into iTunes, which manages songs purchased in the m4p file format from iTunes Store before January 2009. iTunes relies on FairPlay to implement three main restrictions: Users can make a maximum of seven CD copies of any particular playlist containing songs in the m4p file format purchased from the iTunes Store. Users can access their purchased songs in the m4p file format on a maximum of five computers. Songs in the m4p file format can only be played on a computer with iTunes or an iPod; other MP3 devices do not support FairPlay encoded tracks. There are no restrictions on number of iPods to which a purchased song can be transferred nor the number of times any individual song can be burned to CD. When Apple initially introduced FairPlay, songs purchased through iTunes had limits of three simultaneous machines and ten CD copies of a playlist. The adjustment to the current limits was implemented with the introduction of iTunes 4.5 in April 2004, presumably as the result of re-negotiations Apple had with major labels. Apple's DRM technology is breakable. Various programs have been written to remove the FairPlay wrapper and allow the AAC files to be used without technological restriction. More simply, a user can convert protected files to an unprotected format format by using iTunes to burn them to an audio CD and ripping the CD back to iTunes. If the CD is ripped back to iTunes in a lossy format, some audio quality will be lost in this transcoding . An alternative way of transcoding the files is to record the "Wave Out Mix" using an audio recording program (such as Audacity or Audio Hijack Pro ) while playing the song on iTunes — and then encoding it to a format of the user's choice. Competitors accused Apple of using iPod, the iTunes Store, and "FairPlay" to establish a vertical monopoly and a lock-in for iPod users to use the iTunes Store exclusively (and vice versa). This "lock" had two aspects: Apple has maintained tight control of its FairPlay encryption. Other online music stores cannot sell music files encoded with FairPlay, and competing devices from companies such as Creative Labs and iriver cannot play such files. This means that consumers who want to listen to songs downloaded from the iTunes Store must either have an Apple device (iPod, iPhone, iPad) or convert the files to an open format. The iPod does not play files encoded in Microsoft's WMA format or RealNetwork's Helix-protected format, which are used by other online music stores. iPod owners who want to play music from other such stores must circumvent the files' DRM. In July 2004, RealNetworks debuted an application named Harmony , which converted files purchased from RealNetworks' RealRhapsody service into a FairPlay-compatible format that an iPod could play. In response, Apple accused RealNetworks of "adopting the tactics and ethics of a hacker to break into the iPod." [ 105 ] and released a firmware upgrade that rendered iPods incapable of playing such files. On January 3, 2005, an iTunes Music Store customer sued Apple, alleging the company broke US antitrust laws by freezing out competitors. [ 106 ] In 2006, a controversy erupted about a French draft law aimed at reinforcing the protection of works of art against "piracy", or illegal copying; some clauses of the law could possibly be used to request Apple to provide information about its FairPlay system to manufacturers of competing players. Apple and associated lobbying groups protested the draft law, going as far as to suggest that it condoned "state-sponsored piracy." Some [ who? ] U.S. commentators claimed that the law was a protectionistic measure against the iPod. [ edit ] Movement against DRM On February 6, 2007, Steve Jobs called on the Big Four record labels to allow their music to be sold DRM-free. [ 107 ] This approach was advocated by the Open Music Model as being revenue maximizing. On April 2, 2007, Apple and the record label EMI announced that the iTunes Store would begin offering, as an additional purchasing option, tracks from EMI's catalog encoded as 256 kbit/s AAC without FairPlay or any other DRM. On May 29, 2007, Apple released version 7.2 of its iTunes software, allowing users to purchase DRM-free music and music videos from participating labels. These new files, available through the iTunes Store, have been called iTunes Plus music by Apple. iTunes Plus content was offered at a higher price than the DRM-protected versions of the same content. In October 2007, iTunes Plus became automatic instead of optional for all iTunes Plus licensed content. In addition, the price of iTunes Plus reverted to the lower DRM price. Almost immediately after the launch of iTunes Plus, reports surfaced that the DRM-free tracks sold by the iTunes Store contained identifying information about the customer, embedding the purchasing account's full name and e-mail address as metadata in the file. This information has always been in iTunes downloads both with and without FairPlay DRM. [ citation needed ] . Privacy groups expressed concerns that this data could be misused if possessions carrying the files were stolen, and potentially wrongly incriminate a user for copyright infringement . [ 108 ] On January 6, 2009 at the Macworld Expo, Apple announced a significant overhaul of the iTunes Plus catalog with Universal Music Group, Sony BMG, Warner Music Group and EMI offering all their music in iTunes Plus immediately. As of the announcement, 8 million songs were available in Apple's DRM-free format. As of April 2009, all songs became available in the iTunes Plus format, except from the Japanese iTunes Store; the Japanese store would not undergo full conversion until February 22, 2012. [ 109 ] [ edit ] Promotions On Super Bowl Sunday , February 1, 2004, Apple launched a promotion with Pepsi in which they gave away 100 million songs, through tokens on selected soft drink bottle caps. Unfortunately for Apple, Pepsi failed to properly distribute the bottles to major metropolitan areas until only weeks before the promotion ended, despite a one-month extension of the deadline by Apple. The promotion was repeated beginning January 31, 2005, with 200 million songs available, and an iPod Mini given away every hour. On July 1, 2004, Apple announced that, starting with the sale of the 95 millionth song, an iPod would be given away to the buyer of each 100 thousandth song, for a total of 50 iPods. The buyer of the 100 millionth song would receive a PowerBook , iPod, and US$10,000 gift certificate to the iTunes Music Store. Ten days later, on July 11, Apple announced that 100 million songs had been sold through the iTunes Music Store. The 100 millionth song was titled "Somersault ( Dangermouse Remix)" by Zero 7 , purchased by Kevin Britten of Hays, Kansas . He then received a phone call from Apple CEO Steve Jobs , who offered his congratulations, as well as a 40 GB 3rd Generation iPod laser-engraved with a message of thanks. Inspired by Pepsi's marketing success with iTunes giveaways, Coca-Cola partnered with 7-Eleven to give away a free iTunes song with every 32 US fl oz (950 ml). Slurpee frozen beverage until July 31, 2005. Songs could be redeemed until August 31, 2005 by entering a code printed on the Slurpee cup into the iTunes Music Store application. Coca-Cola did this in spite of having its own music store, myCokeMusic.com , that competed with the iTunes Music Store in Europe. myCokeMusic.com ceased business on July 31, 2006. [ 110 ] On July 5, 2005, Apple announced that they were counting down to half a billion songs. The buyer of every 100 thousandth song up to 500 million would receive an iPod Mini and a 50-song gift card. The grand prize for the person who downloads the 500 millionth song was 10 iPods of their choice, a 10,000-song gift card, 10 50-song gift cards or 4 tickets to the Coldplay world tour. Twelve days later, on July 17, Apple announced that 500 million songs had been sold through the iTunes Music Store. The 500 millionth song, purchased by Amy Greer of Lafayette , Indiana , was "Mississippi Girl" by Faith Hill . On July 28, 2005, Apple and The Gap announced a promotion to award iTunes music downloads to Gap customers who tried on a pair of Gap jeans. [ 111 ] From August 8 to August 31, 2005, each customer who tried on any pair of Gap jeans could receive a free download for a song of their choice from the iTunes Music Store. On February 7, 2006, Apple announced that they were counting down to the billionth song download and began a promotion similar to the previous 100 million and 500 million countdown. Whoever downloaded the billionth song would receive a 20" iMac, ten 60 GB iPods, and a US$10,000 iTunes Music Card. The billionth song was purchased on February 23, 2006 by Alex Ostrovsky of West Bloomfield , Michigan . The purchased song was " Speed of Sound " as part of Coldplay's X Y album. On July 25, 2006, Facebook and iTunes began offering a promotion where members of the Apple Students group would receive a free 25 song sampler each week until September 30 in various music genres. The idea behind the promotion was to get students more familiar and enthusiastic with each service as Autumn classes approached. [ 112 ] However in order to prevent abuse of the promotion, the weekly code that Facebook provided stopped working after it was redeemed one million times. In addition, the promotion caused discontent among international students, as the code was only valid in the U.S. iTunes Music Store. On April 10, 2009, Apple announced that it will be counting down to the billionth app. Apps being the applications for iPod Touch and iPhone. Launching a counter that is constantly running on Good Friday , Apple starting counting down. [ 113 ] Connor Mulcahey, age 13 of Weston, CT , downloaded the billionth app, " Bump " by Bump Technologies , and will receive a Macbook Pro 17", a 32 GB iPod Touch, a Time Capsule, and a $10,000 Gift Card for the iTunes store. On February 11, 2010 Apple announced that it would be counting down to 10 billion songs downloaded. A $10,000 gift card was offered as a prize. On February 24, 2010, the 10 billionth song, " Guess Things Happen That Way " by Johnny Cash , was purchased by Louie Sulcer of Woodstock, Georgia. [ 114 ] [ edit ] Other platforms Currently, iTunes is supported on Mac OS X (Leopard and above) and Windows operating systems. iTunes was known to run passably well in Linux on x86 -based computers using the Wine compatibility layer. However, as of 13 December 2011, with the latest releases of iTunes Wine, this is no longer the case. [ 115 ] iTunes is supported also on iPod Classic , iPod Nano , iPod Shuffle , iPod Touch and iPhone . iTunes Store is available only on iPod Touch and iPhone . [ edit ] Technical details Store pages are delivered using standard HTML with a special header. This change was made when iTunes 9.0 was released. iTunes uses WebKit to render these pages on the screen. [ 116 ] Prior to iTunes 9.0, the iTunes Store was delivered using a custom XML format that describes the position of all of the elements, boxes, album art and all of their properties — including whether a reference link can be dragged out of iTunes and into another document. The App Store portion of the store is still rendered in this fashion. The store's back-end software uses WebObjects - Apple's own application server it acquired from NeXT . Content is uploaded to the iTunes data store using an internal Apple program called iTunes Producer , which automatically encodes and adds metadata to uploaded files. [ citation needed ] [ edit ] Legal disputes Main article: Apple Inc. litigation [ edit ] Apple Records Main article: Apple Corps v. Apple Computer For three years, The Beatles ' record company Apple Records were in a legal dispute, Apple Corps v. Apple Computer , with Apple Computer over the name "Apple." On May 8, 2006, a ruling was declared in favor of Apple Computer, but Apple Records said it would appeal the ruling. Despite this, plans were announced by Neil Aspinall in April 2006 to completely remaster and release the entire Beatles catalog on an unspecified online music service, as well as release some previously unheard work by the band. No date was set at that time. [ 117 ] It has also been reported that the Beatles' music catalog might initially be appearing on iTunes only, as Apple is reported to be negotiating with Britain's EMI group over an online distribution deal that might be exclusive for a limited time. [ 118 ] During his January 9, 2007 Macworld Keynote address, Apple CEO Steve Jobs used the band's song " Lovely Rita " to introduce the music-playing capabilities of the company's new iPhone. This was regarded by industry observers as further evidence that the Beatles catalog would be introduced to the iTunes Music Store catalog in the near future. [ 119 ] On February 5, 2007, Apple Corps and Apple Inc. announced they had reached a settlement in their legal dispute. [ 120 ] In a related development, Apple announced on August 14, 2007 that the entire solo catalog of John Lennon would be available on iTunes. [ 121 ] The solo catalogs of the other three Beatles, Paul McCartney , Ringo Starr , and George Harrison , are also available on iTunes. On November 16, 2010, the entire Beatles catalog was officially made available on the iTunes Store. [ edit ] The Consumer Council of Norway EULA challenge On June 6, 2006, The Consumer Ombudsmen in Norway , Sweden and Denmark launched a common open letter to Apple regarding the EULA of iTunes through the Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman Bjørn Erik Thon . [ 122 ] The iTunes case is based upon an official complaint [ 123 ] filed by The Consumer Council of Norway on January 25, 2006. The main allegations were that: The EULA is unbalanced to disfavor the customer. Scandinavian law requires any written agreement to favor both parties. The weak party also enjoys protection from exploitation according to Norwegian consumer laws. The iTunes Store's use of Digital rights management limits the number of devices purchased songs can be played on. iTunes' contract entitles the company to at any time change the terms of the contract without notice, including the selection of players or software that must be used for iTunes files, and also the number of times a customer can change or copy already purchased files. The EULA is both vague and hard to understand for the customers. The EULA states that the legal relationship between the company and customers is regulated by English contract law. It is unreasonable to expect Norwegian consumers to have comprehensive knowledge of English law. Products marketed to Norwegian consumers in Norway are subject to Norwegian law — a right that cannot be waived by a clause in a company's standard customer contract. The EULA removes iTunes' responsibility regarding damage to the consumer's computer due to software errors even though responsibility cannot be waived in Scandinavian Law. Apple responded July 31, 2006. [ 124 ] On January 22, 2007, German and French consumer groups joined forces with Norway and Finland. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] Their goal is to create a united European front against iTunes (Germany and France have each had their own negotiation process with iTunes). According to the press statement Apple is in favor of this. The key points in the negotiations were: Interoperability — the consumer should have the right and ability to play his or her music on any device of his or her own choice. Change of conditions — iTunes must revoke their right to change the terms and conditions (EULA) at any time without the consent of the consumer. Liability — iTunes should change its clause limiting its liability to recover consumer damages if they are caused by content sold by iTunes. Applicable Law — Consumers entering into a contract with iTunes should be able to rely on the consumer protection rules according to the law of the country in which they live. [ edit ] EU anti-trust case In 2004, Which? magazine complained to the European Commission about the higher prices in UK for the same songs sold in the EU. Typically 0.99 Euro in EU and 79 pence in the UK. [ 127 ] In 2008 the Commission withdrew its investigation after Apple agreed to end the price discrimination. [ edit ] Content disputes [ edit ] Universal Music Group ‹ The template below ( Update ) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. › This article is outdated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2010) On July 1, 2007, the New York Times reported [ 128 ] that Universal (currently the world's biggest music corporation) would not renew its annual contract to sell music through iTunes. Instead, Universal said that it would market music to Apple at will, allowing it to remove its songs from the iTunes service on short notice if the two sides did not agree on pricing or other terms. On August 9, 2007, UMG announced a plan to sell some songs in MP3 format, without Digital rights management , through a variety of online services such as Amazon MP3 and the newly created gBox . While these tracks continue to be available through the iTunes Store, Universal chose to license these songs in DRM-free formats only through other services. [ 129 ] [ edit ] NBC Universal TV series On August 31, 2007, Apple announced that programs on NBC 's 2007-08 television schedule would not be available on iTunes. [ 130 ] NBC had informed Apple the previous day that it would not be renewing its contract. [ 131 ] It was later clarified that this change only applied to series produced by NBC Universal -owned Universal Media Studios , including Universal-produced shows on other networks such as House . NBC programs produced by other studios, such as Chuck ( Warner Bros. ) and Journeyman ( 20th Century Fox ), would remain available on iTunes. [ 132 ] Apple has publicly asserted that NBC would only renew their contract if Apple agreed to a price increase of US$4.99 per episode, which they did not. NBC disputes that claim, claiming that Apple balked at NBC's request to package shows together and make wholesale pricing more flexible. [ 133 ] NBC claims that they never asked to double the wholesale price and insisted that their shows would be sold by the iTunes Store through early December. [ 134 ] Other networks who sell their shows via iTunes did not follow suit. On December 1, 2007 NBC shows were pulled from iTunes. On September 9, 2008, Apple and NBC Universal announced that NBC's TV shows were once again available on the US iTunes Store. The UK iTunes Store has many shows from NBC available, though they are distributed by Universal Studios . The pricing for these seasons are higher than they were on the US store, an example being, Season 3 of The Office is priced at UK£43.47 (roughly US$72) vs. $52.99 (US Store HD ). [ edit ] See also Comparison of online music stores [ edit ] Notes and references ^ a b c "Drowning? The iTunes Store Now Has 28 Million Songs..." . Digital Music News. 25 April 2012 . http://digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2012/120425itunes . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . ^ a b "iTunes Store Top Music Retailer in the USA" . Apple, Inc. . 2008-04-03 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/04/03itunes.html . ^ "Apple's iTunes serves up 10 billionth song download" . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/02/25itunes.html . ^ "iTunes Store quietly generates record revenues of $1.4 billion" . Apple Insider, 21 April 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-18. ^ "Apple: 16 billion iTunes songs downloaded, 300 million iPods sold" . Engadget. 4 October 2011 . http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/04/apple-16-billion-itunes-songs-downloaded-300-million-ipods-sol/ . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . ^ "Apple to end music restrictions" . BBC News . 2009-01-07 . http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7813527.stm . Retrieved 2010-01-05 . ^ "iTunes Store now infected with variable pricing, Amazon still $0.99" . Engadget . April 7, 2009 . http://www.engadget.com/2009/04/07/itunes-store-now-infected-with-variable-pricing-amazon-still-0/ . Retrieved 2010-01-25 . ^ a b Apple Inc. (March 5, 2012). "Apple’s App Store Downloads Top 25 Billion" . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2012/03/05Apples-App-Store-Downloads-Top-25-Billion.html . Retrieved May 10, 2012 . ^ "Apple — iTunes — Volume Discounts — Frequently Asked Questions" . Apple Inc. . Archived from the original on April 17, 2008 . http://web.archive.org/web/20080417171948/http://www.apple.com/itunes/volumediscounts/faq.html . Retrieved 2008-10-13 . ^ iOS Developer Program Website , Retrieved 2011- 08- 24 Apple Inc. ^ "Macworld: New iPhone Software, iTunes Video Rentals, Updated AppleTV" . About.com . http://ipod.about.com/b/2008/01/15/macworld-keynote-coverage.htm . Retrieved 2009-04-28 . ^ "AppleInsider, Apple Announces same day as DVD release iTunes movies sales" . Appleinsider.com . http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/05/01/apple_expected_to_announce_new_movie_sales_in_itunes.html . Retrieved 2009-06-12 . ^ Free iTunes Music ^ "iPod touch Features" . apple.com . http://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/features/ . Retrieved 2007-09-25 . ^ "Apple Ditches iTunes DRM, Adds Variable Prices, 3G Downloads" . About.com . http://ipod.about.com/b/2009/01/06/apple-ditches-itunes-drm-adds-variable-prices-3g-downloads.htm . Retrieved 2009-04-28 . ^ "You Can Now Download iOS Apps Up to 50MB Over 3G (or 4G)" . Gizmodo . 7 March 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012. ^ Noah, Timothy (2006-12-06). "Calling iTunes, Part 3" . Slate.com . http://www.slate.com/id/2154994/ . Retrieved 2007-01-15 . ^ "iTunes Store Support: Customer Service" . Apple Inc. . http://www.apple.com/support/itunes/musicstore.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "Apple - iTunes - Learn about the features of iTunes 9." . Apple Inc. . http://www.apple.com/itunes/features/#purchasingmusic . Retrieved 2010-01-20 . ^ "Metallica Bows to iTunes; Led Zeppelin and Radiohead Still Holding Out" . Fox News . August 2, 2006 . http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,206566,00.html . Retrieved 2009-01-06 . "But music fans still can't purchase songs from a handful of prominent holdouts, such as Led Zeppelin ." ^ Single of the week (iTunes required) ^ The songs that are too rude for iTunes , Michael Cragg, The Guardian 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 27 October 2008. ^ iTunes glitch censors song titles, Friday 24 October 2008 ^ Audible and Apple Announce Availability of Exclusive Content Through Apple iTunes ^ "Apple Announces iTunes 6 With 2,000 Music Videos, Pixar Short Films Hit TV Shows" . Apple Inc. . 2005-10-12 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/oct/12itunes.html . Retrieved 2006-12-17 . ^ Movie Fans Can Buy Rent Films in High Definition on the iTunes Store ^ http://events.apple.com.edgesuite.net/1201oihbafvpihboijhpihbasdouhbasv/event/index.html approximately the last 15 minutes ^ "Apple Announces iTunes U on the iTunes Store" . Apple Inc. . 2007-05-30 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/05/30itunesu.html . ^ "Plan ahead. You'll be glad you did." . Apple Inc. . http://education.apple.com/itunesu/ . ^ "Understanding Credentials and User Access for Advanced Access" . Apple Education — iTunes U Administrator's Guide . 2008-10-31 . http://deimos.apple.com/rsrc/doc/iTunesUAdministratorsGuide/AdministeringYouriTunesUSite/chapter_6_section_7.html . [ dead link ] ^ a b "iTunes U" . Apple — iTunes . http://www.apple.com/itunes/whatson/itunesu.html . [ dead link ] ^ "Woolamaloo for iTunes U" . The University of Illinois at Chicago - iTunesU . http://itunes.uic.edu/Woolamaloo.html . ^ Apple - iPhone 4 - Find over 500,000 apps on the App Store ^ Distribute your App - iOS Developer Program - Apple Developer ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 50 Million Songs" . Apple Inc. . 2004-03-15 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/mar/15itunes.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ Markoff, John (2004-04-29). "Apple Sells 70 Million Songs In First Year of ITunes Service" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2006-02-19 . http://web.archive.org/web/20060219213053/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/29/technology/29apple.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "iTunes Music Store Catalog Tops One Million Songs" . Apple Inc. . 2004-08-10 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/aug/10itms.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ Farrell, Nick (October 6, 2011). "ITunes threatens music industry more than piracy" . TechEYE.net . http://news.techeye.net/internet/itunes-threatens-music-industry-more-than-piracy . Retrieved October 18, 2011 . "The CEO of Miramax [Mike Lang] has warned that iTunes is more of a threat to Big Content than piracy. [...] He said the chokepoints in the distribution chain were when there isn't enough diversity in distribution, so there are intermediaries that end up totally controlling an industry. He added that another problem is the emergence of digital monopolies such as the one Apple has in the digital music business. [...] The music business is suffering because it allowed too few players to flog content, presumably fearful of their content being stolen. Encouraging Apple's iTunes at the expense of others is effectively strangling the industry, he said." ^ a b Levy, Steven. The Perfect Thing, How the iPod Shuffles. New York, NY: Simon Schuster , 2006. ^ "Apple Launches iTunes Affiliate Program" . Apple Inc. . 2004-09-01 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/sep/01itunesaffiliate.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 150 Million Songs" . Apple Inc. . 2004-10-14 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/oct/14itunes.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 200 Million Songs" . Apple Inc. . 2004-12-16 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/dec/16itunes.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top a Quarter Billion Songs" . Apple Inc. . 2005-01-24 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/24itms.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Surpass 300 Million" . Apple Inc. . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/mar/02itms.html . 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Retrieved 2012-04-14. ^ "iTunes Music Store Sells One Million Videos in Less Than 20 Days" . Apple Inc. . 2005-10-31 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/oct/31itms.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "NBC Universal Apple Offer New Primetime, Cable, Late-Night Classic TV Shows on the iTunes Music Store" . Apple Inc. . 2005-12-06 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/dec/06nbc.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ a b "Award-Winning MGM Films Now on the iTunes Store" . Apple Inc. . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/04/11itunes.html . Retrieved 2007-04-12 . ^ a b "ABC, CBS, FOX NBC Offer Incredible Lineup of Programming in Stunning HD on the iTunes Store" . Apple Inc. . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/10/16itunes.html . Retrieved 2008-10-16 . ^ "iPhone App Store Downloads Top 10 Million in First Weekend" . Apple Inc. . 2008-07-14 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14appstore.html . Retrieved 2009-06-20 . ^ "App Store Downloads Top 100 Million Worldwide" . 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Retrieved 2012-02-13 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "Average for USD in multiple currencies for Jan 2010 to Dec 2010" . http://www.oanda.com/currency/average?amount=1 start_month=1 start_year=2010 end_month=12 end_year=2010 base=USD avg_type=Year Submit=1 exchange=AUD exchange=CAD exchange=CHF exchange=DKK exchange=EUR exchange=GBP exchange=JPY exchange=MXN exchange=NOK exchange=NZD exchange=SEK interbank=0 format=HTML . Retrieved 2011-01-03 . ^ http://www.pcwelt.de/start/dsl_voip/online/news/154212/ ^ Apple iTunes Deutschland nun mit HD-Filmen zum Ausleihen auf HDTVTotal.com ^ a b c d e f iTunes Match Rolling Out To More Countries, Now Available In Italy, Greece, Portugal, Austria ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "15 New Affiliate Programs Added" . http://www.apple.com/itunes/affiliates/resources/blog/15-new-affiliate-programs-added.html . Retrieved 2012-02-13 . ^ "(from Dutch) Breaking Movies have appeared in the Dutch iTunes Store" . 2011-09-27 . http://www.onemorething.nl/2011/09/breaking-films-verschenen-in-nederlandse-itunes-store . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s iTunes Match Launches in 19 New Countries: Latin America, Baltics, Netherlands ^ "Mention of Canada as a country with an iTunes Affiliate Program" . http://www.apple.com/itunes/affiliates/resources/documentation/linking-to-the-itunes-music-store.html . Retrieved 2012-02-13 . ^ a b "Apple Launches iTunes Music Store in Japan" . Apple Inc. . 2005-08-04 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/aug/04itms.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "Award-Winning Television Programming Now Available on the iTunes Store in Australia" . Apple Inc. . 2008-06-25 . http://www.apple.com/au/pr/library/2008/06/24itunes.html . Retrieved 2008-06-26 . ^ "Apple Launches iTunes Online Apple Stores in New Zealand" . Apple Inc. . 2006-12-06 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/dec/06itunes.html . Retrieved 2006-12-06 . ^ iTunes' Mexico launch could shake up digital market ^ iTunes México - Movies ^ a b "Brazil and Mexico Affiliate Programs Added" . http://www.apple.com/itunes/affiliates/resources/blog/brazil-and-mexico-affiliate-programs-added.html . Retrieved 2012-02-13 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "iTunes store now available in Malta" . The Times (Malta) . 2011-09-29 . http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110929/local/itunes-store-now-available-in-malta.386974 . Retrieved 2011-10-11 . ^ a b iTunes Match Goes Live in Hungary and Poland ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Apple confirms iTunes Store launch in 15 Latin American countries and iTunes Match in Brazil" . TNW . http://thenextweb.com/apple/2011/12/13/apple-confirms-itunes-store-in-15-latin-american-countries-and-itunes-match-launch-in-brazil/ . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "Apple launches iTunes Store in 12 new Asian markets" . Channel NewsAsia . http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/technologynews/view/1210201/1/.html . Retrieved 2012-06-27 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af App Store Launches in 32 New Countries ^ "iTunes Music Store in Europe Sells 800,000 Songs in First Week" . Apple Inc. . 2004-06-23 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/jun/23itunes.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "Japan iTunes Music Store Sells One Million Songs in First Four Days" . Apple Inc. . 2005-07-08 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/aug/08itms.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "Apple inadvertently lights up New Zealand iTMS" . Infinite Loop . Ars Technica. 2005-10-26 . http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2005/10/26/1638 . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "Apple Announces iTunes Latino on the iTunes Store" . Apple Inc. . 2006-11-01 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/nov/01ituneslatino.html . Retrieved 2006-11-01 . ^ iTunes Music Store to be launched in August (in Spanish) ^ It's Not a Rumour: iTunes lands in Mexico on 4th August (in Spanish) [ dead link ] ^ New iTunes LP format is live | Digital Noise: Music and Tech - CNET News ^ CNN . http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200909091345DOWJONESDJONLINE000568_FORTUNE5.htm . [ dead link ] ^ Bangeman, Eric (2004-07-29). "Apple responds to RealNetworks FairPlay hack" . Ars Technica . http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20040729-4051.html . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "Lawsuit claims Apple violates law with iTunes" . News.com . http://news.com.com/Lawsuit+claims+Apple+violates+law+with+iTunes/2100-1027_3-5514244.html?tag=cd.top . Retrieved 2006-02-17 . ^ "Thoughts on Music" . Apple Inc. . http://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughtsonmusic/ . Retrieved 2007-02-07 . ^ Frith, David (2007-06-12). "Privacy problem for iTunes Plus" . Australian IT . Archived from the original on 2007-07-14 . http://web.archive.org/web/20070714071829/http://australianit.news.com.au/story/0,24897,21874643-39525,00.html . Retrieved 2008-06-03 . ^ "アップル、iTunes in the Cloudなどの新機能でiTunes Storeを強化 - ソニーの一部楽曲も取扱開始" (in Japanese). 2012-02-22 . http://news.mynavi.jp/articles/2012/02/22/itunes/index.html . Retrieved 2012-04-04 . ^ Charles Arthur (2006-06-22). "Who benefits from the death of mycokemusic.com?" . Guardian Unlimited (London) . http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1802533,00.html . Retrieved 2007-02-19 . ^ "Jeans and Music — The Perfect Fit at Gap this Fall" . Gap Inc. . 2005-07-28 . http://www.gapinc.com/public/Media/Press_Releases/med_pr_GapFallJuly2805.shtml . Retrieved 2007-02-17 . ^ Cheng, Jacqui (2006-07-25). "Infinite Loop: Apple and Facebook partner up for back to school iTunes promo" . Ars Technica . http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2006/7/25/4766 . ^ Apple - iTunes - Thanks a Billion ^ "Help iTunes reach 10 billion song downloads, and you could win a $10,000 iTunes Gift Card." . http://www.apple.com/itunes/10-billion-song-countdown/ . Retrieved February 11, 2010 . ^ "Wine Application DB — Viewing App — iTunes" . winehq.org . http://appdb.winehq.org/appview.php?appId=1347 . Retrieved 2006-05-01 . ^ "iTunes 9, now with more WebKit" . Will Norris . http://willnorris.com/2009/09/itunes-9-now-with-more-webkit . Retrieved 2009-09-12 . ^ "Beatles Catalog To Be Remastered, Offered Online" . World Entertainment News Network . Starpulse. 2006-11-11 . http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2006/04/11/beatles_catalog_to_be_remastered_offered . Retrieved 2006-12-17 . ^ Arungo, Tim (2006-11-27). "Beatles: only on iPod?" . Fortune . http://money.cnn.com/2006/11/22/technology/apple_beatles_ipod.fortune/index.htm . Retrieved 2006-12-17 . ^ Apple teases fans with "Lovely Rita" — but no Beatles on iTunes - International Herald Tribune ^ "Apple Inc. and The Beatles' Apple Corps Ltd. Enter into New Agreement" (Press release). Apple Inc. . 2007-02-05 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/02/05apple.html . Retrieved 2007-02-05 . ^ "John Lennon Solo Catalog Debuts on iTunes Store" (Press release). Apple Inc. . 2007-08-14 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/08/14itunes.html . Retrieved 2007-08-15 . ^ iTunes violates Norwegian law , Homepage Forbrukerombudet Norway ^ iTunes' questionable terms and conditions - Forbrukerportalen ^ Apple response , Simonsen Advokatfirma DA ( PDF ) ^ European consumer organisations join forces in legal dispute over iTunes Music Store . CNN.com . Retrieved on January 28, 2007. ^ European drive against iTunes builds support . Homepage Forbrukerombudet Norway ^ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/09/apple_cuts_uk_prices/ ^ Universal in Dispute With Apple Over iTunes ^ Aughton, Simon (2007-08-13). "gBox — Not Google — has DRM-free Universal deal" . PC Pro . Archived from the original on October 11, 2007 . http://web.archive.org/web/20071011171928/http://pcpro.co.uk/news/122284/gbox-not-google-has-drmfree-universal-deal.html . Retrieved 2007-08-13 . ^ "iTunes Store To Stop Selling NBC Television Shows" . Apple Inc. . 2007-08-31 . http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/08/31itunes.html . ^ Barnes, Brooks (2007-08-31). "NBC Will Not Renew ITunes Contract" . The New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/31/technology/31NBC.html?ex=1346299200 en=e8dc46b2e3dfee67 ei=5124 partner=permalink exprod=permalink . Retrieved 2007-09-03 . ^ New Episodes of Fox's House Won't Be on iTunes , Broadcasting Cable , October 1, 2007. ^ Fritz, Ben (2007-08-31). "iTunes drops NBC's new fall shows" . Variety . http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117971161.html?categoryid=14 cs=1 query=NBC+iTunes . Retrieved 2007-09-03 . ^ "NBCU's Response: Never Asked To Double Price; Shows Will Be On iTunes Through Early December" . 2007-08-31 . http://www.paidcontent.org/entry/419-nbcus-response-never-asked-to-double-price-shows-will-be-on-itunes-thro/ . Safari ( versions ) Notification Center iOS ( version history ) Comparison of iPod managers Italics indicate discontinued products . See also: iOS-based products . Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman) Discontinued products Thunderbolt Display Stores and services Spruce Technologies Artists and repertoire (A R) Musical instruments Sony Music Entertainment Universal Music Group Independent : Independent UK record labels Extended play (EP)/Mini album American Music Award Billboard Music Awards Classic Brit Awards Grand Prix du Disque Latin Grammy Awards Meteor Music Awards MTV Europe Music Awards MTV Video Music Awards MuchMusic Video Awards Music of Black Origin Awards New Zealand Music Awards Irish Singles Chart RIANZ Singles Chart Sales certifications Online music stores ( iTunes Store ) Trans World Entertainment Black Entertainment Television Country Music Television Christian music industry Digital distribution platforms Barnes Noble Nook List of digital library projects Amazon Instant Video Windows Marketplace Ubuntu Software Center Video game consoles Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection Xbox Live Marketplace PlayStation Store for PSP Windows Marketplace for Mobile Windows Phone Marketplace Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ITunes_Store oldid=508847108 " Categories : Apple Inc. services Online music stores ITunes Video on demand services Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2010 Articles with dead external links from August 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Vague or ambiguous time from June 2012 Articles needing cleanup from June 2011 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2009 Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2010 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Featured content Donate to Wikipedia Community portal Contact Wikipedia Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Ελληνικά Македонски ‪norsk (bokmål)‬ Українська This page was last modified on 23 August 2012 at 22:32. 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ITunes_U Allowance, "Just For You", Celebrity Playlists, gift certificates and gift cards, iMix, billboard charts, advanced search Web only; See article The iTunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc. It opened on April 28, 2003, as the iTunes Music Store , and has been the most popular music vendor in the United States since April 2008, [ 2 ] and the most popular music vendor in the world since February 24, 2010. [ 3 ] It now offers over 28 million songs, videos and apps . [ 1 ] The iTunes Store's revenues in the first quarter of 2011 alone totalled nearly US$1.4 billion; [ 4 ] by October 4, 2011, the store had sold 16 billion songs. [ 5 ] While most downloaded files initially included restrictions on their use, enforced by FairPlay , Apple's implementation of digital rights management , iTunes later initiated a shift into selling DRM-free music in most countries, marketed as iTunes Plus. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM had been removed from 80% of the entire music catalog in the U.S. [ 6 ] Full iTunes Plus availability was achieved on April 7, 2009 in the U.S., coinciding with the introduction of a three-tiered pricing model; [ 7 ] however, television episodes , many books , and films are still FairPlay -protected. As of May 2012, the iTunes Store serves over 315 million mobile devices, including iPods , iPhones and iPads . [ 8 ] 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_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;ITunes_Store;ITunes_Store; ITunes_version_history The version history of iTunes spans from 2001 to the present and covers the application's evolution and refinement from a simple music player to a control center for many types of media. Support for the iPod and iTunes Store (originally the iTunes Music Store) were added in the subsequent versions. Later, other types of media, including radio , films , television shows, and audiobooks were also supported. More recently, iTunes has branched out from the iPod, providing iPhone and iPad syncing capabilities. ITunes;IPod;ITunes_Store;Film;Television;IPhone;IPad;SoundJam_MP;Bill_Kincaid;Apple_Inc.;Resource_fork;Microsoft;Windows_XP;IPod_Shuffle;Advanced_Audio_Coding;AIFF;Apple_Lossless;Gapless_playback;Cover_Flow;Apple_Inc;ITunes_LP;ITunes_Extras;DVD;HTML;JavaScript;Cascading_Style_Sheets;ITunes_Ping;Steve_Jobs;Intel;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Microsoft;IPod_Mini;AirPort_Express;IPod_Photo;Apple_TV;Windows_XP;IPhone;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;IPad;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Windows_XP;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;ITunes;SoundJam_MP;Mac_OS_X;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Spanish_language;IPod;AppleScript;Audible.com;Audiobook;ITunes_Store;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft_Windows;AOL;Windows_Media_Audio;Apple_Lossless;IPod_Photo;IPod_Shuffle;Digital_rights_management;Podcast;IPod_Nano;Universal_binary;IPod_game;Gapless_playback;Cover_Flow;Windows_Live_Messenger;Apple_TV;Windows_Vista;ITunes_U;IPhone;IPod_Touch;United_States;United_Kingdom;Germany;IPhone;IPod_Touch;ITunes;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;HDTV;HDTV;ITunes_Store;VoiceOver;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;IPod;Windows_Vista;IPod;IPhone;Mac_OS_X;VoiceOver;IPod_Shuffle;Palm_Pre;WebOS;WebKit;ITunes_LP;IPad;VoiceOver;IBooks;Apple_TV;IPod;PowerPC;IPad;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;ITunes_Store;ITunes;ITunes_Store;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Windows_Vista;ICloud;QuickTime;IBooks;VoiceOver;IPod_nano;IPod_shuffle;Apple_TV;IOS_version_history;ITunes;ITunes_Store;IOS_version_history;Safari_version_history;Cabel_Sasser;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;ITunes;Apple_Inc;Apple_Inc;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;AppleInsider;Ars_Technica;Macworld;AppleInsider;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;ITunes_version_history;ITunes_version_history; IWeb iWeb is a template-based WYSIWYG website creation tool developed by Apple Inc. The first version of iWeb was announced at the Macworld Conference Expo on January 10, 2006 as part of the iLife '06 suite of digital lifestyle applications. [ 1 ] iWeb '11 was released on October 20, 2010 as part of the iLife '11 suite, though it was not updated from the previous release (version 3.0.2) [ 2 ] iWeb allows users to create websites and blogs and customize them with their own text, photos and movies. Users can then publish their websites to MobileMe or another hosting service. In addition to its ability to publish to MobileMe, iWeb integrates with other services, including Facebook , YouTube , Google AdSense and Google Maps . [ 2 ] Apple ceased development in 2011. ILife;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Website;Apple_Inc.;ILife;ILife;Website;Blog;MobileMe;Facebook;YouTube;Google;Google_Maps;ITunes;IMovie;IPhoto;RSS;MobileMe;Facebook;MobileMe;Website;MobileMe;Website;ILife;IPhoto;IMovie;GarageBand;IDVD;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Freeware;Commercial_software;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;IWeb;IWeb; IWork iWork is an office suite of desktop applications created by Apple for OS X and iOS operating systems . The first version of iWork, iWork '05, was released in 2005. The suite originally bundled Keynote , a presentation program which had previously been sold as a standalone application, and Pages , a combined word processing and page layout application. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] In 2007, Apple released iWork '08, which contained a new spreadsheet application, Numbers . [ 4 ] iWork also included access to iWork.com , which came in iWork '09 (released in 6th, January 2009), a beta service that allowed users to upload and share documents online with others, who could download them and give feedback. [ 4 ] iWork.com has been replaced by iCloud and device-native applications, rather than web-based applications. iWork integrates with existing applications from Apple's iLife suite through the Media Browser, which allows users to drag and drop music from iTunes , movies from iMovie , and photos from iPhoto and Aperture directly into iWork documents. [ 1 ] Although iWork is billed by Apple as "a successor to AppleWorks ", [ 1 ] it does not replicate the functionality of AppleWorks's database and drawing tools. [ 5 ] IWork.com;Mac_OS_X;Software_design;Apple_Inc.;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;JavaScript;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Computing_platform;Intel;PowerPC;ARM_architecture;File_size;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;Operating_system;IWork.com;ICloud;ILife;ITunes;IMovie;IPhoto;AppleWorks;Database;United_States;Universal_binary;IMac;MacBook_Pro;California;Microsoft_Excel;IWork.com;PDF;IPad;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Application_programming_interface;Spell_checker;Microsoft_Excel;IMovie;ITunes;IPhoto;IPhone;IPod_Touch;QuickTime;IPod;HTML;PDF;IDVD;ITunes;GarageBand;IWeb;YouTube;Microsoft_Excel;IWork.com;IWork.com;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;AppleWorks;IWork.com;IWork;IWork; IWork.com iWork.com is an online service by Apple complementing the iWork suite of office productivity software . [ 2 ] It was released as a public beta on January 6, 2009 at the Macworld Conference Expo . The iWork.com service provides a web interface for viewing, downloading, and commenting uploaded documents. In contrast to cloud-based office applications such as Google Docs and Windows Live Office , it does not offer editing. [ 1 ] iWork.com is unrelated to iCloud . The service was decommissioned on July 31, 2012. [ 3 ] Users attempting to access the site are re-directed to the Apple homepage. Apple_ID;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;IWork;Cloud_computing;ICloud;Portable_Document_Format;Apple_ID;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IWork;AppleWorks;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;IWork.com;IWork.com; IZArc IZArc (pronounced "easy-arc") is a proprietary file archiver for Microsoft Windows developed by Bulgarian programmer Ivan Zahariev. The program is closed source freeware . In addition to the most commonly used archive formats , like zip , rar , gzip , tar.gz , bzip2 , and 7z , IZArc handles a large number of less common formats (48 in total, see below). Another distinguishing feature of IZArc is its ability to convert archives into different formats (including CD images and conversion between self-extracting and standard archives). Windows_Vista;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;Bulgaria;Freeware;Gzip;Floppy_disk;Removable_media;Encryption;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Windows_Explorer;Context_menu;ARJ;Gzip;Application_software;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;IZArc;IZArc; I_Am_Rich I Am Rich is an iOS application which was formerly distributed using the App Store . When launched, the screen only contains a glowing red gem, and an icon that when pressed, displays the following mantra in large text: I deserv [ sic ] it The application is described as "a work of art with no hidden function at all", with its only purpose being to show other people that they were able to afford it, making it a Veblen good . I Am Rich was sold on the App Store for 999.99 United States dollars , 799.99 euros , and 599.99 pounds sterling , the highest price Apple allows for App Store content. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The application was removed from the App Store by Apple without explanation the day following its release, on August 6, 2008 ( 2008-08-06 ) . Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;File_size;Megabyte;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;List_of_software_categories;IOS;United_States_dollar;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;CNET;Smartphone;Operating_system;Google;Microsoft;Los_Angeles_Times;California;Tribune_Company;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;TechCrunch;I_Am_Rich;I_Am_Rich; Ibogaine InChI=1S/C20H26N2O/c1-3-13-8-12-9-17-19-15(6-7-22(11-12)20(13)17)16-10-14(23-2)4-5-18(16)21-19/h4-5,10,12-13,17,20-21H,3,6-9,11H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,17+,20+/m1/s1 Y Key:HSIBGVUMFOSJPD-CFDPKNGZSA-N Y 152–153 °C (306–307 °F) Y (what is this?) (verify) Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in a number of plants, principally in a member of the Apocynaceae family known as Iboga ( Tabernanthe iboga ). A hallucinogen with both psychedelic and dissociative properties, the substance is banned in some countries; in other countries it is being used to treat addiction to methadone , heroin , alcohol , cocaine , methamphetamine , and other drugs. Derivatives of ibogaine that lack the substance's hallucinogenic properties are under development. [ 1 ] Ibogaine-containing preparations are used in medicinal and ritual purposes within African spiritual traditions of the Bwiti , who claim to have learned it from the Pygmy peoples . Although it was first commonly advertised as having anti-addictive properties in 1962 by Howard Lotsof , its western use predates that by at least a century. In France it was marketed as Lambarene , a medical drug used for dieting. Additionally, Freedom of Information Act documents released in the 1980s show that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) studied the effects of ibogaine in the 1950s. [ 2 ] Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid that is obtained either by extraction from the iboga plant or by semi-synthesis from the precursor compound voacangine , another plant alkaloid. A full organic synthesis of ibogaine has been achieved. The synthesis process is too expensive and challenging to be used to produce a commercially significant yield, primarily due to the need to conduct the synthesis in an anoxic environment. [ 3 ] While ibogaine's prohibition in several countries has slowed scientific research into its anti-addictive properties, the use of ibogaine for drug treatment has grown in the form of a large worldwide medical subculture . [ 4 ] Ibogaine is now used by treatment clinics in 12 countries on six continents [ 5 ] to facilitate detoxification and to facilitate psychological introspection and spiritual exploration. Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Canada;United_States;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Canada;Mexico;Costa_Rica;Czech_Republic;France;Slovenia;Netherlands;Brazil;United_Kingdom;New_Zealand;Rolling_Stone;CBS;NBC;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Benzatropine;Brompheniramine;Chloropyramine;Clemastine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Orphenadrine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Promethazine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Sedative;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ibogaine;Ibogaine; Ichat iChat (or iChat AV ) is an instant messaging software application developed by Apple Inc. for use on its Mac OS X operating system . It supports instant text messaging over either iMessage , XMPP / Jingle or OSCAR ( AIM ) protocol; it also features audio, video and screen-sharing capabilities. It also allows for local network discussion with users discovered through Bonjour protocols. As of February 16, 2012, iChat has been discontinued, to be replaced in future versions of Mac OS X by Messages . Users can currently choose to download Messages on Apple's website as of February 16, 2012, the same day Apple introduced a preview to OS X Mountain Lion . 3 Supported protocols [ edit ] Interface iChat incorporates Apple's Aqua interface and uses speech bubbles and pictures to personify the online chatting experience. With iChat, green (available), yellow (idle), and red (away) icons can be displayed next to the name of each connected user on the buddy list. For color-blind users, this can be altered to show different shapes to illustrate status rather than color. iChat was first released in August 2002 with the introduction of Mac OS X v10.2 . It featured integration with the Address Book and Mail applications and was the first officially-supported AIM client that was native to Mac OS X (the first-party AIM application at the time was still running in Classic emulation). [ edit ] iChat AV In June 2003, Apple announced iChat AV , the second major version of iChat. It added video and audio conferencing capabilities based on the industry-standard Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). The final version of the software was shipped with Mac OS X v10.3 and became available separately on the same day for Mac OS X v10.2 for $ 29.95. [ 1 ] [ edit ] iChat AV 2 In February 2004, AOL introduced AOL Instant Messenger (AIM) version 5.5 for Windows users, which enabled video, but not audio, chats over the AIM protocol and was compatible with Apple's iChat AV. On the same day, Apple released a public beta of iChat AV 2.1 to allow Mac OS X users to video conferencing with AIM 5.5 users. [ edit ] iChat AV 3 In June 2004, Steve Jobs announced that the next version of iChat AV would be included with Mac OS X v10.4 . iChat AV 3 added additional support to allow up to four people in a single video conference and ten people in an audio conference. Additionally, the new version of iChat used the H.264/AVC codec, which offers superior quality video compared to the older H.263 codec used in previous versions. This release supports the XMPP protocol, which can be directly used to connect to Google Talk and indirectly be used to connect to users of services including Facebook Chat , and Yahoo! Messenger . [ 2 ] However, support is limited as it does not support several common XMPP features such as account creation, service discovery and full multi-user chat support. iChat 3 also includes the Bonjour protocol, previously Rendezvous, which allows iChat to automatically find other users with iChat Bonjour messaging enabled on the users local network. [ 3 ] In October 2005, iChat received support for encrypted communications, but only for paid subscribers to Apple's MobileMe (then known as .Mac ) service. These features are part of iChat 3.1, released as part of the Mac OS X v10.4.3 update. This version also added support for XMPP multi-user chat. In March 2007, Apple released the Mac OS X v10.4.9 update, which allowed USB video device class (UVC) cameras to be used with iChat, rather than just FireWire-compliant cameras. This allows a much wider range of cameras to be used with iChat AV. iChat 4 was introduced as a part of Mac OS X v10.5 and received new features including: iChat Theater, Backdrops, and Screen Sharing . iChat Theater allows users to share any file that is supported by Quick Look , including photos, Keynote presentations, and movies over a video chat session. [ 4 ] "Backdrops" allow users to insert movies or photos as a backdrop in video chats. Screen Sharing allows two users of Mac OS X Leopard to have control of the same desktop and work collaboratively. Minor features in the new release include multiple logins, animated icons, use of Photo Booth effects in live video chat, and tabbed chats. iChat 5.0, released with Mac OS X v10.6 , reduced the bandwidth required for 640×480 video chats and upgraded iChat Theater to the same resolution. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] iChat 6.0, released with Mac OS X v10.7 , adds support for Yahoo Messenger account and allow iChat users to have text, voice and video chats using their Yahoo Mail account. It also supports third party plugins, eventually allowing other protocols to be compatible with the software. [ 7 ] [ edit ] Messages Main article: Messages (application) As part of the OS X Mountain Lion preview, Apple announced on February 16, 2012 that its Mac OS messaging client would from then on be known as Messages [ 8 ] , and that it would support its iMessage protocol, making it compatible with the iOS clients. It also incorporates FaceTime support, initiating video conversation through this service where possible. Apple also made Messages immediately available as a downloadable beta version for use on OS X Lion . [ edit ] Supported protocols iChat's AIM support is fully endorsed by AOL , and uses their official implementation of the AIM OSCAR protocol . Using a XMPP transport, [ 9 ] iChat can serve as a client for AOL Instant Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger , MobileMe , ICQ and XMPP . iChat can also integrate Google Talk contacts into the XMPP pane. [ edit ] See also Comparison of instant messaging clients Comparison of instant messaging protocols Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Instant_messaging;Software_application;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;IMessage;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;OSCAR_protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Mac_OS_X;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Speech_bubble;Videoconferencing;VOIP;Session_Initiation_Protocol;United_States_dollar;AOL;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Steve_Jobs;Google_Talk;Service_discovery;MobileMe;.Mac;USB_video_device_class;Screen_Sharing;Quick_Look;Photo_Booth;Mac_OS_X_Lion;IMessage;FaceTime;OS_X_Lion;America_Online;OSCAR_protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;MobileMe;ICQ;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Talk;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;FaceTime;Video_conferencing;MacRumors;Apple_Inc.;AppleInsider;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;IChat;IChat; Icon An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn "image") is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from Eastern Christianity and in certain Eastern Catholic churches. More broadly the term is used in a wide number of contexts for an image, picture, or representation; it is a sign or likeness that stands for an object by signifying or representing it either concretely or by analogy, as in semiotics ; by extension, icon is also used, particularly in modern culture, in the general sense of symbol — i.e. a name, face, picture, edifice or even a person readily recognized as having some well-known significance or embodying certain qualities: one thing, an image or depiction, that represents something else of greater significance through literal or figurative meaning, usually associated with religious, cultural, political, or economic standing. Throughout history, various religious cultures [ 1 ] have been inspired or supplemented by concrete images, whether in two dimensions or three. The degree to which images are used or permitted, and their functions — whether they are for instruction or inspiration, treated as sacred objects of veneration or worship, or simply applied as ornament — depend upon the tenets of a given religion in a given place and time. In Eastern Christianity and other icon-painting Christian traditions, the icon is generally a flat panel painting depicting a holy being or object such as Jesus , Mary , saints , angels , or the cross . Icons may also be cast in metal, carved in stone, embroidered on cloth, painted on wood, done in mosaic or fresco work, printed on paper or metal, etc. Creating free-standing, three-dimensional sculptures of holy figures was resisted by Christians for many centuries, out of the belief that daimones inhabited pagan sculptures, and also to make a clear distinction between Christian and pagan art. To this day, in obedience to the commandment not to make "graven images", Orthodox icons may never be more than three-quarter bas relief . Comparable images from Western Christianity are generally not described as "icons", although "iconic" may be used to describe a static style of devotional image. Poland;Romania;Icon;Icon; Identity_matrix In linear algebra , the identity matrix or unit matrix of size n is the n × n square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It is denoted by I n , or simply by I if the size is immaterial or can be trivially determined by the context. (In some fields, such as quantum mechanics , the identity matrix is denoted by a boldface one, 1 ; otherwise it is identical to I .) Some mathematics books use U and E to represent the Identity Matrix (meaning "Unit Matrix" and "Elementary Matrix", or from the German "Einheitsmatrix", [ 1 ] respectively), although I is considered more universal. When A is m × n , it is a property of matrix multiplication that In particular, the identity matrix serves as the unit of the ring of all n × n matrices, and as the identity element of the general linear group GL( n ) consisting of all invertible n × n matrices. (The identity matrix itself is invertible, being its own inverse.) Where n × n matrices are used to represent linear transformations from an n -dimensional vector space to itself, I n represents the identity function , regardless of the basis . The i th column of an identity matrix is the unit vector e i . It follows that the determinant of the identity matrix is 1 and the trace is n . Using the notation that is sometimes used to concisely describe diagonal matrices , we can write: It can also be written using the Kronecker delta notation: The identity matrix also has the property that, when it is the product of two square matrices, the matrices can be said to be the inverse of one another. The identity matrix of a given size is the only idempotent matrix of that size having full rank . That is, it is the only matrix such that (a) when multiplied by itself the result is itself, and (b) all of its rows, and all of its columns, are linearly independent . The principal square root of an identity matrix is itself, and this is its only positive definite square root. However, every identity matrix with at least two rows and columns has an infinitude of symmetric square roots. [ 2 ] Linear_algebra;Identity_matrix;Identity_matrix; Ilastik Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Image_processing;Software_license;Open_source;CellProfiler;CellProfiler;GitHub;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;Ilastik;Ilastik; ImageJ ImageJ is a public domain , Java -based image processing program developed at the National Institutes of Health . [ 1 ] ImageJ was designed with an open architecture that provides extensibility via Java plugins and recordable macros. [ 2 ] Custom acquisition, analysis and processing plugins can be developed using ImageJ's built-in editor and a Java compiler. User-written plugins make it possible to solve many image processing and analysis problems, from three-dimensional live-cell imaging, [ 3 ] to radiological image processing, [ 4 ] multiple imaging system data comparisons [ 5 ] to automated hematology systems. [ 6 ] ImageJ's plugin architecture and built in development environment has made it a popular platform for teaching image processing. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] ImageJ can be run as an online applet , a downloadable application, or on any computer with a Java 5 or later virtual machine . Downloadable distributions are available for Microsoft Windows , Mac OS , Mac OS X , Linux , and the Sharp Zaurus PDA . The source code for ImageJ is freely available . [ 9 ] The project developer, Wayne Rasband, is at the Research Services Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Image_processing;Software_license;Image_processing;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Linux;High_dynamic_range_imaging;TIFF;Portable_Network_Graphics;GIF;JPEG;BMP_file_format;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Bitplane;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Free_software;CellProfiler;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;ImageJ;ImageJ; Image_Capture Image Capture is an application program from Apple that enables users to upload pictures from digital cameras or scanners which are either connected directly to the computer or the network. It provides no organizational tools like iPhoto but is useful for collating pictures from a variety of sources with no need for drivers . Image Capture is scriptable with AppleScript , and may be manipulated with Mac OS X v10.4 (Tiger)'s " Automator " application. As of Mac OS X 10.4, Image Capture's AppleScript dictionary does not open in Script Editor . As of Mac OS X 10.6 only the Image Capture Web Server opens in Script Editor . Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;Digital_cameras;Image_scanner;IPhoto;AppleScript;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Image_Capture;Image_Capture; Image_compression Lossy_compression;PCX;BMP_file_format;TIFF;Graphics_Interchange_Format;TIFF;Portable_Network_Graphics;TIFF;Dithering;Data_compression;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_codec;Video_codec;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Image_compression;Image_compression; Image_processing In imaging science , image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame ; the output of image processing may be either an image or a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard signal-processing techniques to it. Image processing usually refers to digital image processing , but optical and analog image processing also are possible. This article is about general techniques that apply to all of them. The acquisition of images (producing the input image in the first place) is referred to as imaging . Closely related to image processing are computer graphics and computer vision . In computer graphics, images are manually made from physical models of objects, environments, and lighting, instead of being acquired (via imaging devices such as cameras) from natural scenes, as in most animated movies. Computer vision, on the other hand, is often considered high-level image processing out of which a machine/computer/software intends to decipher the physical contents of an image or a sequence of images (e.g., videos or 3D full-body magnetic resonance scans). In modern sciences and technologies, images also gain much broader scopes due to the ever growing importance of scientific visualization (of often large-scale complex scientific/experimental data). Examples include microarray data in genetic research, or real-time multi-asset portfolio trading in finance. Signal_processing;Photograph;Computer_graphics;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Image_processing;Image_processing; Image_resolution Pixel;Digital_camera;Megapixel;Pixels_per_inch;Digital_camera;Pixel;Digital_camera;Pixels_per_inch;Frames_per_second;Digital_camera;Liquid_crystal_display;Cathode_ray_tube;Video_CD;NTSC;PAL;DVD;IMAX;Display_resolution;Image_scanner;Pixel_density;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Image_resolution;Image_resolution; Image_scanner In computing, an image scanner —often abbreviated to just scanner —is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting , or an object, and converts it to a digital image . Common examples found in offices are variations of the desktop (or flatbed) scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning. Hand-held scanners , where the device is moved by hand, have evolved from text scanning "wands" to 3D scanners used for industrial design, reverse engineering, test and measurement, orthotics, gaming and other applications. Mechanically driven scanners that move the document are typically used for large-format documents, where a flatbed design would be impractical. Modern scanners typically use a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a Contact Image Sensor (CIS) as the image sensor, whereas older drum scanners use a photomultiplier tube as the image sensor. A rotary scanner, used for high-speed document scanning, is another type of drum scanner, using a CCD array instead of a photomultiplier. Other types of scanners are planetary scanners , which take photographs of books and documents, and 3D scanners, for producing three-dimensional models of objects. Another category of scanner is digital camera scanners, which are based on the concept of reprographic cameras. Due to increasing resolution and new features such as anti-shake, digital cameras have become an attractive alternative to regular scanners. While still having disadvantages compared to traditional scanners (such as distortion, reflections, shadows, low contrast), digital cameras offer advantages such as speed, portability and gentle digitizing of thick documents without damaging the book spine. New scanning technologies are combining 3D scanners with digital cameras to create full-color, photo-realistic 3D models of objects. [ citation needed ] In the biomedical research area, detection devices for DNA microarrays are called scanners as well. These scanners are high-resolution systems (up to 1 µm/ pixel), similar to microscopes. The detection is done via CCD or a photomultiplier tube (PMT). Digital_camera;Pixel;Pixels_per_inch;LED;LED;USB;SCSI;Image_resolution;Pixels_per_inch;Digital_zoom;JPEG;Megabyte;NuBus;SCSI;USB;FireWire;GIMP;Free_software;Open_source;Unix;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows;Firmware;Raster_graphics;GIMP;Hard_disk;Hard_disk;TIFF;Portable_Network_Graphics;JPEG;PDF;Firmware;Software;TIFF;Nikon;Digital_photography;Display_resolution;Open_Directory_Project;Computer;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Image_scanner;Image_scanner; Image_stabilization Image stabilization ( IS ) is a family of techniques used to reduce blurring associated with the motion of a camera during exposure. Specifically, it compensates for pan and tilt (angular movement, equivalent to yaw and pitch) of a camera or other imaging device. It is used in image-stabilized binoculars , still and video cameras, and astronomical telescopes . With still cameras , camera shake is particularly problematic at slow shutter speeds or with long focal length ( telephoto ) lenses. With video cameras , camera shake causes visible frame-to-frame jitter in the recorded video. In astronomy, the problem of lens-shake is added to by variations in the atmosphere over time, which cause the apparent positions of objects to change. Digital_camera;Video_camera;Video_camera;Geotagging;Nikon;Sony;Gyroscope;Gyroscope;Accelerometer;Image_stabilization;Image_stabilization; Imagine_Publishing Imagine Publishing is a UK -based magazine publisher , which publishes a number of video games , computing , creative and lifestyle magazines . It was founded on 14 May 2005 with private funds by Damian Butt, Steven Boyd and Mark Kendrick, all were former directors of Paragon Publishing , and launched with a core set of six gaming and creative computing titles. In October 2005, it acquired the only retro games magazine Retro Gamer , after its original publisher, Live Publishing went bankrupt. Early in 2006, it further acquired the rights to publish a considerable number of titles including gamesTM , Play , PowerStation, X360 , Digital Photographer and iCreate, from the old Paragon Publishing stable of magazines when owner Highbury House Communications went into liquidation, following Future Publishing 's withdrawal of its offer to buy the company, due to threats of a monopoly-investigation by the United Kingdom Competition Commission . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Imagine Publishing is a worldwide multimedia content producer and currently has a portfolio of over 20 regular print magazines, 25 websites, 30 mobile apps and over 130 bookazines and eBooks published worldwide within the four key markets – technology, photography, knowledge/science and videogames. United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Video_game;Imagine_Publishing;Imagine_Publishing; Imation United_States;Floppy_disk;Imation;Imation; Imeem Social_network_service;Social_media;Streaming_media;Napster;Napster;Facebook;Warner_Music_Group;Napster;Internet_radio;Playlist;IPhone;IPod_touch;United_States_dollar;Blog;Instant_messaging;File_sharing;Adobe_Flash;Warner_Music_Group;Sony_Music_Entertainment;EMI;Universal_Music_Group;Napster;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Adobe_Flash;Sorenson_Video;Codec;Flash_Video;Encryption;Warner_Music_Group;Deezer;Spotify;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Imeem;Imeem; Imetit 2-(1 H -imidazol-5-yl)ethyl imidothiocarbamate S(C(=[N@H])N)CCc1cncn1 InChI=1S/C6H10N4S/c7-6(8)11-2-1-5-3-9-4-10-5/h3-4H,1-2H2,(H3,7,8)(H,9,10) N Key: PEHSVUKQDJULKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N N InChI=1/C6H10N4S/c7-6(8)11-2-1-5-3-9-4-10-5/h3-4H,1-2H2,(H3,7,8)(H,9,10) Key: PEHSVUKQDJULKE-UHFFFAOYAJ N (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Imetit is a Histamine H3 receptor agonist . [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Chemical_formula;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Imetit;Imetit; Imipramine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Desipramine;Excretion;Renal;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Dibenzazepine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Histamine;Desipramine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Urticaria;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Imipramine;Imipramine; Imipraminoxide Imipraminoxide ( Imiprex , Elepsin ), or imipramine N -oxide , is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that was introduced in Europe in the 1960s for the treatment of depression . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Imipraminoxide is both an analogue and a metabolite of imipramine , and has similar effects. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] However, in clinical trials , imipraminoxide was found to have a faster onset of action, slightly higher efficacy, and fewer and less marked side effects , including diminished orthostatic hypotension and anticholinergic effects like dry mouth , sweating , dizziness , and fatigue . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Imipraminoxide's pharmacology has not been well elucidated, but based on its very close relationship with imipramine, it likely acts as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and serotonin , adrenenaline , histamine , and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist , though with weaker antiadrenergic and anticholinergic actions. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Europe;Imipramine;Histamine_receptor;Imipramine;Amitriptylinoxide;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Imipraminoxide;Imipraminoxide; Immepip International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Histamine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Immepip;Immepip; Immethridine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Immethridine;Immethridine; Imooty.eu News_aggregator;Europe;Blog;European_Union;Software;Imooty.eu;Imooty.eu; Impentamine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;Chemical_formula;Histamine_antagonist;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Impentamine;Impentamine; Imperative_programming Programming_paradigm;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Computer_science;Programming_paradigm;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Procedural_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Prolog;SQL;Fortran;Assembly_language;FORTRAN;Operating_system;Perl;Microsoft;Sun_Microsystems;Microsoft;Functional_programming;Programming_paradigm;Programming_paradigm;Array_programming;Assembly_language;Dataflow_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Procedural_programming;Visual_programming_language;Imperative_programming;Imperative_programming; Impromidine Impromidine ( INN ) is a highly potent and specific histamine H 2 receptor agonist . [ 1 ] It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator. See Histamine agonists . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Histamine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Impromidine;Impromidine; 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Independent_record_label An independent record label (or indie record label ) is a record label operating without the funding of or outside the organizations of the major record labels . A great number of bands and musical acts begin on independent labels. [ 1 ] Record_label;Musician;United_States;Jazz;Blues;Johnny_Cash;United_Kingdom;EMI;The_Beatles;Apple_Records;Reggae;Pop_music;Musical_instrument;Free_software;Independent_record_label;Independent_record_label; Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS A list of BlackBerry -related topics Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z BlackBerry;Application_programming_interface;Application_software;ARM_architecture;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;Bluetooth_profile;Cloud_computing;Comparison_of_smartphones;Computing_platform;Digital_camera;Digital_distribution;Email;Flash_memory;Geolocation;Google_Maps;Google_Talk;Graphical_user_interface;Handango;Imeem;List_of_BlackBerry_products;Lotus_Domino;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Mobile_operating_system;Novell_GroupWise;OpenGL_ES;Personal_digital_assistant;Portable_media_player;Proprietary_software;Push_technology;QNX;QWERTY;Research_In_Motion;SDRAM;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Touchscreen;Trackpad;Visual_voicemail;Wattpad;WebKit;Wireless;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS; Indiana United_States_House_of_Representatives;National_Football_League;Michigan;Michigan;Poland;Michigan;Barack_Obama;National_Football_League;CBS;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;United_States;California;Kansas;Massachusetts;Michigan;New_Jersey;Guam;Puerto_Rico;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Michigan;Indiana;Indiana; Industrial_Control_Systems Industrial control system (ICS) is a general term that encompasses several types of control systems used in industrial production, including supervisory control and data acquisition ( SCADA ) systems, distributed control systems (DCS), and other smaller control system configurations such as skid-mounted programmable logic controllers (PLC) often found in the industrial sectors and critical infrastructures. ICSs are typically used in industries such as electrical, water, oil, gas and data. Based on information received from remote stations, automated or operator-driven supervisory commands can be pushed to remote station control devices, which are often referred to as field devices. Field devices control local operations such as opening and closing valves and breakers, collecting data from sensor systems, and monitoring the local environment for alarm conditions. Automation; Industry_Standard_Architecture Industry Standard Architecture ( ISA ) is a computer bus standard for IBM PC compatible computers introduced with the IBM Personal Computer to support its Intel 8088 microprocessor 's 8-bit external data bus and extended to 16 bits for the IBM Personal Computer/AT 's Intel 80286 processor. The ISA bus was further extended for use with 32-bit processors as Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA). For general desktop computer use it has been supplanted by later buses such as IBM Micro Channel , VESA Local Bus , Peripheral Component Interconnect and other successors. A derivative of the AT bus structure is still used in the PC/104 bus, and internally within Super I/O chips. IBM;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;Micro_Channel_architecture;VESA_Local_Bus;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;IBM;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;Megabyte;PowerPC;Ethernet;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VESA_Local_Bus;Direct_memory_access;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Operating_system;Microsoft;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Direct_memory_access;Floppy_disk;Hard_disk;Conventional_PCI;Low_Pin_Count;Serial_ATA;Seagate_Technology;Central_processing_unit;Low_Pin_Count;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;Micro_Channel_architecture;VESA_Local_Bus;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;PCI_Express;Amiga_Zorro_II;NuBus;CompactPCI;Universal_Serial_Bus;Backplane;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture; Inference_engine In computer science , and specifically the branches of knowledge engineering and artificial intelligence , an inference engine is a computer program that tries to derive answers from a knowledge base . It is the "brain" that expert systems use to reason about the information in the knowledge base for the ultimate purpose of formulating new conclusions. Inference engines are considered to be a special case of reasoning engines , which can use more general methods of reasoning. Computer_science;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_base;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Inference_engine;Inference_engine; Infineon Infineon Technologies AG is a German semiconductor manufacturer and was founded on 1 April 1999, when the semiconductor operations of the parent company Siemens AG were spun off to form a separate legal entity. As of 30 September 2010 ( 2010 -09-30 ) [update] , Infineon has 25,149 employees worldwide. In the 2010 financial year, the company achieved sales of €3.295 billion. On 1 May 2006, Infineon's Memory Products division was carved out as a distinct company called Qimonda AG , which, at its height, employed about 13,500 people worldwide. Qimonda was listed on the New York Stock Exchange until 2009 [ 2 ] , but it is currently filed for bankruptcy in multiple jurisdictions. Integrated_circuit;Siemens_AG;Singapore;Romania;Bangalore;Singapore;Sensor;Samsung;Infineon;Personal_computer;Laptop;Personal_computer;Laptop;STMicroelectronics;Renesas;Germany;Germany;BMW;Deutsche_Telekom;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone; InfiniBand InfiniBand is a switched fabric communications link used in high-performance computing and enterprise data centers. Its features include high throughput, low latency , quality of service and failover , and it is designed to be scalable . The InfiniBand architecture specification defines a connection between processor nodes and high performance I/O nodes such as storage devices. Infiniband host bus adapters and network switches are manufactured by Mellanox and Intel (which acquired Qlogic 's infiniband business in January 2012 [ 1 ] ). InfiniBand forms a superset of the Virtual Interface Architecture (VIA). Intel;Fibre_Channel;PCI_Express;Serial_ATA;PCI_Express;Ethernet;Direct_memory_access;SCSI;Linux;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;IBM;Microsoft;Sun_Microsystems;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Fibre_Channel;Ethernet;Sun_Microsystems;IBM;Metadata;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;InfiniBand;InfiniBand; Infinite_loop An infinite loop (also known as an endless loop or unproductive loop ) is a sequence of instructions in a computer program which loops endlessly, either due to the loop having no terminating condition, having one that can never be met, or one that causes the loop to start over. In older operating systems with cooperative multitasking , infinite loops normally caused the entire system to become unresponsive. With the now-prevalent preemptive multitasking model, infinite loops usually cause the program to consume all available processor time, but can usually be terminated by the user. Busy-wait loops are also sometimes called "infinite loops". One possible cause of a computer " freezing " is an infinite loop; others include deadlock and access violations . Operating_system;Numerical_analysis;Compiler;Recursion;Recursion;Infinite_loop;Infinite_loop; Infiniti Infiniti ( Japanese : インフィニティ , Infiniti ? ) is the luxury division of automaker Nissan . Infiniti officially started selling vehicles on November 8, 1989 in North America. The marketing network for Infiniti-branded vehicles now includes over 230 dealers in over 15 countries. [ 1 ] The marque is not used in Japan and the automaker markets most of equivalent Infiniti models domestically as Nissans: Infiniti G as the Nissan Skyline sedan and coupe, Infiniti M as the Nissan Fuga , Infiniti EX as the Nissan Skyline crossover, and Infiniti Q45 as the Nissan Cima . The Infiniti FX has no Nissan equivalent and is not sold in Japan. The first generation Infiniti Q45 was sold as the Nissan Infiniti Q45 in Japan. Japanese_language;United_States;Toyota;Honda;Acura;Acura;Land_Rover;Acura;BMW;Audi;BMW;Consumer_Reports;Toyota;Nissan;Japan;Honda;Acura;Toyota;Infiniti;Infiniti; Infinity_Blade Infinity Blade is an action role-playing iOS video game developed by Chair Entertainment and Epic Games released through the Apple App Store on December 9, 2010. It is the first iOS game to run on the Unreal Engine 3 . In the game, the player fights a series of one-on-one battles as their character journeys through a derelict castle in a fantasy world in order to fight the God King. These battles have the player swiping on the screen to attack and parry, as well as dodging and blocking enemy attacks. Upon the player's defeat by the God King, they start over as the character's descendent and repeat the cycle. Infinity Blade was the fastest-grossing app in the history of iOS, selling US$1.6 million in four days. It has received four major updates since its release and has been reviewed favorably by gaming critics. A version of the game was developed as an arcade game, titled Infinity Blade FX . An iOS sequel, Infinity Blade II , was announced on October 4, 2011 and was released on December 1, 2011, while a novella set between the games, Infinity Blade: Awakening , written by Brandon Sanderson , was released when the sequel was announced. Right now the third instalment of the game, Infinity Blade Dungeons, announced early 2012, is coming to the New iPad. As of October 2011, Infinity Blade has generated more than US$23 million in revenue. Computing_platform;Digital_distribution;Video_game;Infinity_Blade_II;Infinity_Blade_II;Personal_computer;Eurogamer;Eurogamer;Infinity_Blade_II;Eurogamer;ITunes;Infinity_Blade_II;Infinity_Blade;Infinity_Blade; Infinity_Blade_II Infinity Blade II is an action role-playing video game for the iOS mobile devices developed by Chair Entertainment and Epic Games released through the Apple App Store . The game is the sequel for the acclaimed Infinity Blade from the same developers. Infinity Blade II was announced on October 4, 2011 during the Apple iPhone 4S Presentation Keynote. It was subsequently released on December 1, 2011. [ 3 ] The sequel features enhanced graphics and a storyline continuing from the novel Infinity Blade: Awakening . Computing_platform;Digital_distribution;Video_game;Infinity_Blade;Facebook;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Infinity_Blade;Gawker_Media;Gawker_Media;ITunes;Infinity_Blade;Infinity_Blade_II;Infinity_Blade_II; Infogear InfoGear Technology Corporation , founded in 1995, was a startup technology and services company focused on the market for Internet appliances. InfoGear had offices in California and an R D center in Israel. InfoGear developed a line of Internet appliances, of which the best known was the iPhone , an award-winning Internet screenphone. The first-generation iPhone shipped in 1997 and the second in 1999. It was ultimately distributed in the United States , Australia , South Africa and New Zealand . The InfoGear Network provided user-relevant information and services in conjunction with e-commerce , content and service partners. InfoGear was acquired by Cisco Systems on March 16, 2000. [ 1 ] The company was managed by a blue-ribbon management team from National Semiconductor, Apple, Sun Microsystems, Sprint, Silicon Graphics, and Cypress: CEO, Robert Marshall, replaced in 1996 by Ed Cluss Jr. VP of Sales, Steve Ursebach VP of Business, Development Jeff Oscodar VP of Marketing, Jim Greenway, replaced in 1997 by Dennis Tsu CTO, VP Product Operations, Ike Nassi VP of Development, Chaim Bendelec VP of Operations, Malachi Moynihan CFO, James Mackaness. The company’s history can be divided into three distinct phases: Phase 1 – 1995 – 1996 (Bob Marshall, CEO) - Partnership with CIDCO systems and the introduction of the first iPhone (CIDCO iPhone) Phase 2 – 1997 – 2000 (Ed Cluss, CEO) - Purchase of the iPhone II intellectual property from CIDCO, InfoGear introduction of iPhone to Consumer Market, exploration of the "J-Phone" concept, and porting of InfoGear Networks to GSM mobile phones (code named Ducati). Phase 3 - 2000 – Present – Purchase of InfoGear by Cisco Systems. Operation by Cisco until network was shut down [date unknown]. United_States;Australia;New_Zealand;Cisco_Systems;Infogear;Infogear; Infrared Red;Watt;ISO;LED;Remote_control;Digital_camera;Digital_camera;Personal_digital_assistant;Remote_control;Red;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Green;Red;Infrared;Infrared; Injunction An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a court order that requires a party to do or refrain from doing specific acts. A party that fails to comply with an injunction faces criminal or civil penalties and may have to pay damages or accept sanctions. In some cases, breaches of injunctions are considered serious criminal offenses that merit arrest and possible prison sentences. The term interdict is used in Scots law . [ 1 ] Copyright_infringement;Patent_infringement;The_Guardian;The_Guardian;Injunction;Injunction; Inside_Mac_Games Inside Mac Games , or IMG for short, is a website dedicated to Apple Macintosh computer gaming . Founded in 1993, Inside Mac Games has transitioned from an electronic magazine into a web-only publication. As such, it is the largest and oldest Macintosh gaming publication, [ citation needed ] and is still operated by its founder, Tuncer Deniz. Website;Apple_Macintosh;AOL;Floppy_disk;Microsoft_Windows;Aspyr;Digital_distribution;Digital_distribution;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Inside_Mac_Games;Inside_Mac_Games; Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit ITK is a cross-platform , open-source application development framework widely used for the development of image segmentation and image registration programs. Segmentation is the process of identifying and classifying data found in a digitally sampled representation. Typically the sampled representation is an image acquired from such medical instrumentation as CT or MRI scanners. Registration is the task of aligning or developing correspondences between data. For example, in the medical environment, a CT scan may be aligned with an MRI scan in order to combine the information contained in both. ITK was developed with funding from the National Library of Medicine ( U.S. ) as an open resource of algorithms for analyzing the images of the Visible Human Project . ITK stands for The Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit . The toolkit provides leading-edge segmentation and registration algorithms in two, three, and more dimensions. ITK uses the CMake build environment to manage the configuration process. The software is implemented in C++ and it is wrapped for Tcl , Python (using CableSwig ) and Java . This enables developers to create software using a variety of programming languages. ITK's C++ implementation style is referred to as generic programming (i.e., using templated code). Such C++ templating means that the code is highly efficient, and that many software problems are discovered at compile-time, rather than at run-time during program execution. Because ITK is an open-source project, developers from around the world can use, debug, maintain, and extend the software. ITK uses a model of software development referred to as extreme programming. Extreme programming collapses the usual software creation methodology into a simultaneous and iterative process of design-implement-test-release. The key features of extreme programming are communication and testing. Communication among the members of the ITK community is what helps manage the rapid evolution of the software. Testing is what keeps the software stable. In ITK, an extensive testing process (using CDash ) is in place that measures the quality on a daily basis. The ITK Testing Dashboard is posted continuously reflecting the quality of the software. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;BSD_License;United_States;Stanford_University;BSD_License;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit; Insomnia MedlinePlus;Anxiety;Sedative;Sedative;Antidepressant;Sedation;Antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Mirtazapine;Mirtazapine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Cyproheptadine;Quetiapine;Olanzapine;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Carbamazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Antipsychotic;Insomnia;Insomnia; Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol ( IMPP ) was a protocol for instant messaging proposed by the IETF via RFC 2778 and RFC 2779 . There has been no progress since it has been obsoleted by XMPP . Instant_messaging;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol; Instant_message_service_center Mobile_phone;Instant_messaging;GSM;Nokia;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_message_service_center; Instant_messaging Internet;Push_technology;Videophone;Contact_list;Webcam;Microphone;User_interface;America_Online;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;ICQ;AOL_Instant_Messenger;AOL;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Open_source;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Social_network_service;Voice_over_IP;IPTV;Time_Warner;Adium;Meebo;Miranda_IM;Qnext;Session_Initiation_Protocol;SIMPLE;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;XML;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Microsoft;Reuters;Google;Google_Talk;Reverse_engineering;Mobile_instant_messaging;Smartphone;Symbian_OS;Windows_Phone;Yahoo;Web_browser;Web_browser;Contact_list;SMS_language;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Bloomberg_L.P.;Instant_messaging_manager;Windows_XP;Linux;Windows;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Contact_list;Plain_text;Text_messaging;Instant_messaging_manager;AOL_Instant_Messenger;EBuddy;Poland;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;ICQ;IMessage;IMVU;Microsoft_Lync;Meebo;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Windows_Live_Messenger;Xfire;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Instant_messaging_manager;Social_media;Text_messaging;Open_Directory_Project;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;Instant_messaging;Instant_messaging; Instant_messaging_manager Companies that provide instant messaging management products and services include Akonix, Barracuda Networks , CSC, Global Relay, FaceTime Communications, Presensoft, ScanSafe , Smarsh, SurfControl and Symantec . IBM_Lotus_Sametime;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Google_Talk;Windows_Live_Messenger;Instant_messaging_manager;Instant_messaging_manager; Instantbird Instantbird is a cross-platform instant messenging client based on Mozilla 's XULRunner and the open source library libpurple used in Pidgin . Instantbird is free software available under the GNU General Public License . Over 250 add-ons allow user customization of, and addition of, features. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;JavaScript;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Open_source;Free_software;OSCAR_protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;MobileMe;Novell_GroupWise;Internet_Relay_Chat;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;Tencent_QQ;SIMPLE;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Talk;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Instant_messaging;Centericq;Kopete;Miranda_IM;Qnext;Web_application;Web_browser;BitlBee;Instantbird;Instantbird; Instrument_control Instrument control consists of connecting a desktop instrument to a computer and taking measurements. Ethernet;USB;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;PXI;Personal_computer;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;Plug_and_play;Programming_language;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Automation;LabVIEW;LAN_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;Instrument_control;Instrument_control; Instrumental An instrumental is a musical composition or recording without lyrics , or singing , although it might include some non-articulate vocal input; the music is primarily or exclusively produced by musical instruments . In a song that is otherwise sung , a section not sung but played with instruments can be called an instrumental interlude . [ 2 ] If the instruments are percussion instruments , the interlude can be called a percussion interlude . These interludes are a form of break in the song. Musical_instrument;Genre;Led_Zeppelin;Easy_listening;The_Guardian;BBC_News;The_Guardian;Instrumental;Instrumental; Integer_overflow In computer programming , an integer overflow occurs when an arithmetic operation attempts to create a numeric value that is too large to be represented within the available storage space. For instance, adding 1 to the largest value that can be represented constitutes an integer overflow. The most common result in these cases is for the least significant representable bits of the result to be stored (the result is said to wrap ). On some processors like GPUs and DSPs , the result saturates ; that is, once the maximum value is reached, attempts to make it larger simply return the maximum result. Graphics_processing_unit;Computer_graphics;Signal_processing;Pixel;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Integer_overflow;Integer_overflow; Integrated_circuit An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as IC , chip , or microchip ) is an electronic circuit manufactured by lithography , or the patterned diffusion of trace elements into the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Additional materials are deposited and patterned to form interconnections between semiconductor devices. Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics . Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of producing integrated circuits. Siemens_AG;IBM;CPU;Random_access_memory;Sensor;Capacitor;Random_access_memory;Intel;IBM;Central_processing_unit;IBM;Intel;Accelerometer;FPGA;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Logic_synthesis;Digital_signal_processing;Digital_photography;Digital_video;Integrated_circuit;Integrated_circuit; Integrating_Vision_Toolkit The Integrating Vision Toolkit (IVT) is a powerful and fast C++ computer vision library with an easy-to-use object-oriented architecture. It offers its own multi-platform GUI toolkit. Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;OpenCV;VXL;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit; Intel Coordinates : 37°23′16.54″N 121°57′48.74″W  /  37.3879278°N 121.9635389°W  / 37.3879278; -121.9635389 The current logo, used since 2005. Dow Jones Component NASDAQ-100 Component Mountain View , California, U.S. (July 18, 1968 ( 1968-07-18 ) ) [ 1 ] Gordon Moore , Robert Noyce Santa Clara , California , U.S. [ 2 ] ( President and CEO ) Bluetooth chipsets , flash memory , microprocessors , motherboard chipsets , network interface cards 100,100 (2011) [ 3 ] Intel Corporation ( NASDAQ : INTC ) is an American multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation headquartered in Santa Clara , California, United States. Intel is the world's largest and highest valued semiconductor chip maker, based on revenue. [ 4 ] It is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors , the processors found in most personal computers. Intel Corporation, founded on July 18, 1968, is a portmanteau of Int egrated El ectronics (the fact that "intel" is the term for intelligence information was also quite suitable). [ 5 ] Intel also makes motherboard chipsets , network interface controllers and integrated circuits , flash memory , graphic chips , embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove , Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Though Intel was originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, its "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and its Pentium processor household names. Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer (PC) that this became its primary business. During the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry . During this period Intel became the dominant supplier of microprocessors for PCs, and was known for aggressive and sometimes illegal tactics in defense of its market position, particularly against Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), as well as a struggle with Microsoft for control over the direction of the PC industry. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The 2011 rankings of the world's 100 most valuable brands published by Millward Brown Optimor showed the company's brand value at number 58. [ 8 ] Intel has also begun research in electrical transmission and generation. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Intel has recently introduced a 3-D transistor that may improve performance and energy efficiency. [ 11 ] Intel will be mass producing this 3-D transistor, called Tri-Gate transistors, with their upcoming 22 nm process in the near future. [ 12 ] In 2011, SpectraWatt Inc., a solar cell spinoff of Intel, filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11. [ 13 ] NASDAQ;Bluetooth;Flash_memory;NASDAQ;Integrated_circuit;Flash_memory;Graphics_processing_unit;Embedded_system;Microsoft;Integrated_circuit;IBM;CPU;XScale;CPU;The_New_York_Times;John_Markoff;Technical_support;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;PCI_Express;Universal_Serial_Bus;Bluetooth;Microsoft;Serial_ATA;Personal_computer;Argentina;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;PowerPC;Macintosh;Netbook;Sandy_Bridge;NASDAQ;Dell;Costa_Rica;Malaysia;Vietnam;Massachusetts;NASDAQ;Open_source;Firmware;Linux;Open_source;Microsoft;Samsung;Toshiba;STMicroelectronics;Nvidia;Infineon;Broadcom;Samsung;Toshiba;STMicroelectronics;European_Commission;European_Union;Dell;Dell;Wintel;Stanford_University;ZDNet;CNET;International_Standard_Book_Number;PC_Magazine;EWeek;MarketWatch;USA_Today;Open_Directory_Project;Reuters;System_Management_Bus;Indeo;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;Pentium_M;XScale;Intel_Consumer_Electronics;Sandy_Bridge;Sandy_Bridge;Encryption;Flash_memory;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;Samsung_Electronics;SATA;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Cisco_Systems;IBM;Microsoft;Walmart;The_Walt_Disney_Company;General_Motors;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Vodafone;Software;Google;Nuance_Communications;Broadcom;Nvidia;Mobile_phone;Dell;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Intel;Intel; Intel_AppUp The Intel AppUp® center is a digital storefront for existing and new PC software, apps, content and entertainment, developed by Intel Corporation for Microsoft Windows -based Ultrabook TM devices, netbooks , laptops , and personal computers . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Peter Biddle, Intel AppUp's marketplace visionary, called Intel AppUp "the world's largest app store that nobody's ever heard of." [ 5 ] Intel AppUp has a presence in more than 60 countries with the ability to conduct transactions in more than 45 countries in 5 languages. Intel AppUp aggregates, curates and distributes validated digital content, delivering a fuller, richer experience on the PC. Users are able to browse a catalog of applications for download and purchase. Applications are available in various categories including books, business, education, entertainment, finance, games, lifestyle, music, maps navigation, news, photo, productivity, reference,shopping, social networking, sports, travel, utilities and weather. [ 6 ] The Intel AppUp center is available in English, French, German, Italian and Spanish. The Intel AppUp center powers more than 25 partner stores, featuring an end-to-end app store infrastructure for easy ecosystem participation. Applications are submitted through the Intel AppUp® developer program. Software_developer;Operating_system;Windows_XP;List_of_software_categories;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Netbook;Laptop;Personal_computer;Netbook;Windows_XP;Software_development_kit;Software_license;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Commercial_software;Shareware;Digital_distribution;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Intel;System_Management_Bus;Indeo;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;Intel_AppUp;Intel_AppUp; Intel_Consumer_Electronics Places where PowerVR technology and its various iterations have been used: PowerVR;XScale;XScale;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;Apple_TV;Apple_Inc;Sony;Intel;Nokia;Renesas;Samsung;SigmaTel;Apple_Inc.;IPad;IPod_Touch;Apple_TV;PlayStation_Vita;Portable_Document_Format; Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect The Intel QuickPath Interconnect ( QuickPath , QPI ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is a point-to-point processor interconnect developed by Intel which replaces the front-side bus (FSB) in Xeon , Itanium , and certain desktop platforms. It was designed to compete with HyperTransport . Intel first delivered it in November 2008 on the Intel Core i7-9xx desktop processors and X58 chipset . Intel developed QPI at its Massachusetts Microprocessor Design Center (MMDC) by members of what had been DEC's Alpha Development Group, which Intel had acquired from Compaq and HP. Prior to the name's announcement, Intel referred to it as Common System Interface ( CSI ). Earlier incarnations were known as YAP ( Yet Another Protocol ) and YAP+ . Intel;HyperTransport;Fibre_Channel;HyperTransport;PCI_Express;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect; Intel_iMac The iMac is a series of Macintosh desktop computers offered by Apple Inc. The current Apple iMac features either an Intel Core i5 , or Intel Core i7 processor, Radeon HD 6750 M graphics or a Radeon HD 6770M with options to upgrade to the HD 6970M (27" model only), and a choice of glossy 21.5" or 27" LCD screens. While previous iMac models had a white polycarbonate enclosure as the iMac G5, the iMac as of 2011 [update] had an enclosure shaped like Apple's Cinema Displays and styling reminiscent of the iPhone , made using the same unibody assembly as the MacBook Pro . Previous aluminum iMac models had a black plastic back, but later models have an aluminum back continuous with the front aluminum plate. Apple_Inc.;Desktop_computer;Central_processing_unit;IMac;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;LCD;IPhone;MacBook_Pro;Steve_Jobs;Macintosh;Intel;MacBook_Pro;PowerPC;Intel;MacBook_Pro;PowerPC;Mac_mini;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Apple_Inc.;Polycarbonate;Display_device;Central_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;SDRAM;Computer_graphics;Hard_drive;Serial_ATA;Gigabyte;SuperDrive;Combo_drive;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Mountain_Lion;USB;Apple_Keyboard;Display_device;Central_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;Computer_graphics;Hard_drive;Serial_ATA;Aspect_ratio;Sandy_Bridge;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;Bluetooth;ISight;Display_device;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Random_access_memory;Computer_graphics;Hard_drive;Serial_ATA;SuperDrive;ISight;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products; Intellectual_property Intellectual property ( IP ) is any creative work or invention considered to be the property of its creator. Often, intellectual property rights are recognized and protected under the corresponding fields of law . [ 1 ] Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights, such as the ability to publish to various markets, license the manufacture and distribution of inventions, and sue in case of unlawful or deceptive copying. Common types of intellectual property rights include copyrights , trademarks , patents , industrial design rights , and trade secrets . Although laws and concepts behind copyright and patents are not new, the term intellectual property is relatively recent, dating from the 19th century. [ 2 ] The British Statute of Anne 1710 and the Statute of Monopolies 1623 are now seen as the origins of copyright and patent law respectively. [ 3 ] Trademark;Trademark;France;Trademark;Free_Software_Foundation;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Consumer_protection;Entertainment_law;Copyright_infringement;Digital_rights_management;Open_Music_Model;Open_source_software;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Intellectual_property;Intellectual_property; Intelligent_personal_assistant An intelligent personal assistant is a mobile software agent that can perform tasks, or services, for an individual based on user input, location awareness, and the ability to access information from a variety of online sources (such as weather or traffic conditions, news, stock prices, user schedules, retail prices, etc.). Examples of such an agent are Samsung's S Voice [ 1 ] and Apple’s Siri . [ 2 ] Samsung;S_Voice;Apple_Inc.;Mobile_device;Application_programming_interface;Mobile_apps;S_Voice;Intelligent_software_assistant;Intelligent_personal_assistant;Intelligent_personal_assistant; Intelligent_software_assistant An intelligent software assistant , also called an intelligent software agent , cognitive assistant or cognitive agent , is a software agent that is also an intelligent agent which performs a task with minimum specific directions from users. It evolves from the concept of virtual personal assistant , a cognitive assistant that learns and organizes. Intelligent software assistant combines traditionally isolated approaches to artificial intelligence to try to create a personal-assistant program that improves by interacting with its user. It uses intelligent techniques and behavior studies to impress the users that a computer could be so "smart". The purpose of developing intelligent software assistant is to create an incredible experience that will help people be more efficient in their lives, in solving problems and the tasks. The examples of what intelligent software assistant could do in current stage are help make reservations at restaurants , check flight status, or plan weekend activities. MIT Technology Review has put "intelligent software assistant" as one of its 10 emerging technologies in 2009 TR10 special reports. CALO;S_Voice;Intelligent_software_assistant;Intelligent_software_assistant; InterActual_Player Software_developer;Sonic_Solutions;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;DVD;Multimedia;Software;InterActual_Player;InterActual_Player; Interaction_techniques Software;Mouse_gesture;Computer_graphics;Gesture_recognition;GUI_widget;Pen_computing;Direct_manipulation; Interactive_design In design , human–computer interaction , and software development , interaction design , often abbreviated IxD , is "about shaping digital things for people’s use", [ 1 ] alternately defined as "the practice of designing interactive digital products, environments, systems, and services." [ 2 ] :xxxi,1 Like many other design fields interaction design also has an interest in form but its main focus is on behaviour. [ 2 ] :1 What clearly marks interaction design as a design field as opposed to a science or engineering field is that it is synthesis and imagining things as they might be, more so than focusing on how things are. [ 2 ] :xviii Interaction design is heavily focused on satisfying the needs and desires of the people who will use the product. [ 2 ] :xviii Where other disciplines like software engineering have a heavy focus on designing for technical stakeholders of a project. Interactivity;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Software_design;Flowchart; Interactivity In the fields of information science , communication , and industrial design , there is debate over the meaning of interactivity . In the "contingency view" of interactivity, there are three levels: Noninteractive, when a message is not related to previous messages; Reactive, when a message is related only to one immediately previous message; and Interactive, when a message is related to a number of previous messages and to the relationship between them. [ 1 ] IPod;User_interface;User_interface;Computer_science;Application_software;Compiler;JavaScript;Adobe_Flash;International_Standard_Book_Number;Interactivity;Interactivity; Interface_Builder Interface Builder is a software development application for Apple's Mac OS X operating system . It is part of Xcode (formerly Project Builder), the Apple Developer Connection developer's toolset. Interface Builder allows Cocoa and Carbon developers to create interfaces for applications using a graphical user interface . The resulting interface is stored as a .nib file, short for NeXT Interface Builder, or more recently, as a .xib file. Interface Builder is descended from the NeXTSTEP development software of the same name. A version of Interface Builder is also used in the development of OpenStep software, and a very similar tool called Gorm exists for GNUstep . On March 27, 2008, a specialized iPhone version of Interface Builder allowing interface construction for iPhone applications was released with the iPhone SDK Beta 2. As of Xcode 4, Interface Builder no longer exists as a separate application, and its functionality is directly integrated into Xcode as Storyboard. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Xcode;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;Xcode;Apple_Developer_Connection;Application_software;Graphical_user_interface;IPhone;NeXT;Steve_Jobs;NeXT;XML;NeXT;Revision_control;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Developer_Tools;Xcode;Quartz_Composer;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Interface_Builder; International_Business_Times Newsweek;International_Business_Times;International_Business_Times; International_Chemical_Identifier The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier ( InChI / ˈ ɪ n tʃ iː / IN -chee or / ˈ ɪ ŋ k iː / ING -kee ) is a textual identifier for chemical substances , designed to provide a standard and human-readable way to encode molecular information and to facilitate the search for such information in databases and on the web. Initially developed by IUPAC and NIST during 2000–2005, the format and algorithms are non-proprietary and the software is freely available under the open source LGPL license. [ 1 ] The continuing development of the standard has been supported since 2010 by the not-for-profit InChI Trust , of which IUPAC is a member. The current version is 1.04 and was released in September 2011. Open_source;CAS_registry_number;International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Chemical_formula;Hydrogen;Graphics_Interchange_Format;PubChem;ChemSpider;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Chemical_Identifier; International_Electrotechnical_Commission The International Electrotechnical Commission [ 1 ] ( IEC ; Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI), in French) is a non-profit , non-governmental international standards organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical , electronic and related technologies – collectively known as "electrotechnology". IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation, transmission and distribution to home appliances and office equipment, semiconductors, fibre optics, batteries, solar energy, nanotechnology and marine energy as well as many others. The IEC also manages three global conformity assessment systems that certify whether equipment, system or components conform to its International Standards. The IEC charter embraces all electrotechnologies including energy production and distribution, electronics, magnetics and electromagnetics, electroacoustics, multimedia and telecommunication, as well as associated general disciplines such as terminology and symbols, electromagnetic compatibility (by its Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility , ACEC), measurement and performance, dependability, design and development, safety and the environment. Hertz;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Argentina;Australia;Austria;Belgium;Brazil;Bulgaria;Canada;Colombia;Chile;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Italy;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;Mexico;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Singapore;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Thailand;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;American_National_Standards_Institute;Albania;Cyprus;Estonia;Latvia;Lithuania;Malta;Sri_Lanka;Vietnam;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission; International_Herald_Tribune The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international newspaper . It combines the resources of its own correspondents with those of The New York Times and is printed at 38 sites throughout the world, for sale in more than 160 countries and territories. Based in Paris since 1887, [ 1 ] The IHT is part of The New York Times Company . The_New_York_Times_Company;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post_Company;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Guardian;Malaysia;Nepal;The_New_York_Times_Company;The_New_York_Times;About.com;United_States_dollar;International_Herald_Tribune;International_Herald_Tribune; International_Nonproprietary_Name WHO has a constitutional mandate to "develop, establish and promote international standards with respect to biological, pharmaceutical and similar products". The World Health Organization collaborates closely with INN experts and national nomenclature committees to select a single name of worldwide acceptability for each active substance that is to be marketed as a pharmaceutical. To avoid confusion, which could jeopardize the safety of patients, trade-marks should neither be derived from INNs nor contain common stems used in INNs. An International Nonproprietary Name ( INN ; also known as rINN , for recommended International Nonproprietary Name or pINN for proposed International Nonproprietary Name) is the official non proprietary or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance , as designated by the World Health Organization (WHO). The plethora of named proprietary preparations containing a given substance can lead to confusion about the identity of the active ingredient. INNs facilitate communication by providing a standard name for each substance; they are designed to be unique and distinct so as to avoid confusion in prescribing. [ 1 ] A similar role is played in chemistry by IUPAC names , though those are less suited to common usage, being typically very long and unwieldy. WHO issues INNs in English, Latin, French, Russian, and Spanish; Arabic and Chinese versions, although not included in the original scheme, are now also being issued. [ citation needed ] Antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Nonproprietary_Name;International_Nonproprietary_Name; International_Organization_for_Standardization The International Organization for Standardization ( French : Organisation internationale de normalisation , Russian : Международная организация по стандартизации , tr. Myezhdunarodnaya organizatsiya po standartizatsii ), [ 1 ] widely known as ISO , is an international standard -setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations . Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary, industrial, and commercial standards . It has its headquarters in Geneva , Switzerland . [ 2 ] Switzerland;English_language;French_language;French_language;Switzerland;English_language;French_language;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Open_source;Microsoft;American_National_Standards_Institute;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;Portable_Document_Format;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization; International_Standard_Book_Number The International Standard Book Number ( ISBN ) is a unique [ 1 ] [ 2 ] numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin , [ 3 ] for the booksellers and stationers W. H. Smith and others in 1961. [ 4 ] The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108. [ 4 ] (However, the 9-digit SBN code was used in the United Kingdom until 1974.) An SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prepending the digit '0'. Currently, the ISO's TC 46/SC 9 is responsible for the ISBN. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978. [ 5 ] Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland EAN -13s. [ 6 ] Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure; however, this can be rectified later. [ 7 ] A similar numeric identifier, the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), identifies periodical publications such as magazines . International_Organization_for_Standardization;United_Kingdom;ISO;Australia;Canada;United_Kingdom;United_States;English_language;French_language;German_language;Japan;Bhutan;United_States_dollar;Amazon.com;International_Organization_for_Standardization;United_States;Software;North_America;Denmark;United_States;Sweden;Germany;PDF;Digital_object_identifier;International_Organization_for_Standardization;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;Portable_Document_Format;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number; International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature A chemical nomenclature is a set of rules to generate systematic names for chemical compounds . The nomenclature used most frequently worldwide is the one created and developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The IUPAC's rules for naming organic and inorganic compounds are contained in two publications, known as the Blue Book [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and the Red Book [ 3 ] , respectively. A third publication, known as the Green Book , [ 4 ] describes the recommendations for the use of symbols for physical quantities (in association with the IUPAP ), while a fourth, the Gold Book , [ 5 ] contains the definitions of a large number of technical terms used in chemistry. Similar compendia exist for biochemistry [ 6 ] (the White Book , in association with the IUBMB ), analytical chemistry [ 7 ] (the Orange Book ), macromolecular chemistry [ 8 ] (the Purple Book ) and clinical chemistry [ 9 ] (the Silver Book ). These "color books" are supplemented by shorter recommendations for specific circumstances that are published from time to time in the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry . Chemical_formula;International_Chemical_Identifier;France;Hydrogen;Hydrogen;Oxygen;Hydrogen;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier; Internationalization_and_localization In computing , internationalization and localization ( other correct spellings are internationalisation and localisation ) are means of adapting computer software to different languages, regional differences and technical requirements of a target market. Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized software for a specific region or language by adding locale -specific components and translating text. The terms are frequently abbreviated to the numeronyms i18n (where 18 stands for the number of letters between the first i and last n in internationalization , a usage coined at DEC in the 1970s or 80s) [ 1 ] and L10n respectively, due to the length of the words. The capital L in L10n helps to distinguish it from the lowercase i in i18n. Some companies, like IBM and Sun Microsystems , use the term "globalization" for the combination of internationalization and localization. [ 2 ] Microsoft [ 3 ] defines Internationalization as a combination of World-Readiness and localization. World-Readiness is a developer task, which enables a product to be used with multiple scripts and cultures (globalization) and separating user interface resources in a localizable format (localizability, abbreviated to L12y ). [ 4 ] This concept is also known as NLS ( National Language Support or Native Language Support ). Microsoft_Windows;Italian_language;IBM;Sun_Microsystems;Microsoft;German_language;Sound;Film;Video;Open_source_software;Internationalization_and_localization;Internationalization_and_localization; Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (often called TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email. Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to Web site technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds . The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging , Internet forums, and social networking . Online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries. The origins of the Internet reach back to research of the 1960s, commissioned by the United States government in collaboration with private commercial interests to build robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2011, more than 2.2 billion people – nearly a third of Earth's population — use the services of the Internet. [ 1 ] The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System , are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols ( IPv4 and IPv6 ) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise. Digital_rights;File_sharing;Instant_messaging;Podcast;Voice_over_IP;Local_area_network;Instant_messaging;Social_network_service;IP_address;Uniform_Resource_Locator;SRI_International;Instant_messaging;Social_networking;Social_networking;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Post_Office_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Ethernet;IP_address;IP_address;Handheld_game_console;Wireless;Linux;Mozilla_Firefox;Instant_messaging;Social_networking;Cloud_computing;Computer_graphics;Web_service;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Firefox;Apple_Inc.;Google_Chrome;Plain_text;Multimedia;Microsoft;Software_developer;Social_network_service;HTML;VoIP;File_sharing;Encryption;Digital_signature;Streaming_media;Podcast;Portable_media_player;Webcam;Video_conferencing;Adobe_Flash;Mobile_phone;Internet_kiosk;Smartphone;Google;Social_network_service;Facebook;Flickr;New_York_Times;Social_media;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;The_Register;Internet;Internet; Internet_Archive Coordinates : 37°46′56.3″N 122°28′17.65″W  /  37.782306°N 122.4715694°W  / 37.782306; -122.4715694 Brewster Kahle ( Chairman ) Since 2009, the Internet Archive has been headquartered at 300 Funston in San Francisco, California , a former Christian Science Church From 1996 to 2009, the Internet Archive headquarters were in the Presidio , a former U.S. military base in San Francisco. Mirror of the Internet Archive in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina Wayback Machine logo The Internet Archive is a non-profit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It offers permanent storage of and free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, music, moving images, and nearly three million public-domain books. The Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, and provides unrestricted online access to that material at no cost. Its largest collection is its web archive, " snapshots of the World Wide Web". The Archive also oversees one of the world's largest book digitization projects. In addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Founded by Brewster Kahle in 1996, the Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-profit operating in the United States. It has an annual budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources: revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation. [ 4 ] Its headquarters are in San Francisco , California , USA , where about 30 of its 200 employees work. Most of its staff work in its book scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in San Francisco, Redwood City, and Mountain View, California, USA. Its collection is mirrored for stability and endurance at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt . [ 5 ] The Archive is a member of the IIPC ( International Internet Preservation Consortium ). [ 6 ] and the American Library Association and is officially recognized by the State of California as a library. [ 7 ] Brewster_Kahle;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;Brewster_Kahle;California;California;Brewster_Kahle;Free_software;Open_source_software;Audiobook;Musician;Google_Book_Search;DMCA;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California;Copyright_infringement;New_York_Times;Brewster_Kahle;Streaming_media;Project_Gutenberg;Digital_object_identifier;Lifehacker;The_Guardian;International_Herald_Tribune;The_New_York_Times;Brewster_Kahle;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Internet_Archive;Internet_Archive; Internet_Explorer Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer , commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE ) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service packs , and included in the OEM service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. Internet Explorer is one of the most widely used web browsers, attaining a peak of about 95% usage share during 2002 and 2003. [ 1 ] Its usage share has since declined with the launch of Safari (2003), Firefox (2004), and Google Chrome (2008), each of which now have significant market share. Estimates for Internet Explorer's overall market share range from 16.7% to 32.31% , as of May 2012 [update] (browser market share is notoriously difficult to calculate). Microsoft spent over US$100 million per year on Internet Explorer in the late 1990s, [ 2 ] with over 1000 people working on it by 1999. [ 3 ] Since its first release, Microsoft has added features and technologies such as basic table display (in version 1.5 ); XMLHttpRequest (in version 5 ), which aids creation of dynamic web pages ; and Internationalized Domain Names (in version 7 ), which allow Web sites to have native-language addresses with non- Latin characters. The browser has also received scrutiny throughout its development for use of third-party technology (such as the source code of Spyglass Mosaic , used without royalty in early versions) and security and privacy vulnerabilities , and both the United States and the European Union have alleged that integration of Internet Explorer with Windows has been to the detriment of other browsers. The latest stable release is Internet Explorer 9 , which is available as a free update for Windows 7 , Windows Vista SP2 , Windows Server 2008 , and Windows Server 2008 R2 . Internet Explorer was to be omitted from Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 in Europe, but Microsoft ultimately included it, with a browser option screen allowing users to select any of several web browsers (including Internet Explorer). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Versions of Internet Explorer for other operating systems have also been produced, including an Xbox 360 version called Internet Explorer for Xbox and an embedded OEM version called Pocket Internet Explorer, later rebranded Internet Explorer Mobile , which is currently based on Internet Explorer 9 and made for Windows Phone , Windows CE , and previously, based on Internet Explorer 7 for Windows Mobile . It remains in development alongside the desktop versions. Internet Explorer for Mac and Internet Explorer for UNIX ( Solaris and HP-UX ) have been discontinued. Microsoft_Windows;Web_browser;Google_Chrome;Graphical_user_interface;Web_browser;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Google_Chrome;Source_code;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;Microsoft;Windows_NT;Macintosh;Cascading_Style_Sheets;ActiveX;Metadata;XML;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Windows_Messenger;Microsoft;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;RSS;CSS;Cascading_Style_Sheets;JavaScript;Web_application;DirectX;JavaScript;Windows_Vista;JavaScript;Windows_Vista;HTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;XML;XHTML;Adobe_Systems;Sun_Microsystems;Portable_Network_Graphics;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Component_Object_Model;FTP;API;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;Component_Object_Model;Component_Object_Model;MathML;ActiveX;Adobe_Flash;Microsoft_Word;Portable_Document_Format;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;Google_Chrome;Mozilla_Firefox;ActiveX;ActiveX;Germany;Google_Chrome;RealPlayer;Linux;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS;Unix;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X;PowerPC;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;ActiveX;Financial_Times;Bloomberg_Businessweek;Microsoft;Microsoft;San_Francisco;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;ActiveX;Web_browser;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Camino;Kazehakase;OmniWeb;Netscape_Browser;Mozilla_Firefox;SeaMonkey;Web_browser;OmniWeb;Email;HyperCard;HTML;Internet_Explorer;Internet_Explorer; Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec Internet Low Bitrate Codec ( iLBC ) is an open source royalty-free narrowband speech codec , developed by Global IP Solutions (GIPS) formerly Global IP Sound (acquired by Google Inc in 2011 [ 2 ] ). It was formerly licensed as a freeware with limited commercial use [ 3 ] [ 4 ] , but since 2011 it is available under an open source ( 3-clause BSD license ) license as a part of the open source WebRTC project. [ 5 ] It is suitable for VoIP applications, streaming audio , archival and messaging. The algorithm is a version of block-independent linear predictive coding , with the choice of data frame lengths of 20 and 30 milliseconds. The encoded blocks have to be encapsulated in a suitable protocol for transport, usually the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). iLBC handles the case of lost frames through graceful speech quality degradation. Lost frames often occur in connection with lost or delayed IP packets. Ordinary low-bitrate codecs exploit dependencies between speech frames, which unfortunately results in error propagation when packets are lost or delayed. In contrast, iLBC-encoded speech frames are independent and so this problem will not occur. iLBC is defined in RFC 3951 . It is one of the codecs used by Gizmo5 , webRTC , Ekiga , QuteCom , Google Talk , Yahoo! Messenger , Polycom IP Phone and Maemo Recorder (on the Nokia N800 / N810 ) and many others. iLBC was submitted to IETF in 2002 [ 6 ] [ 7 ] and the final specification was published in 2004. Filename_extension;Type_code;Software_developer;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Open_source;Codec;Freeware;VoIP;Google_Talk;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS; Internet_Message_Access_Protocol Internet message access protocol ( IMAP ) is one of the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval, the other being the Post Office Protocol (POP). [ 1 ] Virtually all modern e-mail clients and mail servers support both protocols as a means of transferring e-mail messages from a server. Internet_Relay_Chat;Post_Office_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Ethernet;Post_Office_Protocol;Microsoft;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;IBM;Lotus_Notes;Pegasus_Mail;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Streaming_media;Post_Office_Protocol;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol; Internet_Relay_Chat Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) is a protocol for real-time Internet text messaging ( chat ) or synchronous conferencing . [ 1 ] It is mainly designed for group communication in discussion forums, called channels , [ 2 ] but also allows one-to-one communication via private message [ 3 ] as well as chat and data transfer , [ 4 ] including file sharing . [ 5 ] IRC was created in 1988. Client software is available for every major operating system that supports Internet access. [ 6 ] As of April 2011, the top 100 IRC networks served more than half a million users at a time, [ 7 ] with hundreds of thousands of channels [ 7 ] operating on a total of roughly 1,500 servers [ 7 ] out of roughly 3,200 servers worldwide. [ 8 ] Media access control Internet;Instant_messaging;File_sharing;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Ethernet;Finland;Mac_OS_X;Plain_text;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;IP_address;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Miranda_IM;Unix;Linux;Kopete;Mac_OS_X;Adium;IOS;Mozilla_Firefox;Proxy_server;Perl;Proxy_server;Encryption;Unix;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;ZDNet;Open_Directory_Project;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Instant_messaging;Centericq;Kopete;Miranda_IM;Qnext;Web_application;Web_browser;BitlBee;Instant_messaging;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Rsync;Presence_information;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Apple_Filing_Protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Skype;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;ITunes_Store;JavaScript;Windows_Live_Messenger;Skype;Spotify;Server_Message_Block;Winamp;Xfire;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Videoconferencing;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat; Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec internet Speech Audio Codec ( iSAC ) is a wideband speech codec , developed by Global IP Solutions (GIPS) (acquired by Google Inc in 2011 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ). It is suitable for VoIP applications and streaming audio . The encoded blocks have to be encapsulated in a suitable protocol for transport, e.g. RTP . It is one of the codecs used by AIM Triton, the Gizmo5 , QQ , and Google Talk . It was formerly a proprietary codec licensed by Global IP Solutions. As of June 2011, it is part of open source WebRTC project [ 4 ] , which includes a royalty-free license for iSAC when using the WebRTC codebase [ 5 ] . Software_developer;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Codec;VoIP;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Google_Talk;Proprietary_software;SILK;Speex;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec; Internet_forum An Internet forum , or message board , is an online discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages. [ 1 ] They differ from chat rooms in that messages are at least temporarily archived. Also, depending on the access level of a user or the forum set-up, a posted message might need to be approved by a moderator before it becomes visible. Forums have a specific set of jargon associated with them; e.g. a single conversation is called a " thread ". A discussion forum is hierarchical or tree-like in structure: a forum can contain a number of subforums, each of which may have several topics. Within a forum's topic, each new discussion started is called a thread, and can be replied to by as many people as so wish. Depending on the forum's settings, users can be anonymous or have to register with the forum and then subsequently log in in order to post messages. On most forums, users do not have to log in to read existing messages. Software;Software;Web_application;Electronic_mailing_list;Video_game;Internet;Programming_language;Perl;Database;Multimedia;Weblog;Blog;Database;De_facto_standard;HTML;Emoticon;Emoticon;RSS;IP_address;Scunthorpe_problem;Web_application;Japan;Electronic_mailing_list;Feed_aggregator;Web_browser;Blog;Instant_messaging;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog;Internet_forum;Internet_forum; Internet_kiosk An interactive kiosk is a computer terminal featuring specialized hardware and software designed within a public exhibit that provides access to information and applications for communication, commerce, entertainment, and education. Early interactive kiosks sometimes resembled telephone booths , but can also be used while sitting on a bench or chair. Interactive kiosks are typically placed in high foot traffic settings such as hotel lobbies or airports . Integration of technology allows kiosks to perform a wide range of functions, evolving into self-service kiosks . For example, kiosks may enable users to enter a public utility bill account number in order to perform an online transaction, or collect cash in exchange for merchandise. Customised components such as coin hoppers, bill acceptors , card readers and thermal printers enable kiosks to meet the owner's specialised needs. Germany;United_Kingdom;United_Airlines;Target_Corporation;Email;Short_message_service;United_Kingdom;Bhutan;Internet;Credit_card;International_Standard_Book_Number; Internet_radio Internet radio (also web radio , net radio , streaming radio , e-radio webcasting ) is an audio service transmitted via the Internet . Music streaming on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means. Internet radio involves streaming media , presenting listeners with a continuous stream of audio that cannot be paused or replayed, much like traditional broadcast media; in this respect, it is distinct from on-demand file serving. Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting , which involves downloading rather than streaming. Many Internet radio services are associated with a corresponding traditional (terrestrial) radio station or radio network . Internet-only radio stations are independent of such associations. Internet radio services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world—for example, one could listen to an Australian station from Europe or America. Some major networks like CBS Radio and Citadel Broadcasting (except for news/talk and sports stations) in the US, and Chrysalis in the UK restrict listening to in-country because of music licensing and advertising concerns. [ citation needed ] Internet radio remains popular among expatriates and listeners with interests that are often not adequately served by local radio stations (such as eurodance , progressive rock , ambient music , folk music , classical music , and stand-up comedy ). Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that is available on traditional radio stations. Spain;Internet;Streaming_media;Podcast;Australia;Europe;Folk_music;Classical_music;Streaming_media;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Audio;RealAudio;United_States;MTV;Last.fm;Last.fm;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Washington_Post;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Television;Internet_television;Streaming_media;Music_television;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Internet_radio;Internet_radio; Internet_television Internet television (otherwise known as Internet TV , or Online TV ) is the digital distribution of television content via the Internet . It should not be confused with Web television - short programs or videos created by a wide variety of companies and individuals, or Internet protocol television (IPTV) - an emerging internet technology standard for use by television broadcasters. Some Internet television is known as catch-up TV . Internet Television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows and other video content over the internet by video streaming technology, typically by major traditional television broadcasters. It does not describe a technology used to deliver content (see Internet protocol television ). Internet television has become very popular through services such as RTÉ Player in Ireland ; BBC iPlayer , 4oD , ITV Player (also STV Player and UTV Player ) and Demand Five in the United Kingdom ; Hulu in the United States ; Nederland 24 in the Netherlands ; ABC iview and Australia Live TV in Australia ; Tivibu in Turkey . See List of Internet television providers . Digital_distribution;Television;Internet;IPTV;IPTV;BBC_iPlayer;United_Kingdom;Hulu;United_States;Netherlands;Australia;Streaming_media;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Adobe_Flash_Player;CNBC;Digital_rights_management;Microsoft;Windows_Media_Center;Windows;IPhone;IPod_Touch;YouTube;Linux;IOS;BBC_iPlayer;Hulu;Content_delivery_network;Internet_radio;IPTV;Home_theater_PC;Push_technology;Smart_TV;Streaming_media;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Television;Internet_radio;Streaming_media;Music_television;Internet_television;Internet_television; Internet_usage Internet access is the means by which individual terminals , computers , mobile devices , and local area networks are connected to the global Internet . Internet access is usually sold by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that use many different technologies offering a wide range of data rates to the end user. Consumer use first became popular through dial-up connections in the 1980s and 1990s. By the first decade of the 21st century, many consumers had switched away from dial-up to dedicated connections, most Internet access products were being marketed using the term "broadband", and broadband penetration was being treated as a key economic indicator . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Internet;Digital_rights;File_sharing;Instant_messaging;Podcast;Voice_over_IP;Internet;Internet_radio;Internet_television;Videoconferencing;Laptop;Local_area_network;Internet_kiosk;Laptop;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Computer;File_sharing;Ethernet;Internet;Voice_over_IP;Local_area_network;Mobile_phone;Tethering;General_Packet_Radio_Service;EDGE;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Time_Warner;Asia;United_Kingdom;Digital_rights;Estonia;France;Spain;Finland;Greece;MPEG;Wireless;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Ethernet;Bluetooth;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands; Intranet An intranet is a computer network that uses Internet Protocol technology to share information, operational systems, or computing services within an organization. The term is used in contrast to internet , a network between organizations, and instead refers to a network within an organization. Sometimes, the term refers only to the organization's internal website , but may be a more extensive part of the organization's information technology infrastructure, and may be composed of multiple local area networks . The objective is to organise each individual's desktop with minimal cost, time and effort to be more productive, cost efficient, timely, and competitive. An intranet may host multiple private websites and constitute an important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration. Any of the well known Internet protocols may be found in an intranet, such as HTTP (web services), SMTP (e-mail), and FTP (file transfer protocol). Internet technologies are often deployed to provide modern interfaces to legacy information systems hosting corporate data. An intranet can be understood as a private analog of the Internet , or as a private extension of the Internet confined to an organization. The first intranet websites and home pages began to appear in organizations in 1996-1997. Although not officially noted, the term intranet first became common-place among early adopters, such as universities and technology corporations, in 1992. [ dubious – discuss ] Intranets are sometimes contrasted to extranets . While intranets are generally restricted to employees of the organization, extranets may also be accessed by customers, suppliers, or other approved parties. [ 1 ] Extranets extend a private network onto the Internet with special provisions for authentication, authorization and accounting ( AAA protocol ). In many organizations, intranets are protected from unauthorized external access by means of a network gateway and firewall . For smaller companies, intranets may be created simply by using private IP address ranges, such as 192.168.0.0/16. In these cases, the intranet can only be directly accessed from a computer in the local network; however, companies may provide access to off-site employees by using a virtual private network , or by other access methods, requiring user authentication and encryption . In large intranets, website traffic is often similar to public website traffic and can be better understood by using web metrics software to track overall activity. User surveys also improve intranet website effectiveness. Larger businesses allow users within their intranet to access public internet through firewall servers. They have the ability to screen messages coming and going keeping security intact. When part of an intranet is made accessible to customers and others outside the business, that part becomes part of an extranet. Businesses can send private messages through the public network, using special encryption/decryption and other security safeguards to connect one part of their intranet to another. Intranet user-experience, editorial, and technology teams work together to produce in-house sites. Most commonly, intranets are managed by the communications, HR or CIO departments of large organizations, or some combination of these. Because of the scope and variety of content and the number of system interfaces, intranets of many organizations are much more complex than their respective public websites. Intranets and their use are growing rapidly. According to the Intranet design annual 2007 from Nielsen Norman Group , the number of pages on participants' intranets averaged 200,000 over the years 2001 to 2003 and has grown to an average of 6 million pages over 2005–2007. [ 2 ] Website;Local_area_network;Internet;Encryption;Web_browser;Social_networking;Local_area_network;International_Standard_Book_Number;Intranet;Intranet; Intrinsity Intrinsity was a privately held Austin, Texas based fabless semiconductor company ; it was founded in 1997 as EVSX on the remnants of Exponential Technology and changed its name to Intrinsity in 2000. It had around 100 employees and supplied tools and services for highly efficient semiconductor logic design, enabling high performance microprocessors with fewer transistors and low power consumption. The acquisition of the firm by Apple Inc. was confirmed on April 27, 2010. [ 1 ] Apple_Inc.;ARM_architecture;ATI_Technologies;GPU;Samsung;Intrinsity;Intrinsity; Intriptyline Intriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that was never marketed. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Intriptyline;Intriptyline; Inverse_agonist Sedative;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Inverse_agonist;Inverse_agonist; Iodophenpropit 3-(1 H -imidazol-5-yl)propyl N' -[2-(4-iodophenyl)ethyl]imidothiocarbamate 1-[3-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)propylthio]-N'-[2-(4-iodophenyl)ethyl]formamidine C1=CC(=CC=C1CCN=C(N)SCCCC2=CN=CN2)I N (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Iodophenpropit is a histamine antagonist which binds selectively to the H 3 subtype. Its 125 I radiolabelled form is used for mapping the distribution of H 3 receptors in the body. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Histamine_antagonist;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Iodophenpropit;Iodophenpropit; Ipad 1st 2nd Generation Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR GSM models also include 850, 1,900, 2,100 MHz 850, 900, 1,800, 1,900 MHz) CDMA model also includes CDMA / EV-DO Rev. A Bluetooth 4.0 technology GSM models also include UMTS / HSDPA / HSPA+ / DC-HSDPA 850, 900, 1,900, 2,100 MHz 850, 900, 1,800, 1,900 MHz CDMA model also includes CDMA / EV-DO Rev. A UMTS / HSDPA / HSPA+ / DC-HSDPA 850, 900, 1,900, 2,100 MHz 850, 900, 1,800, 1,900 MHz iTunes Store , App Store , iCloud , iBookstore 9.56 in (243 mm) (h) 7.47 in (190 mm) (w) 0.50 in (13 mm) (d) 9.50 in (241 mm) (h) 7.31 in (186 mm) (w) 0.34 in (8.6 mm) (d) 9.50 in (241 mm) (h) 7.31 in (186 mm) (w) 0.37 in (9.4 mm) (d) Wi-Fi model: 1.5 lb (680 g) Wi-Fi + 3G model: 1.6 lb (730 g) [ 16 ] 2nd generation: 1.325 lb (601 g) 3rd generation Wi-Fi model: 1.44 lb (650 g) 3rd generation Wi-Fi + 4G model: 1.46 lb (660 g) iPhone , iPod touch ( Comparison ) The iPad ( / ˈ aɪ p æ d / EYE -pad ) is a line of tablet computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. , primarily as a platform for audio-visual media including books, periodicals, movies, music, games, apps and web content. Its size and weight fall between those of contemporary smartphones and laptop computers. The iPad runs on iOS , the same operating system used on Apple's iPod Touch and iPhone , and can run its own applications as well as iPhone applications. Without modification or a developer certificate, the iPad will only run programs approved by Apple and distributed via the Apple App Store (with the exception of programs that run inside the iPad's web browser ). Like iPhone and iPod Touch, the iPad is controlled by a multitouch display—a departure from most previous tablet computers, which generally used a pressure-triggered stylus —as well as a virtual onscreen keyboard in lieu of a physical keyboard. The iPad is sold with Wi-Fi and cellular models. The Wi-Fi connection is used to access local area networks and the Internet. Cellular models connect to mobile data networks with 3G or 4G in addition to Wi-Fi. Since the release of iOS 5, the device does not need to be managed and synced by iTunes running on a personal computer via USB cable. 1.1 Before launch 1.2 First generation 1.3 Second generation 1.4 Third generation 2.1 Screen and input 2.3 Audio and output 2.4 Power and battery 2.5 Storage and SIM 2.6 Optional accessories 2.7 Technical specifications 3.2 Digital rights management 4 Books, news, and magazine content 5.1 Reaction to the announcement 6.2 Education and healthcare 6.3 Consumer usage 10 External links Apple's first tablet computer was the Newton MessagePad 100 , [ 23 ] [ 24 ] introduced in 1993, which led to the creation of the ARM6 processor core with Acorn Computers . Apple also developed a prototype PowerBook Duo -based tablet, the PenLite , but decided not to sell it in order to avoid hurting MessagePad sales. [ 25 ] Apple released several more Newton-based PDAs; the final one, the MessagePad 2100 , was discontinued in 1998. Apple re-entered the mobile-computing markets in 2007 with the iPhone . Smaller than the iPad but featuring a camera and mobile phone, it pioneered the multitouch finger-sensitive touchscreen interface of Apple's iOS mobile operating system. By late 2009, the iPad's release had been rumored for several years. Such speculation mostly talked about "Apple's tablet"; specific names included iTablet and iSlate . [ 26 ] The actual name is reportedly a homage to the Star Trek PADD , a fictional device very similar in appearance to the iPad. [ 27 ] The iPad was announced on January 27, 2010, by Steve Jobs at an Apple press conference at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Jobs later said that Apple began developing the iPad before the iPhone , [ 30 ] [ 31 ] but temporarily shelved the effort upon realizing that its ideas would work just as well in a mobile phone. [ 32 ] The iPad's internal codename was K48, which was revealed in the court case surrounding leaking of iPad information before launch. [ 33 ] Steve Jobs , Apple's then-CEO, introducing the iPad Apple began taking pre-orders for the iPad from U.S. customers on March 12, 2010. [ 3 ] The only major change to the device between its announcement and being available to pre-order was the change of the behavior of the side switch from sound muting to that of a screen rotation lock. [ 34 ] The Wi-Fi version of the iPad went on sale in the United States on April 3, 2010. [ 3 ] [ 35 ] The Wi-Fi + 3G version was released on April 30. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] 3G service in the United States is provided by AT T and was initially sold with two prepaid contract-free data plan options: one for unlimited data and the other for 250 MB per month at half the price. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] On June 2, 2010, AT T announced that effective June 7 the unlimited plan would be replaced for new customers with a 2 GB plan at slightly lower cost; existing customers would have the option to keep the unlimited plan. [ 38 ] The plans are activated on the iPad itself and can be canceled at any time. [ 39 ] The iPad was initially only available online at The Apple Store as well as the company's retail locations . The iPad has since been available for purchase through many retailers including Amazon, Wal-Mart and network operators. The iPad was launched in countries including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom on May 28. [ 5 ] [ 40 ] Online pre-orders in those countries began on May 10. [ 4 ] Apple released the iPad in Hong Kong, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and Singapore on July 23, 2010. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Israel briefly prohibited importation of the iPad because of concerns that its Wi-Fi might interfere with other devices. [ 44 ] On September 17, 2010, the iPad was officially launched in China. [ 45 ] 300,000 iPads were sold on their first day of availability. [ 46 ] By May 3, 2010, Apple had sold a million iPads, [ 47 ] this was in half the time it took Apple to sell the same number of original iPhones. [ 48 ] After passing the one million mark they continued selling rapidly reaching 3 million sales after 80 days. [ 49 ] During the October 18, 2010, Financial Conference Call, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had sold more iPads than Macs for the Fiscal Quarter. [ 8 ] In total, Apple sold more than 15 million first-generation iPads prior to the launch of the iPad 2. [ 50 ] — selling more than all other tablet PCs combined since the iPad's release. [ 51 ] and reaching 75% of tablet PC sales at the end of 2010. [ 52 ] Main article: iPad 2 Apple's CEO Steve Jobs unveiled the iPad 2, the second generation of the device, at a March 2, 2011, press conference, despite being on medical leave at the time. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] About 33% thinner than its predecessor and 15% lighter, the iPad 2 has a better processor, a dual core Apple A5 that Apple says is twice as fast as its predecessor for CPU operations and up to nine times as fast for GPU operations. The iPad 2 includes front and back cameras that support the FaceTime video calling application, as well as a three-axis gyroscope . It retains the original's 10-hour battery life and has a similar pricing scheme. The iPad 2 has been available for purchase, depending on stock availability, since March 11, 2011, at Apple retail stores in the United States, as well as to American customers shopping online at Apple's retail website. [ 55 ] The iPad 2 was released internationally in 25 other countries on March 25, 2011, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Mexico and the United Kingdom, but not Japan as originally scheduled due to the earthquake and tsunami . [ 56 ] Overall in 2011 the iPad took approximately 73% of the tablet computing market share in the United States. [ citation needed ] and during the fourth quarter of 2011, Apple sold 15.4 million iPads worldwide. [ 57 ] Main article: iPad (3rd generation) The successor to the iPad 2 was unveiled on March 7, 2012 by Apple CEO Tim Cook at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts . [ 58 ] [ 59 ] The new iPad sports the new dual core A5X processor with quad-core graphics, and a Retina Display with a resolution of 2,048 by 1,536 pixels [ 60 ] this is over 50 percent more pixels than a standard 1,920 by 1,080 high definition TV screen . As with previous iPads, there are two models, in this case a Wi-Fi only model and a Wi-Fi + Cellular model. [ 60 ] The original iPad in its black case. For the iPad 2, Apple sells a Smart Cover rather than a case. The iPad's (first two generations) touchscreen display is a 1,024 by 768 pixel, 7.75×5.82 in (197×148 mm) liquid crystal display (diagonal 9.7 in (246.4 mm)), with fingerprint- and scratch-resistant glass. Steve Jobs said a 7-inch screen would be "too small to express the software" and that 10 inches was the minimum for a tablet screen. [ 61 ] Like the iPhone, the iPad is designed to be controlled by bare fingers; normal, non-conductive gloves and styli do not work, [ 62 ] although there are special gloves and capacitive styli designed for this use. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The display responds to other sensors: an ambient light sensor to adjust screen brightness and a 3-axis accelerometer to sense iPad orientation and switch between portrait and landscape modes. Unlike the iPhone and iPod Touch's built-in applications, which work in three orientations (portrait, landscape-left and landscape-right), the iPad's built-in applications support screen rotation in all four orientations, including upside-down. Consequently, the device has no intrinsic "native" orientation; only the relative position of the home button changes. [ 65 ] There are four physical switches on the iPad, including a home button near the display that returns the user to the main menu, and three plastic physical switches on the sides: wake/sleep and volume up/down , plus a software-controlled switch whose function has changed with software updates. Originally the switch locked the screen to its current orientation, but the iOS 4.2 changed it to a mute switch, with rotation lock now available in an onscreen menu. [ 66 ] In the iOS 4.3 update, released with the iPad 2, a setting was added to allow the user to specify whether the side switch was used for rotation lock or mute. [ 16 ] The original iPad had no camera; the iPad 2 has a front VGA camera and a rear-facing 720p camera, both capable of still images (but these are only taken at a low quality 0.3 megapixels) and 30 fps video. The rear-facing camera has a 5× digital zoom for still images only. Both shoot photo and video in a 4:3 fullscreen aspect ratio, unlike the iPhone 4 , which shoots in a 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio. Unlike the iPhone, the iPad does not support tap to focus, but does allow you to tap to set auto exposure. [ 67 ] The cameras allow FaceTime video messaging with iPhone 4, iPod Touch 4, and Snow Leopard , Lion , and Mountain Lion Macs . [ 68 ] The iPad can use Wi-Fi network trilateration from Skyhook Wireless to provide location information to applications such as Google Maps . The 3G model supports A-GPS to allow its position to be calculated with GPS or relative to nearby cellphone towers; it also has a black strip on the back to aid 3G reception. [ 69 ] The iPad has a headphone jack and a proprietary Apple dock connector , but no Ethernet or USB port. [ 16 ] However, the Apple Camera Connection Kit accessory provides two dock connector adapters for importing photos and videos via USB and SD memory cards. The iPad has two internal speakers reproducing left and right channel audio located on the bottom-right of the unit. In the original iPad, the speakers push sound through two small sealed channels leading to the three audio ports carved into the device, [ 21 ] while the iPad 2 has its speakers behind a single grill. [ 19 ] A volume switch is on the right side of the unit. A 3.5-mm TRRS connector audio-out jack on the top-left corner of the device provides stereo sound for headphones with or without microphones and/or volume controls. The iPad also contains a microphone that can be used for voice recording . The built-in Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR interface allows wireless headphones and keyboards to be used with the iPad. [ 70 ] However iOS does not currently support file transfer via Bluetooth. [ 71 ] iPad also features 1024×768 VGA video output for limited applications, [ 72 ] screen capture, [ 73 ] connecting an external display or television through an accessory adapter. The iPad uses an internal rechargeable lithium-ion polymer (LiPo) battery. The batteries are made in Taiwan by Simplo Technology (60%) and Dynapack International Technology. [ 74 ] The iPad is designed to be charged with a high current of 2 amperes using the included 10 W USB power adapter and USB cord with a USB connector at one end and a 30-pin dock connector at the other end. While it can be charged by a standard USB port from a computer, these are limited to 500 milliamperes (0.5 amps). As a result, if the iPad is running while powered by a normal USB computer port, it may charge very slowly, or not at all. High-power USB ports found in newer Apple computers and accessories provide full charging capabilities. [ 75 ] Apple claims that the battery for both generations of iPad can provide up to 10 hours of video, 140 hours of audio playback, or one month on standby. Like any rechargeable battery technology, the iPad's battery loses capacity over time, but is not designed to be user-replaceable. In a program similar to the battery-replacement program for the iPod and the original iPhone, Apple will replace an iPad that does not hold an electrical charge with a refurbished iPad for a fee of US$99 plus $6.95 shipping. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] As a different unit is supplied, user data is not preserved. The refurbished unit will have a new case. [ 78 ] The warranty on the refurbished unit may vary between jurisdictions. Independent companies also provide a battery replacement service, returning the original unit with new battery but original case. Alternatively it is possible for a technically competent user to buy and install a new battery, which may invalidate any remaining warranty on the iPad. The task does not require soldering, but is technically challenging. [ 79 ] The iPad model with data connectivity, unlike the Wi-Fi model, has a black plastic piece on the underside which allows cellular signals to pass through it. The iPad was released with three capacity options for storage: 16, 32, or 64 GB of internal flash memory . All data is stored on the internal flash memory, with no option to expand storage. Apple sells a "camera connection kit" with an SD card reader, but it can only be used to transfer photos and videos. [ 80 ] The side of the Wi-Fi + 3G model has a micro-SIM slot (not mini-SIM ). The 3G iPad can be used with any compatible GSM carrier, unlike the iPhone, which is usually sold 'locked' to specific carriers . [ 81 ] In the U.S., data network access via T-Mobile's network is limited to slower EDGE cellular speeds because T-Mobile's 3G Network uses different frequencies. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The iPad 2 introduced a third tier of models with CDMA support for Verizon Wireless in the United States, available separately from the AT T capable version. [ 84 ] Main article: iPad accessories Apple offers several iPad accessories, [ 85 ] most of which are adapters for the proprietary 30-pin dock connector , the iPad's only port besides the headphone jack. [ 16 ] A dock holds the iPad upright at an angle, and has a dock connector and audio line out port. Each generation of iPad requires a corresponding dock. A dock that included a physical keyboard was only supported for the original iPad, [ 86 ] but all generations are compatible with Bluetooth keyboards that also work with Macs and PCs . The iPad can be charged by a standalone power adapter ("wall charger") also used for iPods and iPhones, and a 10 W charger is included with the iPad. Apple sells a camera connection kit that consists of two separate adapters for the dock connector, one to USB Type A, the other an SD card reader. Adapter can be used to transfer photos and videos and to plug USB audio card or MIDI keyboard . [ 87 ] A third party sells an adapter that includes USB, SD, and microSD on a single unit. [ 88 ] An adapter to VGA connectors allows the iPad to work with external monitors and projectors. Another adapter mirrors the screen onto HDMI compatible devices in 1080p and works with all apps and rotations. Unlike other adapters, it allows the iPad to charge through another dock connector. [ 89 ] While the HDMI adapter was released with and advertised for the iPad 2 , it also works with the first-generation iPad, the iPhone 4 , and the fourth generation iPod Touch. [ 90 ] A Smart Cover can be used as a stand for the iPad 2 while the display is in use. Smart Covers are screen protectors that magnetically attach and align to the face of the iPad 2. The cover has three folds which allow it to convert into a stand, which is also held together by magnets. [ 91 ] While original iPad owners could purchase a black case that included a similarly folding cover, the Smart Cover is meant to be more minimal, easily detachable, and protects only the screen. Smart Covers have a microfiber bottom that cleans the front of the iPad, which wakes up when the cover is removed. There are five different colors of both polyurethane and leather, with leather being more expensive. Smart Covers are not compatible with the original iPad. [ 92 ] In June 2012, Apple started selling the Smart Case - a case with the combined function of a smart cover and a back protection case which is compatible with the second and third generation iPads. [ 93 ] Further information: iPad technical specifications iPad (3rd generation) January 27, 2010 [ 28 ] March 2, 2011 [ 50 ] April 3, 2010 [ 3 ] March 11, 2011 [ 94 ] March 2, 2011 [ 50 ] 32, 64 GB: March 7, 2012 16 GB: In production 9.7 inches (250 mm) multitouch display at a resolution of 1,024 × 768 pixels with LED backlighting and a fingerprint and scratch-resistant coating [ 16 ] 9.7 inches (250 mm) multitouch display at a resolution of 2,048 × 1,536 pixels with LED backlighting and a fingerprint and scratch-resistant coating 1 GHz Apple A4 system-on-a-chip [ 17 ] 1 GHz (dynamically clocked) dual-core Apple A5 system-on-a-chip 1 GHz (dynamically clocked) dual-core Apple A5X system-on-a-chip [ 95 ] 256 MB DDR RAM built into Apple A4 package [ 18 ] 512 MB DDR2 (1066 Mbit/s data rate ) RAM built into Apple A5 package [ 19 ] 1024 MB DDR2 [ 20 ] 16, 32, or 64 GB [ 16 ] Wi-Fi ( 802.11a/b/g/n ), Bluetooth 2.1+EDR [ 16 ] Wi-Fi ( 802.11a/b/g/n ), Bluetooth 4.0 In addition to above: 3G cellular HSDPA , 2G cellular EDGE on 3G models [ 16 ] In addition to above and left: 3G transitional LTE on 4G model Wi-Fi, [ 16 ] Apple location databases [ 96 ] Assisted GPS , Apple databases, [ 96 ] Cellular network [ 16 ] Environmental sensors Accelerometer , ambient light sensor , magnetometer [ 16 ] Additionally: gyroscope iOS 5.1.1 / iOS 6.0 (beta) [ 97 ] Built-in lithium-ion polymer battery ; (10 hours (Wi-Fi), 9 hours (3G or LTE) browsing; 10 hours video; [ 16 ] 140 hours audio; [ 98 ] 1 month standby [ 99 ] ) Wi-Fi model: 1.5 lb (680 g) 3G model: 1.6 lb (730 g) Wi-Fi model: 1.325 lb (601 g) GSM 3G (AT T) model: 1.351 lb (613 g) CDMA 3G (Verizon) model: 1.338 lb (607 g) Wi-Fi model: 1.44 lb (650 g) LTE model: 1.46 lb (660 g) 9.56×7.47×0.528 in (243×190×13.4 mm) [ 16 ] [ 100 ] 9.5×7.31×0.346 in (240×186×8.8 mm) [ 100 ] 9.5×7.31×0.37 in (240×186×9.4 mm) Home, sleep, volume rocker, variable function switch (originally screen rotation lock, mute in iOS 4.2, either in 4.3 and later) [ 16 ] 720 p HD still and video camera 0.7 MP , 30 fps and 5× digital zoom 1080p HD still and video camera 5 MP, 30fps and 5× digital zoom VGA -quality still and videocamera, 0.3 MP Greenhouse gas emissions 130 kg CO2e [ 101 ] 105 kg CO2e [ 102 ] 180 kg CO2e [ 103 ] The iPad is assembled by Foxconn , which also manufactures Apple's iPod, iPhone and Mac Mini, in its largest plant in Shenzhen , China. [ 104 ] In April 2011, Foxconn announced that it would be moving production of the iPad and other Apple products to Brazil where it could begin production before the end of 2011. [ 105 ] iSuppli estimated that each first-generation iPad 16 GB Wi-Fi version costs US$259.60 to manufacture, a total that excludes research, development, licensing, royalty and patent costs. [ 106 ] Apple does not disclose the makers of iPad components, but teardown reports and analysis from industry insiders indicate that various parts and their suppliers include: Apple A4 , A5 and A5X SoC : Samsung [ 16 ] [ 107 ] [ 108 ] [ 109 ] NAND flash RAM chips: Toshiba and Samsung (64 GB model) [ 110 ] [ 111 ] Touch-screen chips: Broadcom [ 110 ] IPS Display (1st 2nd Gen): LG Display IPS Display (3rd Gen) : Samsung [ 112 ] Touch panels: Wintek (after TPK Touch Solutions was unable to fulfill its orders, delaying the iPad's release from late March to early April) [ 113 ] Case: Catcher Technologies [ 114 ] Batteries: 60% are made in Taiwan by Simplo Technology, 40% by Dynapack International [ 74 ] [ 114 ] Accelerometer: STMicroelectronics [ 115 ] Like the iPhone, with which it shares a development environment [ 116 ] the iPad only runs its own software, software downloaded from Apple's App Store , and software written by developers who have paid for a developer's license on registered devices. [ 117 ] The iPad runs almost all third-party iPhone applications , displaying them at iPhone size or enlarging them to fill the iPad's screen. [ 118 ] Developers may also create or modify apps to take advantage of the iPad's features. [ 119 ] Application developers use iOS SDK for developing applications for iPad. [ 120 ] The iPad originally shipped with a customized iPad-only version of iPhone OS, dubbed v3.2. On September 1, it was announced the iPad would get iOS 4.2 by November 2010; [ 121 ] to fulfil this Apple released iOS 4.2.1 to the public on November 22. [ 122 ] The iPad comes with several applications, including Safari, Mail, Photos, Video, YouTube, iPod, iTunes , App Store, iBooks , Maps, Notes, Calendar, and Contacts. [ 123 ] Several are improved versions of applications developed for the iPhone or Mac . The iPad syncs with iTunes on a Mac or Windows PC. [ 28 ] Apple ported its iWork suite from the Mac to the iPad, and sells pared down versions of Pages , Numbers , and Keynote apps in the App Store. [ 124 ] Although the iPad is not designed to replace a mobile phone, a user can use a wired headset or the built-in speaker and microphone and place phone calls over Wi-Fi or 3G using a VoIP application. [ 125 ] As of June, 2012, there were about 225,000 iPad specific apps on the App Store. [ 126 ] In December 2010, Reuters reported that iPhone and iPad users have lodged a lawsuit against Apple alleging that some applications were passing their information to third party advertisers without consent. [ 127 ] For more details on the digital rights management restrictions, see iOS . The iPad employs Digital Rights Management to prevent users from copying or transferring certain content outside of Apple's platform without authorization, such as TV shows, movies, and apps. Also, the iPad's development model requires anyone creating an app for the iPad to sign a non-disclosure agreement and pay for a developer subscription. Critics argue Apple's centralized app approval process and control of the platform itself could stifle software innovation. Of particular concern to digital rights advocates is Apple's ability to remotely disable or delete apps on any iPad at any time. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] [ 130 ] Digital rights advocates, including the Free Software Foundation , Electronic Frontier Foundation , and computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle , have criticized the iPad for its digital rights restrictions. In April 2010, Paul Sweeting, an analyst with GigaOM , was quoted by National Public Radio as saying, "With the iPad, you have the anti-Internet in your hands. ... It offers [the major media companies] the opportunity to essentially re-create the old business model, wherein they are pushing content to you on their terms rather than you going out and finding content, or a search engine discovering content for you." But Sweeting also thought that the limitations imposed by Apple impart the feeling of a safe neighborhood, saying, "Apple is offering you a gated community where there's a guard at the gate, and there's probably maid service, too." Laura Sydell , the article's author, concludes, "As more consumers have fears about security on the Internet, viruses and malware, they may be happy to opt for Apple's gated community." [ 131 ] For more details on iPad Jailbreaking, see iOS jailbreaking . Like other iOS devices, the iPad can be "jailbroken", allowing applications and programs that are not authorized by Apple to run on the device. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Once it is jailbroken, users are able to download many applications previously unavailable through the App Store via unofficial installers such as Cydia , as well as illegally pirated applications. [ 133 ] Apple claims jailbreaking voids the factory warranty on the device in the United States even though jailbreaking is legal. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] The iPad, released in April 2010, was first jailbroken in May 2010 with the Spirit jailbreak for iOS version 3.1.2. [ 135 ] The iPad can be jailbroken on iOS versions 4.3 through 4.3.3 with the web-based tool JailbreakMe 3.0 (released in July 2011), [ 136 ] and on iOS versions including 5.0 and 5.0.1 using redsn0w [ 137 ] Absinthe 2.0 was released on May 25, 2012 as the first jailbreak method for all iOS 5.1.1 devices except the 32 nm version of the iPad 2. [ 138 ] Apple's App Store, which provides iPhone and iPad applications, imposes censorship of content, which has become an issue for book publishers and magazines seeking to use the platform. The Guardian newspaper described the role of Apple as analogous to that of British magazine distributor WH Smith , which for many years imposed content restrictions. [ 139 ] Due to the exclusion of pornography from the App Store, YouPorn and others changed their video format from Flash to H.264 and HTML5 specifically for the iPad. [ 140 ] In an e-mail exchange [ 141 ] with Ryan Tate from Valleywag, Steve Jobs claimed that the iPad offers "freedom from porn", leading to many upset replies including Adbustings in Berlin by artist Johannes P. Osterhoff [ 142 ] and in San Francisco during WWDC10 . [ 143 ] Reading a book on the iPad Further information: iBookstore The iPad has an optional iBooks application that can be downloaded from the App Store, which displays books and other ePub -format content downloaded from the iBookstore . [ 144 ] For the iPad launch on April 3, 2010, the iBookstore is available only in the United States. [ 3 ] [ 28 ] [ 123 ] Several major book publishers including Penguin Books, HarperCollins, Simon Schuster and Macmillan have committed to publishing books for the iPad. [ 145 ] Despite being a direct competitor to both the Amazon Kindle and Barnes Noble Nook , [ 146 ] both Amazon.com and Barnes Noble have made Kindle Nook apps available for the iPad. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] In February 2010, Condé Nast said it would sell iPad subscriptions for several of its magazines by June. [ 149 ] In April 2010, the New York Times announced that it would begin publishing daily on the iPad. [ 150 ] The "Top News" section is available free of charge, and the remainder on payment of a subscription . [ 151 ] Major news organizations, including the Wall Street Journal, the BBC, and Reuters have released iPad applications. NewsCorp created an iPad-only publication, The Daily, in February 2011. [ 152 ] On May 28, 2010, the iPad was released in Australia, Canada, and Japan, as well as in several larger European countries. Media reaction to the launch was mixed. The media noted the positive response from fans of the device, with thousands of people queued on the first day of sale in a number of these countries. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Media reaction to the iPad announcement was mixed. Walt Mossberg wrote, "It's about the software, stupid", meaning hardware features and build are less important to the iPad's success than software and user interface, his first impressions of which were largely positive. Mossberg also called the price "modest" for a device of its capabilities, and praised the ten-hour battery life. [ 155 ] Others, including PC Advisor and the Sydney Morning Herald, wrote that the iPad would also compete with proliferating netbooks , most of which use Microsoft Windows . [ 156 ] [ 157 ] The base model's $499 price was lower than pre-release estimates by the tech press, Wall Street analysts, and Apple's competitors, all of whom were expecting a much higher entry price point. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] [ 160 ] CNET also criticized the iPad for its apparent lack of wireless sync which other portable devices such as Microsoft's Zune have had for a number of years. The built-in iTunes app is able to download from the Internet as well. [ 161 ] Reviews of the iPad have been generally favorable. Walt Mossberg of The Wall Street Journal called it a "pretty close" laptop killer. [ 162 ] David Pogue of The New York Times wrote a "dual" review, one part for technology-minded people, and the other part for non-technology-minded people. In the former section, he notes that a laptop offers more features for a cheaper price than the iPad. In his review for the latter audience, however, he claims that if his readers like the concept of the device and can understand what its intended uses are, then they will enjoy using the device. [ 163 ] PC Magazine's Tim Gideon wrote, "you have yourself a winner" that "will undoubtedly be a driving force in shaping the emerging tablet landscape." [ 164 ] Michael Arrington of TechCrunch said, "the iPad beats even my most optimistic expectations. This is a new category of device. But it also will replace laptops for many people." [ 165 ] PC World criticized the iPad's file sharing and printing abilities, [ 166 ] and ArsTechnica said sharing files with a computer is "one of our least favorite parts of the iPad experience." [ 167 ] The media also praised the quantity of applications, as well as the bookstore and other media applications. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] In contrast they criticized the iPad for being a closed system and mentioned that the iPad faces competition from Android -based tablets. [ 153 ] However, the Android tablet OS, known as "Honeycomb", is not open source and has fewer apps available for it than for the iPad. [ 170 ] The Independent criticized the iPad for not being as readable in bright light as paper but praised it for being able to store large quantities of books. [ 168 ] After its UK release the Daily Telegraph said the iPad's lack of Adobe Flash support was "annoying." [ 171 ] The iPad was selected by Time Magazine as one of the 50 Best Inventions of the Year 2010, [ 172 ] while Popular Science chose it as the top gadget [ 173 ] behind the overall "Best of What's New 2010" winner Groasis Waterboxx . [ 174 ] While the iPad is mostly used by consumers it also has been taken up by business users. [ 175 ] Within 90 days of its release, the iPad managed to penetrate 50% of Fortune 100 companies. [ 176 ] Some companies are adopting iPads in their business offices by distributing or making available the iPads to employees. Examples of uses in the workplace include attorneys responding to clients, medical professionals accessing health records during patient exams, and managers approving employee requests. [ 177 ] [ 178 ] [ 179 ] A survey by Frost Sullivan shows that iPad usage in office workplaces is linked to the goals of increased employee productivity, reduced paperwork, and increased revenue. The research firm estimates that "The mobile-office application market in North America may reach $6.85 billion in 2015, up from an estimated $1.76 billion [in 2010]." [ 180 ] Since March 2011, the US Federal Aviation Administration has approved the iPad for in-cockpit use to cut down on the paper consumption in several airlines. [ 181 ] In 2011, Alaska Airlines became the first airline to replace pilots' paper manuals with iPads, weighing 0.68 kg compared to 11 kg for the printed flight manuals. It hopes to have fewer back and muscle injuries. [ 182 ] More than a dozen airlines have followed suit, including United, which has distributed 11,000 iPads to cockpits. [ 183 ] Also, many airlines now offer their inflight magazine as a downloadable application for the iPad. [ 184 ] [ 185 ] [ 186 ] The iPad has several uses in the classroom, [ 187 ] and has been praised as a valuable tool for homeschooling. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Soon after the iPad was released, it was reported that 81% of the top book apps were for children. [ 190 ] The iPad has also been called a revolutionary tool to help children with autism learn how to communicate and socialize more easily. [ 191 ] In the healthcare field, iPads and iPhones have been used to help hospitals manage their supply chain . For example, Novation, a healthcare contracting services company, developed VHA PriceLynx (based on the mobile application platform of business intelligence software vendor MicroStrategy), a business intelligence app to help health care organizations manage its purchasing procedures more efficiently and save money for hospitals. Guillermo Ramas of Novation states, "Doctors won't walk around a hospital with a laptop. With an iPad it's perfect to walk around the hospital with as long as they have the information they need." [ 192 ] During the 2010 Major League Baseball free agent season, the agent for the player Carl Crawford was sending iPads to prospective teams interested in Mr. Crawford. These iPads were pre-loaded with video clips highlighting his player, and how it would benefit their team to have him. [ 193 ] In the United States fans attending Super Bowl XLV , the first Super Bowl since the iPad was released, could use an official National Football League (NFL) app to navigate Cowboys Stadium . [ 194 ] In 2011, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers became the first NFL club to discontinue the use of paper copies of playbooks, and instead distributed all players their playbook and videos in electronic format via an iPad 2 . [ 195 ] The iPad is able to support many music creation applications in addition to the iTunes music playback software. These include sound samplers, guitar and voice effects processors, sequencers for synthesized sounds and sampled loops, virtual synthesizers and drum machines, theremin-style and other touch responsive instruments, drum pads and many more. Gorillaz 's 2010 album, The Fall , was created almost exclusively using the iPad by Damon Albarn while on tour with the band. [ 196 ] The iPad has also greatly increased Social television use. Viewers can use the iPad as a convenient second networked computer (or " second screen ") for communicating with other viewers or with the television provider. Viewers can use a web browser or specialised applications to discuss a program with other viewers, while it is being broadcast, while content providers may use the second screen to interact with viewers in real time. The latter facility allows content providers to conduct (e.g.) real-time polls or to collect comments about the program, that can be displayed as text on the main television screen. Viewer interaction via a second screen is becoming increasingly popular. [ 197 ] Source: Apple press release library [ 198 ] Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. Pen computing for a broad history of gesture-based user interfaces Apple media events for Apple media events in general. Portable media players ^ Wagner, Wieland (May 28, 2010). 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February 3, 2011 . http://www.economist.com/node/18073400 . Retrieved February 9, 2012 . ^ a b "iPad fans mob Apple stores for international launch" . BBC News (BBC). May 28, 2010 . http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10182143 . Retrieved May 31, 2010 . ^ "iPad-mania as thousands queue for global roll-out" . Google News . Agence France-Presse ( Google ). May 28, 2010 . http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iRua5MeVoFRQ-PC_uTJ1OUYwNJpw . Retrieved January 1, 2012 . ^ Mossberg, Walter S. (January 27, 2010). "First Impressions of the New Apple iPad" . All Things Digital ( Dow Jones Company ) . http://allthingsd.com/20100127/apple-ipad-impressions/ . Retrieved January 27, 2010 . ^ Lai, Eric (January 28, 2010). "Apple iPad versus netbook: features compared" . PC Advisor . http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/gadget/3211316/apple-ipad-versus-netbook-features-compared/ . Retrieved January 28, 2010 . ^ Tsang, Simon (February 2, 2010). "iPad vs the Kindle, tablets and netbooks" . The Sydney Morning Herald . http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/computers/ipad-vs-the-kindle-tablets-and-netbooks-20100202-n9jf.html . Retrieved February 2, 2010 . ^ Eaton, Kit (January 27, 2010). "The iPad's Biggest Innovation: Its $500 Price" . Fast Company . http://www.fastcompany.com/article/apples-tablet-introduced?page=0%2C0 . Retrieved March 7, 2010 . ^ Peers, Martin (January 28, 2010). "Apple's iPad Revolution: Price" . The Wall Street Journal ( Dow Jones Company ) . http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704094304575029621430370074.html . Retrieved February 20, 2010 . ^ Stokes, Jon (January 29, 2010). "Tablet makers rethinking things in wake of iPad's $499 price" . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Digital . http://arstechnica.com/apple/2010/01/tablet-makers-rethinking-things-in-wake-of-ipads-low-price/ . Retrieved February 20, 2010 . ^ Rosoff, Matt (January 30, 2010). "How to make the iPad a better music device" . CNET . CBS Interactive . http://news.cnet.com/8301-13526_3-10444796-27.html . Retrieved March 2, 2010 . ^ Mossberg, Walter S. (March 31, 2010). "Apple iPad Review: Laptop Killer? Pretty Close" . All Things Digital . Dow Jones Company . http://allthingsd.com/20100331/apple-ipad-review/ . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Pogue, David (March 31, 2010). "Reviews: Love It or Not? Looking at iPad From 2 Angles" . The New York Times ( The New York Times Company ) . http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/01/technology/personaltech/01pogue.html?pagewanted=all partner=rss emc=rss . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Gideon, Tim (March 31, 2010). "Apple iPad (Wi-Fi)" . PC Magazine . http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2362042,00.asp . Retrieved April 1, 2010 . ^ Arrington, Michael (April 2, 2010). "The Unauthorized TechCrunch iPad Review" . TechCrunch . AOL . http://techcrunch.com/2010/04/02/the-unauthorized-techcrunch-ipad-review/ . Retrieved April 2, 2010 . ^ Mediati, Nick (April 5, 2010). "iPad Struggles at Printing and Sharing Files" . PCWorld . IDG . http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/193520/ipad_struggles_at_printing_and_sharing_files.html . Retrieved May 1, 2010 . ^ Cheng, Jacqui (April 7, 2010). "Ars Technica reviews the iPad" . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Digital . p. 4 . http://arstechnica.com/apple/2010/04/ipad-review/4/ . Retrieved May 4, 2010 . ^ a b Phelan, David (May 26, 2010). "The iPad: what is it good for?" . The Independent (UK) . http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/the-ipad-what-is-it-good-for-1982635.html . Retrieved May 31, 2010 . ^ Bevan, Kate (May 31, 2010). "The best iPad media apps" . The Guardian (London) . http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/may/31/best-ipad-media-apps . Retrieved June 10, 2010 . ^ "Android Tablets Will Never Replace the iPad – Yahoo! News" . News.yahoo.com. May 5, 2011 . http://news.yahoo.com/android-tablets-never-replace-ipad-200600738.html . Retrieved May 21, 2011 . [ dead link ] ^ Beaumont, Claudine (May 24, 2010). "Lack of Flash support on iPad 'annoying', say consumers" . Daily Telegraph (UK) . http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/7759268/Lack-of-Flash-support-on-iPad-annoying-say-consumers.html . Retrieved April 14, 2011 . ^ McCracken, Harry (November 11, 2010). "The 50 Best Inventions of 2010: iPad" . Time Magazine . http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2029497_2030652,00.html . Retrieved November 17, 2010 . ^ "Best of What's New 2010: Gadgets" . Popular Science . http://www.popsci.com/bown/2010/category/gadgets . Retrieved December 5, 2010 . ^ Jannot, Mark (November 5, 2010). "Best of What's New 2010: Our 100 Innovations of the Year" . Popular Science . http://www.popsci.com/announcements/article/2010-11/best-whats-new-2010-our-100-innovations-year . Retrieved December 16, 2010 . ^ Arthur, Charles; Fox, Killian (March 27, 2011). "newspaper: How the iPad revolution has transformed working lives" . The Guardian (London) . http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/mar/27/ipad-tablet-computer-users-rivals . Retrieved August 30, 2011 . ^ Clevenger, Nathan (July 29, 2011). "How the iPad Conquered the Enterprise" . Datamation . http://www.datamation.com/mobile-wireless/the-ipad-and-enterprise-it.html . Retrieved July 29, 2012 . ^ "iPad creeping into business offices" . Computer World . September 13, 2010 . http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/351462/iPad_Creeping_Into_Business_Offices . Retrieved July 29, 2012 . ^ Sperling, Ed (September 13, 2010). "Rise Of The Tablet Computer" . Forbes . http://www.forbes.com/2010/09/10/ipad-apple-blackberry-technology-cio-network-tablets.html . Retrieved July 29, 2012 . ^ Worthen, Ben (August 24, 2010). "Businesses Add iPads to Their Briefcases" . The Wall Street Journal ( Dow Jones Company ) . http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703846604575447531699309858.html?mod=WSJ_hps_MIDDLESixthNews . Retrieved July 29, 2012 . ^ "MicroStrategy's Corporate Apps Boost Productivity" . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg . November 1, 2010 . http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2010-11-02/microstrategys-corporate-apps-boost-productivitybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice . Retrieved July 29, 2012 . "About 42% of respondents in the survey, which was released in August, sought an increase in user productivity, followed by reduced paperwork (39%), and increased revenue (37%). The mobile-office application market in North America may reach $6.85 billion in 2015, up from an estimated $1.76 billion this year, Frost Sullivan estimates." ^ Murphy, Kate (July 4, 2011). "The Paperless Cockpit" . The New York Times ( The New York Times Company ) . http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/05/business/05pilots.html . Retrieved July 7, 2011 . ^ "Alaska Airlines to replace pilot manuals with iPads" . The Age (Melbourne). June 2, 2011 . http://www.theage.com.au/travel/travel-news/airline-to-replace-pilot-manuals-with-ipads-20110602-1fhxu.html . Retrieved August 30, 2011 . ^ "United puts iPads in cockpits for 'paperless flight deck'" . http://www.macworld.com/article/1161884/ipads_in_cockpit.html . Retrieved August 23, 2011 . ^ "Lufthansa Magazin iPad" . Lufthansa . http://www.lufthansa.com/us/en/Lufthansa-Magazin . Retrieved August 9, 2012 . ^ "United Airlines Hemispheres Magazine" . Apple Inc. . http://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/united-airlines-hemispheres/id462829744?mt=8 . Retrieved August 9, 2012 . ^ "Inflight Magazine - The Australian Way" . Qantas . http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/australian-way/global/en/ . Retrieved August 9, 2012 . "Now on iPad" ^ Teleread.com: Teaching with the iPad . Retrieved October 1, 2010. ^ "iPad in the Homeschool" . Spotty Banana . http://spottybanana.com/2010/04/13/ipad-in-the-homeschool . Retrieved October 1, 2010 . ^ Williams, Jenny (January 27, 2010). "How Will the Apple iPad Change Our Kids' Lives?" . Wired . http://www.wired.com/geekdad/2010/01/how-will-the-apple-tablet-change-our-kids-lives . Retrieved October 1, 2010 . ^ "81 Percent of Top Book Apps Are Kids Titles" . AOL News . http://www.aolnews.com/2010/04/27/for-ipad-81-percent-of-top-book-apps-are-kids-titles/ . Retrieved October 1, 2010 . ^ Harrell, Ashley (October 1, 2010). "iHelp for Autism" . San Francisco Weekly . http://www.sfweekly.com/2010-08-11/news/ihelp-for-autism/ . Retrieved July 29, 2012 . ^ Horowitz, Brian (August 22, 2011). "Novation App for iPhone, iPad Helps Hospitals Manage Supply Chain" . http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Health-Care-IT/MicroStrategy-App-for-iPhone-iPad-Helps-Hospitals-Manage-Supply-Chain-424068/ . Retrieved July 29, 2012 . ^ Topkin, Mark (November 28, 2010). "Rays Rumblings" . tampabay.com . http://www.tampabay.com/sports/baseball/rays/arbitration-nontender-decisions-to-come-this-week-for-tampa-bay-rays/1136877 . Retrieved December 7, 2010 . ^ Malinowski, Erik (February 1, 2011). "Cowboys Stadium Techs Up for Super Bowl Close-Up" . Wired . http://www.wired.com/playbook/2011/02/super-bowl-nerve-center/ . Retrieved May 4, 2011 . ^ Stroud, Rick (August 25, 2011). "Tampa Bay Buccaneers buy each player an iPad to hold playbook, videos" . TampaBay.com . http://www.tampabay.com/sports/football/bucs/article1187879.ece . Retrieved August 25, 2011 . ^ "Gorillaz are to release a free album on Christmas Day" . BBC Newsbeat . BBC. December 10, 2010 . http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/11968925 . Retrieved December 25, 2010 . ^ "Second Screen Apps Explode" . Adweek. June 7, 2011 . http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/second-screen-apps-explode-132237 . Retrieved February 19, 2012 . ^ Apple Inc. (2010–2011). Press Release Library . Retrieved April 3, 2011. 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Iphone The iPhone ( / ˈ aɪ f oʊ n / EYE -fohn ) is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. which run on iOS , originally iPhone OS . The first iPhone was unveiled by Steve Jobs , then CEO of Apple, on January 9, 2007, [ 1 ] and released on June 29, 2007. The most recent iPhone, the 5th generation iPhone 4S , was released in October 2011. An iPhone can function as a video camera (video recording was not a standard feature until the iPhone 3GS was released [ citation needed ] ), a camera phone , a portable media player , and an Internet client with email and web browsing capabilities, can send texts and receive visual voicemail , and has both Wi-Fi and cellular data ( 2G and 3G ) connectivity. The user interface is built around the device's multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard rather than a physical one. Third-party as well as Apple application software is available from the App Store , which launched in mid-2008, and as of 2012, has over 500,000 [ 2 ] "apps" approved by Apple. These apps have diverse functions, including games , reference , GPS navigation , social networking , security, and advertising for television shows, films, and celebrities . There are five generations of iPhone models, each accompanied by one of the five major releases of iOS (formerly iPhone OS). The original iPhone was a GSM phone, and established design precedents, such as screen size and button placement, that have persisted through all models. The iPhone 3G added 3G cellular network capabilities and A-GPS location . The iPhone 3GS added a compass, faster processor , and higher resolution camera, including video recording at 480p . The iPhone 4 has a rear-facing camera ( 720p video) and a front facing camera (at a lower resolution) for FaceTime video calling and for use in other apps like Skype . The iPhone 4 featured a higher-resolution 960 × 640 display; it was released on June 24, 2010. In the U.S., AT T was the only authorized carrier until February 10, 2011, when a CDMA version of the iPhone 4 launched for Verizon . On October 4, 2011, Apple announced the iPhone 4S . [ 3 ] The iPhone 4S added a higher resolution camera (8 megapixel ) with 1080p video recording, face detection , and video stabilization , a faster, dual core processor, support for both GSM/UMTS and CDMA on one chip, GLONASS support and a natural language voice control system called Siri . [ 4 ] It is available in 16 GB and 32 GB, as well as a new 64 GB capacity. In the United States, it was announced that two new carriers, Sprint and C Spire , would begin carrying the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S in October and November 2011, respectively. [ 5 ] On April 20, 2012, six more regional US carriers (Cellcom, Appalachian Wireless, Alaska Communications, GCI, MTA Solutions, and nTelos) were added in to the list of iPhone service providers. [ 6 ] 1 History and availability 2.1 Screen and input 2.2 Audio and output 2.5 Storage and SIM 2.6 Liquid contact indicators 2.7 Included items 3 Model comparison 4.4 Internet connectivity 4.6 Email and text messages 4.7 Third-party applications 4.8 Accessibility 4.9 Vulnerability 5 Intellectual property 6 Secret tracking 7.2 Unapproved third-party software and jailbreaking 7.3 SIM unlocking 7.3.1 United States 7.3.2 Other countries 10 External links [ edit ] History and availability Main article: History of the iPhone See also: List of iOS devices Development of what was to become the iPhone began in 2004, when Apple started to gather a team of 1000 employees to work on the highly confidential "Project Purple". [ 7 ] Apple CEO Steve Jobs steered the original focus away from a tablet, like the iPad , and towards a phone. [ 8 ] Apple created the device during a secretive collaboration with AT T Mobility —Cingular Wireless at the time—at an estimated development cost of US$150 million over thirty months. [ 9 ] Apple rejected the " design by committee " approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1 , a largely unsuccessful [ 10 ] collaboration with Motorola . Instead, Cingular gave Apple the liberty to develop the iPhone's hardware and software in-house [ 11 ] [ 12 ] and even paid Apple a fraction of its monthly service revenue (until the iPhone 3G), [ 13 ] in exchange for four years of exclusive U.S. sales, until 2011. Jobs unveiled the iPhone to the public on January 9, 2007, at the Macworld 2007 convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. The iPhone went on sale in the United States on June 29, 2007, at 6:00 pm local time, while hundreds of customers lined up outside the stores nationwide. [ 14 ] The passionate reaction to the launch of the iPhone resulted in sections of the media christening it the 'Jesus phone'. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The original iPhone was made available in the UK, France, and Germany in November 2007, and Ireland and Austria in the spring of 2008. Worldwide iPhone availability: iPhone was available since its original release iPhone was available since the release of iPhone 3G On July 11, 2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six. [ 17 ] Apple released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories. [ 18 ] Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the U.S., Canada and major European countries on June 19. Many would-be users objected to the iPhone's cost, [ 19 ] and 40% of users have household incomes over US$100,000. [ 20 ] In an attempt to gain a wider market, Apple retained the 8 GB iPhone 3G at a lower price. When Apple introduced the iPhone 4, the 3GS became the less expensive model. Apple reduced the price several times since the iPhone's release in 2007, at which time an 8 GB iPhone sold for $599. An iPhone 3GS with the same capacity now has no cost to the customer, as of the release of the iPhone 4S. However, these numbers are misleading, since all iPhone units sold through AT T require a two-year contract costing several thousand dollars, including an early termination fee, [ 21 ] and a SIM lock . Apple sold 6.1 million original iPhone units over five quarters. [ 22 ] Recorded sales have been growing steadily thereafter, and by the end of fiscal year 2010, a total of 73.5 million iPhones were sold. [ 23 ] By 2010/2011, the iPhone had a market share of barely 4% of all cellphones, but Apple still pulls in more than 50% of the total profit that global cellphone sales generate. [ 24 ] Sales in Q4 2008 surpassed temporarily those of RIM's BlackBerry sales of 5.2 million units, which made Apple briefly the third largest mobile phone manufacturer by revenue, after Nokia and Samsung . [ 25 ] Approximately 6.4 million iPhones are active in the U.S. alone. [ 20 ] While iPhone sales constitute a significant portion of Apple's revenue, some of this income is deferred . [ 26 ] Three generations of iPhone, shown from behind. Left to right: original, white 3GS, black 4. The back of the original iPhone was made of aluminum with a black plastic accent. The iPhone 3G and 3GS feature a full plastic back to increase the strength of the GSM signal. [ 27 ] The iPhone 3G was available in an 8 GB black model, or a black or white option for the 16 GB model. They both are now discontinued. The iPhone 3GS was available in both colors, regardless of storage capacity. The white model was discontinued in favor of a black 8 GB low-end model. The iPhone 4 has an aluminosilicate glass front and back with a stainless steel edge that serves as the antennas . It was at first available in black; the white version was announced, but not released until April 2011, 10 months later. The iPhone has garnered positive reviews from such critics as David Pogue [ 28 ] and Walter Mossberg . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The iPhone attracts users of all ages, [ 20 ] and, besides consumer use, the iPhone has also been adopted for business purposes . [ 31 ] Users of the iPhone 4 reported dropped/disconnected telephone calls when holding their phones in a certain way. This became known as antennagate . [ 32 ] On January 11, 2011, Verizon announced during a media event that it had reached an agreement with Apple and would begin selling a CDMA2000 iPhone 4 . Verizon said it would be available for pre-order on February 3, with a release set for February 10. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] In February 2011, the Verizon iPhone accounted for 4.5 percent of all iPhone ad impressions [ vague ] in the U.S. on Millennial Media's mobile ad network. [ 35 ] On March 2, 2011, at the iPad 2 event, Apple announced that they have sold 100 million iPhones worldwide. [ 36 ] On Tuesday, September 27, Apple sent invitations for a press event to be held October 4, 2011 at 10:00 am at the Cupertino Headquarters to announce details of the next generation iPhone, which turned out to be iPhone 4S . Over 1 million 4S models were sold in the first 24 hours after its release in October 2011. [ 37 ] Due to large volumes of the iPhone being manufactured and the its high selling price, Apple became the largest mobile handset vendor in the world by revenue, in 2011, surpassing long-time leader Nokia . [ 38 ] American carrier C Spire Wireless announced that it would be carrying the iPhone 4S on October 19, 2011. [ 5 ] In February 2012, ComScore reported that 12.4% of US mobile subscribers use an iPhone. [ 39 ] On Tuesday July 24, 2012, Apple released its earnings report for Q2 of 2012 with earnings of $35 billion. These earnings were not only $2.2 billion short of analyst's expectations, but also only the second time since 2003 Apple missed their quarterly earnings expectations. This was largely due to soft iPhone sales. Apple sold 26 million iPhones for the quarter. Analysts expected Apple to sell approximately 28.4 million. [ 40 ] From 2007 to 2011, Apple spent $647 million on advertising for the iPhone in the United States. [ 7 ] [ edit ] Hardware [ edit ] Screen and input The touchscreen on all models is a 9 cm (3.5 in) liquid crystal display with scratch-resistant glass. [ 41 ] The capacitive touchscreen is designed for a bare finger, or multiple fingers for multi-touch sensing. The screens on the first three generations have a resolution of 320 × 480 ( HVGA ) at 163 ppi , while those on the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S have a resolution of 640 × 960 at 326 ppi. The touch and gesture features of the iPhone are based on technology originally developed by FingerWorks . [ 42 ] Most gloves and styli prevent the necessary electrical conductivity; [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] however, capacitive styli can be used with iPhone's finger-touch screen. The iPhone 3GS and later also feature a fingerprint -resistant oleophobic coating. [ 47 ] The top and side of an iPhone 3GS, externally identical to the iPhone 3G. From left to right, sides: wake/sleep button, SIM card slot, headphone jack, silence switch, volume controls. The switches were black plastic on the original iPhone. Top: earpiece, screen. The iPhone has a minimal hardware user interface, featuring five buttons . The only physical menu button is situated directly below the display, and is called the "Home button" because it closes the active app and navigates to the home screen of the interface. The home button is denoted not by a house, as on many other similar devices, but a rounded square , reminiscent of the shape of icons on the home screen. A multifunction sleep/wake button is located on the top of the device. It serves as the unit's power button, and also controls phone calls . When a call is received, pressing the sleep/wake button once silences the ringtone, and when pressed twice transfers the call to voicemail. Situated on the left spine are the volume adjustment controls. The iPhone 4 has two separate circular buttons to increase and decrease the volume; all earlier models house two switches under a single plastic panel, known as a rocker switch, which could reasonably be counted as either one or two buttons. Directly above the volume controls is a ring/silent switch that when engaged mutes telephone ringing, alert sounds from new sent emails, text messages, and other push notifications, camera shutter sounds, Voice Memo sound effects, phone lock/unlock sounds, keyboard clicks, and spoken autocorrections. This switch does not mute alarm sounds from the Clock application, and in some countries or regions it will not mute the camera shutter or Voice Memo sound effects. [ 48 ] All buttons except Home were made of plastic on the original iPhone and metal on all later models. The touchscreen furnishes the remainder of the user interface . The display responds to three sensors (four on the iPhone 4). A proximity sensor deactivates the display and touchscreen when the device is brought near the face during a call. This is done to save battery power and to prevent inadvertent inputs from the user's face and ears. An ambient light sensor adjusts the display brightness which in turn saves battery power. A 3-axis accelerometer senses the orientation of the phone and changes the screen accordingly, allowing the user to easily switch between portrait and landscape mode. [ 49 ] Photo browsing, web browsing, and music playing support both upright and left or right widescreen orientations. [ 50 ] Unlike the iPad , the iPhone does not rotate the screen when turned upside-down, with the Home button above the screen, unless the running program has been specifically designed to do so. The 3.0 update added landscape support for still other applications, such as email, and introduced shaking the unit as a form of input. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] The accelerometer can also be used to control third-party apps , notably games. The iPhone 4 also includes a gyroscopic sensor , enhancing its perception of how it is moved. A software update in January 2008 [ 53 ] allowed the first-generation iPhone to use cell tower and Wi-Fi network locations trilateration , [ 54 ] despite lacking GPS hardware. The iPhone 3G, 3GS and 4 employ A-GPS , and the iPhone 3GS and 4 also have a digital compass . [ 55 ] iPhone 4S supports GLONASS global positioning system in addition to GPS. [ edit ] Audio and output One of two speakers (left) and the microphone (right) surround the dock connector on the base of the original iPhone. If a headset is plugged in, sound is played through it instead. On the bottom of the iPhone there is a speaker to the left of the dock connector and a microphone to the right. There is an additional loudspeaker above the screen that serves as an earpiece during phone calls. The iPhone 4 includes an additional microphone at the top of the unit for noise cancellation , and switches the placement of the microphone and speaker on the base on the unit—the speaker is on the right. [ 56 ] Volume controls are located on the left side of all iPhone models and as a slider in the iPod application. The 3.5 mm TRRS connector for the headphones is located on the top left corner of the device. [ 57 ] The headphone socket on the original iPhone is recessed into the casing, making it incompatible with most headsets without the use of an adapter. [ 58 ] Subsequent generations eliminated the issue by using a flush-mounted headphone socket. Cars equipped with an auxiliary jack allow for handsfree use of the iPhone while driving as a substitute for Bluetooth . While the iPhone is compatible with normal headphones, Apple provides a headset with additional functionality. A multipurpose button near the microphone can be used to play or pause music, skip tracks, and answer or end phone calls without touching the iPhone. A small number of third-party headsets specifically designed for the iPhone also include the microphone and control button. [ 59 ] The current headsets also provide volume controls, which are only compatible with more recent models. [ 60 ] These features are achieved by a fourth ring in the audio jack that carries this extra information. The built-in Bluetooth 2.x+EDR supports wireless earpieces and headphones, which requires the HSP profile . Stereo audio was added in the 3.0 update for hardware that supports A2DP . [ 51 ] [ 52 ] While non-sanctioned third-party solutions exist, the iPhone does not officially support the OBEX file transfer protocol . [ 61 ] The lack of these profiles prevents iPhone users from exchanging multimedia files, such as pictures, music and videos, with other bluetooth-enabled cell phones. Composite [ 62 ] or component [ 63 ] video at up to 576i and stereo audio can be output from the dock connector using an adapter sold by Apple. iPhone 4 also supports 1024 × 768 VGA output [ 64 ] without audio, and HDMI output, [ 65 ] with stereo audio, via dock adapters. The iPhone did not support voice recording until the 3.0 software update. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Replacing the battery requires disassembling the iPhone unit and exposing the internal hardware The iPhone features an internal rechargeable lithium-ion battery. Like an iPod, but unlike most other mobile phones, the battery is not user-replaceable. [ 58 ] [ 66 ] The iPhone can be charged when connected to a computer for syncing across the included USB to dock connector cable, similar to charging an iPod . Alternatively, a USB to AC adapter (or "wall charger," also included) can be connected to the cable to charge directly from an AC outlet . A number of third-party accessories (car chargers, portable chargers, battery cases, stereo dock chargers, and even solar chargers) are also available. [ citation needed ] Apple runs tests on preproduction units to determine battery life. Apple's website says that the battery life "is designed to retain up to 80 percent of its original capacity after 400 full charge and discharge cycles", [ 67 ] which is comparable to iPod batteries. The battery life of early models of the iPhone has been criticized by several technology journalists as insufficient and less than Apple's claims. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] This is also reflected by a J. D. Power and Associates customer satisfaction survey, which gave the "battery aspects" of the iPhone 3G its lowest rating of 2 out of 5 stars. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] If the battery malfunctions or dies prematurely, the phone can be returned to Apple and replaced for free while still under warranty . [ 74 ] The warranty lasts one year from purchase and can be extended to two years with AppleCare . The battery replacement service and its pricing was not made known to buyers until the day the product was launched, [ 75 ] [ 76 ] it is similar to how Apple (and third parties) replace batteries for iPods. The Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights, a consumer advocate group, has sent a complaint to Apple and AT T over the fee that consumers have to pay to have the battery replaced. [ 75 ] Since July 2007, third-party battery replacement kits have been available [ 77 ] at a much lower price than Apple's own battery replacement program. These kits often include a small screwdriver and an instruction leaflet, but as with many newer iPod models the battery in the original iPhone has been soldered in. Therefore a soldering iron is required to install the new battery. The iPhone 3G uses a different battery fitted with a connector that is easier to replace. [ 78 ] The iPhone 4 is the first generation to have two cameras. The LED flash for the rear-facing camera (top) and the forward-facing camera (bottom) are both unique to that model. The original iPhone and iPhone 3G feature a built-in fixed focus 2.0 megapixel camera located on the back for still digital photos. It has no optical zoom, flash or autofocus , and does not support video recording (iPhone 3G does support video recording via third-party App available on the App Store), however jailbreaking allows users to do so. Version 2.0 of iPhone OS introduced the capability to embed location data in the pictures, producing geocoded photographs . The iPhone 3GS has a 3.2 megapixel camera, manufactured by OmniVision , featuring autofocus, auto white balance, and auto macro (up to 10 cm). It is also capable of capturing 640 × 480 ( VGA resolution) video at 30 frames per second, [ 79 ] although compared to higher-end CCD based video cameras it does exhibit the rolling shutter effect. [ 80 ] The video can then be cropped on the device itself and directly uploaded to YouTube, MobileMe , or other services. The iPhone 4 introduced a 5.0 megapixel camera (2592 × 1936 pixels), also located on the back, which is equipped with a backside illuminated sensor capable of capturing pictures in low-light conditions, as well as an LED flash capable of staying lit for video recording at 720p resolution, considered high-definition . [ 81 ] iPhone 4 is the first iPhone that has the high dynamic range photography feature. [ 82 ] In addition the iPhone 4 has a second camera on the front capable of VGA photos and SD video recording. Regardless of the source, saved recordings may be synced to the host computer, attached to email, or (where supported) sent by MMS . Videos may be uploaded to YouTube directly. The camera on the iPhone 4S is capable of shooting 8MP stills and recording 1080p videos. The camera can now be accessed directly from the lock screen, and the volume up button as a shutter trigger. The built-in gyroscope is able to stabilize the camera while recording video. Beta code pulled from iOS 5 suggests that the next feature to be released will allow users to capture a panoramic photo on their iPhone. [ 83 ] On all five model generations, the phone can be configured to bring up the camera app by quickly pressing the home key twice. [ 84 ] On all iPhones running iOS 5 it can also be accessed from the lock screen directly. [ edit ] Storage and SIM An iPhone 3G with the SIM slot open. The SIM ejector tool is still placed in the eject hole. The iPhone was initially released with two options for internal storage size: 4 GB or 8 GB. On September 5, 2007, Apple discontinued the 4 GB models. [ 85 ] On February 5, 2008, Apple added a 16 GB model. [ 86 ] The iPhone 3G was available in 16 GB and 8 GB. The iPhone 3GS came in 16 GB and 32 GB variants and still is available in 8 GB. The iPhone 4 is available in 16 GB and 32 GB variants, as well as a newly introduced 8 GB variant to be sold along side the iPhone 4S at a reduced price point. The iPhone 4S is available in three sizes: 16 GB, 32 GB and 64 GB. All data is stored on the internal flash drive; the iPhone does not support expanded storage through a memory card slot, or the SIM card. GSM models of the iPhone use a SIM card to identify themselves to the GSM network. The SIM sits in a tray, which is inserted into a slot at the top of the device. The SIM tray can be ejected with a paperclip or the "SIM ejector tool" (a simple piece of die-cut sheet metal) included with the iPhone 3G and 3GS. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] Some iPhone models shipped with a SIM ejector tool which was fabricated from an alloy dubbed " Liquidmetal ". [ 89 ] In most countries, the iPhone is usually sold with a SIM lock , which prevents the iPhone from being used on a different mobile network. [ 90 ] The GSM iPhone 4 features a MicroSIM card that is located in a slot on the right side of the device. [ 91 ] The CDMA model of the iPhone 4, just the same any other CDMA-only cell phone, does not use a SIM card or have a SIM card slot. An iPhone 4S activated on a CDMA carrier, however, does have a SIM card slot but does not rely on a SIM card for activation on that CDMA network. A CDMA-activated iPhone 4S usually has a carrier-approved roaming SIM preloaded in its SIM slot at the time of purchase that is used for roaming on certain carrier-approved international GSM networks only. The SIM slot is locked to only use the roaming SIM card provided by the CDMA carrier. [ 92 ] One can request that the SIM slot be unlocked for international use by calling the carrier's support number and requesting an international unlock if their account has been in good standing for the past 60 days. [ 93 ] This method only unlocks the iPhone 4S for use on international carriers. An iPhone 4S that has been unlocked in this way will reject any non international SIM cards (AT T Mobility or T-Mobile USA, for example). [ edit ] Liquid contact indicators The iPhone is equipped with liquid contact indicators which change from white to red in color when they come in contact with water. These suggest whether water damage has affected the device. The indicators on the iPhone include a small disc which is located at the bottom of the headphone jack and with the iPhone 3G and all later models an additional one is located at the bottom of the dock connector . [ 94 ] The indicators are often used by Apple employees to determine whether the device qualifies for a warranty repair or replacement. If the indicators show that the device was exposed to water, they may determine that the device is not covered by Apple. However, the liquid contact indicators may be triggered through routine use, and if a device is worn while exercising, the sweat from an owner may dampen the indicators enough to indicate water damage. [ 95 ] On many other mobile phones from different manufacturers, the liquid contact indicators are located in a protected location, such as beneath the battery behind a battery cover, but the indicators on an iPhone are directly exposed to the environment. This has led to criticism of the placement of the indicators, which may also be affected by steam in a bathroom or other light environmental moisture. [ 96 ] In response to these criticisms, Apple made a silent change to their water damage policy for iPhones and similar products. This new policy allows the customer to request further internal inspection of the phone to verify if internal liquid damage sensors were triggered. [ 97 ] [ edit ] Included items The contents of the box of an iPhone 4. From left to right: iPhone 4 in plastic holder, written documentation, and (top to bottom) headset, USB cable, wall charger. All iPhone models include written documentation, and a dock connector to USB cable. The original and 3G iPhones also came with a cleaning cloth. The original iPhone included a stereo headset ( earbuds and a microphone) and a plastic dock to hold the unit upright while charging and syncing. The iPhone 3G includes a similar headset plus a SIM eject tool (the original model requires a paperclip). The iPhone 3GS includes the SIM eject tool and a revised headset, which adds volume buttons (not functional with previous iPhone versions). [ 60 ] [ 98 ] The iPhone 3G and 3GS are compatible with the same dock, sold separately, but not the original model's dock. [ 99 ] All versions include a USB power adapter, or "wall charger," which allows the iPhone to charge from an AC outlet . The iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS sold in North America, Japan, Colombia, Ecuador, or Peru [ 100 ] [ 101 ] include an ultracompact USB power adapter. [ edit ] Model comparison Main article: List of iPhone models This table highlights key differences between "generations" of the iPhone. 89 mm (3.5 in) glass LCD , 3:2 aspect ratio [ 102 ] 480 × 320 px ( HVGA ) at 163 ppi 960 × 640 px at 326 ppi 620 MHz ( underclocked to 412 MHz) ARM 1176JZ(F)-S [ 103 ] 833 MHz (underclocked to 600 MHz) ARM Cortex-A8 [ 104 ] [ 105 ] 1 GHz (underclocked to 800 MHz) [ 106 ] 1 GHz (underclocked to 800 MHz) [ 108 ] Dual-core Apple A5 PowerVR MBX Lite 3D GPU [ 109 ] (103 MHz) PowerVR SGX535 GPU (150 MHz) [ 104 ] [ 105 ] PowerVR SGX543MP2 GPU [ 111 ] 128 MB DRAM [ 112 ] 256 MB DRAM [ 104 ] [ 105 ] 512 MB DRAM [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Cellular Connectivity Quad band GSM/ GPRS / EDGE ( 850, 900, 1,800, 1,900 MHz ) In addition to previous: Tri-band 3.6 Mbit/s UMTS / HSDPA ( 850, 1,900, 2,100 MHz ), [ 115 ] In addition to previous: In addition to previous: 5.76 Mbit/s HSUPA , UMTS/HSDPA at 800 and 900 MHz [ 116 ] [ 117 ] In addition to previous: Redesigned dynamically switching dual antenna, [ 118 ] Combined GSM/CDMA capability Dual-band CDMA/ EV-DO Rev. A (800, 1,900 MHz) USB 2.0 / dock connector In addition to previous: includes earphones with mic In addition to previous: voice control, digital compass ( magnetometer ), Nike+ , camera tap to focus (iOS 4.0+) includes earphones with remote and microphone In addition to previous: 3-axis gyroscope , Dual-microphone noise suppression , rear camera LED flash In addition to previous: Siri (beta) voice assistant and GLONASS support 2.0 Megapixel , f/2.8 3.0 Megapixel , f/2.8 VGA video at 30 frame/s Rear: 5.0 Megapixel , f/2.8 720p HD video at 30 frame/s Rear: 8.0 Megapixel , f/2.4 1080p Full HD video at 30 frame/s Front: 0.3 Megapixel (VGA) 480p VGA video at 30 frame/s Aluminum, glass and black plastic Glass, plastic, and steel; black or white (white not available for 8 GB models) Black or white aluminosilicate glass and stainless steel 115.0 mm (4.53 in) H 61.0 mm (2.40 in) W 11.6 mm (0.46 in) D 115.5 mm (4.55 in) H 62.1 mm (2.44 in) W 12.3 mm (0.48 in) D 115.2 mm (4.54 in) H 58.66 mm (2.309 in) W Built-in, non removable, rechargeable lithium-ion polymer battery [ 119 ] [ 120 ] [ 121 ] 4 and 8 GB: June 29, 2007 16 GB: February 5, 2008 16 and 32 GB: June 19, 2009 Black 8 GB: June 24, 2010 GSM (Black): June 24, 2010 CDMA (Black): February 10, 2011 White: April 28, 2011 8 GB: October 4, 2011 (Available from Oct 14, 2011) 4 GB: September 5, 2007 8 and 16 GB: July 11, 2008 16 GB: June 8, 2009 Black 8 GB: June 4, 2010 16 and 32 GB: June 24, 2010 Black 8 GB: In production 16 and 32 GB (unlocked only): October 4, 2011 Black and White 8 GB: In production [ edit ] Software Main articles: iOS and iOS version history The default Home screen of iOS 5.0.1 shows most of the applications provided by Apple. Users can download additional applications from the App store, create Web Clips, rearrange the icons, and create and delete folders. The iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad run an operating system known as iOS (formerly iPhone OS). It is a variant of the same Darwin operating system core that is found in Mac OS X . Also included is the " Core Animation " software component from Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard. Together with the PowerVR hardware (and on the iPhone 3GS, OpenGL ES 2.0), it is responsible for the interface's motion graphics . The operating system takes up less than half a gigabyte . [ 122 ] It is capable of supporting bundled and future applications from Apple, as well as from third-party developers. Software applications cannot be copied directly from Mac OS X but must be written and compiled specifically for iOS. Like the iPod, the iPhone is managed from a computer using iTunes . The earliest versions of the OS required version 7.3 or later , which is compatible with Mac OS X version 10.3.9 Panther or later, and 32-bit Windows XP or Vista . [ 123 ] The release of iTunes 7.6 expanded this support to include 64-bit versions of XP and Vista, [ 124 ] and a workaround has been discovered for previous 64-bit Windows operating systems. [ 125 ] Apple provides free updates to the OS for the iPhone through iTunes, [ 122 ] and major updates have historically accompanied new models. [ 126 ] Such updates often require a newer version of iTunes — for example, the 3.0 update requires iTunes 8.2 — but the iTunes system requirements have stayed the same. Updates include bug fixes, security patches and new features. [ 127 ] For example, iPhone 3G users initially experienced dropped calls until an update was issued. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] Version 3.1 required iTunes 9.0, and iOS 4 required iTunes 9.2. iTunes 10.5, which is required to sync and activate iOS 5, the current version of iTunes, Requires Mac OS X 10.5.8 or Leopard on G4 or G5 computers on 800 MHz or higher; versions 10.3 and 10.4 and 10.5–10.5.7 are no longer supported. [ edit ] Interface The interface is based around the home screen, a graphical list of available applications. iPhone applications normally run one at a time (not including iOS 4 and iOS 5, which includes running applications in the background), [ 130 ] although most functionality is still available when making a call or listening to music. The home screen can be accessed at any time by a hardware button below the screen, closing the open application in the process. [ 131 ] By default, the Home screen contains the following icons: Messages ( SMS and MMS messaging), Calendar, Photos, Camera, YouTube, Stocks, Maps ( Google Maps ), Weather, Voice Memos, Notes, Clock, Calculator, Settings, iTunes (store) , App Store , (on the iPhone 3GS and iPhone 4) Compass , FaceTime and GameCenter were added in iOS 4.0 and 4.1 respectively. In iOS 5, Reminders and Newsstand were added, as well as the iPod application split into separate Music and Videos applications. iOS 6 added Passbook as well as an updated version of Maps that relies on data provided by TomTom as well as other sources. iOS 6 also added a Clock application onto the iPad's homescreen. Docked at the base of the screen, four icons for Phone , Mail , Safari (Internet), and Music delineate the iPhone's main purposes. [ 132 ] On January 15, 2008, Apple released software update 1.1.3, allowing users to create "Web Clips", home screen icons that resemble apps that open a user-defined page in Safari. After the update, iPhone users can rearrange and place icons on up to nine other adjacent home screens, accessed by a horizontal swipe. [ 53 ] Users can also add and delete icons from the dock, which is the same on every home screen. Each home screen holds up to sixteen icons, and the dock holds up to four icons. Users can delete Web Clips and third-party applications at any time, and may select only certain applications for transfer from iTunes. Apple's default programs, however, may not be removed. The 3.0 update adds a system-wide search, known as Spotlight , to the left of the first home screen. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Almost all input is given through the touch screen, which understands complex gestures using multi-touch . The iPhone's interaction techniques enable the user to move the content up or down by a touch-drag motion of the finger. For example, zooming in and out of web pages and photos is done by placing two fingers on the screen and spreading them farther apart or bringing them closer together, a gesture known as " pinching ". Scrolling through a long list or menu is achieved by sliding a finger over the display from bottom to top, or vice versa to go back. In either case, the list moves as if it is pasted on the outer surface of a wheel, slowly decelerating as if affected by friction. In this way, the interface simulates the physics of a real object. Other user-centered interactive effects include horizontally sliding sub-selection, the vertically sliding keyboard and bookmarks menu, and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on the other side. Menu bars are found at the top and bottom of the screen when necessary. Their options vary by program, but always follow a consistent style motif. In menu hierarchies, a "back" button in the top-left corner of the screen displays the name of the parent folder. When making a call, the iPhone presents a number of options; including FaceTime on supported models. The screen is automatically disabled when held close to the face. The iPhone allows audio conferencing , call holding, call merging, caller ID , and integration with other cellular network features and iPhone functions. For example, if music is playing when a call is received, the music fades out, and fades back in when the call has ended. The proximity sensor shuts off the screen and touch-sensitive circuitry when the iPhone is brought close to the face, both to save battery and prevent unintentional touches. The iPhone does not support video calling or videoconferencing on versions prior to the fourth generation, as there is only one camera on the opposite side of the screen. [ 133 ] The iPhone 4 supports video calling using either the front or back camera over Wi-Fi, a feature Apple calls FaceTime . [ 134 ] The first two models only support voice dialing through third-party applications. [ 135 ] Voice control, available only on the iPhone 3GS and iPhone 4, allows users to say a contact's name or number and the iPhone will dial. [ 136 ] The iPhone includes a visual voicemail (in some countries) [ 137 ] feature allowing users to view a list of current voicemail messages on-screen without having to call into their voicemail. Unlike most other systems, messages can be listened to and deleted in a non-chronological order by choosing any message from an on-screen list. A music ringtone feature was introduced in the United States on September 5, 2007. Users can create custom ringtones from songs purchased from the iTunes Store for a small additional fee. The ringtones can be 3 to 30 seconds long from any part of a song, can fade in and out, pause from half a second to five seconds when looped, or loop continuously . All customizing can be done in iTunes, [ 138 ] or alternatively with Apple's GarageBand software 4.1.1 or later (available only on Mac OS X ) [ 139 ] or third-party tools. [ 140 ] With the release of iOS 6.0 , which will be released in Fall 2012, Apple plans to release features that enable the user to have options to decline a phone call when a person is calling them. The user will have the capability to reply with a message, or to set a reminder to call them back at a later time. [ 141 ] [ edit ] Multimedia The layout of the music library is similar to that of an iPod or current Symbian S60 phones. The iPhone can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists , genres , composers, podcasts , audiobooks , and compilations . Options are always presented alphabetically, except in playlists, which retain their order from iTunes . The iPhone uses a large font that allows users plenty of room to touch their selection. Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow . Like on iTunes, this feature shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen. Alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks. On the iPhone 3GS, the volume can be changed with the included Apple Earphones, and the Voice Control feature can be used to identify a track, play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist, or create a Genius playlist . [ 136 ] The iPhone supports gapless playback . [ 142 ] Like the fifth-generation iPods introduced in 2005, the iPhone can play digital video , allowing users to watch TV shows and movies in widescreen . Double-tapping switches between widescreen and fullscreen video playback. The iPhone allows users to purchase and download songs from the iTunes Store directly to their iPhone. The feature originally required a Wi-Fi network, but now [ when? ] can use the cellular data network if one is not available. [ 143 ] The iPhone includes software that allows the user to upload, view, and email photos taken with the camera . The user zooms in and out of photos by sliding two fingers further apart or closer together, much like Safari. The Camera application also lets users view the camera roll, the pictures that have been taken with the iPhone's camera. Those pictures are also available in the Photos application, along with any transferred from iPhoto or Aperture on a Mac, or Photoshop on a Windows PC . [ edit ] Internet connectivity Wikipedia Main Page on the iPhone Safari web browser in landscape mode Internet access is available when the iPhone is connected to a local area Wi-Fi or a wide area GSM or EDGE network, both second-generation ( 2G ) wireless data standards. The iPhone 3G introduced support for third-generation UMTS and HSDPA 3.6, [ 144 ] only the iPhone 4S supports HSUPA networks (14.4 Mbit/s), and only the iPhone 3GS and iPhone 4 support HSDPA 7.2. [ 145 ] AT T introduced 3G in July 2004, [ 146 ] but as late as 2007, Steve Jobs stated that it was still not widespread enough in the US, and the chipsets not energy efficient enough, to be included in the iPhone. [ 44 ] [ 147 ] Support for 802.1X , an authentication system commonly used by university and corporate Wi-Fi networks, was added in the 2.0 version update. [ 148 ] By default, the iPhone will ask to join newly discovered Wi-Fi networks and prompt for the password when required. Alternatively, it can join closed Wi-Fi networks manually. [ 149 ] The iPhone will automatically choose the strongest network, connecting to Wi-Fi instead of EDGE when it is available. [ 150 ] Similarly, the iPhone 3G, 3GS and 4 prefer 3G to 2G , and Wi-Fi to either. [ 151 ] Wi-Fi, Bluetooth , and 3G (on the iPhone 3G, 3GS, 4, and 4S) can all be deactivated individually. Airplane mode disables all wireless connections at once, overriding other preferences. However, once in Airplane mode, one can explicitly enable Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth modes to join and continue to operate over one or both of those networks while the cellular network transceivers remain off. The iPhone 3GS has a maximum download rate of 7.2 Mbit/s . [ 152 ] Furthermore, email attachments as well as apps and media from Apple's various stores must be smaller than 20 MB to be downloaded over a cellular network. [ 153 ] Larger files, often email attachments or podcasts, must be downloaded over Wi-Fi (which has no file size limits). If Wi-Fi is unavailable, one workaround is to open the files directly in Safari . [ 154 ] Safari is the iPhone's native web browser , and it displays pages similar to its Mac and Windows counterparts. Web pages may be viewed in portrait or landscape mode and the device supports automatic zooming by pinching together or spreading apart fingertips on the screen, or by double-tapping text or images. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] It is worth mentioning that Safari doesn't allow file downloads except for predefined extensions. The iPhone does not support Flash . [ 157 ] Consequently, the UK's Advertising Standards Authority adjudicated that an advertisement claiming the iPhone could access "all parts of the internet" should be withdrawn in its current form, on grounds of false advertising . [ 158 ] In a rare public letter in April 2010, Apple CEO Steve Jobs outlined the reasoning behind the absence of Flash on the iPhone (and iPad ). [ 159 ] The iPhone supports SVG , CSS , HTML Canvas , and Bonjour . [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Google Chrome was introduced to the iOS on June 26, 2012. In a review by Chitika on July 18, 2012, they announced that the Google Chrome web browser has 1.5% of the iOS web browser market since its release. [ 162 ] The maps application can access Google Maps in map, satellite , or hybrid form. It can also generate directions between two locations, while providing optional real-time traffic information. During the iPhone's announcement, Jobs demonstrated this feature by searching for nearby Starbucks locations and then placing a prank call to one with a single tap. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] Support for walking directions, public transit, and street view was added in the version 2.2 software update, but no voice-guided navigation. [ 165 ] The iPhone 3GS and iPhone 4 can orient the map with its digital compass. [ 55 ] Apple also developed a separate application to view YouTube videos on the iPhone, which streams videos after encoding them using the H.264 codec. Simple weather and stock quotes applications also tap in to the Internet. iPhone users can and do access the Internet frequently, and in a variety of places. According to Google , in 2008, the iPhone generated 50 times more search requests than any other mobile handset. [ 166 ] According to Deutsche Telekom CEO René Obermann , "The average Internet usage for an iPhone customer is more than 100 megabytes . This is 30 times the use for our average contract-based consumer customers." [ 167 ] Nielsen found that 98% of iPhone users use data services, and 88% use the internet. [ 20 ] In China, the iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS were built and distributed without Wi-fi. [ 168 ] With the introduction of the Verizon iPhone in January 2011, the issue of using internet while on the phone has been brought to the public's attention. Under the two US carriers, internet and phone could be used simultaneously on AT T networks, whereas Verizon networks only support the use of each separately. [ 169 ] [ edit ] Text input The virtual keyboard on the original iPhone touchscreen . For text input, the iPhone implements a virtual keyboard on the touchscreen. It has automatic spell checking and correction, predictive word capabilities, and a dynamic dictionary that learns new words. The keyboard can predict what word the user is typing and complete it, and correct for the accidental pressing of keys near the presumed desired key. [ 170 ] The keys are somewhat larger and spaced farther apart when in landscape mode , which is supported by only a limited number of applications. Touching a section of text for a brief time brings up a magnifying glass , allowing users to place the cursor in the middle of existing text. The virtual keyboard can accommodate 21 languages, including character recognition for Chinese. [ 171 ] Alternate characters with accents can be typed from the keyboard by pressing the letter for 2 seconds and selecting the alternate character from the popup. [ 172 ] The 3.0 update brought support for cut, copy, or pasting text, as well as landscape keyboards in more applications. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] On iPhone 4S, Siri allows dictation. [ edit ] Email and text messages The iPhone also features an email program that supports HTML email , which enables the user to embed photos in an email message. PDF , Word , Excel , and Powerpoint attachments to mail messages can be viewed on the phone. [ 173 ] Apple's MobileMe platform offers push email , which emulates the functionality of the popular BlackBerry email solution, for an annual subscription. Yahoo! offers a free push-email service for the iPhone. IMAP (although not Push-IMAP ) and POP3 mail standards are also supported, including Microsoft Exchange [ 174 ] and Kerio Connect . [ 175 ] In the first versions of the iPhone firmware, this was accomplished by opening up IMAP on the Exchange server. Apple has also licensed Microsoft ActiveSync and now [ when? ] supports the platform (including push email) with the release of iPhone 2.0 firmware. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] The iPhone will sync email account settings over from Apple's own Mail application, Microsoft Outlook , and Microsoft Entourage , or it can be manually configured on the device itself. With the correct settings, the email program can access almost any IMAP or POP3 account. [ 178 ] Text messages are presented chronologically in a mailbox format similar to Mail, which places all text from recipients together with replies. Text messages are displayed in speech bubbles (similar to iChat ) under each recipient's name. The iPhone has built-in support for email message forwarding, drafts, and direct internal camera-to-email picture sending. Support for multi-recipient SMS was added in the 1.1.3 software update. [ 179 ] Support for MMS was added in the 3.0 update, but not for the original iPhone [ 51 ] [ 52 ] and not in the U.S. until September 25, 2009. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ edit ] Third-party applications See also: iOS SDK and App Store At WWDC 2007 on June 11, 2007, Apple announced that the iPhone would support third-party "web applications" written in Ajax that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface. [ 182 ] On October 17, 2007, Steve Jobs, in an open letter posted to Apple's "Hot News" weblog , announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008. The iPhone SDK was officially announced and released on March 6, 2008, at the Apple Town Hall facility. [ 183 ] It is a free download, with an Apple registration, that allows developers to develop native applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch, then test them in an "iPhone simulator". However, loading an application onto a real device is only possible after paying an Apple Developer Connection membership fee. Developers are free to set any price for their applications to be distributed through the App Store , of which they will receive a 70% share. [ 184 ] Developers can also opt to release the application for free and will not pay any costs to release or distribute the application beyond the membership fee. The App Store was launched with the release of iOS 2.0, on July 11, 2008. [ 177 ] The update was free for iPhone users; owners of older iPod Touches were required to pay US$10 for it. [ 185 ] Once a developer has submitted an application to the App Store, Apple holds firm control over its distribution. Apple can halt the distribution of applications it deems inappropriate, for example, I Am Rich , a US$1000 program that simply demonstrated the wealth of its user. [ 186 ] Apple has been criticized for banning third-party applications that enable a functionality that Apple does not want the iPhone to have: In 2008, Apple rejected Podcaster , which allowed iPhone users to download podcasts directly to the iPhone claiming it duplicated the functionality of iTunes. [ 187 ] Apple has since released a software update that grants this capability. [ 165 ] NetShare, another rejected app, would have enabled users to tether their iPhone to a laptop or desktop, using its cellular network to load data for the computer. [ 188 ] Many carriers of the iPhone later globally allowed tethering before Apple officially supported it with the upgrade to the iOS 3.0, with AT T Mobility being a relative latecomer in the United States. [ 189 ] In most cases, the carrier charges extra for tethering an iPhone. Before the SDK was released, third-parties were permitted to design "Web Apps" that would run through Safari. [ 190 ] Unsigned native applications are also available for "jailbroken" phones. [ 191 ] The ability to install native applications onto the iPhone outside of the App Store is not supported by Apple, the stated reason being that such native applications could be broken by any software update, but Apple has stated it will not design software updates specifically to break native applications other than those that perform SIM unlocking. [ 192 ] As of January 2011 [update] , Apple has passed 10 billion app downloads. [ 193 ] [ edit ] Accessibility The iPhone can enlarge text to make it more accessible for vision-impaired users, [ 194 ] and can accommodate hearing-impaired users with closed captioning and external TTY devices. [ 195 ] The iPhone 3GS also features white on black mode, VoiceOver (a screen reader ), and zooming for impaired vision, and mono audio for limited hearing in one ear. [ 196 ] Apple regularly publishes Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates which explicitly state compliance with the US regulation " Section 508 ". [ 197 ] [ edit ] Vulnerability See also: Mobile security In 2007, 2010, and 2011, developers released a series of tools called JailbreakMe that used security vulnerabilities in Mobile Safari rendering in order to jailbreak the device (which allows users to install any compatible software on the device instead of only App Store apps). [ 198 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] These exploits were each soon fixed by iOS updates from Apple. Theoretically these flaws could have also been used for malicious purposes. [ 201 ] In July 2011, Apple released iOS 4.3.5 (4.2.10 for CDMA iPhone) to fix a security vulnerability with certificate validation. [ edit ] Intellectual property Apple has filed more than 200 patent applications related to the technology behind the iPhone. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] LG Electronics claimed the design of the iPhone was copied from the LG Prada . Woo-Young Kwak, head of LG Mobile Handset R D Center, said at a press conference: "we consider that Apple copied Prada phone after the design was unveiled when it was presented in the iF Design Award and won the prize in September 2006." [ 204 ] On September 3, 1993, Infogear filed for the U.S. trademark "I PHONE" [ 205 ] and on March 20, 1996, applied for the trademark "IPhone". [ 206 ] "I Phone" was registered in March 1998, [ 205 ] and "IPhone" was registered in 1999. [ 206 ] Since then, the I PHONE mark had been abandoned. [ 205 ] Infogear trademarks cover "communications terminals comprising computer hardware and software providing integrated telephone, data communications and personal computer functions" (1993 filing), [ 205 ] and "computer hardware and software for providing integrated telephone communication with computerized global information networks" (1996 filing). [ 207 ] Infogear released a telephone with an integrated web browser under the name iPhone in 1998. [ 208 ] In 2000, Infogear won an infringement claim against the owners of the iphones.com domain name. [ 209 ] In June 2000, Cisco Systems acquired Infogear, including the iPhone trademark. [ 210 ] On December 18, 2006, they released a range of re-branded Voice over IP (VoIP) sets under the name iPhone. [ 211 ] In October 2002, Apple applied for the "iPhone" trademark in the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore, and the European Union. A Canadian application followed in October 2004, and a New Zealand application in September 2006. As of October 2006 [update] , only the Singapore and Australian applications had been granted. In September 2006, a company called Ocean Telecom Services applied for an "iPhone" trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and Hong Kong, following a filing in Trinidad and Tobago. [ 212 ] As the Ocean Telecom trademark applications use exactly the same wording as the New Zealand application of Apple, it is assumed that Ocean Telecom is applying on behalf of Apple. [ 213 ] The Canadian application was opposed in August 2005, by a Canadian company called Comwave who themselves applied for the trademark three months later. Comwave has been selling VoIP devices called iPhone since 2004. [ 210 ] Shortly after Steve Jobs' January 9, 2007, announcement that Apple would be selling a product called iPhone in June 2007, Cisco issued a statement that it had been negotiating trademark licensing with Apple and expected Apple to agree to the final documents that had been submitted the night before. [ 214 ] On January 10, 2007, Cisco announced it had filed a lawsuit against Apple over the infringement of the trademark iPhone, seeking an injunction in federal court to prohibit Apple from using the name. [ 215 ] More recently, [ when? ] Cisco claimed that the trademark lawsuit was a "minor skirmish" that was not about money, but about interoperability. [ 216 ] On February 2, 2007, Apple and Cisco announced that they had agreed to temporarily suspend litigation while they held settlement talks, [ 217 ] and subsequently announced on February 20, 2007, that they had reached an agreement. Both companies will be allowed to use the "iPhone" name [ 218 ] in exchange for "exploring interoperability" between their security, consumer, and business communications products. [ 219 ] The iPhone has also inspired several leading high-tech clones, [ 220 ] driving both the popularity of Apple and consumer willingness to upgrade iPhones quickly. [ 221 ] On October 22, 2009, Nokia filed a lawsuit against Apple for infringement of its GSM, UMTS and WLAN patents. Nokia alleges that Apple has been violating ten of the patents of Nokia since the iPhone initial release. [ 222 ] In December 2010, Reuters reported that some iPhone and iPad users were suing Apple Inc. because some applications were passing user information to third-party advertisers without permission. Some makers of the applications such as Textplus4, Paper Toss , Weather Channel , Dictionary.com , Talking Tom Cat and Pumpkin Maker have also been named as co-defendants in the lawsuit. [ 223 ] [ edit ] Secret tracking Since April 20, 2011, a hidden unencrypted file on the iPhone and other iOS devices has been widely discussed in the media. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] It was alleged that the file, labeled "consolidated.db", constantly stores the iPhone user's movement by approximating geographic locations calculated by triangulating nearby cell phone towers, a technology proven to be inaccurate at times. [ 226 ] The file was released with the June 2010 update of Apple iOS4 and may contain almost one year's worth of data. Previous versions of iOS stored similar information in a file called "h-cells.plist". [ 227 ] F-Secure discovered that the data is transmitted to Apple twice a day and postulate that Apple is using the information to construct their global location database similar to the ones constructed by Google and Skyhook through wardriving . [ 228 ] Nevertheless, unlike the Google "Latitude" application, which performs a similar task on Android phones, the file is not dependent upon signing a specific EULA or even the user's knowledge, but it is stated in the 15,200 word-long terms and conditions of the iPhone that "Apple and [their] partners and licensees may collect, use, and share precise location data, including the real-time geographic location of [the user's] Apple computer or device" . [ 229 ] The file is also automatically copied onto the user's computer once synchronized with the iPhone. An open source application named "iPhoneTracker", which turns the data stored in the file into a visual map, was made available to the public in April 2011. [ 230 ] While the file cannot be erased without jailbreaking the phone, it can be encrypted. [ 231 ] Apple gave an official response on their web site on April 27 [ 232 ] , 2011, after questions were submitted by users, the Associated Press and others. [ 233 ] Apple indicated that the data is a crowd-sourced location database cache, used to make location services faster, and that the volume of data retained was an error; they issued an update for iOS (version 4.3.3 , or 4.2.8 for the CDMA iPhone 4) which reduced the size of the cache, stopped it being backed up to iTunes, and erased it entirely if whenever location services were turned off. [ 232 ] [ edit ] Restrictions Jailbroken iPod Touch on iOS 3.0. The serial number and Wi-Fi address have been removed from the image. See also: Hardware restrictions#Apple devices Apple tightly controls certain aspects of the iPhone. According to Jonathan Zittrain , the emergence of closed devices like the iPhone have made computing more proprietary than early versions of Microsoft Windows . [ 234 ] The hacker community has found many workarounds, most of which are disallowed by Apple and threaten to void the device's warranty. [ 235 ] " Jailbreaking " allows users to install apps not available on the App Store or modify basic functionality. SIM unlocking allows the iPhone to be used on a different carrier's network. [ 236 ] [ edit ] Activation The iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has also been activated as a phone with an authorized carrier. On July 3, 2007, Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked the iPhone's other features with a combination of custom software and modification of the iTunes binary. He published the software and offsets for others to use. [ 237 ] Unlike the original, the iPhone 3G must be activated in the store in most countries. [ 238 ] This makes the iPhone 3G more difficult, but not impossible, to hack. The need for in-store activation, as well as the huge number of first-generation iPhone and iPod Touch users upgrading to iPhone OS 2.0, caused a worldwide overload of Apple's servers on July 11, 2008, the day on which both the iPhone 3G and iPhone OS 2.0 updates as well as MobileMe were released. After the update, devices were required to connect to Apple's servers to authenticate the update, causing many devices to be temporarily unusable. [ 239 ] A year later, Apple released the 3.0 software two days before the iPhone 3GS to avoid such issues. Users on the O2 network in the United Kingdom, however, can buy the phone online and activate it via iTunes as with the previous model. [ 240 ] Even where not required, vendors usually offer activation for the buyer's convenience. In the U.S., Apple has begun to offer free shipping on both the iPhone 3G and the iPhone 3GS (when available), reversing the in-store activation requirement. Best Buy and Walmart will also sell the iPhone. [ 241 ] [ edit ] Unapproved third-party software and jailbreaking See also: iOS jailbreaking and iPhone Dev Team The iPhone's operating system is designed to only run software that has an Apple-approved cryptographic signature . This restriction can be overcome by "jailbreaking" the phone, [ 242 ] which involves replacing the iPhone's firmware with a slightly modified version that does not enforce the signature check. Doing so may be a circumvention of Apple's technical protection measures . [ 243 ] Apple, in a statement to the United States Copyright Office in response to EFF lobbying for a DMCA exception for this kind of hacking, claimed that jailbreaking the iPhone would be copyright infringement due to the necessary modification of system software. [ 244 ] However in 2010 Jailbreaking was declared officially legal in the United States by the DMCA . [ 245 ] Jailbroken iPhones may be susceptible to computer viruses, but few such incidents have been reported. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] iOS and Android 2.3.3 'Gingerbread' may be set up to dual boot on a jailbroken iPhone with the help of OpeniBoot or iDroid. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] [ edit ] SIM unlocking [ edit ] United States iPhone 3G shown with the SIM tray partially ejected. Most iPhones were and are still sold with a SIM lock , which restricts the use of the phone to one particular carrier, a common practice with subsidized GSM phones. Unlike most GSM phones however, the phone cannot be officially unlocked by entering a code. The locked/unlocked state is maintained on Apple's servers per IMEI and is set when the iPhone is activated. While the iPhone was initially sold in the US only on the AT T network with a SIM lock in place, various hackers have found methods to " unlock " the phone from a specific network. [ 250 ] Although AT T, Sprint and Verizon are the only authorized iPhone carriers in the United States, unlocked iPhones can be used with other carriers after unlocking. [ 251 ] For example, an unlocked iPhone may be used on the T-Mobile network in the U.S. but, while an unlocked iPhone is compatible with T-Mobile's voice network, it may not be able to make use of 3G functionality (i.e., no mobile web or e-mail, etc.). [ 252 ] More than a quarter of the original iPhones sold in the United States were not registered with AT T. Apple speculates that they were likely shipped overseas and unlocked, a lucrative market before the iPhone 3G's worldwide release. [ 253 ] iPhones are unlocked by users who wish to use networks other than AT T or Verizon's. [ 19 ] [ not in citation given ] [ 254 ] On March 26, 2009, AT T in the United States began selling the iPhone without a contract, though still SIM-locked to their network. [ 255 ] The up-front purchase price of such iPhone units is often twice as expensive as those bundled with contracts. [ 256 ] Outside of the United States, policies differ, especially in US territories and insular areas like Guam , where GTA TeleGuam is the exclusive carrier for the iPhone, since neither the three U.S. carriers (AT T, Sprint, and Verizon) has a presence in the area. [ 257 ] Beginning April 8, 2012, AT T began offering a factory SIM unlock option (which Apple calls a "whitelisting", allowing it to be used on any carrier the phone supports) for iPhone owners. [ 258 ] [ edit ] Other countries In the United Kingdom, carriers O2 , Orange , 3 , Vodafone , T-Mobile , as well as MVNO Tesco Mobile sell the device under subsidised contracts, or for use on pay as you go. They are locked to network initially, though are usually able to be unlocked either after a certain period of contract length has passed, or for a small fee. The iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4 and the iPhone 4S are all currently sold unlocked without a contract for use on any mobile network, but only when bought directly from Apple Retail Stores or Apple Online Store. [ 259 ] Five major carriers in Australia, ( Three , Optus , Telstra , Virgin Mobile , and Vodafone ), [ 260 ] offer legitimate unlocking, now at no cost for all iPhone devices, both current and prior models. The iPhone 3GS and the iPhone 4 can also be bought unlocked from Apple Retail Stores or the Apple Online Store. [ 90 ] All new mobile phones sold by carriers in Canada are locked, and none of the major carriers ( Rogers Wireless , Telus , Bell Mobility ) unlock iPhones without a fight and a $50 fee, even after service contracts have come to an end. Legislation has been introduced that would compel carriers to unlock mobile phones (including iPhones) outside of contract, upon customer request. The iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S can be bought unlocked from Apple Retail stores or from Apple Online Store. Internationally, policies vary, but many carriers sell the iPhone unlocked for full retail price. [ 90 ] The iPhone 4S entered the Indian market with Aircel and Airtel starting pre orders on November 18, 2011. The phones were available in stores from November 25, 2011. [ 261 ] [ edit ] See also Newton (platform) , an early personal digital assistant and the first tablet platform developed by Apple. iOS , Software that runs on the iPhone 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Ipod iPod is a line of portable media players created by and marketed by Apple Inc. The product line-up consists of the hard drive-based iPod classic , the touchscreen iPod touch , the compact iPod nano and the ultra-compact iPod shuffle . iPod classic models store media on an internal hard drive , while all other models use flash memory to enable their smaller size (the discontinued mini used a Microdrive miniature hard drive). As with many other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices . Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod shuffle to 160 GB for the iPod classic. The iPod line was announced by Apple on October 23, 2001, and released on November 10, 2001. All of the models have been redesigned multiple times since their introduction. The most recent iPod redesigns were introduced on September 1, 2010. Apple's iTunes software can be used to transfer music to the devices from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems. [ 2 ] For users who choose not to use iTunes or whose computers cannot run iTunes, several open source alternatives are available for the iPod. [ 3 ] iTunes and its alternatives may also transfer photos, videos, games , contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars to iPod models supporting those features. Discontinued models of the line include the iPod mini and the iPod photo , the former being replaced by the iPod nano , and the latter reintegrated into the main iPod line (now the iPod classic). In iOS versions prior to iOS 5, the iPod branding is also used for the media player applications included with the iPhone and iPad ; the iPhone version is essentially a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named 'Music' and 'Video' are standardized across all iOS-powered products. [ 4 ] While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media-player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. In the last few years, iPhone and iPad sales have overtaken those of the iPod. 1 History and design 2.1 User interface 2.3 File storage and transfer 3.3 Audio performance 5 Timeline of iPod models 6 Patent disputes 8 Industry impact 9.1 Battery problems 9.2 Reliability and durability 9.3 Allegations of worker exploitation 12 External links Various iPod models, all of which have been discontinued or updated. The iPod line came from Apple's "digital hub" category, [ 5 ] when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user interfaces that were "unbelievably awful," [ 5 ] so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs , Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey , [ 6 ] and design engineer Jonathan Ive . [ 5 ] Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. [ 7 ] The product was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put "1,000 songs in your pocket." [ 8 ] Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer 's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. [ 5 ] Apple contracted another company, Pixo , to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. [ 5 ] As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod mini , the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans . Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans —a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad . iPods with color displays then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock . In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod classic and third-generation iPod nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item). In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a "plastic music box" in 1981, which he called the IXI. [ 9 ] He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$ 120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea. [ 9 ] See also: Timeline of Apple Inc. products The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Open the pod bay door, Hal !", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. [ 5 ] Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an "iPod" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks . The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005. [ 10 ] The earliest recorded use in commerce of an "iPod" trademark was in 1991 by Chrysalis Corp. of Sturgis, Michigan, styled "iPOD". [ 11 ] The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC / M4A , Protected AAC , AIFF , WAV , Audible audiobook , and Apple Lossless . The iPod photo introduced the ability to display JPEG , BMP , GIF , TIFF , and PNG image file formats. Fifth and sixth generation iPod classics, as well as third generation iPod nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 ( H.264/MPEG-4 AVC ) and QuickTime video formats , with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data-rates. [ 12 ] Originally, iPod software only worked with Mac OS ; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second generation model. [ 13 ] Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support Microsoft 's WMA audio format—but a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the "Advanced" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC , are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox ). During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer, an iPod's library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer's library. The signature iPod click wheel . iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod shuffle , the 6th generation iPod nano , and iPod touch ) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface . The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation iPod shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod touch has no click-wheel; instead it uses a 3.5" touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod touch is identical to that of the iPhone . Differences include a lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS . Main articles: iTunes and iTunes Store The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch [ 14 ] and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. [ 15 ] At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called "iTunes Plus." While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On 17 October 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009. iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft 's protected WMA or RealNetworks ' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music . RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself [ 16 ] by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales. [ 17 ] However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street . Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Music Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity. [ 18 ] Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled "The Beat Goes On..." This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of a iPhone, the telephone network . Main articles: iPod game and App Store (iOS) Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak ) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute , Solitaire , and Music Quiz . In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later. Those games were: Bejeweled , Cubis 2 , Mahjong , Mini Golf , Pac-Man , Tetris , Texas Hold 'Em , Vortex , Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and Zuma . Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod nano. With third parties like Namco , Square Enix , Electronic Arts , Sega , and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late. [ 19 ] The games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise [ citation needed ] . When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games . Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. [ 20 ] Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games. All iPods except for the iPod touch can function in "disk mode" as mass storage devices to store data files [ 21 ] but this may not be the default behavior, and in the case of the iPod touch, requires special software. [ citation needed ] If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS X computer, it uses the HFS+ file system format, which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a Mac computer. [ 22 ] If it is formatted on Windows, the FAT32 format is used. With the release of the Windows-compatible iPod, the default file system used on the iPod line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be reformatted to either file system (excluding the iPod shuffle which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (excluding the iPod shuffle) is initially plugged into a computer running Windows, it will be formatted with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS X it will be formatted with HFS+. [ 23 ] Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms. iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it. Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod. Chipsets and Electronics Chipset or Electronic iPod classic first to third generations Two ARM 7TDMI-derived CPUs running at 90 MHz iPod fourth and fifth generations, iPod mini, iPod nano first generation Variable-speed ARM 7TDMI CPUs, running at a peak of 80 MHz to save battery life iPod nano second generation Samsung System-on-a-chip , based around an ARM processor . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] iPod shuffle first generation SigmaTel STMP3550 chip that handles both the music decoding and the audio circuitry. [ 26 ] iPod touch first and second generation ARM 1176JZ(F)-S at 412mhz for first gen, 533mhz for second gen. iPod touch third and fourth generation ARM Cortex A8 at 600mhz for third gen, 800mhz for fourth gen. All iPods (except the iPod shuffle, 6G classic and 2G touch) [ 27 ] Audio Codecs developed by Wolfson Microelectronics Sixth-generation iPod classic Cirrus Logic Audio Codec Chip 45.7 mm (1.8 in) hard drives ( ATA-6 , 4200 rpm with proprietary connectors) made by Toshiba 25.4 mm (1 in) Microdrive by Hitachi and Seagate Flash Memory from Samsung , Toshiba , and others iPod shuffle and touch iPod first and second generation, shuffle Internal Lithium Polymer Batteries iPod third generation onward, iPod mini, iPod nano, iPod touch, fourth generation iPod shuffle (including maybe earlier) Internal Lithium-Ion Batteries 1.54-inch (diagonal) Multi-Touch , 240-by-240 resolution at 220 pixels per inch [ 28 ] 2.5-inch (diagonal) color LCD with LED backlight , 320-by-240 resolution at 163 pixels per inch [ 29 ] 3.5-inch (diagonal) widescreen Multi-Touch , 960-by-640 resolution at 326 pixels per inch [ 30 ] See also: iPod dock connector Four iPod wall chargers for North America , all made by Apple. These have FireWire (left) and USB (right three) connectors, which allow iPods to charge without a computer. The units have been miniaturized over time. Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery . The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector , allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod nano and the fifth-generation iPod classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod touch and the fourth-generation iPod nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm jack which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock. The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin . Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple. [ 31 ] The "Made for iPod" logo found on most classic iPod accessories Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi , are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. [ 32 ] Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology , Belkin , JBL , Bose , Monster Cable , and SendStation . Two designs of iPod earphones . The current version is shown on the right. BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, [ 33 ] allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz , [ 34 ] Volvo , [ 35 ] Nissan , Toyota , [ 36 ] Alfa Romeo , Ferrari , [ 37 ] Acura , Audi , Honda , [ 38 ] Renault , Infiniti [ 39 ] and Volkswagen . [ 40 ] Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars. Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC , Pioneer , Kenwood , Alpine , Sony , and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip —although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard. [ 41 ] Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United , Continental , Delta , and Emirates , reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. [ 42 ] Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems. [ 43 ] The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low- impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter , which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. [ 46 ] The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier . The first-generation iPod shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage , [ 44 ] rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load. For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings could "distort the [bass] sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs". [ 47 ] This would happen for EQ settings like R B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion ( clipping ) on bass instruments. From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. [ 48 ] Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit. [ 49 ] Main article: List of iPod models While the suffix "classic" was not introduced until the sixth generation, it has been applied here retroactively to all generic iPods for clarity. Original release date Rated battery life (hours) First model, with mechanical scroll wheel. 10 GB model released later. Touch-sensitive wheel. FireWire port had a cover. Hold switch revised. Windows compatibility through Musicmatch . 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 GB FireWire ( USB for syncing only) First complete redesign with all-touch interface, dock connector, and slimmer case. Musicmatch support dropped with later release of iTunes 4.1 for Windows. Adopted Click Wheel from iPod Mini, hold switch redesigned. Premium spin-off of 4G iPod with color screen and picture viewing. Later re-integrated into main iPod line. USB (FireWire for charging only) Second full redesign with a slimmer case, and larger screen with video playback. Offered in black or white. Hardware and firmware updated with 60 GB model replaced with 80 GB model on 12 September 2006. USB (FireWire for charging only) Introduced the "Classic" suffix. New interface and anodized aluminum front plate. Silver replaces white. In September 2008 the hardware and firmware was updated with a 120 GB model replacing the 80 GB model and the 160 GB model was discontinued. In September 2009, the 120GB model was replaced with a 160GB model. New smaller model, available in 5 colors. Introduced the "Click Wheel". Brighter color variants with longer battery life. Click Wheel lettering matched body color. Gold color discontinued. Later replaced by iPod Nano. USB (FireWire for charging only) Replaced Mini . Available in black or white and used flash memory. Color screen for picture viewing. 1 GB version released later. USB (FireWire for charging only) Anodized aluminum casing and 6 colors available. USB (FireWire for charging only) 2" QVGA screen, colors refreshed with chrome back, new interface, video capability, smaller Click Wheel. Revert to tall form and all-aluminum enclosure with 9 color choices, added accelerometer for shake and horizontal viewing. 4 GB model limited release in select markets. First iPod to include a video camera; also included a larger screen, an FM radio, a speaker, a pedometer, and a polished exterior case while retaining the similar colors as the fourth generation model. First iPod nano to include multi-touch screen; clip from iPod shuffle added. Video playback, speakers and camera removed. (no adaptor required) New entry-level model. Uses flash memory and has no screen. Smaller clip design with anodized aluminum casing. 4 color options added later. Colors were later refreshed twice. Smaller design with controls relocated to right earbud cable. Introduced with two colors, and features VoiceOver. More colors and 2GB model added in September 2009. Controls returned to the body of the iPod. Introduced with five colors, and features VoiceOver. USB (FireWire for charging only) [ 50 ] First iPod with Wi-Fi and a Multi-Touch interface. Features Safari browser and wireless access to the iTunes Store and YouTube . 32 GB model later added. iOS 2.0 and App Store access requires an upgrade fee. New tapered chrome back with Nike+ functionality, volume buttons, and built-in speaker added. iOS 2.0 and App Store access standard. Bluetooth support added but not made active until iOS 3.0, which requires an upgrade fee. Updated to include the upgraded internals from the iPhone 3GS; includes Voice Control support and bundled remote earphones. New thinner design including two cameras for FaceTime and HD video recording, hold button moved to top right corner, Retina display similar to iPhone 4, Apple A4 chip. White-colored version added on 4 October 2011. Sources: Apple Inc. [ 51 ] , Mactracker [ 52 ] Timeline of iPod models See also: Timeline of full-sized iPod models and Timeline of compact iPod models Sources: Apple press release library, [ 53 ] Mactracker Apple Inc. model database [ 52 ] In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: [ 54 ] Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a "music jukebox", [ 55 ] while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent [ 56 ] issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony , RealNetworks, Napster , and Musicmatch as defendants. [ 57 ] Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on "rotational user inputs", [ 58 ] as used on the iPod interface, received a third "non-final rejection" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology , one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent [ 59 ] on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on August 9, 2005. [ 60 ] On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States. [ 61 ] On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program. [ 62 ] iPod quarterly sales. Click for table of data and sources. Note that Q1 is October through December of previous year, the holiday season. See also: iPod advertising Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. [ 63 ] During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including Wal-Mart —and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple. [ 64 ] In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod sales. [ not in citation given ] [ 65 ] On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. [ 66 ] Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers. [ 67 ] On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt. [ 68 ] On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales. [ 69 ] On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. [ 70 ] At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. [ 71 ] As of October 2011 [update] , Apple reported that total number of iPods sold worldwide was 300 million. [ 72 ] iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence, [ 73 ] to most innovative audio product, [ 74 ] to fourth best computer product of 2006. [ 75 ] iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has "altered the landscape for portable audio players". [ 74 ] Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, [ 76 ] and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia , which play AAC files rather than WMA. Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff. [ 77 ] iPods have also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website, [ 78 ] including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education [ 79 ] and more general K-16 education. [ 80 ] Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications. [ 81 ] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Yes, children, there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. Weird." [ 82 ] The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. [ 83 ] In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. [ 84 ] The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement. [ 85 ] iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use [ 86 ] (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span ) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits. Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before [ 87 ] a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers . [ 88 ] The initial cost was US$99, [ 89 ] and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. [ 90 ] For the iPod nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] The first generation iPod nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. [ 93 ] Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge. iPods have been criticized for alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that "the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. [ 94 ] In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] A class action lawsuit was also filed. [ 97 ] Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves. On June 11, 2006, the British tabloid The Mail on Sunday reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts. [ 98 ] Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time. [ 99 ] Foxconn , Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, [ 100 ] but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verité, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions , [ 101 ] the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] In 2010, a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China. Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] As of 2006, the iPod was produced by about 14,000 workers in the U.S. and 27,000 overseas. Further, the salaries attributed to this product were overwhelmingly distributed to highly skilled U.S. professionals, as opposed to lower skilled U.S. retail employees or overseas manufacturing labor. One interpretation of this result is that U.S. innovation can create more jobs overseas than domestically. [ 106 ] Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. Comparison of portable media players Comparison of iPod managers ^ "Apple, HP, Dell Looking Into Foxconn’s Working Conditions In China – ChinaTechNews.com – The Technology Source for the Latest Chinese News on Internet, Computers, Digital, Science, Electronics, Law, Security, Software, Web 2.0, Telecom, and Wireless Industries" . 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Retrieved 2010 5 27. ^ Wal-Mart backs down and allows Chinese workers to join union , August 11, 2006, Jonathan Watts, The Guardian ^ Suicides Spark Inquiries Apple, H-P to Examine Asian Supplier After String of Deaths at Factory , Jason Dean, Ting-i Tsai, May 27, 2010, accessed May 27, 2010 ^ The Foxconn Suicides , May 28, 2010, wsj.com, WSJ opinion, accessed May 27, 2010 ^ "Reuters-Freeland-Winners and Losers in the Apple Economy-July 2011" . Blogs.reuters.com. July 1, 2011 . http://blogs.reuters.com/chrystia-freeland/2011/07/01/winners-and-losers-in-the-apple-economy/ . Retrieved 2011-08-15 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to: iPod Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: iPod Apple iPod —Official website iPod troubleshooting basics and service FAQ —From the official website Apple's 21st century Walkman —Brent Schlender, Fortune , November 12, 2001 iPod Nation — Steven Levy , Newsweek , July 26, 2004 The Perfect Thing — Steven Levy , Wired , November 2006 Comparison of iPod managers Italics indicate discontinued products . See also: iOS-based products . Safari ( versions ) Notification Center iOS ( version history ) Apple hardware since 1998 Professional computers Apple Workgroup Server Consumer electronics Apple hardware before 1998 . Comparison of Macintosh models List of discontinued products Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman) Discontinued products Thunderbolt Display Stores and services Spruce Technologies Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPod oldid=508981732 " Categories : IPod 2001 introductions Portable media players Industrial designs IOS software ITunes Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2011 Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from July 2011 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia protected pages without expiry Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Featured content Donate to Wikipedia Community portal Contact Wikipedia Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Български Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული മലയാളം ‪norsk (bokmål)‬ ‪norsk (nynorsk)‬ Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски తెలుగు Українська This page was last modified on 24 August 2012 at 19:59. 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IPod_shuffle;IPod_nano;IPod_classic;IPod_touch;Apple_Inc.;Foxconn;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Portable_Media_Player;Central_processing_unit;Samsung;ARM_architecture;ITunes_Music_Store;ICloud;IBooks;MobileMe;Game_Center;Portable_media_player;Apple_Inc.;IPod_classic;IPod_touch;IPod_nano;IPod_shuffle;Multimedia;Hard_drive;Flash_memory;IPod_mini;Microdrive;USB_mass_storage_device_class;ITunes;Macintosh;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;IPod_game;IPod_mini;IPod_photo;IPod_nano;IPhone;IPad;Steve_Jobs;Jon_Rubinstein;Tony_Fadell;Michael_Dhuey;Jonathan_Ive;PortalPlayer;ARM_architecture;Bluetooth;Pixo;IPod_mini;Espy_Sans;Podium_Sans;Mac_OS_X;Combination_lock;IPod_classic;IPod_nano;Helvetica;Patent_holding_company;Kane_Kramer;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;EVA_Pod;Discovery_One;New_Jersey;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Internet_kiosk;Audio_file_format;Advanced_Audio_Coding;FairPlay;AIFF;WAV;Audible.com;Audiobook;Apple_Lossless;JPEG;Windows_bitmap;Graphics_Interchange_Format;TIFF;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime;Container_format;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Windows_Media_Audio;Digital_Rights_Management;Microsoft_Windows;MIDI;Ogg_Vorbis;FLAC;Rockbox;IPod_click_wheel;IPod_shuffle;IPod_nano;IPod_touch;IPod_click_wheel;User_interface;IPod_shuffle;IPod_touch;IPhone;IOS;ITunes;ITunes_Store;FairPlay;EMI;Microsoft;Windows_Media_DRM;RealNetworks;Napster;MSN_Music;EMusic;Amie_Street;Universal_Music_Group;WiFi;Telephone_network;IPod_game;Steve_Wozniak;Firmware;Solitaire;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;Bejeweled;Mahjong_solitaire;Mini_Golf;Tetris;Namco;Square_Enix;Electronic_Arts;Sega;Hudson_Soft;GamePro;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;.ipg;.zip;Software_development_kit;IPhone_SDK;IOS;USB_mass_storage_device_class;HFS_Plus;Boot_disk;File_management_application;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;Hidden_files;ARM_architecture;Central_processing_unit;ARM_architecture;Samsung;ARM_architecture;SigmaTel;Codec;Wolfson_Microelectronics;Cirrus_Logic;Toshiba;Microdrive;Seagate_Technology;Flash_Memory;Samsung;Toshiba;Flash_Memory;Lithium_Polymer;Pixels_per_inch;LCD;Backlight;Quarter_VGA;Pixels_per_inch;Widescreen;Pixels_per_inch;NEMA_connector;Miniaturization;FireWire;Dock_connector;USB;TRS_connector;Belkin;Griffin_Technology;Griffin_Technology;Belkin;JBL;Bose_Corporation;Monster_Cable;SendStation_Systems;IPod_earphones;BMW;Volvo_Cars;Nissan;Toyota;Alfa_Romeo;Ferrari;Acura;Audi;Honda;Renault;Infiniti;Volkswagen;JVC;Pioneer_Corporation;Kenwood_Electronics;Alpine_Electronics;Sony;Harman_Kardon;ITrip;United_Airlines;Continental_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;Emirates_Airline;KLM;Air_France;Capacitor;Electrical_impedance;Headphone_amplifier;Bridge_tied_load;Equalization;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;Touchpad;Musicmatch_Jukebox;USB;IPod_Photo;USB;Windows_XP;IPod_Mini;IPod_Nano;IPod_Mini;Windows_XP;QVGA;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;IPod_Shuffle;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;IPod_Touch;Windows_XP;ITunes_Store;YouTube;IOS;Windows_XP;IOS;Windows_XP;Voice_Control;Windows_XP;FaceTime;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Patent_infringement;Intellectual_property;Sony;Napster;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Creative_Technology;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California;United_States_International_Trade_Commission;IPod_advertising;Sony_Ericsson;Nokia;Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary;Western_Infirmary;Entertainment_Weekly;Neistat_Brothers;Soldering;The_Mail_on_Sunday;Foxconn;Shenzhen;Suicide;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IPhone;Boy_Genius_Report;Wired_News;Daily_Mail;FFmpeg;Apple_Inc.;BBC_News;Macworld_UK;Popular_Mechanics;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Honda;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;PC_Magazine;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Creative_Technology;BBC_News;MacWorld;Mac_Publishing;Apple_Inc.;AppleInsider;Apple_rumors_community;Apple_Inc.;BBC_News;BBC_News;PubMed_Identifier;BBC_News;MacMinute;MacMinute;Ars_Technica;Macworld;The_Register;CNET;Macworld_UK;ITUC;Steven_Levy;Newsweek;Steven_Levy;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wh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Iprindole International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Europe;Anxiety;United_Kingdom;Antipsychotic;Inverse_agonist;Imipramine;Sedation;Trimipramine;Enzyme;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Iprindole;Iprindole; Irish_Singles_Chart The Irish Singles Chart ( Irish : Cairt Singil na hÉireann ) is Ireland 's music industry standard singles popularity chart issued weekly by the Irish Recorded Music Association and compiled on behalf of the IRMA by Chart-Track . Chart rankings are based on sales, which are compiled through over-the-counter retail data captured electronically each day from retailers' EPOS systems. Currently all major record stores and over forty independents submit data for the charts, accounting for over 80% of the market, according to Chart-Track. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by the Irish Recorded Music Association on Friday at noon. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the previous Thursday (i.e. the day before issue). The singles chart was first published on 1 October 1962, and covered the top ten singles of the previous week by record label shipments. Republic_of_Ireland;ITunes;The_Beatles;Britney_Spears;Irish_Singles_Chart;Irish_Singles_Chart; Iriver iriver (formerly iRiver ) is a consumer electronics company headquartered in South Korea and widely known for its digital audio players and other portable media devices. The company is a brand and marketing division of Iriver.inc (formerly ReignCom ), a South Korean electronics and entertainment company founded in 1999 by seven former Samsung executives. [ 1 ] South Korean private equity firm Vogo Fund has held a major stake in iriver since 2007, working to improve the company's prospects as its mp3 player business has dwindled. [ 2 ] Samsung;Samsung_Electronics;CD;Best_Buy;IPod;Apple_Computer;Windows_Media_Audio;Ogg_Vorbis;Macromedia_Flash;Beep_Media_Player;Napster;Digital_Rights_Management;Xvid;Ogg;Gigabyte;IPod_mini;Touchscreen;Megabyte;Megabyte;LCD;Megapixel;Digital_camera;USB_mass_storage_device_class;MicroSD;IRiver_Story;Digital_audio_player;Rockbox;Iriver;Iriver; Isoenzyme Isozymes (also known as isoenzymes or more generally as Multiple forms of enzymes ) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. These enzymes usually display different kinetic parameters (e.g. different K M values), or different regulatory properties. The existence of isozymes permits the fine-tuning of metabolism to meet the particular needs of a given tissue or developmental stage (for example lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)). In biochemistry , isozymes (or isoenzymes) are isoforms (closely related variants) of enzymes. In many cases, they are coded for by homologous genes that have diverged over time. Although, strictly speaking, allozymes represent enzymes from different alleles of the same gene , and isozymes represent enzymes from different genes that process or catalyse the same reaction, the two words are usually used interchangeably. Enzyme;Liver; Isopromethazine Isopromethazine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the phenothiazine chemical class . It is structurally analogous to promethazine . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Phenothiazine;Chemical_class;Promethazine;Promethazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Isopromethazine;Isopromethazine; Isothipendyl International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Promethazine;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Mepyramine;Thenalidine;Tripelennamine;Chloropyramine;Promethazine;Tolpropamine;Dimetindene;Clemastine;Bamipine;Diphenhydramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Isothipendyl;Isothipendyl; Italian_language European_Union;Italy;Switzerland;Slovenia;Italy;Switzerland;Malta;Slovenia;France;Australia;European_Union;Switzerland;France;French_language;Spanish_language;European_Union;European_Union;Italy;Switzerland;Slovenia;Malta;France;Albania;Slovenia;Malta;Greece;Ukraine;Cyprus;Slovenia;Greece;Albania;Malta;France;Ukraine;Argentina;United_States;France;Canada;Germany;Switzerland;Venezuela;Australia;Belgium;United_Kingdom;Spain;Brazil;Colombia;Italy;Switzerland;Malta;France;Albania;France;Germany;Belgium;Switzerland;Luxembourg;Argentina;Venezuela;United_States;New_Jersey;Canada;United_States;English_language;European_Union;Malta;Slovenia;Austria;Romania;France;Greece;Albania;Brazil;Mexico;Argentina;French_language;German_language;German_language;Spanish_language;French_language;Spanish_language;French_language;Spanish_language;French_language;Spanish_language;French_language;French_language;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;French_language;Spanish_language;English_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Wikisource;European_Union;English_language;French_language;German_language;Spanish_language;French_language;Canadian_French;Spanish_language;Swiss_Italian;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Spanish_language;Italian_language;Italian_language; Italy – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 41°54′N 12°29′E  /  41.9°N 12.483°E  / 41.9; 12.483 Official language(s) Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic Senate of the Republic Chamber of Deputies 301,338 km 2 ( 71st ) 60,813,326 [ 2 ] ( 23rd ) 2011 (preliminary results) census 201.8/km 2 ( 61st ) $1.847 trillion [ 4 ] ( 10th ) $30,464 [ 4 ] ( 30th ) $2.198 trillion [ 4 ] ( 8th ) $36,267 [ 4 ] ( 24th ) Euro ( € ) 2 ( EUR ) French is co-official in the Aosta Valley ; Slovene is co-official in the province of Trieste and the province of Gorizia ; German and Ladin are co-official in the province of South Tyrol . Before 2002, the Italian Lira . The euro is accepted in Campione d'Italia , but the official currency there is the Swiss Franc . [ 7 ] The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. To call Campione d'Italia , it is necessary to use the Swiss code +41. Italy i / ˈ ɪ t ə l i / ( Italian : Italia [iˈtaːlja] ), officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica italiana [ note 1 ] ), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north, it borders France , Switzerland , Austria , and Slovenia along the Alps . To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula , Sicily , Sardinia –the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea –and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km 2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . With 60.8 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe , and the 23rd most populous in the world. Rome, the capital of Italy, has for centuries been a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See . After the decline of the Roman Empire , Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths , to the Byzantines and later, the Normans , among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance . Through much of its post-Roman history, Italy was fragmented into numerous city and regional states (such as the Republic of Venice and the Church State ), but was unified in 1861. [ 8 ] In the late 19th century, through World War I, and to World War II, Italy possessed a colonial empire . [ 9 ] Modern Italy is a democratic republic. It has been ranked as the world's 24th most-developed country [ 6 ] and its Quality-of-life Index has been ranked in the world's top ten in 2005. [ 10 ] Italy enjoys a very high standard of living , and has a high GDP per capita . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] It is a founding member of what is now the European Union and part of the Eurozone . Italy is also a member of the G8 , G20 and NATO . It has the world's third-largest gold reserves , eighth-largest nominal GDP , tenth highest GDP (PPP) [ 13 ] and the sixth highest government budget in the world. [ 14 ] It is also a member state of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , the World Trade Organization , the Council of Europe , the Western European Union and the United Nations. Italy has the world's ninth-largest defence budget and shares NATO's nuclear weapons . Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The country has a high public education level and is a highly globalised nation. [ 17 ] Europe;European_Union;European_Union;Italian_language;Italian_language;France;Switzerland;Austria;Slovenia;European_Union;Eurozone;Albania;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;Barack_Obama;European_Union;Eurozone;Eurozone;Greece;Romania;Ukraine;Poland;Philippines;Ecuador;Computer_science;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Forbes;Financial_Times;Italian_language;Experimental_music;Electronic_music;Jazz;Electronic_music;Electronic_dance_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Albania;Cyprus;France;Gibraltar;Greece;Malta;Slovenia;Spain;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;Canada;France;Germany;Japan;United_Kingdom;United_States;European_Union;Argentina;Argentina;Australia;Australia;Brazil;Brazil;Canada;Canada;European_Union;European_Union;France;France;Germany;Germany;Italy;Japan;Japan;Mexico;Mexico;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chile;Costa_Rica;Czech_Republic;El_Salvador;Finland;Hungary;Japan;Lithuania;Mexico;Mongolia;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Sweden;United_States;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Canada;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Kyrgyzstan;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Australia;Japan;Mongolia;Thailand;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Mauritania;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;European_Union;European_Union;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Argentina;Brazil;Cambodia;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Japan;Malaysia;Malta;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Italy;Italy; J._D._Power_and_Associates J.D. Power and Associates is a global marketing information services firm founded in 1968 by James David Power III . The firm conducts surveys of customer satisfaction , product quality, and buyer behavior for industries ranging from cars to marketing and advertising firms. The firm is best known for its customer satisfaction research on new-car quality and long-term dependability. Its service offerings include industry-wide syndicated studies, proprietary research, consulting, training, and automotive forecasting. [ 1 ] It was ISO 9001 certified in 2002. [ 2 ] The company is a business unit of the Information and Media Group of McGraw-Hill , who purchased it from James David Power III in April 2005. The firm is headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] United_States;United_Kingdom;J._D._Power_and_Associates;J._D._Power_and_Associates; JBIG JBIG is a lossless image compression standard from the Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group , standardized as ISO / IEC standard 11544 and as ITU-T recommendation T.82. It is widely implemented in fax machines. Now that the newer bi-level image compression standard JBIG2 has been released, JBIG is also known as JBIG1 . JBIG was designed for compression of binary images, particularly for faxes , but can also be used on other images. In most situations JBIG offers between a 20% and 50% increase in compression efficiency over the Fax Group 4 standard, and in some situations, it offers a 30-fold improvement. JBIG is based on a form of arithmetic coding patented by IBM , known as the Q-coder, but using a minor tweak patented by Mitsubishi , resulting in what became known as the QM-coder. It bases the probabilities of each bit on the previous bits and the previous lines of the picture. In order to allow compressing and decompressing images in scanning order, it does not reference future bits. JBIG also supports progressive transmission with small (around 5%) overheads. Filename_extension;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Lossless_data_compression;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;IBM;Free_software;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;JBIG;JBIG; JBL Loudspeaker;United_States;Loudspeaker;Suicide;Electric_guitar;Chrysler;Nissan;Bose_Corporation;Toyota;United_States;France;France;JBL;JBL; JPEG In computing , JPEG ( / ˈ dʒ eɪ p ɛ ɡ / JAY -peg ) is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital photography (image). The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality. JPEG compression is used in a number of image file formats . JPEG/ Exif is the most common image format used by digital cameras and other photographic image capture devices; along with JPEG/ JFIF , it is the most common format for storing and transmitting photographic images on the World Wide Web . [ citation needed ] These format variations are often not distinguished, and are simply called JPEG. The term "JPEG" is an acronym for the Joint Photographic Experts Group , which created the standard. The MIME media type for JPEG is image/jpeg (defined in RFC 1341 ), except in Internet Explorer , which provides a MIME type of image/pjpeg when uploading JPEG images. [ 1 ] It supports a maximum image size of 65535×65535. [ 2 ] Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Lossy_compression;Lossy_compression;Digital_photography;Exif;Internet_Explorer;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Codec;Exif;Exif;TIFF;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Portable_Network_Graphics;Raw_image_format;Lossy_compression;Image_processing;Lossy_compression;Lossless_JPEG;Internet_Explorer;File_format;Exif;Filename_extension;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Exif;TIFF;DVD_Video;PAL;NTSC;Video_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Lossy_compression;MPEG;Image_compression;Lossless_data_compression;JPEG_XR;Sony;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;JBIG;JPEG_XR;Image_compression;JPEG_XR;Motion_JPEG;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;International_Standard_Book_Number;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;JPEG;JPEG; JPEG_XR JPEG XR [ 3 ] (abbr. for JPEG e x tended r ange [ 4 ] ) is a still-image compression standard and file format for continuous tone photographic images, based on technology originally developed and patented by Microsoft under the name HD Photo (formerly Windows Media Photo ). It supports both lossy and lossless compression , and is the preferred image format for Ecma-388 Open XML Paper Specification documents. Support for the format is available in Adobe Flash Player 11.0, Adobe AIR 3.0, Sumatra PDF 2.1, Windows Imaging Component , .NET Framework 3.0, Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 , Internet Explorer 9 , Internet Explorer 10 and a number of other products. Filename_extension;Microsoft;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Software_release_life_cycle;TIFF;Image_compression;Microsoft;Lossy_compression;Adobe_Flash_Player;.NET_Framework;Windows_Vista;Microsoft;JPEG;Pixel;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Exif;TIFF;Exif;JPEG;Microsoft;Windows_Live_Photo_Gallery;Adobe_Photoshop;GIMP;API;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_Systems;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;Portable_Document_Format;JPEG_XR;JPEG_XR; JPY The Japanese yen ( 円 or 圓 , en ? ) ( sign : ¥ ; code : JPY ) is the official currency of Japan . It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the euro . [ 1 ] It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro and the pound sterling . As is common when counting in East Asia , large quantities of yen are often counted in multiples of 10,000 ( man , 万) in the same way as values in Western countries are often quoted in thousands. Japan;Japan;United_States_dollar;Japanese_language;Chinese_language;Korean_language;English_language;Mexico;Hong_Kong;Spain;United_States_dollar;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Swiss_franc;United_States;United_States_dollar;European_Union;Japan;United_Kingdom;Australia;Switzerland;Swiss_franc;Canada;Canadian_dollar;Hong_Kong;Sweden;Swedish_krona;New_Zealand;Singapore;Norway;Norwegian_krone;Mexico;Economics;United_States_dollar;Swiss_franc;Switzerland;Japan;Asia;Bhutan;United_States_dollar;Singapore;Brunei;United_States_dollar;Cyprus;Japan;Japan;Japanese_language; JVC Victor Company of Japan, Ltd ( 日本ビクター株式会社 , Nippon Bikutā Kabushiki-gaisha ? ) ( TYO : 6792 ), usually referred to as JVC , is a Japanese international consumer and professional electronics corporation based in Yokohama , Japan. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions , and developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. Television;Cathode_ray_tube;Sony;United_Kingdom;Compact_disc;Personal_computer;Floppy_disk;Pioneer_Corporation;Europe;Hard_drive;Sega;HMV_Group;HMV_Group;United_States;United_States;Canada;Singapore;Australia;United_Kingdom;Panama;Brazil;Austria;Video;Japan;Alpine_Electronics;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Roland_Corporation;Sony;Toshiba;JVC;JVC; JWChat JWChat is a web-based instant messaging client [ 1 ] for the XMPP protocol. It is free software [ 2 ] and users can run their own instant messaging equivalent of webmail without limitations or software cost, complimenting the XMPP philosophy of a distributed network. JWChat is interpreted purely by the client webbrowser. The program itself is static content . Although it can connect with traditional instant messengers such as AOL Instant Messenger and ICQ , [ 3 ] it runs solely in a browser and does not require downloading or installation of additional software. [ 4 ] Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;JavaScript;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Instant_messaging;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Free_software;Instant_messaging;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;Proxy_server;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Software;JWChat;JWChat; Jaguar The jaguar ( / ˈ dʒ æ ɡ w ɑr / or UK / ˈ dʒ æ ɡ juː . ər / ; Panthera onca ) is a big cat , a feline in the Panthera genus , and is the only Panthera species found in the Americas. The jaguar is the third-largest feline after the tiger and the lion , and the largest in the Western Hemisphere . The jaguar's present range extends from Southern United States and Mexico across much of Central America and south to Paraguay and northern Argentina . Apart from a known and possibly breeding population in Arizona (southeast of Tucson ), the cat has largely been extirpated from the United States since the early 20th century. This spotted cat most closely resembles the leopard physically, although it is usually larger and of sturdier build and its behavioural and habitat characteristics are closer to those of the tiger. While dense rainforest is its preferred habitat, the jaguar will range across a variety of forested and open terrains. It is strongly associated with the presence of water and is notable, along with the tiger, as a feline that enjoys swimming. The jaguar is largely a solitary , opportunistic, stalk-and-ambush predator at the top of the food chain (an apex predator ). It is a keystone species , playing an important role in stabilizing ecosystems and regulating the populations of the animals it hunts. The jaguar has an exceptionally powerful bite, even relative to the other big cats. [ 3 ] This allows it to pierce the shells of armoured reptiles [ 4 ] and to employ an unusual killing method: it bites directly through the skull of prey between the ears to deliver a fatal bite to the brain. [ 5 ] The jaguar is a near threatened species and its numbers are declining. Threats include loss and fragmentation of habitat. While international trade in jaguars or their parts is prohibited, the cat is still frequently killed by humans, particularly in conflicts with ranchers and farmers in South America. Although reduced, its range remains large; given its historical distribution, the jaguar has featured prominently in the mythology of numerous indigenous American cultures , including that of the Maya and Aztec . British_English;Mexico;Paraguay;Argentina;Colombia;Venezuela;Peru;El_Salvador;Colombia;Guatemala;Paraguay;Argentina;Brazil;Argentina;Bolivia;Colombia;Ecuador;Mexico;Panama;Peru;United_States;Venezuela;Global_Positioning_System;National_Football_League;Argentina;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Brazil;Jaguar;Jaguar; Jahshaka Jahshaka (formerly known as CineFX) aims to become a cross-platform , open source , free, video editing software , effects, and compositing suite. It is currently in alpha stage , supporting realtime effects rendering, but lacking useful implementations of many features such as the non-linear editing system. It is written using Qt , but its user interface is written using an OpenGL library to create GUIs . Since it uses OpenGL and OpenML , it could be ported to many different platforms that have the necessary computing power. Jahshaka is released under the GNU General Public License . The project has come under criticism as the latest update, being in October 2006, has been abandoned by developers due to inefficient code and excessive glitches. After the version 2 abandonment, developers have been promising a newly coded, reliable version 3. [ 1 ] The developers had been updating OpenLibraries, pushing the development of version 3 further in an unannounced time table. [ 2 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_video;Software_license;Open_source;Video_editing_software;User_interface;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;Jahshaka;Jahshaka; JailbreakMe Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;IOS;Computing_platform;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Software_license;Freeware;IOS_jailbreaking;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Mobile_operating_system;Web_browser;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPad;Cydia;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Apple_Store;Best_Buy;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IOS;IOS;IPod_Touch;IPad;JailbreakMe;JailbreakMe; Jailbreaking_for_iOS iOS jailbreaking is the process of removing the limitations imposed by Apple on devices running the iOS operating system through the use of hardware/software exploits — such devices include the iPhone , iPod touch , iPad , and second generation Apple TV . Jailbreaking allows iOS users to gain root access to the operating system, allowing them to download additional applications, extensions, and themes that are unavailable through the official Apple App Store . Jailbreaking is a form of privilege escalation , and the term has been applied to privilege escalation on other computer systems as well. The name refers to breaking the device out of its "jail", [ 1 ] which is a technical term used in Unix -style systems, for example in the term " FreeBSD jail ". A jailbroken iPhone , iPod touch , or iPad running iOS can still use the App Store, iTunes , and other normal functions, such as making telephone calls. Unlike rooting an Android device, jailbreaking is necessary if the user intends to run software not authorized by Apple. Under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act , jailbreaking iPhones is legal in the United States, although Apple has announced that the practice "can violate the warranty". [ 2 ] Apple_Inc.;IOS;Operating_system;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;Apple_TV;Privilege_escalation;Unix;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;ITunes;Cydia;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;SIM_lock;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Australia;Netherlands;JailbreakMe;PDF;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;United_States_Copyright_Office;Apple_Inc.;JailbreakMe;PwnageTool;IPhone_Dev_Team;PwnageTool;Cydia;Boot_ROM;JailbreakMe;Portable_Document_Format;IOS;IPhone_Dev_Team;PwnageTool;IPad;JailbreakMe;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;JailbreakMe;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_TV;IPod_Touch;IPad;IPhone_Dev_Team;IPod_Touch;IPad;IOS_version_history;Mobile_security;ABC_Online;Associated_Press;United_States_Copyright_Office;Engadget;Engadget;Engadget;IOS_jailbreaking;IOS_jailbreaking; Jam_session A jam session is a musical act where musicians play (i.e. "jam") by improvising without extensive preparation or predefined arrangements. Jam sessions are often used by musicians to develop new material, find suitable arrangements, or simply as a social gathering and communal practice session. Jam sessions may be based upon existing songs or forms, may be loosely based on an agreed chord progression or chart suggested by one participant, or may be wholly improvisational. Jam sessions can range from very loose gatherings of amateurs to sophisticated improvised recording sessions intended to be edited and released to the public. Led_Zeppelin;Rock_music;Ringo_Starr;George_Harrison;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Session_musician;Jazz;Double_bass;Jam_session;Jam_session; Jamendo Jamendo is a music website and a community of music authors. It bills itself as "the world's #1 platform for free and legal music downloads under Creative Commons licenses." [ 3 ] All music on Jamendo is free to download and licensed through one of several Creative Commons licenses or the Free Art License , making it legal to copy and share, as well as to modify and make commercial use of for some, depending on the license. [ citation needed ] Jamendo allows streaming of all of its thousands of albums in either Ogg Vorbis or MP3 format, direct download links, and downloads through BitTorrent . The name is derived from a fusion of two musical terms: " jam session " and " crescendo ". [ 3 ] Operating_system;Audio_file_format;Ogg_Vorbis;Album;Streaming_media;Website;Ogg_Vorbis;Jam_session;Ogg_Vorbis;Internet_radio;Luxembourg;French_language;English_language;German_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Ogg_Vorbis;YouTube;Rhythmbox;VLC_media_player;Magnatune;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Jamendo;Jamendo; James_R._Spencer James Randolph Spencer was born in Florence, South Carolina in 1949. He attended Clark College in Atlanta, Georgia, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in 1971. He later attended Harvard Law School , where he received his Juris Doctor in 1974. After Harvard, he was commissioned as a Captain in the United States Army JAG Corps . He served in that capacity from 1975 until 1978. After being Honorably Discharged from the active duty, he took a job as an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia, serving there from 1978 until 1983. He also was recommissioned in the U.S. Army Reserves, serving as a Military Judge from 1981 until 1986. From 1983 until 1986, he served as an Assistant United States District Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. James R. Spencer was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on September 9, 1986 to the a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia , Richmond Division. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 8, 1986 and received his commission on October 14, 1986. He was the first African American to be nominated to this position in this district. In 1985, Judge Spencer earned a master of divinity degree from Howard University . In 2004 Judge Spencer became Chief Judge of the Eastern District of Virginia. United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia;James_R._Spencer;James_R._Spencer; Japan Japanese_language;Japanese_language;Taiwan;Singapore;Mandarin_Chinese;European_Union;Toyota;Toyota;Honda;Sony;Toshiba;Japanese_language;Video_game_console;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;The_Guardian;Financial_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Reuters;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Project_Gutenberg;Japan;Japanese_language;Mongolia;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Vietnam;United_States;Australia;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;United_States;Canada;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;United_Kingdom;United_States;Barack_Obama;European_Union;European_Union;Argentina;Argentina;Australia;Australia;Brazil;Brazil;Canada;Canada;European_Union;European_Union;France;France;Germany;Germany;Italy;Italy;Japan;Mexico;Mexico;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;Japan;Japan; Japanese_language Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo ? , [nihoŋɡo] ( listen ) ) is a language spoken by over 120 million [ 1 ] people in Japan and in Japanese immigrant communities. It is a member of the Japonic (or Japanese-Ryukyuan) language family, which has a number of proposed relationships with other languages, none of which has gained wide acceptance among historical linguists (see Classification of Japonic ). [ 2 ] Japanese is an agglutinative language and a mora -timed language. It has a relatively small sound inventory, and a lexically significant pitch-accent system. It is distinguished by a complex system of honorifics reflecting the nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned in conversation. Japanese vowels are pure . The Japanese language is written with a combination of three scripts: Chinese characters called kanji ( 漢字 ? ) , and two syllabic (or moraic ) scripts made of modified Chinese characters , hiragana ( ひらがな or 平仮名 ? ) and katakana ( カタカナ or 片仮名 ? ) . The Latin script is also often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising, romanization of Japanese characters, and when entering Japanese text into a computer. Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also commonplace (see Japanese numerals ). Although Japanese is written using Chinese characters, and has historically imported many words of Chinese origin, the two languages are not considered to have a genealogical relationship . Japan;Language;Japan;Internet;Taiwan;Philippines;Brazil;United_States;Peru;Argentina;Australia;Canada;United_States;California;Philippines;Korean_language;Chinese_language;German_language;French_language;English_language;Video_game;The_New_York_Times;Palau;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Japanese_language;Japanese_language; JavaScript JavaScript (sometimes abbreviated JS ) is a prototype-based scripting language that is dynamic , weakly typed and has first-class functions . It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented , [ 5 ] imperative , and functional [ 1 ] [ 6 ] programming styles. JavaScript was formalized in the ECMAScript language standard and is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript , implemented as part of a Web browser in order to give enhanced user interfaces and dynamic websites . This enables programmatic access to computational objects within a host environment. JavaScript's use in applications outside Web pages — for example in PDF documents, site-specific browsers , and desktop widgets — is also significant. Newer and faster JavaScript VMs and frameworks built upon them (notably Node.js ) have also increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-side web applications. JavaScript uses syntax influenced by that of C . JavaScript copies many names and naming conventions from Java , but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are taken from the Self and Scheme programming languages. [ 7 ] Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Type_system;Dynamic_typing;Weak_typing;WebKit;Perl;Filename_extension;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Weak_typing;Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;Web_browser;User_interface;Website;Application_software;Portable_Document_Format;Programming_language;Sun_Microsystems;Microsoft;Internet_Explorer;Trademark;Type_system;Web_browser;HTML;Perl;Recursion;HTML;Source_code;Web_browser;HTML;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Screen_reader;Adobe_Flash;ActiveX;Google_Chrome;Microsoft_Windows;Google_Chrome;Microsoft_Gadgets;Adobe_Acrobat;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Photoshop;AppleScript;Adobe_Flash;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Graphical_user_interface;WebOS;WebKit;SDK;Internet_Explorer;Google_Chrome;CSS;WebKit;Google_Chrome;Digital_object_identifier;Ars_Technica;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Compiler;Programming_language;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;JavaScript;JavaScript; Java_ME Java Platform, Micro Edition , or Java ME , is a Java platform designed for embedded systems ( mobile devices are one kind of such systems). Target devices range from industrial controls to mobile phones (especially feature phones ) and set-top boxes . Java ME was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition ( J2ME ). Java ME was designed by Sun Microsystems , acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010; the platform replaced a similar technology, PersonalJava . Originally developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 68, the different flavors of Java ME have evolved in separate JSRs. Sun provides a reference implementation of the specification, but has tended not to provide free binary implementations of its Java ME runtime environment for mobile devices, rather relying on third parties to provide their own. As of 22 December 2006, the Java ME source code is licensed under the GNU General Public License , and is released under the project name phoneME . As of 2008, all Java ME platforms are currently restricted to JRE 1.3 features and use that version of the class file format (internally known as version 47.0). Should Oracle ever declare a new round of Java ME configuration versions that support the later class file formats and language features, such as those corresponding JRE 1.5 or 1.6 (notably, generics ), it will entail extra work on the part of all platform vendors to update their JREs. Java ME devices implement a profile . The most common of these are the Mobile Information Device Profile aimed at mobile devices, such as cell phones, and the Personal Profile aimed at consumer products and embedded devices like set-top boxes and PDAs. Profiles are subsets of configurations , of which there are currently two: the Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) and the Connected Device Configuration (CDC). [ 1 ] There are more than 2.1 billion Java ME enabled mobile phones and PDAs. [ 2 ] Although it not used on some of today's newest mobile platforms (e.g. iPhone , Windows Phone 7 , BlackBerry 10 , Android ), it continues to be very popular in sub $200 devices such as Nokia's Series 40 . It is also used on new Bada operating system and on Symbian OS along with native software. Also, there is an implementation for Android available for separate download. [ 3 ] ‎ Embedded_system;Mobile_device;Mobile_phone;Sun_Microsystems;Mobile_Information_Device_Profile;IPhone;Mobile_Information_Device_Profile;Graphical_user_interface;Application_programming_interface;Siemens_AG;Nokia;User_interface;Smartphone;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sun_Microsystems;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms; Java_Metadata_Interface Given that metadata is a set of descriptive, structural and administrative data about a group of computer data (for example such as a database schema ), Java Metadata Interface (or JMI ) is a platform-neutral specification that defines the creation, storage, access, lookup and exchange of metadata in the Java programming language . Computer;Sun_Microsystems;Programming_language;Java_Metadata_Interface;Java_Metadata_Interface; Jazz Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in black communities in the Southern United States . It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions. Its African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes , improvisation , polyrhythms , syncopation and the swung note . [ 1 ] From its early development until the present day jazz has also incorporated music from American popular music . [ 2 ] As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz , Latin jazz in various forms, soul jazz , jazz fusion and jazz rock , smooth jazz , jazz-funk , punk jazz , acid jazz , ethno jazz , jazz rap , cyber jazz , Indo jazz , M-Base , nu jazz , urban jazz and other ways of playing the music. In a 1988 interview, trombonist J.J. Johnson said, "Jazz is restless. It won't stay put and it never will". [ 3 ] Blues;Musical_instrument;Piano;Guitar;Double_bass;Reggae;Funk;Blues;Classical_music;Arrangement;Violin;Blues;Blues;United_States;San_Francisco;Violin;Double_bass;Capitol_Records;Gospel_music;Blues;Electronica;Hip_hop_music;Gospel_music;Blues;Piano;World_music;Tempo;Brazil;United_States;Blues;Gospel_music;Gospel_music;Synthesizer;Bulgaria;Funk;Soul_music;Funk;Record_producer;Arrangement;Reggae;Clavinet;World_music;Experimental_music;World_music;Folk_music;Norah_Jones;Electric_guitar;Newsweek;Electronic_music;House_music;Norway;Soul_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;The_Guardian;Open_Directory_Project;Jam_session;Double_bass;Blues;Gospel_music;Country_music;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Jazz;Jazz; Jeff_Goldblum Jeffrey Lynn " Jeff " Goldblum (born October 22, 1952) is an American actor . His career began in the mid-1970s and he has appeared in major box-office successes including The Fly , Jurassic Park and its sequel Jurassic Park: The Lost World , and Independence Day . He starred as Detective Zach Nichols for the eighth and ninth seasons of the USA Network 's crime drama series Law Order: Criminal Intent . United_States;United_States;Apple_Computer;IMac;IBook;Toyota;The_Guardian;United_States;Jeff_Goldblum;Jeff_Goldblum; Jerome_Rota Jérôme Rota (born 1973) is a French software developer born in Saint-Jean-de-Védas , a Montpellier suburb. He also known by the name Gej. [ 1 ] In 1999, while he was working as a graphic designer and a technical director in an advertising agency in France, he made the " DivX ;-) " 3.11 Alpha video codec (the smiley was a part of the name) by hacking the Microsoft MPEG-4v3 codec [ 2 ] (which was actually not MPEG-4 compliant) from Windows Media Tools 4 codecs. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] His hack had the advantage of supporting the AVI formatted files. Initial peer-to-peer rapid spread of the program turned into its introductions to the markets. As a result, a company was established. The new project was first given the name ProjectMayo, and an open-source MPEG-4 codec called OpenDivX was made. [ 1 ] It was later changed into a proprietary , closed-source product and the name was changed to DivX (dropping the smiley from the original MSMPEG-4 hack). Rota joined the company DivX, Inc. (formerly known as DivXNetworks, Inc.), based in San Diego , in 2000. [ 5 ] The company employed up to 300 employees by February 2007. Software_developer;DivX;Video_codec;Microsoft;Audio_Video_Interleave;Open_source_software;Proprietary_software;Smiley;PC_Magazine;Jerome_Rota;Jerome_Rota; JetAudio Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Computing_platform;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Shareware;Commercial_software;Shareware;Microsoft;Multimedia;File_format;Compact_disc;Ripping;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Internet_radio;Transcoding;CNET;Graphical_user_interface;Winamp;FLAC;Ogg_Vorbis;Windows_Media_Video;Musepack;WavPack;Music_visualization;Portable_media_player;Winamp;Flash_Video;Matroska;PAL;NTSC;Comparison_of_video_player_software;List_of_audio_conversion_software;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;JetAudio;JetAudio; Jitsi Jitsi (formerly SIP Communicator ) is a VoIP , videoconferencing , and instant messaging application for Windows , Linux and Mac OS X . It supports several popular instant messaging and telephony protocols. Released under the terms of the LGPL , Jitsi is free and open source software . [ 4 ] Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;File_size;Megabyte;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Voice_over_IP;Instant_messaging;Videoconferencing;Software_license;Voice_over_IP;Videoconferencing;Instant_messaging;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;Windows_Live_Messenger;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;SILK;Speex;Zero_configuration_networking;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;Windows_Live_Messenger;OSCAR_protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;MobileMe;Session_Initiation_Protocol;SIMPLE;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Talk;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Jitsi;Jitsi; John_Browett John J. Browett (born 1963) is a senior vice president of retail at Apple Inc. , taking over from Ron Johnson . He joined the company in January 2012 from electronics retail group Dixons where he served as chief executive from December 2007. He previously had been the chief executive of Tesco.com . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . Browett holds a degree in natural sciences from the University of Cambridge and a MBA from Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania . [ 4 ] . Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;John_Sculley;Steve_Jobs;Tim_Cook;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Jonathan_Ive;Philip_W._Schiller;Scott_Forstall;Bertrand_Serlet;Bob_Mansfield;John_Browett;John_Browett; John_Fogerty Italy;California;United_States;Musician;Songwriter;Record_producer;Guitar;Record_label;Songwriter;Proud_Mary;Proud_Mary;Country_music;Rolling_Stone;Universal_Music_Group;Grammy_Award;Bob_Seger;Kid_Rock;Marshall_Amplification;Country_Music_Television;The_New_York_Times;Proud_Mary;John_Fogerty;John_Fogerty; John_Gruber John Gruber (born 1973) is a writer from the greater Philadelphia , Pennsylvania area of the United States . Gruber received his Bachelor of Science in computer science from Drexel University . He worked for Bare Bones Software from 2000 to 2002 and Joyent from 2005 to 2006. [ 1 ] His main project is Daring Fireball , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] a technology blog that has become his full time job. His side projects include Markdown , a lightweight markup language, and a podcast called The Talk Show that he hosts on the Mule Radio Syndicate network. He previously co-hosted "The Talk Show" with Dan Benjamin on the 5by5 Radio Network. [ 5 ] Blog;Apple_Inc.;United_States;Computer_science;Daring_Fireball;Podcast;John_Gruber;John_Gruber; John_Legend Soul_music;Record_label;Sony_Music_Entertainment;United_States;Grammy_Award;Grammy_Award;California;Jazz;Music_recording_sales_certification;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Soundtrack;Apple_Inc;Steve_Jobs;Barack_Obama;Target_Corporation;Paul_McCartney;Barack_Obama;Barack_Obama;The_Guardian;Entertainment_Weekly;USA_Today;Gannett_Company;Nielsen_Company;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;USA_Today;The_Washington_Post;The_Beatles;Norah_Jones;Grammy_Award;United_States;John_Legend;John_Legend; John_Lennon John Winston Ono Lennon , MBE (9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) was an English musician, singer and songwriter who rose to worldwide fame as a founder member of The Beatles , one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. Together with Paul McCartney , he formed one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century. Born and raised in Liverpool , Lennon became involved as a teenager in the skiffle craze ; his first band, The Quarrymen , evolved into The Beatles in 1960. As the group disintegrated towards the end of the decade, Lennon embarked on a solo career that produced the critically acclaimed albums John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band and Imagine , and iconic songs such as " Give Peace a Chance " and " Imagine ". After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he changed his name to John Ono Lennon. Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to devote time to raising his infant son Sean , but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy . He was murdered three weeks after its release. Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music, writing, drawings, on film, and in interviews. Controversial through his political and peace activism , he moved to New York City in 1971, where his criticism of the Vietnam War resulted in a lengthy attempt by Richard Nixon 's administration to deport him, while some of his songs were adopted as anthems by the anti-war movement . As of 2012 Lennon's solo album sales in the United States exceed 14 million units, and as writer, co-writer or performer, he is responsible for 25 number-one singles on the US Hot 100 chart. In 2002 a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth, and in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all-time. He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987 and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. Rock_music;Pop_music;Record_label;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Paul_McCartney;Rolling_Stone;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;The_Beatles;Apple_Records;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Saturday_Night_Live;Bob_Seger;American_Civil_Liberties_Union;The_Guardian;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;George_Harrison;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Abbey_Road_Studios;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Apple_Records;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;Paul_McCartney;The_Beatles;George_Harrison;Paul_McCartney;Ringo_Starr;John_Lennon;John_Lennon; John_Markoff John Markoff (born October 24, 1949) is a journalist best known for his work at The New York Times , and a book and series of articles about the 1990s pursuit and capture of hacker Kevin Mitnick . California;The_New_York_Times;California;California;United_States;Miramax;International_Standard_Book_Number;California;John_Markoff;John_Markoff; John_N._Little John N. ( Jack ) Little is the president and co-founder of MathWorks and a co-author of early versions of the company's MATLAB product. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and a Trustee of the Massachusetts Technology Leadership Council . He holds a Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1978), and a Master's degree from Stanford University (1980). He is the son of the academic John D. C. Little [ 1 ] . MathWorks;MATLAB;Stanford_University;John_N._Little;John_N._Little; John_Sculley Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;IBM;Macintosh;Brazil;Apple_Lisa;NeXT;PowerBook;Mac_OS;MacLife;Microsoft;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft_Windows;Personal_digital_assistant;PowerPC;Intel;HyperCard;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNBC;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Tim_Cook;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Jonathan_Ive;Philip_W._Schiller;Scott_Forstall;Bertrand_Serlet;Bob_Mansfield;United_States_dollar;John_Sculley;John_Sculley; John_Wilkins John Wilkins FRS (1 January 1614 – 19 November 1672) was an English clergyman , natural philosopher and author, as well as a founder of the Invisible College and one of the founders of the Royal Society , and Bishop of Chester from 1668 until his death. Wilkins is one of the few persons to have headed a college at both the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge . He was a polymath , although not one of the most important scientific innovators of the period. His personal qualities were brought out, and obvious to his contemporaries, in reducing political tension in Interregnum Oxford, in founding the Royal Society on non-partisan lines, and in efforts to reach out to religious nonconformists . He was one of the founders of the new natural theology compatible with the science of the time. [ 1 ] He is particularly known for An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language in which, amongst other things, he proposed a universal language and a decimal system of measure not unlike the modern metric system. An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;The_Baroque_Cycle;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;International_Standard_Book_Number;PDF;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;Project_Gutenberg;John_Wilkins;John_Wilkins; Johnny_Cash John R. "Johnny" Cash (February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003), was an American singer-songwriter, actor, [ 2 ] and author, [ 2 ] who has been called one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. [ 3 ] Although he is primarily remembered as a country music icon, his songs and sound spanned many other genres including rockabilly and rock and roll —especially early in his career—as well as blues , folk , and gospel . This crossover appeal led to Cash being inducted in the Country Music Hall of Fame , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and Gospel Music Hall of Fame . Cash was known for his deep, distinctive bass-baritone voice; [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] for the "boom-chicka-boom" sound of his Tennessee Three backing band; for his rebelliousness, [ 7 ] [ 8 ] coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor; [ 4 ] for providing free concerts inside prison walls; [ 9 ] [ 10 ] and for his dark performance clothing, which earned him the nickname "The Man in Black". [ 11 ] He traditionally started his concerts by saying, "Hello, I'm Johnny Cash." [ 12 ] [ 13 ] and usually following it up with his standard " Folsom Prison Blues ". Much of Cash's music, especially that of his later career, echoed themes of sorrow, moral tribulation and redemption. [ 4 ] [ 14 ] His signature songs include " I Walk the Line ", " Folsom Prison Blues ", " Ring of Fire ", " Get Rhythm " and " Man in Black ". He also recorded humorous numbers, including " One Piece at a Time " and " A Boy Named Sue "; a duet with his future wife, June Carter , called " Jackson "; as well as railroad songs including " Hey, Porter " and " Rock Island Line ". [ 15 ] Late in his career, Cash covered songs by several rock artists, most notably " Hurt " by Nine Inch Nails . United_States;Country_music;Gospel_music;Guitar;Record_label;Country_music;Blues;Folk_music;Gospel_music;Nine_Inch_Nails;Gospel_music;Jam_session;Grammy_Award;CBS;Country_music;Nine_Inch_Nails;Norah_Jones;Box_set;Grammy_Award;Los_Angeles_Times;Blues;Folk_music;Gospel_music;Last.fm;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Country_Music_Television;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Guess_Things_Happen_That_Way;Johnny_Cash;Johnny_Cash; Jokosher Jokosher is a free software , non-linear multi-track digital audio editor , which is released under the GNU GPL . It is being developed in Python , using the GTK+ interface and GStreamer as an audio back-end, initially just for the Linux operating system but now also with support for Windows and Solaris . It was released to the public on July 21, 2006. Version 0.2 was publicly released on November 20, 2006 and it included support for extensions, LADSPA effects, and many bug fixes. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Software_license;Free_software;Digital_audio_editor;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Open_source_software;Podcast;Ogg_Vorbis;FLAC;WAV;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Jokosher;Jokosher; Jon_Briggs Jon Briggs (born January 24, 1965) was educated at Magdalen College School , Oxford. His work spans radio, TV, voice-over, training and conferences. He started in radio in 1981 as tea boy and progressed to the breakfast show with BBC Radio Oxford aged 19. Briggs is the station voice of BBC Radio 2 , From 2000 to 2012 he was known as the voice of the BBC quiz show, The Weakest Link . In 1996, he founded and is the managing director of London based talent agency, The Excellent Voice Company, marketing and representing vocal talents. His journalism spans radio and television, mostly for the BBC although, he was a continuity announcer for Channel 4 for a while in the late eighties. Having worked as a reporter for BBC Radio 4 current affairs programmes, he went on to spend two years anchoring the breakfast news programme for BBC Radio 5 when the corporation launched its first new station for 23 years. Having worked for LBC — London's oldest commercial station — in the mid-1990s, Briggs was asked to return under the tenure of ITN in 1999 to referee the weekly political debate on Sunday mornings, and in 2003 he finished three years working on a weekly review of London's entertainment scene every Saturday morning. He returned to the BBC in 2003 to work on BBC Radio 5 Live . Briggs is a well-recognised conference moderator, having worked for many of the world's largest companies, including IBM , Canon , BT , Hewlett-Packard , Cisco Systems , Deloitte Touche and Ericsson . Jon Briggs also provided the narration for the start of the drum and bass song " Blood Sugar " by Pendulum . He also provided his voice for text-to-speech software, including the British version of Siri , the personal assistant application for the Apple's iPhone 4S . His voice recordings for Siri were made 4 to 5 years before the iPhone 4S was released. [ 1 ] IBM;Cisco_Systems;Apple_Inc;Jon_Briggs;Jon_Briggs; Jon_Lech_Johansen Norway;Reverse_engineering;DVD;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;DVD;Digital_Rights_Management;Apple_Inc.;FairPlay;AirPort;VLC_media_player;Digital_Rights_Management;Digital_Rights_Management;DoubleTwist;DoubleTwist;Apple_Store;WWDC;International_Standard_Book_Number;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Reuters;Jon_Lech_Johansen;Jon_Lech_Johansen; Jon_Rubinstein Jonathan J. Rubinstein (born October 1956) is an American computer scientist and electrical engineer who played an instrumental role in the development of the iPod , [ 1 ] the portable music and video device first sold by Apple Computer Inc. in 2001. He has been elected to serve as a member of the National Academy of Engineering [ 2 ] and is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . He left his position as senior vice president of Apple's iPod division on April 14, 2006. He became executive chairman of the board at Palm, Inc. , after private equity firm Elevation Partners completed a significant investment in the handheld manufacturer in October 2007. [ 3 ] He became CEO of Palm in 2009, replacing former CEO Ed Colligan . [ 4 ] Following Hewlett-Packard Co.'s purchase of Palm on July 1, 2010, Rubinstein became an executive at HP. On January 27, 2012, Rubinstein announced he had officially left HP. [ 5 ] Rubinstein is married to Karen Richardson , [ 6 ] a technology-industry veteran who is currently on the board of directors of BT Group plc. [ 7 ] IPod;IMac;WebOS;IPod;Apple_Inc.;Computer_science;Steve_Jobs;NeXT;Motorola;United_States_dollar;The_New_York_Times;Intel;IMac;USB;Floppy_disk;Macintosh;Personal_computer;CPU;IMovie;IPhoto;ITunes;Steve_Jobs;Hard_disk;WebOS;Palm_Pre;Palm_Pre;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;Engadget;Facebook;Amazon.com;Amazon.com;All_Things_Digital;Apple_Inc.;Wired_News;USA_Today;Steven_Levy;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;Apple_Inc.;Jon_Rubinstein;Jon_Rubinstein; Jonathan_Ive Sir Jonathan Paul "Jony" Ive , KBE (born February 1967) is a British designer and the senior vice president of industrial design at Apple Inc. He is the lead designer and conceptual mind behind many of Apple's products, including the MacBook Pro , iMac , MacBook Air , iPod , iPod touch , iPhone , and iPad . Apple_Inc.;Apple;Apple_Inc.;MacBook_Pro;IMac;MacBook_Air;IPod;IPod_touch;IPhone;IPad;MessagePad;IMac;IPod;IPhone;IPod;Macworld;Tim_Cook;The_Daily_Telegraph;IPod;IPhone;Daily_Mail;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;BBC_News;Bloomberg_Businessweek;CNN;The_Daily_Telegraph;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;John_Sculley;Steve_Jobs;Tim_Cook;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Philip_W._Schiller;Scott_Forstall;Bertrand_Serlet;Bob_Mansfield;Jonathan_Ive;Jonathan_Ive; Jonathan_Zittrain Jonathan L. Zittrain (born December 24, 1969) is an American professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School and the Harvard Kennedy School , a professor of computer science at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , and a faculty co-director of Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet Society . Previously, Zittrain was Professor of Internet Governance and Regulation at the Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford and visiting professor at the New York University School of Law and Stanford Law School . He is the author of The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It as well as co-editor of the books, Access Denied (MIT Press, 2008) and Access Controlled (MIT Press, 2010). Zittrain works in several intersections of the Internet with law and policy including intellectual property , censorship and filtering for content control , and computer security . He founded a project at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society that develops classroom tools. [ 1 ] He is a co-founder of Chilling Effects , a collaborative archive created to protect lawful online activity from legal threats that was created by Wendy Seltzer United_States;United_States;Internet;Intellectual_property;United_Kingdom;Google;France;Germany;Sun_Microsystems;AOL;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States;Jonathan_Zittrain;Jonathan_Zittrain; Joost Joost ( / ˈ dʒ uː s t / ) is an Internet TV service, created by Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis (founders of Skype and Kazaa ). During 2007-8 Joost used peer-to-peer TV ( P2PTV ) technology to distribute content to their Mozilla -based desktop player; in late 2008 this was migrated to use a Flash-based Web player instead. Joost began development in 2006. Working under the code name "The Venice Project", Zennström and Friis assembled teams of some 150 software developers in about six cities around the world, including New York , London , Leiden and Toulouse . According to Zennström at a 25 July 2007 press conference about Skype held in Tallinn, Estonia , Joost had signed up more than a million beta testers, and its launch was scheduled for the end of 2007. [ 1 ] The team signed up with Warner Music , Indianapolis Motor Speedway Productions ( Indianapolis 500 , IndyCar Series ) and production company Endemol for the beta. [ 2 ] In February 2007, Viacom entered into a deal with the company to distribute content from its media properties, including MTV Networks , Black Entertainment Television (BET) and film studio Paramount Pictures . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X;IOS;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Skype;Kazaa;Skype;Black_Entertainment_Television;Paramount_Pictures;Display_resolution;Software_widget;CoreAVC;Yahoo;Google;YouTube;Skype;Hong_Kong;CBS;MTV;Black_Entertainment_Television;Paramount_Pictures;CBS;IPTV;The_Register;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Joost;Joost; Joshua_Topolsky Joshua Ryan Topolsky (born October 19, 1977) is an American technology journalist . He is also a record producer , drummer , and DJ under the stage name Joshua Ryan . Topolsky is the co-founder and founding editor in chief of the technology news network The Verge . Before The Verge , he was the editor in chief at Engadget . Topolsky lives in Greenpoint, Brooklyn with his wife, Laura June, who is also an editor at The Verge . Record_producer;Disc_jockey;Engadget;Compilation_album;Sony_Music_Entertainment;United_Kingdom;UK_Singles_Chart;Engadget;NBC;Nilay_Patel;Engadget;International_Standard_Book_Number;All_Things_Digital;Engadget;AOL;Joshua_Topolsky;Joshua_Topolsky; Journaling_file_system A journaling file system is a file system that keeps track of the changes that will be made in a journal (usually a circular log in a dedicated area of the file system) before committing them to the main file system. In the event of a system crash or power failure, such file systems are quicker to bring back online and less likely to become corrupted. [ 1 ] Metadata;Database;Journaling_file_system;Journaling_file_system; JuK 3.8 (August 1, 2012 ; 17 days ago ( 2012-08-01 ) [ 1 ] ) Programming language used Translation available www.kde.org/applications/multimedia/juk/ JuK is a free software audio player by KDE , the default player since K Desktop Environment 3.2 . [ 3 ] JuK supports collections of MP3 , Ogg Vorbis , and FLAC audio files. JuK was started by Scott Wheeler in 2000, and was originally called QTagger ; however, it was not until 2002 that the application was moved into KDE CVS , where it has grown into a mature audio application. It was first officially part of KDE in KDE 3.2. [ 4 ] Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Ogg_Vorbis;FLAC;Ogg_Vorbis;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Kopete;Kaffeine;Kdenlive;SuperKaramba;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;JuK;JuK; Juice_TV Music_television;New_Zealand;Juice_TV;Juice_TV; Jumboplay Jumboplay was a video game game portal and distributor. Based in South East Asia and launch in 2006, it forms partnership with major player in the region, namely TM Net , the largest ISP in Malaysia and Sony Picture Entertainment through Animax and AXN . Jumboplay was the first to adopt subscription based Games on Demand for the region. Utilizing Digital Rights Management(DRM) technology, games were available for download and play by all subscriber to the service. Unlike standard digital distribution , Jumboplay applies Streaming technology during distribution, allowing users to begin play without needing to download the complete game. Jumboplay has since stopped its service in 2009 due to low demand for subscription-based service in this region, especially for online-based streaming contenta and its inability to offer latest and greatest titles from top content producers. Video_game;Malaysia;Digital_Rights_Management;Digital_distribution;Streaming_media;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Video_game;Jumboplay;Jumboplay; Juno_Award Canada;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Juno_Award;Juno_Award; Juno_Records Juno Records is a UK-based online dance music retail store, selling vinyl records , CDs , music downloads and music accessories, founded by Richard Atherton and Sharon Boyd. The website was created in 1996 as an information-only site called The Dance Music Resource Pages , listing new dance music titles each day as they were released. In 1997 the site changed into the commercial store Juno Records , allowing users to buy the records and CDs listed. During the e-commerce boom of the late 1990s, the site differentiated itself from other dance music stores by maintaining a text-based presentation. In December 2004, version 2 of Juno Records’ web site was launched, adding graphics, and more flexible navigation to the original site design. In February 2006, Juno Records added MP3 and WAV downloads to its catalogue, and in July 2006 launched Juno Download as a standalone site. In the same year, the web site also won Best Entertainment site in the Website Of The Year awards. [ 1 ] In September 2006, a Spanish-language version of the web site was added. In 2007 a series of 10 releases were commissioned [ 2 ] to mark Juno Records' 10th anniversary, each featuring a well-known dance track remixed by new producers, including remixes of Faze Action by Carl Craig and Cybotron ’s "Clear" by Troy Pierce and Cobblestone Jazz . In June 2007 Juno Records won DJ Magazine ’s "Best Of British" award [ 3 ] for Best British Record Store. In August 2007, a German version of Juno Records’ web site was launched. Operating_system;Audio_file_format;WAV;Digital_Rights_Management;Digital_rights_management;Dance_music;WAV;Facebook;Juno_Records;Juno_Records; KDE_Plasma_Workspaces Programming language used Unix-like , Microsoft Windows Widget engine and desktop GNU Lesser General Public License Plasma Workspaces is the umbrella term for all graphical environments provided by KDE . Plasma separates components into "data engines" and their visualization counterparts. This is intended to reduce the total programming effort when there are multiple possible visualizations of given data; and to make it easier for the data engine and the workspaces to be written independently. Currently there are three workspaces being developed: Plasma Desktop for traditional desktop PCs and notebooks , Plasma Netbook for netbooks, [ 4 ] and Plasma Active for Tablet PCs , Nokia N900 style smartphones and similar devices. [ 5 ] The Plasma Workspaces are released as part of KDE Software Compilation 4 . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Widget_engine;Software_license;Tablet_computer;SuperKaramba;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Software_license;Smartphone;Touchscreen;Raster_graphics;SuperKaramba;JavaScript;SuperKaramba;HTML;JavaScript;SuperKaramba;Kopete;JuK;Kaffeine;Kdenlive;SuperKaramba;GUI_widget;DirectX;Graphics_processing_unit;Graphical_user_interface;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces; KEGG KEGG ( Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ) is a collection of online databases dealing with genomes , enzymatic pathways , and biological chemicals. The PATHWAY database records networks of molecular interactions in the cells, and variants of them specific to particular organisms. Since July 2011, KEGG switched to a subscription model, and access via FTP is no longer free. Drug_development;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;KEGG;KEGG; KGB_Archiver KGB Archiver is a file archiver and data compression utility based on the PAQ6 compression algorithm. Written in Microsoft Visual C++ by Tomasz Pawlak, KGB Archiver is designed to achieve a very high compression ratio. As a consequence, the program is relatively memory and CPU intensive. KGB Archiver is free and open source software released under the terms of the GNU General Public License . Version 2 beta 2 is available for Microsoft Windows [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and a command line version of KGB Archiver 1.0 is available for Unix-like operating systems. KGB Archiver is one of the few applications that works with the PAQ algorithm for making its KGB files. [ 2 ] It has ten levels of compression, from very weak to maximum, a greater variety than that found in most other compression software. However, at higher compression levels, the time required to compress a file increases significantly. [ 1 ] The official website is now offline. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Data_compression;Microsoft_Windows;PAQ;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;User_interface;Comparison_of_file_archivers;SourceForge;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Software;KGB_Archiver;KGB_Archiver; KLM Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. , operating under the name KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( Dutch : Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij , pronounced [ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈlʏxtfaːrt ˌmaːtsxɑˈpɛi] , literally "Royal Aviation Company"; usual English translation: Royal Dutch Airlines ), is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands and is part of Air France-KLM . KLM's headquarters is in Amstelveen near its hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol . KLM operates worldwide scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 90 destinations. It is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name. As of 31 March 2010 ( 2010 -03-31 ) [update] , it has 31,787 employees. [ 1 ] The merger of KLM with Air France in May 2004 created Air France-KLM, which is incorporated under French law with headquarters at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport . Both Air France and KLM continue to fly under their distinct brand names. Air France-KLM is part of the SkyTeam alliance. Netherlands;Netherlands;Air_France;Air_France;Air_France;Delta_Air_Lines;United_States;Alaska_Airlines;Sweden;Malta;Air_France;Delta_Air_Lines;Continental_Airlines;Netherlands;Air_France;Alaska_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;United_Airlines;Air_France;KLM;KLM; KRISTAL_Audio_Engine KRISTAL Audio Engine (commonly referred to as KRISTAL or KAE ) is a digital audio editor , multi-track recorder and sound mixer, operating on a Windows compatible PC, able to manage up to 16 separate channels of audio. Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_editor;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;PreSonus_Studio_One;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine; Kaffeine Kaffeine is a media player for Unix-like operating systems running KDE . [ 1 ] By default it uses xine -lib media framework but also supports GStreamer . It also supports the use of MPlayer project's binary codecs for proprietary formats. Kaffeine developers have also produced a Mozilla plugin to start the player for streaming content over the web. Features include streaming, DVB , DVD , Video CD and CD audio . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Operating_system;Xine;MPlayer;DVD;Video_CD;List_of_media_players;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Kopete;JuK;Kdenlive;SuperKaramba;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;Kaffeine;Kaffeine; Kane_Kramer United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Digital_audio_player;LCD;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Daily_Mail;United_Kingdom;Kane_Kramer;Kane_Kramer; Kansas Kansas ( i / ˈ k æ n z ə s / ) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States . [ 5 ] It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. [ 6 ] The tribe's name (natively kką:ze ) is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind," although this was probably not the term's original meaning. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans." For thousands of years what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the Eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the Western part of the state were semi- nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas . The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Kansas entered the Union as a free state . After the Civil War , the population of Kansas grew rapidly, when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat , sorghum and sunflowers . [ 11 ] Kansas is the 15th most extensive and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States . United_States_House_of_Representatives;Massachusetts;Sprint_Nextel;Barack_Obama;Sprint_Nextel;Sweden;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;United_States;California;Indiana;Massachusetts;Michigan;New_Jersey;Guam;Puerto_Rico;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Kansas;Kansas; Kapsules Kapsules is a freeware desktop widget engine for Windows . It makes use of the Windows Scripting Technology, allowing widget designers to use any scripting language that has an ActiveScript engine. Those widgets are then made available on Kapsules' website. As of December 2005 [update] , widgets are available in eight different scripting languages. Kapsules is reliant on the .NET Framework . All versions of Kapsules before and including version 0.9.9.0 have targeted version 1.1 of .NET, and all later versions target version 2.0. As mentioned above, widgets can be written in any language for which there is an ActiveScript engine. Kapsules also supports .NET scripting languages. This flexibility allows widget designers to use and interface with a much larger codebase, enabling them to interface with a wider variety of existing software components. Widgets have been written in Python , PHP , JScript , JScript.NET , VBScript , VB.NET , Ruby and Perl . Kapsules was inspired by Arlo Rose and Perry Clarke's Konfabulator (Which has recently been purchased by Yahoo! and rebranded as Yahoo! Widgets ). Both are widget engines with very similar functionality. Konfabulator was originally written for Mac OS X and later ported to the Windows environment, while Kapsules was designed to use integral components of Windows. By using a managed framework, Kapsules lets designers choose from one of several scripting languages, while Konfabulator widgets are written exclusively in JavaScript. Also, Kapsules can be installed on a Windows guest account, whereas Konfabulator requires Administrator privileges. On or around November 9, 2006, the Kapsules website was updated with a single page stating that the site had been hacked . It also said that the developers were "busy" working on an updated version of the application and the website. No updates have been made since the announcement. Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;.NET_Framework;Perl;Konfabulator;Mac_OS_X;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Kapsules;Kapsules; Kazaa Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;File_sharing;Estonia;Skype;Joost;Rdio;Netherlands;Napster;Netherlands;Australia;Streamwaves;Songs;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Sony_BMG;Hard_drive;EULA;IMesh;LimeWire;Napster;Los_Angeles_Times;Wikisource;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Broadcatching;Open_Music_Model;Kazaa;Kazaa; Kazehakase Kazehakase ( Japanese : Dr. Wind ( 風博士 , kaze hakase ? ) is a web browser for Unix-like operating systems that uses the GTK+ libraries. Kazehakase embeds the Gecko layout engine as well as GTK+ WebKit . However, the author also plans to add the ability to switch between additional different rendering engines (e.g. GtkHTML , Dillo , w3m ). [ 1 ] The browser is named after the short story "Kazehakase" by the Japanese author Ango Sakaguchi ; its literal meaning is "Dr Wind" (a PhD rather than a medical doctor). Kazehakase is free software , available under the GNU General Public License . It has been available at repositories for Debian [ 2 ] and Ubuntu , [ 3 ] and has been ported to FreeBSD . [ 4 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Web_browser;Software_license;Japanese_language;Web_browser;WebKit;Free_software;Mouse_gesture;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;Sourceforge;Sourceforge;Camino;OmniWeb;Netscape_Browser;Mozilla_Firefox;Internet_Explorer;SeaMonkey;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Unix;Software;Kazehakase;Kazehakase; Kdenlive Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Open_source;Video_editing_software;FFmpeg;Audio_Video_Interleave;MPEG;Flash_Video;PAL;NTSC;HDV;AVCHD;DV;DVD;Mac_OS_X;FireWire;List_of_video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Kopete;JuK;Kaffeine;SuperKaramba;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Kdenlive;Kdenlive; Keithley_Instruments Keithley Instruments is a measurement and instrument company headquartered in Solon , Ohio , that develops, manufactures, markets, and sells data acquisition products, as well as complete system solutions for high-volume production and assembly testing. In September, 2010, the company agreed to sell itself to the Danaher Corporation, Washington-based holding company, for $21.60 per share. United_States_dollar;Data_acquisition;Germany;United_Kingdom;Taiwan;Agilent_Technologies;Singapore;Keithley_Instruments;Keithley_Instruments; Ken_Burns_effect The Ken Burns effect is a type of panning and zooming effect used in video production from still imagery. The name derives from extensive use of the technique by American documentarian Ken Burns . The technique predates his use of it, but his name has become associated with the effect in much the same way as Alfred Hitchcock is associated with the Hitchcock zoom . [ citation needed ] The feature enables a widely used technique of embedding still photographs in motion pictures, displayed with slow zooming and panning effects, and fading transitions between frames. IMovie;Linux;Final_Cut_Pro;Apple_TV;Slideshow;Microsoft_Windows;AVS_Video_Editor;Windows_Movie_Maker;Pinnacle_Studio;Sony_Vegas;Nokia;Last.fm;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Nokia;Ken_Burns_effect;Ken_Burns_effect; Kenwood_Electronics Kenwood Corporation ( 株式会社ケンウッド , Kabushiki-Gaisha Ken'uddo ? ) ( TYO : 6765 ) is a Japanese manufacturer of amateur radio as well as Hi-Fidelity and portable audio equipment. Japan;United_States_dollar;Japan;California;Home_cinema;JVC;Personal_computer;Toyota;Honda;Personal_computer;Japan;Alpine_Electronics;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Roland_Corporation;Sony;Toshiba; Kerbango Kerbango was both a company acquired by 3Com and its lead product. Kerbango was founded in 1998 in Silicon Valley by former executives from Apple Computer and Power Computing Corporation. [ 1 ] On June 27, 2000, 3Com announced it was acquiring the Kerbango company in an $80 million deal. As part of the deal, Kerbango's CEO , Jon Fitch, became vice president and general manager of 3Com's Internet Audio division, working under Julie Shimer, then vice president and general manager of 3Com's Consumer Networks Business. [ 2 ] Internet_radio;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Apple_Computer;Internet_radio;Computer;Amazon.com;Linux;RealNetworks;RealAudio;QuickTime;ITunes;Kerbango;Kerbango; Kerio_Connect Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Entourage;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Open_source;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Firefox;Google_Chrome;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Entourage;Mac_OS_X;Apple_iPhone;Palm_Treo;BlackBerry;Windows_Vista;ICal;ICal;Mac_OS_X;ActiveSync;IMAP;Web_browser;Mobile_device;ICal;Microsoft_Entourage;ActiveSync;Windows_Vista;Microsoft_Outlook;ISync;BlackBerry;IPhone;IPhone;ICal;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;BlackBerry;IPad;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Kerio_Connect;Kerio_Connect; Kernel_panic A kernel panic is an action taken by an operating system upon detecting an internal fatal error from which it cannot safely recover. The term is largely specific to Unix and Unix-like systems; for Microsoft Windows operating systems the equivalent term is " Bug check " (or, colloquially , " Blue Screen of Death "). The kernel routines that handle panics, known as panic() in AT T -derived and BSD Unix source code, are generally designed to output an error message to the console , dump an image of kernel memory to disk for post-mortem debugging and then either wait for the system to be manually rebooted, or initiate an automatic reboot . [ 1 ] The information provided is of a highly technical nature and aims to assist a system administrator or software developer in diagnosing the problem. Operating_system;Operating_system;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Software_developer;Unix;Source_code;Linux;Mac_OS_X;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Kernel_panic;Kernel_panic; Ketipramine Ketipramine ( G-35,259 ), also known as ketimipramine or ketoimipramine , is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that was tested in clinical trials for the treatment of depression in the 1960s but was never marketed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It differs from imipramine in terms of chemical structure only by the addition of a ketone group , to the azepine ring , and is approximately equivalent in effectiveness as an antidepressant in comparison. [ 4 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Imipramine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Ketipramine;Ketipramine; Ketoconazole International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Enzyme;Enzyme;Australia;Canada;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Cimetidine;Enzyme;Enzyme;Enzyme;Enzyme;Enzyme;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Ketoconazole;Ketoconazole; Ketotifen InChI=1S/C19H19NOS/c1-20-9-6-13(7-10-20)18-15-5-3-2-4-14(15)12-17(21)19-16(18)8-11-22-19/h2-5,8,11H,6-7,9-10,12H2,1H3 Y Key:ZCVMWBYGMWKGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Ketotifen is a second-generation noncompetitive H 1 - antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer . It is most commonly sold in as a salt of fumaric acid , ketotifen fumarate , and is available in two forms. In its ophthalmic form, it is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis , [ 1 ] or the itchy red eyes caused by allergies . In its oral form, it is used to prevent asthma attacks. Side effects include drowsiness, weight gain, dry mouth, irritability, and increased nosebleeds. The drug is marketed as ophthalmic solutions under the brand names Zaditor / Zaditen (Novartis) [ 2 ] , Alaway (Bausch and Lomb), Zyrtec Itchy-Eye Drops , and Claritin Eye . A generic version of Novartis' Zaditor, ketotifen fumarate ophthalmic solution, 0.025%, is available from Perrigo and distributed as store brands. [ citation needed ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Ketotifen;Ketotifen; Keyboard_layout Laptop;Operating_system;Apple_Keyboard;Command_key;Option_key;Microsoft_Windows;Option_key;Operating_system;QWERTY;Musical_keyboard;Microsoft_Windows;United_States;United_Kingdom;Japanese_language;ANSI;Apple_Inc;Operating_system;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;QWERTY;Operating_system;Spanish_language;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft;QWERTY;Option_key;Netherlands;Estonia;Finland;Internationalization_and_localization;German_language;Microsoft_Windows;Italian_language;Option_key;Macintosh;Option_key;Microsoft_Windows;Brazilian_Real;Portugal;Linux;Slovakia;Microsoft_Windows;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Mexico;Brazil;Argentina;Paraguay;Finland;Option_key;Macintosh;Option_key;Linux;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;Microsoft_Windows;IBM;Microsoft_Windows;Hong_Kong;Apple_Keyboard;United_States;United_States;ANSI;English_language;Australia;Hong_Kong;New_Zealand;Malaysia;Singapore;Philippines;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;English_language;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Netherlands;Windows;Apple_Keyboard;Germany;Austria;Czech_Republic;Switzerland;France;Belgium;French_language;Q;A;W;S;Q;W;IPod_Touch;Operating_System;Linux;Operating_system;Apple;Mac_OS_X;IOS;Mac_OS_X_Lion;German_language;French_language;Google;IPhone;Windows_Phone;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Operating_system;Windows;Linux;Mac_OS;Mobile_phone;Windows_Vista;Bhutan;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Windows_Vista;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Chinese_language;Japanese_language;Korean_language;Japanese_language;Chinese_language;Operating_system;Republic_of_China;Hong_Kong;United_States;Japan;United_Kingdom;Microsoft_Windows;Korean_language;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;JPEG;PDF;Option_key;Apple_Keyboard;Command_key;Apple_Keyboard;Sun_Microsystems;QWERTY;Keyboard_layout;Keyboard_layout; Keychain_Access Keychain Access is a Mac OS X application that allows the user to access the Apple Keychain and configure its contents, including passwords for Websites , Web forms , FTP servers , SSH accounts, network shares , wireless networks , groupware applications , encrypted disk images , etc. - unlocking, locking and displaying passwords saved by the system which are dynamically linked to one's login password - as well as manage root certificates , keys and secure notes. Its graphical user interface displays various keychains — there are usually at least two, the login keychain and the system keychain — and also includes the keychain first aid utility that can repair problems with keychains. Various events can cause problems with keychains, and sometimes the only solution to solving a problem is to delete the keychain, which also deletes any passwords stored in the keychain, and create a new one. It is usually found in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder. As an ancillary application to Mac OS X, it is subject to updates via Software Update and thus should not be moved out of the Utilities folder. There is also an included command-line tool to access the keychain, called "security". See also: Keychain (Mac_OS) Public Beta "Kodiak" 10.6 "Snow Leopard" 10.8 "Mountain Lion" iTunes ( version history ) Safari ( version history ) Bluetooth File Exchange Migration Assistant Remote Install Mac OS X Technology and user interface Apple Push Notification Service Grand Central Dispatch Uniform Type Identifier Classic Environment Graphing Calculator Apple System Profiler Macintosh Programmer's Workshop Hierarchical File System Macintosh File System Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keychain_Access oldid=474260108 " Categories : Mac OS X software Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2008 All articles lacking sources Articles to be merged from January 2012 All articles to be merged Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Mac_OS_X;Website;Encryption;Disk_image;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_Software_Update;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Keychain_Access;Keychain_Access; Kibibyte International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Open_source_software;Megabit;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Kibibyte;Kibibyte; Kid_Rock Robert James "Bob" Ritchie (born January 17, 1971), known by his stage name Kid Rock , is an American singer-songwriter, musician, multi-instrumentalist and former rapper with five Grammy Awards nominations. Kid Rock released several studio albums that mostly went unnoticed before his 1998 record Devil Without a Cause , released with Atlantic Records , sold 11 million albums behind the hits, " Bawitdaba ", " Cowboy ", and " Only God Knows Why ". In 2000, he released The History of Rock , a compilation of remixed and remastered versions of songs from previous albums as well as the hit single, " American Bad Ass ". Kid Rock released the follow-up in 2001, Cocky . After a slow start, his country-flavored hit " Picture " with Sheryl Crow resurrected the album and it went gold as a single and pushed the album's sales over 5 million. It was followed by 2003's self-titled release , which went platinum. In 2006 he released Live Trucker , a greatest hits live album that failed to go platinum. He made his comeback in 2007. Kid Rock released Rock n Roll Jesus , which produced a hit in " All Summer Long ". It was his first worldwide smash hit, charting No. 1 in eight countries across Europe and in Australia . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Rock N Roll Jesus sold 5 million albums worldwide and was certified triple platinum in the U.S. He released Born Free on November 16, 2010. It reached platinum a year after its release . This gives Kid Rock his sixth Platinum album certification and gives him a career tally of 23 million albums sold. His sales are not aided by iTunes , as he has boycotted sales of his music on the service. This also affects his singles' chart positions without digital downloads added in (for example, "All Summer Long" only peaked at No. 23 on the Billboard Hot 100). The only Kid Rock album available on iTunes is "Grits Sandwiches For Breakfast" because Jive Records owns the rights to the album. Rock_music;Heavy_metal_music;Hip_hop_music;Acoustic_guitar;Electric_guitar;Piano;Drums;Record_label;Europe;Australia;ITunes;Extended_play;Massachusetts;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Saturday_Night_Live;Country_Music_Television;Bob_Seger;Bob_Seger;Johnny_Cash;Bob_Seger;CNN;Saturday_Night_Live;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Kid_Rock;Kid_Rock; Klipfolio_Dashboard Klipfolio Inc., is a Canadian Software company founded in 2001 and headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario. The company was originally known as Serence Inc., reserving the Klipfolio name for its software dashboard product. With the emergence of XML , RSS , news aggregators and widgets in 2001, the company initially focused on the consumer market, and later moved into the enterprise dashboard and operational business intelligence (OBI) space. Klipfolio has clients today in the Americas, Europe and Asia Pacific. Klipfolio Dashboard is now released in version 6.0. XML;RSS;News_aggregator;Software_widget;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Widget_engine;XML;JavaScript;XML;Software_development_kit;JavaScript;XML;Portable_Network_Graphics;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XML;XML;RSS;News_aggregator;JavaScript;User_interface;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Intel;Business_intelligence;IBM;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Klipfolio_Dashboard; Knowledge_Graph The Knowledge Graph is a knowledge base used by Google to enhance its search engine 's search results with semantic-search information gathered from a wide variety of sources. Knowledge Graph display was added to Google's search engine in 2012, starting in the United States, having been announced on May 16, 2012. [ 1 ] It provides structured and detailed information about the topic in addition to a list of links to other sites. The goal is that users would be able to use this information to resolve their query without having to navigate to other sites and assemble the information themselves. [ 2 ] According to Google, this information is derived from many sources, including the CIA World Factbook , Freebase and Wikipedia . [ 1 ] The feature is similar in intent to answer engines such as Ask Jeeves and Wolfram Alpha . As of 2012 [update] , its semantic network contained over 500 million objects and more than 3.5 billion facts about and relationships between these different objects which are used to understand the meaning of the keywords entered for the search. [ 3 ] Knowledge_base;Google;Wolfram_Alpha;Google;Financial_Times;BBC_News;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Knowledge_Graph;Knowledge_Graph; Knowledge_base Database;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Flowchart;Internet;Database;Semantic_reasoner;Knowledge_extraction;Metadata;Geotagging;XML;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_base; Knowledge_discovery Knowledge Extraction is the creation of knowledge from structured (relational databases, XML) and unstructured (text, documents, images) sources. The resulting knowledge needs to be in a machine-readable and machine-interpretable format and must represent knowledge in a manner that facilitates inferencing. Although it is methodically similar to Information Extraction ( NLP ) and ETL ( Data Warehouse ), the main criteria is that the extraction result goes beyond the creation of structured information or the transformation into a relational schema. It requires either the reuse of existing formal knowledge (reusing identifiers or ontologies) or the generation of a schema based on the source data. The RDB2RDF W3C group [ 1 ] is currently standardizing a language for extraction of RDF from relational databases. Another popular example for Knowledge Extraction is the transformation of Wikipedia into structured data and also the mapping to existing knowledge (see DBpedia , Freebase and [ 2 ] ). Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Reverse_engineering;Data_set;Metadata;Database;Source_code;Metadata;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Internet;Database;Semantic_reasoner;Metadata;Geotagging;XML;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Knowledge_extraction;Knowledge_extraction; Knowledge_engineering Knowledge engineering (KE) was defined in 1983 by Edward Feigenbaum , and Pamela McCorduck as follows: KE is an engineering discipline that involves integrating knowledge into computer systems in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise . [ 1 ] At present, it refers to the building, maintaining and development of knowledge-based systems . [ 2 ] It has a great deal in common with software engineering , and is used in many computer science domains such as artificial intelligence , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] including databases , data mining , expert systems , decision support systems and geographic information systems . Knowledge engineering is also related to mathematical logic , as well as strongly involved in cognitive science and socio-cognitive engineering where the knowledge is produced by socio-cognitive aggregates (mainly humans) and is structured according to our understanding of how human reasoning and logic works. Various activities of KE specific for the development of a knowledge-based system : Assessment of the problem Development of a knowledge-based system shell/structure Acquisition and structuring of the related information , knowledge and specific preferences (IPK model) Implementation of the structured knowledge into knowledge bases Testing and validation of the inserted knowledge Integration and maintenance of the system Revision and evaluation of the system. Being still more art than engineering, KE is not as neat as the above list in practice. The phases overlap, the process might be iterative, and many challenges could appear. Computer_science;Database;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Knowledge_retrieval;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_engineering; Knowledge_extraction Knowledge Extraction is the creation of knowledge from structured (relational databases, XML) and unstructured (text, documents, images) sources. The resulting knowledge needs to be in a machine-readable and machine-interpretable format and must represent knowledge in a manner that facilitates inferencing. Although it is methodically similar to Information Extraction ( NLP ) and ETL ( Data Warehouse ), the main criteria is that the extraction result goes beyond the creation of structured information or the transformation into a relational schema. It requires either the reuse of existing formal knowledge (reusing identifiers or ontologies) or the generation of a schema based on the source data. The RDB2RDF W3C group [ 1 ] is currently standardizing a language for extraction of RDF from relational databases. Another popular example for Knowledge Extraction is the transformation of Wikipedia into structured data and also the mapping to existing knowledge (see DBpedia , Freebase and [ 2 ] ). Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Reverse_engineering;Data_set;Metadata;Database;Source_code;Metadata;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Internet;Database;Semantic_reasoner;Metadata;Geotagging;XML;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Knowledge_extraction;Knowledge_extraction; Knowledge_navigator The Knowledge Navigator is a concept described by former Apple Computer CEO John Sculley in his 1987 book, Odyssey . It describes a device that can access a large networked database of hypertext information, and use software agents to assist searching for information. Apple produced several concept videos showcasing the idea. All of them featured a tablet style computer with numerous advanced capabilities, including an excellent text-to-speech system with no hint of "computerese", a gesture based interface resembling the multitouch interface later used on the iPhone and an equally powerful speech understanding system, allowing the user to converse with the system via an animated "butler" as the software agent . In one vignette a university professor returns home and turns on his computer, in the form of a tablet the size of a large-format book. The agent is a bow-tie wearing butler who appears on the screen and informs him that he has several calls waiting. He ignores most of these, from his mother, and instead uses the system to compile data for a talk on deforestation in the Amazon rainforest . While he is doing this, the computer informs him that a colleague is calling, and they then exchange data through their machines while holding a video based conversation. In another such video, a young student uses a smaller handheld version of the system to prompt him while he gives a class presentation on volcanoes, eventually sending a movie of an exploding volcano to the video "blackboard". In a final installment a user scans in a newspaper by placing it on the screen of the full-sized version, and then has it help him learn to read by listening to him read the scanned results, and prompting when he pauses. The videos were funded and sponsored by Bud Colligan, Director of Apple's higher education marketing group, written and creatively developed by Hugh Dubberly and Doris Mitsch of Apple Creative Services, with technical and conceptual input from Mike Liebhold of Apple's Advanced Technologies Group and advice from Alan Kay, then an Apple Fellow. [ 1 ] The videos were produced by The Kenwood Group in San Francisco and directed by Randy Field. The director of photography was Bill Zarchy. The product industrial design was created by Gavin Ivester and Adam Grosser of Apple design. The Knowledge Navigator video premiered in 1987 at Educom, the leading higher education conference, in a keynote by John Sculley, with demos of multimedia, hypertext and interactive learning directed by Bud Colligan. [ 2 ] The astute bow tie wearing software agent in the video has been the center of quite a few heated discussions in the domain of human–computer interaction . It was criticized as being an unrealistic portrayal of the capacities of any software agent in the foreseeable future, or even in a distant future. [ citation needed ] Some user interface professionals like Ben Shneiderman of the University of Maryland, College Park have also criticized its use of a human likeness for giving a misleading idea of the nature of any interaction with a computer, present or future. [ citation needed ] The "professor" video was set in September 2011 [ citation needed ] . In October 2011, Apple relaunched Siri , a voice activated personal assistant software vaguely similar to that aspect of the Knowledge Navigator. [ 3 ] Apple_Computer;John_Sculley;Database;Multitouch;IPhone;User_interface; Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning XML;Computer_science;Cyc;Programming_language;Prolog;HTML;XML;XML;Language;Sound;XML;Computability;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning; Knowledge_retrieval Knowledge Retrieval seeks to return information in a structured form, consistent with human cognitive processes as opposed to simple lists of data items. It draws on a range of fields including epistemology (theory of knowledge), cognitive psychology , cognitive neuroscience , logic and inference , machine learning and knowledge discovery , linguistics , and information technology . Knowledge_discovery;Computer_science;Natural_language_processing;Commonsense_reasoning;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_retrieval; Kobo_Inc. Kobo Inc. (previously Shortcovers [ 2 ] ) is the company that makes the Kobo eReader , and its headquarters is in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It was founded in 2009. [ 3 ] The company is owned by Rakuten, Inc. in Japan. Kobo was sold to Rakuten on 8 November 2011 and the transaction closed 11 January 2012. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Before this sale, the majority shareholder was Indigo Books and Music , where Kobo was originally a business division before being spun off. In addition to producing an ereader, Kobo also makes applications for the BlackBerry , BlackBerry PlayBook , iPad , iPhone , and Android devices. [ 7 ] During the 2011 holiday season, the company saw record growth with its sales, sevenfold. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The company has strategic partnerships with Cheung Kong Holdings , [ 10 ] W H Smith , [ 7 ] [ 11 ] Whitcoulls , [ 12 ] and FNAC . [ 13 ] In 2011, the company established a publishing arm. [ 14 ] 'Kobo' is an anagram of 'book'. [ 2 ] Market share of e-readers in Canada by Ipsos Reid in August 2011 Market share of e-readers in Canada by Ipsos Reid in January 2012 Canada;Canada;Kobo_eReader;Canada;BlackBerry;BlackBerry_PlayBook;IPad;IPhone;Fnac;Borders_Group;Kobo_eReader;CNET;Kobo_eReader;Kobo_Inc.;Kobo_Inc.; Kobo_eReader The Kobo eReader is an e-book reader produced by Toronto based company Kobo Inc. The original version was released in July 2010 and was marketed as a minimalist alternative to the more expensive e-book readers available at the time. As of March 2010 [update] , fifty eight percent of Kobo Inc. had been owned by Indigo Books Music [ 1 ] ; however, the Japanese conglomerate Rakuten bought control of Kobo in January 2012. [ 3 ] Like most e-book readers , the Kobo uses an electronic ink screen . [ 1 ] Kobo_Inc.;USB;Bluetooth;Kobo_Inc.;Bluetooth;Taiwan;Amazon_Kindle;Borders_Group;CNET;Kobo_Inc.;Kobo_Inc.;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Kobo_eReader;Kobo_eReader; Konfabulator Yahoo! Widgets was a free application platform for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows . The software was previously called Konfabulator , but after being acquired by computer services company Yahoo! in 2005 it was rebranded. [ 1 ] The name Konfabulator was subsequently reinstated as the name of the underlying rendering engine. The engine uses a JavaScript runtime environment combined with an XML interpreter to run small applications referred to as widgets , and hence is part of a class of software applications called widget engines . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Widget_engine;Software_license;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;JavaScript;XML;GUI_widget;Widget_engine;Webcam;Random_access_memory;Hotkey;Application_programming_interface;JavaScript;AppleScript;CSS;WebKit;Adobe_Flash;XML;HTML;JavaScript;USD;Apple_Computer;DesktopX;Kapsules;AveDesk;GDesklets;SuperKaramba;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Computer;Application_programming_interface;Universal_binary;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Flickr;NASDAQ; Kopete Kopete (ko-PEH-tEH) is a multi-protocol, free software instant messaging client released as part of the KDE Software Compilation . Although it can run in numerous environments, it was designed for and integrates with the KDE Plasma Workspaces . Kopete was started because ICQ blocked Licq from their network in 2001. [ 2 ] According to the original author, Duncan Mac-Vicar Prett, the name comes from the Chilean Spanish word copete , meaning "a drink with your friends". [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Kopete has been nominated for multiple awards. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The designated successor is KDE-Telepathy from the KDE RTCC Initiative. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Free_software;Instant_messaging;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;ICQ;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;Novell_GroupWise;OSCAR_protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;Tencent_QQ;Skype_protocol;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Talk;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;JuK;Kaffeine;Kdenlive;SuperKaramba;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Instant_messaging;Centericq;Miranda_IM;Qnext;Web_application;Web_browser;BitlBee;Kopete;Kopete; Korean_language The National Institute of the Korean Language 국립국어원/ 國立國語院 Sahoe Kwahagwon Ŏhak Yŏnguso The Language Research Institute of Social Science 사회과학원 어학연구소 kor – Modern Korean okm – Middle Korean okm Middle Korean Countries with native Korean-speaking populations. (Established immigrant communities in green) This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains Korean text. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul or Hanja . Korean ( 한국어 / 조선말 , see below ) is the official language of South Korea and North Korea as well as one of the two official languages in China 's Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture . Approximately 78 million people speak Korean worldwide. For over a millennium, Korean was written with adapted Chinese characters called hanja , complemented by phonetic systems like hyangchal , gugyeol , and idu . In the 15th century, a national writing system called hangul was commissioned by Sejong the Great , but it only came into widespread use in the 20th century, because of the yangban aristocracy's preference for hanja. Most historical linguists classify Korean as a language isolate [ 2 ] while a few consider it to be in the controversial Altaic language family. [ 3 ] The Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax . Language;Japanese_language;Japan;United_States;English_language;German_language;Japanese_language;United_States;Japanese_language;Chinese_language;French_language;Spanish_language;Italian_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Korean_language;Korean_language; Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ( / ˈ k ɨ r ɡ ɨ s t ɑː n / KIR -gi-stahn ) ( Kyrgyz : Кыргызстан or Кыргыз Республикасы , Russian : Киргизстан or Кыргызстан , Киргизия , Киргизская Республика , Кыргызская Республика ) or Kirgizstan ( / ˈ k ɜr ɡ ɨ s t ɑː n / KUR -gi-stahn ), the Kyrgyz Republic , the Kirgiz Republic is a nation located in Central Asia . Landlocked and mountainous , Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek . Kyrgyzstan is officially a democratic parliamentary republic . A revolution in April 2010 overthrew the former president Kurmanbek Bakiyev and resulted in the adoption of a new constitution and the appointment of an interim government. Presidential elections were held in November 2011. Kyrgyzstan is one of the active members of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community. The national language, Kyrgyz , is also closely related to the other Turkic languages , with which it shares strong cultural and historical ties . Additionally, Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States , the Eurasian Economic Community , the Non-aligned movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . Tajikistan;Europe;Asia;Tajikistan;Switzerland;Tajikistan;Tajikistan;Tajikistan;Germany;Ombudsman;United_States;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Mongolia;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Ukraine;Tajikistan;Albania;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Brunei;Chad;The_Gambia;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mozambique;Sierra_Leone;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Thailand;Tajikistan;Mongolia;Sri_Lanka;Turkmenistan;Chinese_language;Turkmenistan;Kyrgyzstan;Turkmenistan;Kyrgyzstan;Kyrgyzstan; LAME LAME is a free software codec used to encode/compress audio into the lossy MP3 file format. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Codec;Software_license;Free_software;Codec;Lossy_compression;TooLAME;Sony;Compact_Disc;Lossy_compression;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;LAME;LAME; LAN_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation (LXI) is a standard developed by the LXI Consortium, an industry consortium that maintains the LXI specification, promotes the LXI Standard, and ensures interoperability. The LXI standard defines the communications protocols for instrumentation and data acquisition systems using Ethernet . Ethernet is an accessible and versatile interface that must be implemented against a standard for instrumentation to communicate effectively. The LXI Consortium provides the structure that ensures instrumentation developed by various vendors works effectively as long as the instruments are compliant. The LXI Consortium ensures that the LXI standard complements Test and Measurement systems, such as existing GPIB and PXI systems. Data_acquisition;Ethernet;PXI;Agilent_Technologies;Application_programming_interface;Programming_language;Agilent_Technologies;Pickering_Interfaces;LAN_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;LAN_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation; LAPACK LAPACK (Linear Algebra PACKage) is a software library for numerical linear algebra . It provides routines for solving systems of linear equations and linear least squares , eigenvalue problems , and singular value decomposition . It also includes routines to implement the associated matrix factorizations such as LU , QR , Cholesky and Schur decomposition . LAPACK was originally written in FORTRAN 77 , but moved to Fortran 90 in version 3.2 (2008). [ 1 ] The routines handle both real and complex matrices in both single and double precision . LAPACK can be seen as the successor to the linear equations and linear least-squares routines of LINPACK and the eigenvalue routines of EISPACK . LINPACK was designed to run on the then-modern vector computers with shared memory. LAPACK, in contrast, depends upon the Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS) in order to effectively exploit the caches on modern cache-based architectures, and thus can run orders of magnitude faster than LINPACK on such machines, given a well-tuned BLAS implementation. LAPACK has also been extended to run on distributed-memory systems in later packages such as ScaLAPACK and PLAPACK . LAPACK is licensed under a three-clause BSD style license, a permissive free software license with few restrictions. Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;LINPACK;EISPACK;LINPACK;Fortran;Fortran;Mac_OS_X;IOS;International_Standard_Book_Number;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;LAPACK;LAPACK; LCD A liquid crystal display ( LCD ) is a flat panel display , electronic visual display , or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals . Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock . They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels , while other displays have larger elements. LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors , televisions , instrument panels , aircraft cockpit displays , and signage. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks , watches , calculators , and telephones , and have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays , and since they do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence . [ 1 ] The LCD is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery -powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source ( backlight ) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome . Liquid crystals were first developed in 1888. [ 2 ] By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded annual sales of CRT units; the CRT became obsolete for most purposes. Pixel;Television;Cathode_ray_tube;Backlight;Pixel;Pixel;Switzerland;Germany;Samsung;Toshiba;Tablet_computer;Backlight;Backlight;Display_resolution;Television;TFT_LCD;Sony;Digital_camera;LG;Apple_Inc.;Integrated_circuit;Luminance;Aspect_ratio;Pixel;Dithering;Contrast_ratio;LED;Cathode_ray_tube;HDMI;Cathode_ray_tube;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Display_device;Cathode_ray_tube;TFT_LCD;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Liquid_crystal_display;Liquid_crystal_display; LED A light-emitting diode ( LED ) is a semiconductor light source. [ 3 ] LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting . Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, [ 4 ] early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible , ultraviolet , and infrared wavelengths , with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward- biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons . This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm 2 ), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. [ 5 ] LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption , longer lifetime , improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting , automotive lighting , advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals . LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances. Infrared;Remote_control;United_States_dollar;Watt;Infrared;Red;Green;Coating;Coating;Infrared;Liquid_crystal_display;Infrared;Backlight;Liquid_crystal_display;Laptop;Mobile_phone;Video_camera;Chroma_keying;Wireless;Remote_control;Sensor;Touchscreen;Stylus;Disc_jockey;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Display_device;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;TFT_LCD;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Photodetector;Cathode_ray_tube;AC_power_plugs_and_sockets;Capacitor; LED_backlit A backlight is a form of illumination used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). As LCDs do not produce light themselves (unlike for example Cathode ray tube (CRT) displays), they need illumination ( ambient light or a special light source) to produce a visible image. Backlights illuminate the LCD from the side or back of the display panel, unlike frontlights , which are placed in front of the LCD. Backlights are used in small displays to increase readability in low light conditions such as in wrist watches [ 1 ] , and in computer displays and LCD televisions to produce light in a manner similar to a CRT display. A review of some early backlighting schemes for LCDs is given in a report by Peter J. Wild IEEE First-Hand History [ 2 ] under its section Backlit LCDs . Simple types of LCD displays are built without an internal light source, requiring external light sources to convey the display image to the user. Modern LCD screens, however, are built with an internal light source. Such LCD screens consist of several layers. The backlight is usually the first layer from the back. But in order to create screen images, a mechanism is needed to regulate the light intensity of the screen's pixels. For this, light valves are used that vary the amount of light reaching the target by blocking its passage in some way. The most common element is a polarizing filter to polarize the light from the source in one of two transverse directions and then passing it through a switching polarizing filter, to block the path of undesirable light. LCD with CCFL backlight Liquid_crystal_display;Liquid_crystal_display;Cathode_ray_tube;Green;Pixel;NTSC;Sony;VAIO;Dell;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Cinema_Display;IMac;Backlight;Backlight; LG LG Corp. ( Korean : LG 법인) is the second-largest South Korean chaebol following Samsung and its headquarters is situated at the LG Twin Towers in Yeouido-dong , Yeongdeungpo-gu , Seoul . [ 3 ] LG makes electronics , chemicals , and telecommunications products and operates subsidiaries like LG Electronics , LG Display , LG Telecom and LG Chem in over 80 countries. LG_Display;Korean_language;Korean_language;Samsung;LG_Display;LG_Display;LG_Display;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Vodafone;Software;Google;Nuance_Communications;Broadcom;Nvidia;Mobile_phone;Dell;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;Samsung; LG_Display LG Display ( Korean : LG 디스플레이, KRX : 034220 and NYSE : LPL ) is the world's largest LCD panel maker, [ 1 ] ahead of Samsung Electronics in a slender lead. Currently, the two South Korean companies together exceed 50% of the global LCD panel market. [ 2 ] LG Display is headquartered in Seoul , South Korea . LCD;Korean_language;LCD;Samsung_Electronics;Netherlands;Liquid_crystal_display;Dell;IMac;IPad;IPhone;IPod_touch;European_Union;LCD;Super_Multi;LG_Display;LG_Display; LINPACK LINPACK is a software library for performing numerical linear algebra on digital computers. It was written in Fortran by Jack Dongarra , Jim Bunch, Cleve Moler , and Gilbert Stewart, and was intended for use on supercomputers in the 1970s and early 1980s. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It has been largely superseded by LAPACK , which runs more efficiently on modern architectures. LINPACK makes use of the BLAS (Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms) libraries for performing basic vector and matrix operations. The LINPACK benchmarks appeared initially as part of the LINPACK user's manual. Software_design;Cleve_Moler;Programming_language;Fortran;List_of_software_categories;Linear_algebra;Fortran;Cleve_Moler;LAPACK;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;LINPACK;LINPACK; LMMS Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Free_software;Digital_audio_workstation;MIDI_keyboard;Music_sequencer;Software_synthesizer;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;MIDI_keyboard;MIDI;Cakewalk_Sonar;FL_Studio;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Digital_Performer;Logic_Pro;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Steinberg_Cubase;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;LMMS;LMMS; LabVIEW LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a system design platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments . The graphical language is named "G" (not to be confused with G-code ). Originally released for the Apple Macintosh in 1986, LabVIEW is commonly used for data acquisition , instrument control , and industrial automation on a variety of platforms including Microsoft Windows , various versions of UNIX , Linux , and Mac OS X . The latest version of LabVIEW is version LabVIEW 2011, released in August 2011. 1 Dataflow programming 2 Graphical programming 3.2 Code compilation 3.3 Large libraries 3.5 Parallel programming 3.7 User community 4.2 Runtime environment 4.3 Copyright notice 4.4 Formal testing 6 Release history 7 Repositories and libraries 8 Related software 11 Further reading 11.1 Articles on specific uses 11.2 Articles on education uses 12 External links [ edit ] Dataflow programming The programming language used in LabVIEW, also referred to as G, is a dataflow programming language. Execution is determined by the structure of a graphical block diagram (the LV-source code) on which the programmer connects different function-nodes by drawing wires. These wires propagate variables and any node can execute as soon as all its input data become available. Since this might be the case for multiple nodes simultaneously, G is inherently capable of parallel execution. Multi-processing and multi-threading hardware is automatically exploited by the built-in scheduler, which multiplexes multiple OS threads over the nodes ready for execution. [ edit ] Graphical programming Screenshot of a simple LabVIEW program LabVIEW ties the creation of user interfaces (called front panels) into the development cycle. LabVIEW programs/subroutines are called virtual instruments (VIs). Each VI has three components: a block diagram, a front panel and a connector panel. The last is used to represent the VI in the block diagrams of other, calling VIs. Controls and indicators on the front panel allow an operator to input data into or extract data from a running virtual instrument. However, the front panel can also serve as a programmatic interface. Thus a virtual instrument can either be run as a program, with the front panel serving as a user interface, or, when dropped as a node onto the block diagram, the front panel defines the inputs and outputs for the given node through the connector panel. This implies each VI can be easily tested before being embedded as a subroutine into a larger program. The graphical approach also allows non-programmers to build programs by dragging and dropping virtual representations of lab equipment with which they are already familiar. The LabVIEW programming environment, with the included examples and documentation, makes it simple to create small applications. This is a benefit on one side, but there is also a certain danger of underestimating the expertise needed for high-quality G programming. For complex algorithms or large-scale code, it is important that the programmer possesses an extensive knowledge of the special LabVIEW syntax and the topology of its memory management. The most advanced LabVIEW development systems offer the possibility of building stand-alone applications. Furthermore, it is possible to create distributed applications, which communicate by a client/server scheme, and are therefore easier to implement due to the inherently parallel nature of G. The image above is an illustration of a simple LabVIEW program showing the dataflow source code in the form of the block diagram in the lower left frame and the input and output variables as graphical objects in the upper right frame. The two are the essential components of a LabVIEW program referred to as a Virtual Instrument. [ edit ] Benefits [ edit ] Interfacing A key benefit of LabVIEW over other development environments is the extensive support for accessing instrumentation hardware. Drivers and abstraction layers for many different types of instruments and buses are included or are available for inclusion. These present themselves as graphical nodes. The abstraction layers offer standard software interfaces to communicate with hardware devices. The provided driver interfaces save program development time. The sales pitch of National Instruments is, therefore, that even people with limited coding experience can write programs and deploy test solutions in a reduced time frame when compared to more conventional or competing systems. A new hardware driver topology (DAQmxBase), which consists mainly of G-coded components with only a few register calls through NI Measurement Hardware DDK (Driver Development Kit) functions, provides platform independent hardware access to numerous data acquisition and instrumentation devices. The DAQmxBase driver is available for LabVIEW on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux platforms. Although not a .NET language, LabVIEW also offers an interface to .NET Framework assemblies, which makes it possible to use, for instance, databases and XML files in automation projects. [ edit ] Code compilation In terms of performance, LabVIEW includes a compiler that produces native code for the CPU platform. The graphical code is translated into executable machine code by interpreting the syntax and by compilation. The LabVIEW syntax is strictly enforced during the editing process and compiled into the executable machine code when requested to run or upon saving. In the latter case, the executable and the source code are merged into a single file. The executable runs with the help of the LabVIEW run-time engine, which contains some precompiled code to perform common tasks that are defined by the G language. The run-time engine reduces compile time and also provides a consistent interface to various operating systems, graphic systems, hardware components, etc. The run-time environment makes the code portable across platforms. Generally, LabVIEW code can be slower than equivalent compiled C code, although the differences often lie more with program optimization than inherent execution speed. [ edit ] Large libraries Many libraries with a large number of functions for data acquisition, signal generation, mathematics, statistics, signal conditioning, analysis, etc., along with numerous graphical interface elements are provided in several LabVIEW package options. The number of advanced mathematic blocks for functions such as integration, filters, and other specialized capabilities usually associated with data capture from hardware sensors is immense. In addition, LabVIEW includes a text-based programming component called MathScript with additional functionality for signal processing, analysis and mathematics. MathScript can be integrated with graphical programming using "script nodes" and uses a syntax that is generally compatible with MATLAB [ citation needed ] . [ edit ] Code re-use The fully modular character of LabVIEW code allows code reuse without modifications: as long as the data types of input and output are consistent, two sub VIs are interchangeable. The LabVIEW Professional Development System allows creating stand-alone executables and the resultant executable can be distributed an unlimited number of times. The run-time engine and its libraries can be provided freely along with the executable. A benefit of the LabVIEW environment is the platform independent nature of the G code, which is (with the exception of a few platform-specific functions) portable between the different LabVIEW systems for different operating systems (Windows, Mac OS X and Linux). National Instruments is increasingly focusing on the capability of deploying LabVIEW code onto an increasing number of targets including devices like Phar Lap or VxWorks OS based LabVIEW Real-Time controllers, FPGAs , PocketPCs, PDAs, Wireless sensor network nodes, and even Lego Mindstorms NXT [ edit ] Parallel programming With LabVIEW it is very easy to program different tasks that are performed in parallel by means of multithreading. This is, for instance, easily done by drawing two or more parallel while loops. This is a great benefit for test system automation, where it is common practice to run processes like test sequencing, data recording, and hardware interfacing in parallel. [ edit ] Ecosystem Due to the longevity and popularity of the LabVIEW language, and the ability for users to extend the functionality, a large ecosystem of 3rd party add-ons has developed through contributions from the community. This ecosystem is available on the LabVIEW Tools Network, and is a marketplace for both free and paid LabVIEW add-ons. [ edit ] User community There is a low-cost LabVIEW Student Edition aimed at educational institutions for learning purposes. There is also an active community of LabVIEW users who communicate through several e-mail groups and Internet forums . [ edit ] Criticism LabVIEW is a proprietary product of National Instruments . Unlike common programming languages such as C or FORTRAN , LabVIEW is not managed or specified by a third party standards committee such as ANSI , IEEE, ISO, etc. [ edit ] Licensing Building a stand-alone application with LabVIEW requires the Application Builder component which is included with the Professional Development System but requires a separate purchase if using the Base Package or Full Development System. [ 1 ] There is no LabVIEW 2011 student license for Linux. [ edit ] Runtime environment Compiled executables produced by all newer versions of the Application Builder (since version 6.0) are not truly standalone in that they also require that the LabVIEW run-time engine be installed on any target computer on which users run the application. [ 2 ] The use of standard controls requires a runtime library for any language and all major operating system suppliers supply the required libraries for common languages such as C. However, the runtime required for LabVIEW is not supplied with any operating system and is required to be specifically installed by the administrator or user. This requirement can cause problems if an application is distributed to a user who may be prepared to run the application but does not have the inclination or permission to install additional files on the host system prior to running the executable. [ edit ] Copyright notice According to the National Instruments license agreement an executable built with LabVIEW should contain a note that the software is written in LabVIEW. [ 3 ] 1.) You include the following copyright notice "Copyright © [insert year] National Instruments Corporation. All Rights Reserved." in (a) the Authorized Application′s About Box (if applicable) and (b)(i) any applicable written documentation or, (ii) if no such documentation exists, in a "read me" or other .txt file distributed with each copy of the Authorized Application (you may include your own copyright notice with the notice(s) required above). There is some debate as to whether LabVIEW is really a general purpose programming language (or in some cases whether it is really a programming language at all) as opposed to an application-specific development environment for measurement and automation. [ 4 ] Critics point to a lack of features, common in most other programming languages, such as, until version 2009, native recursion and, until version 8.20, native object oriented features. [ edit ] Formal testing For an environment targeted for repetitive application, especially in process automation, LabVIEW includes no built-in functions for formally testing limits, reading a limits file, and conveniently tracking the passing or failing results. Due to such constraints in effect with formal and dynamic testing, the recommended usage potentially will not cover the required scope for production or therapy processes, especially when these are subject of risk and security auditing, e.g. according to FDA 21 C.F.R. §820 et seq. [ 5 ] Companies tend to build their own proprietary functions for this basic feature if they choose not to use National Instruments' product line TestStand . [ edit ] Timing system LabVIEW uses the January 1, 1904 epoch as its "zero" time. Other programs that use the January 1, 1904 epoch are Apple Inc. 's Mac OS through version 9, Palm OS , and Microsoft Excel (optionally). [ 6 ] [ edit ] Release history Starting with LabVIEW 8.0, a minor release is released around the first week of August to coincide with the National Instruments conference NI Week, followed by a bug-fix release in February. In 2009 National Instruments names the releases after the year in which they are released. The bug-fix is called a Service Pack (for instance the 2009 service pack 1 is released in February 2010). LabVIEW project begins LabVIEW 1.0 (for Macintosh) LabVIEW 2.5 (first release for Sun Windows) LabVIEW 3.0 (Multiplatform) LabVIEW 3.0.1 (first release for Windows NT) LabVIEW 3.1.1 (first release with "application builder" capability) LabVIEW RT (Real Time) LabVIEW 7.0 (Express) LabVIEW PDA module first released LabVIEW FPGA module first released LabVIEW Embedded module first released LabVIEW 8.20 (native Object Oriented Programming) LabVIEW 2009 (32 and 64-bit) LabVIEW for LEGO MINDSTORMS (2010 SP1) [ edit ] Repositories and libraries OpenG , as well as LAVA Code Repository (LAVAcr) , serve as repositories for a wide range of Open Source LabVIEW applications and libraries . SourceForge has LabVIEW listed as one of the possible languages in which code can be written. VI Package Manager has become the standard package manager for LabVIEW libraries. It is very similar in purpose to Ruby's RubyGems and Perl's CPAN , although it provides a graphical user interface similar to the Synaptic Package Manager . VI Package Manager provides access to a repository of the OpenG (and other) libraries for LabVIEW. Tools exist to convert G code into MathML . [ 7 ] [ edit ] Related software National Instruments also offers a product called Measurement Studio , which offers many of the test, measurement and control capabilities of LabVIEW, as a set of classes for use with Microsoft Visual Studio . This allows developers to harness some of LabVIEW's strengths within the text-based .NET framework . National Instruments also offers LabWindows/CVI as an alternative for ANSI C programmers. When applications require sequencing, users often use LabVIEW with TestStand test management software, also from National Instruments. The Ch interpreter is a C/C++ Interpreter that can be embedded into LabVIEW for Scripting. [ 8 ] The TRIL Centre Ireland BioMobius platform and DSP Robotics' FlowStone DSP also use a form of graphical programming similar to LabVIEW, but are limited to the biomedical and robotics industries respectively. LabVIEW has a direct node with modeFRONTIER , a multidisciplinary and multi-objective optimization and design environment, written to allow coupling to almost any computer aided engineering (CAE) tool. Both can be part of the same business process and can be virtually driven by the optimization technologies available in modeFRONTIER . [ edit ] See also Comparison of numerical analysis software Dataflow programming Fourth-generation programming language Graphical programming Graphical system design Lego Mindstorms NXT , whose programming environment is based on LabVIEW. Virtual instrumentation Software_developer;National_Instruments;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Data_acquisition;Instrument_control;Test_automation;Signal_processing;Industrial_Control_Systems;Embedded_system;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Visual_programming_language;National_Instruments;Apple_Macintosh;Data_acquisition;Instrument_control;Automation;Microsoft_Windows;Unix;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Dataflow_programming;Multiplexing;Operating_System;Compiler;MATLAB;VxWorks;FPGA;Wireless_sensor_network;Lego_Mindstorms_NXT;Internet_forum;Proprietary_software;National_Instruments;C_Programming_Language;FORTRAN;American_National_Standards_Institute;Executable;Runtime_library;National_Instruments;License_agreement;Recursion;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS;Palm_OS;SourceForge;Package_manager;RubyGems;CPAN;Synaptic_Package_Manager;MathML;Microsoft;Visual_Studio;.NET_framework;Ch_interpreter;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Dataflow_programming;Graphical_programming;Graphical_system_design;Lego_Mindstorms;MATLAB;Simulink;Virtual_instrumentation;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Electronic_mailing_list;MediaWiki;Connexions;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;MATLAB;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;LabVIEW;LabVIEW; LabView LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a system design platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments . The graphical language is named "G" (not to be confused with G-code ). Originally released for the Apple Macintosh in 1986, LabVIEW is commonly used for data acquisition , instrument control , and industrial automation on a variety of platforms including Microsoft Windows , various versions of UNIX , Linux , and Mac OS X . The latest version of LabVIEW is version LabVIEW 2011, released in August 2011. Software_developer;National_Instruments;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Data_acquisition;Instrument_control;Test_automation;Signal_processing;Industrial_Control_Systems;Embedded_system;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Visual_programming_language;National_Instruments;Apple_Macintosh;Data_acquisition;Instrument_control;Automation;Microsoft_Windows;Unix;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Dataflow_programming;Multiplexing;Operating_System;Compiler;MATLAB;VxWorks;FPGA;Wireless_sensor_network;Lego_Mindstorms_NXT;Internet_forum;Proprietary_software;National_Instruments;C_Programming_Language;FORTRAN;American_National_Standards_Institute;Executable;Runtime_library;National_Instruments;License_agreement;Recursion;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS;Palm_OS;SourceForge;Package_manager;RubyGems;CPAN;Synaptic_Package_Manager;MathML;Microsoft;Visual_Studio;.NET_framework;Ch_interpreter;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Dataflow_programming;Graphical_programming;Graphical_system_design;Lego_Mindstorms;MATLAB;Simulink;Virtual_instrumentation;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Electronic_mailing_list;MediaWiki;Connexions;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;MATLAB;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;LabVIEW;LabVIEW; Lafutidine Lafutidine ( INN ) is a H 2 receptor antagonist. Agonists : 2-Pyridylethylamine Antagonists : 1st generation : 4-Methyldiphenhydramine Benzatropine/Benztropine Dexchlorpheniramine Etybenzatropine/Ethylbenztropine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Mepyramine/Pyrilamine 2nd generation : Acrivastine 3rd generation : Desloratadine Ungrouped : Belarizine Miscellaneous : Tricyclic antidepressants ( amitriptyline , trimipramine , etc) Tetracyclic antidepressants ( mianserin , Typical antipsychotics ( chlorpromazine , thioridazine , etc) Atypical antipsychotics ( clozapine , Agonists : Amthamine Antagonists : Bisfentidine Lavoltidine/Loxtidine Quisultazine/Quisultidine Agonists : α-Methylhistamine Antagonists : A-349,821 Agonists : 4-Methylhistamine Antagonists : JNJ-7,777,120 Inhibitors: Ibogaine Inhibitors: Catechin Inhibitors: Aminoguanidine Histamine ; Precursors: L -Histidine ; Cofactors: Vitamin B6 Drugs for acid related disorders: Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD/GORD ( A02B ) H 2 antagonists ("-tidine") Prostaglandins (E)/ analogues ("-prost-") Proton-pump inhibitors ("-prazole") See also: Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols anat( t , g , p )/ phys / devp / enzy noco / cong / tumr , sysi / epon proc , drug ( A2A / 2B / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 14 / 16 ), blte This drug article relating to the gastrointestinal system is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lafutidine oldid=503404132 " Categories : H2 receptor antagonists Piperidines Pyridines Phenol ethers Alkenes Acetamides Furans Gastrointestinal system drug stubs Hidden categories: Chemical pages needing a ChemSpiderID International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Cimetidine;Famotidine;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Pirenzepine;Telenzepine;Lafutidine;Lafutidine; Lagarith Video_for_Windows;Open_source;Video_codec;Huffyuv;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Lagarith;Lagarith; Land_Rover BMW;BMW;BMW;BMW;Trademark;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BMW;BAE_Systems;BMW;BMW;BMW;BMW;United_Kingdom;BMW;BMW;BMW;BAE_Systems;BMW;BMW;BMW;General_Motors;Chrysler;Volvo_Cars;Volvo_Cars;BMW;BMW;Land_Rover;Land_Rover; Landscape_mode Page orientation is the way in which a rectangular page is oriented for normal viewing. The two most common types of orientation are portrait and landscape . The specific word definition comes from the fact that a close-up portrait of a person's face and upper body is more fitting for a canvas or photo where the height of the display area is greater than the width, and is more common for the pages of books . Landscape originally described artistic outdoor scenes where a wide view area is needed, but the upper part of the painting would be mostly sky and so is omitted. Page orientation is also used to describe the dimensions of a video display. The most common video display orientation is landscape mode, especially the 4:3 ratio, which is 4 units wide and 3 units tall, and the more recent 16:9 widescreen landscape display mode. Portrait screen orientation can also be selected for computers, but was uncommon until the introduction of Apple's iPad , and the most popular use is in mobile devices . However, portrait is preferred for editing page-layout work, in order to view the entire page on the screen at once without wasted space along the sides, and for script-writing, legal work (in drafting contracts etc.), and other applications where it is useful to see a maximum number of lines of text. It is also common in public information displays. IPad;Macintosh;Tablet_computer;Page_orientation;Page_orientation; Language Language is either the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication , or a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses is called linguistics . The approximately 6,000 - 7,000 languages currently spoken are the most salient examples, but natural languages can also be based on visual rather than auditory stimuli , for example in sign languages and written language . When used as a general concept, "language" may refer to the cognitive faculty that enables humans to learn and use systems of complex communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. Human language is unique among the lifeforms of Earth because its complex structure affords a much wider range of possible expressions and uses than any known system of animal communication , all of which are generally closed systems, with limited functions and mostly genetically rather than socially transmitted. In contrast to non-human communication forms, human language has the properties of productivity , recursivity , and displacement , both of which are only found in and is the only such system to rely largely on social convention and learning. Language is thought to have originated when early hominins first started cooperating, gradually changing their primate communication systems as they acquired the ability to form a theory of other minds and shared intentionality . This development is thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume, and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative functions. Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain , but especially in Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas . Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak fluently when they are around three years old. The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture . Therefore, in addition to its strictly communicative uses, language also has many social and cultural uses, such as signifying group identity , social stratification , as well as for social grooming and entertainment . All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate a sign with a particular meaning . Oral and sign languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are used to form phrases and utterances. Languages evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had for the later stages to have occurred. A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The languages that are most spoken in the world today belong to the Indo-European family , which includes languages such as English , Spanish , Portuguese , Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan languages , which include Mandarin Chinese , Cantonese and many others; Semitic languages , which include Arabic , Amharic and Hebrew ; and the Bantu languages , which include Swahili , Zulu , Shona and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa . The general consensus is that between 50 to 90% of languages spoken today will have become extinct by the year 2100. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] English_language;Spanish_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Cantonese;Programming_language;French_language;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Gottlob_Frege;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Mandarin_Chinese;Korean_language;English_language;Spanish_language;Mandarin_Chinese;North_America;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Gottlob_Frege;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Bertrand_Russell;Logical_atomism;Language;Language; Laos in ASEAN ( dark grey ) — [ Legend ] 17°58′N 102°36′E  /  17.967°N 102.6°E  / 17.967; 102.6 Official language(s) Ethnic groups (2005) other (over 100 minor ethnic groups) 26% Marxist–Leninist unitary single-party state Thongsing Thammavong General Secretary of Revolutionary Party President of the National Assembly President of Construction Sisavath Keobounphanh 236,800 km 2 ( 84 th ) 6,500,000 [ 1 ] ( 104 th ) 26.7/km 2 ( 177 th ) $17.433 billion [ 2 ] ( 130 th ) $2,659 [ 2 ] ( 48 th ) $7.891 billion [ 2 ] ( 137 th ) $1,203 [ 2 ] ( 147 th ) This article contains Lao text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Lao script . Laos (( i / ˈ l aʊ s / , / ˈ l ɑː . ɒ s / , / ˈ l ɑː . oʊ s / , or / ˈ l eɪ . ɒ s / ) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, pronounced [sǎː.tʰáː.laʔ.naʔ.lat páʔ.sáː.tʰiʔ.páʔ.tàj páʔ.sáː.són.láːw] Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao ), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic , is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west. Its population was estimated to be 6.5 million in 2012. [ 1 ] Laos traces its history to the kingdom of Lan Xang, which existed from the 14th to the 18th century when it split into three separate kingdoms. In 1893, it became a French protectorate , with the three kingdoms, Luang Phrabang , Vientiane and Champasak , uniting to form what is now known as Laos. It briefly gained independence in 1945 after Japanese occupation, but returned to French rule until it was granted autonomy in 1949. Laos became independent in 1953, with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong . Shortly after independence, a long civil war ended the monarchy, when the Communist Pathet Lao movement came to power in 1975. Laos is a single-party socialist republic . The capital city is Vientiane . Other large cities include Luang Prabang , Savannakhet and Pakse . The official language is Lao . Laos is a multi-ethnic country with the politically and culturally dominant Lao people making up approximately sixty percent of the population, mostly in the lowlands. Various Mon-Khmer groups, the Hmong , and other indigenous hill tribes, accounting for forty percent of the population, live in the foothills and mountains. It is a rising power in providing electricity to neighboring countries such as Thailand, China and Vietnam and the economy is accelerating rapidly with the demands for its metals. [ 7 ] [ 7 ] It is a member of the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA), Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ), East Asia Summit and La Francophonie . Laos applied for membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1997. France;Vietnam;Cambodia;Thailand;Thailand;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Australia;Canada;Netherlands;The_New_York_Times;Philippines;Cambodia;Vietnam;Thailand;French_language;English_language;Musical_instrument;Folk_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Brunei;Cambodia;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;Australia;Taiwan;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Vietnam;Brunei;Cambodia;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Australia;Brunei;Cambodia;Japan;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;United_States;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Vietnam;France;Seychelles;Laos;Laos; Laptop A laptop computer is a personal computer for mobile use . [ 1 ] A laptop has most of the same components as a desktop computer, including a display , a keyboard , a pointing device such as a touchpad (also known as a trackpad) and/or a pointing stick , and speakers into a single unit. A laptop is powered by mains electricity via an AC adapter , and can be used away from an outlet using a rechargeable battery . Laptops are also sometimes called notebook computers , notebooks or netbooks . Portable computers , originally monochrome CRT-based and developed into the modern laptops, were originally considered to be a small niche market, mostly for specialized field applications such as the military, accountants and sales representatives. As portable computers became smaller, lighter, cheaper, more powerful and as screens became larger and of better quality, laptops became very widely used for all sorts of purposes. Personal_computer;Touchpad;Rechargeable_battery;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;Touchpad;MacBook_Air;QWERTY;Touch_screen;Intel;Desktop_computer;USB;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Palm_OS;Intel;Netbook;Web_application;Cloud_computing;Linux;Windows_XP;Central_processing_unit;Google;Tablet_computer;Touchscreen;VAIO;Miniaturization;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Pentium_M;PowerPC;IBook;PowerBook;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Ethernet;Power_supply;Rechargeable_battery;LED;Contrast_ratio;Hard_disk_drive;Removable_media;Hard_disk;Flash_memory;Touchpad;Bluetooth;USB;VGA;HDMI;Ethernet;Composite_video;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;USB;Tablet_computer;Intel;Apple_Inc.;PowerBook;HSDPA;Technical_standard;Intel;USB;PC_Card;Hard_drive;Apple_Inc.;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Alienware;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;Toshiba;Alienware;Desktop_computer;Microsoft_Windows;Netbook;Macintosh;Personal_digital_assistant;Smartphone;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Tethering;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PC_Magazine;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Laptop;Laptop; Last.fm Last.fm is a music website, founded in the United Kingdom in 2002. It claimed 30 million active users in March 2009. [ 2 ] On 30 May 2007, CBS Interactive acquired Last.fm for UK£ 140m ( US$ 280m). [ 3 ] Using a music recommender system called "Audioscrobbler", Last.fm builds a detailed profile of each user's musical taste by recording details of the songs the user listens to, either from Internet radio stations, or the user's computer or many portable music devices . This information is transferred ("scrobbled") to Last.fm's database either via the music player itself ( Rdio , Spotify , Clementine , Amarok ) or via a plugin installed into the user's music player . The data is then displayed on the user's profile page and also compiled to create reference pages for individual artists. By April 2011 Last.fm reported more than 50 billion scrobbles. [ 4 ] The service is free for users in the UK, US, and Germany; users in other countries require a subscription to use the radio service (€3.00 per month after a 50 track free trial). The site offers numerous social networking features and can recommend and play artists similar to the user's favourites. CBS_Interactive;United_Kingdom;CBS_Interactive;United_States_dollar;Internet_radio;Rdio;Spotify;Social_network_service;Computer_science;United_Kingdom;Application_programming_interface;Operating_system;Germany;Austria;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;FM_radio;Slogan;Application_software;Japanese_language;German_language;Spanish_language;French_language;Italian_language;EMI;CBS;CBS;Blog;San_Francisco;Internet_radio;Adobe_Flash_Player;Blog;Internet_forum;Collaborative_filtering;Algorithm;Contact_list;Internet_forum;United_States_dollar;United_States;United_Kingdom;Microsoft;Germany;YouTube;Sony_BMG;Record_label;Independent_record_label;Spotify;The_Beatles;Microsoft_Windows;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Flash;Streaming_media;Web_application;Free_software;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Album_cover;ITunes;Cmus;Exaile;Grooveshark;MediaPortal;Pocket_Tunes;Rdio;Spotify;VLC_media_player;WiMP;Beep_Media_Player;ITunes;IPod_touch;IPhone;MediaMonkey;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;MusikCube;Napster;Rhythmbox;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XMMS;IPod;IPod_Touch;IPhone;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Rhythmbox;Zune;Rockbox;Rockbox;IPhone;Deezer;Grooveshark;Imeem;Jamendo;Pandora_Radio;Spotify;Tunewiki;Wired_magazine;Guardian_Unlimited;Internet_radio;CBS_Interactive;CBS_Interactive;CNET;ZDNet;CBS;Warner_Bros.;CBS;CBS_Interactive;ZDNet;United_States_dollar;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Facebook;FriendFeed;YouTube;Last.fm;Last.fm; Latin_American_music Latin American music (sometimes abbreviated as Latin music ) is a music genre encompassing rhythms and styles originated or related to Latin America, as well as derived music genres from the United States and Europe. [ 1 ] Some critics have defined Latin music as an incorporation of four elements: music style, geography, cultural background of the artist and language. [ 1 ] The first of those encapsulates all music styles generated from Latin countries, such as salsa , merengue , tango and bachata ; as well as other styles derived from a more mainstream genre, such as Latin pop , rock , jazz and hip-hop . It also includes recently developed genres, such as reggaeton . Bolivia;Puerto_Rico;Reggae;Mexico;Flamenco;Guatemala;Nicaragua;Panama;Peru;Bolivia;Guitar;Puerto_Rico;Country_music;Rock_music;Reggae;Hip_hop_music;Jazz;Hip_hop_music;Reggae;Flamenco;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Latin_American_music;Latin_American_music; Latin_Grammy_Award A Latin Grammy Award is an accolade by The Latin Academy of Recording Arts Sciences to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry . Unlike the regular Grammy Award which primarily honors music produced in the United States , the Latin Grammy honors works produced anywhere around the world that were recorded in either Spanish or Portuguese . [ 1 ] However, both awards have similar nominating and voting processes, in which the selections are decided by peers within the music industry. The first annual Latin Grammys ceremony was held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on September 13, 2000. Broadcast by CBS , that first ceremony became the first primarily Spanish language primetime program carried on an English-language American television network. The 13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards will be held on November 15, 2012 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas . Music_industry;Spanish_language;United_States;Music_industry;Grammy_Award;United_States;Spanish_language;CBS;Spanish_language;CBS;Spanish_language;United_States;Mexico;Brazil;Spain;Puerto_Rico;Colombia;Argentina;United_States;Dominican_Republic;Venezuela;Panama;Peru;Italy;Canada;Chile;France;Nicaragua;Guatemala;Ecuador;New_Straits_Times;Grammy_Award;American_Music_Award;Billboard_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Latin_Grammy_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award; Latino Latino is a term used chiefly in the United States to refer to people of Latin American extraction or descent, though the term has also been incorrectly used as a synonym for Hispanic . "Hispanic" is a narrower term which only refers to persons of Spanish-speaking origin or ancestry, while "Latino" is more frequently used to refer more generally to anyone of Latin American origin or ancestry, including Brazilians. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The term latino is used to refer to males only or a combination of males and females in a group, whereas the term latina is used to refer to females only. The U.S. Government has defined Hispanic or Latino persons as being "persons who trace their origin [to] . . . Central and South America, and other Spanish cultures." [ 11 ] The United States Census uses the ethnonym Hispanic or Latino to refer to "persons who trace their origin or descent to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Spanish speaking Central and South America countries, and other Spanish cultures." It is also stated that, "Origin can be considered as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race." [ 12 ] The AP Stylebook's recommended usage of Latino includes not only persons of Spanish-speaking ancestry, but also more generally includes persons "from -- or whose ancestors were from -- . . . Latin America," including Brazilians. [ 10 ] United_States;American_English;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Spain;Portugal;American_English;United_States;Mexico;Italian_language;Spanish_language;French_language; Latrepirdine Latrepirdine ( INN , also known as dimebolin and sold as Dimebon ), is an antihistamine drug which has been used clinically in Russia since 1983. [ 1 ] Research is continuing in both Russia and western nations into potential applications as a neuroprotective drug to combat Alzheimer's disease and, possibly, as a nootropic , as well. [ 2 ] However, a phase III clinical trial for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment failed to show any benefit. Three other AD trials continue. [ 3 ] Dimebon failed in the phase III trial for Huntington disease . [ 4 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;International_Nonproprietary_Name;International_Nonproprietary_Name;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Inverse_agonist;Ciproxifan;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Latrepirdine;Latrepirdine; Latvia – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 56°57′N 24°6′E  /  56.95°N 24.1°E  / 56.95; 24.1 Official language(s) Ethnic groups (2011) 3.3% Belarusians , 1.2% Lithuanians , 2.1% others and unspecified [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Parliamentary republic Nazi German occupation August 21, 1991 [ 3 ] 64,589 km 2 ( 124th ) 1.57% (1,014 km 2 ) 2,217,053 [ 4 ] ( 143rd ) 34.3/km 2 ( 166th ) $34.921 billion [ 6 ] $28.252 billion [ 6 ] 1 Latvia is de jure continuous with its declaration November 18, 1918. Latvia i / ˈ l æ t v i ə / ( Latvian : Latvija ), officially the Republic of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Republika ), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by Estonia (border length 343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), to the southeast by Belarus (141 km), [ 8 ] and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden . With 2,070,371 inhabitants [ 5 ] and a territory of 64,589 km 2 (24,938 sq mi) [ 9 ] it is one of the least populous and least densely populated countries of the European Union . The capital of Latvia is Riga . The official language is Latvian and the currency is called Lats (Ls). The country has a temperate seasonal climate . The Latvians are a Baltic people , culturally related to the Lithuanians . Together with the Finnic Livs (or Livonians ), the Latvians are the indigenous people of Latvia. [ 9 ] Latvian is an Indo-European language and along with Lithuanian the only two surviving members of the Baltic branch . Indigenous minority languages are Latgalian and the nearly extinct Finnic Livonian language. In terms of geography, territory and population Latvia is the middle of three Baltic states : Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania . Latvia and Estonia share a long common history : historical Livonia , times of Polish-Lithuanian , German (Teutonic Order) , Swedish , Russian , Nazi German and Soviet rule, 13th century Christianization and 16th century Protestant Reformation . Both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians (26.9% in Latvia [ 2 ] and 25.5% in Estonia [ 10 ] ) of whom some are non-citizens . Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant , except for the region of Latgalia in the southeast which has historically been predominantly Roman Catholic . Latvia is a unitary parliamentary republic and is divided into 118 administrative divisions of which 109 are municipalities and 9 are cities. There are five planning regions : Courland (Kurzeme), Latgalia (Latgale), Riga (Rīga), Vidzeme and Zemgale . The Republic of Latvia was founded on November 18, 1918. It was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union between 1940–1941 and 1945–1991 and by Nazi Germany between 1941–1945. The peaceful " Singing Revolution " between 1987 and 1991 and " Baltic Way " demonstration on August 23, 1989 led to the independence of the Baltic states . Latvia declared the restoration of its de facto independence on August 21, 1991. Latvia is a member of the United Nations , European Union , Council of Europe , NATO , Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organization , and is part of the Schengen Area . It was a member of the League of Nations (1921–1946) and the Baltic Free Trade Area (1994–2004). Latvia is also a member of the Council of the Baltic Sea States [ 11 ] and Nordic Investment Bank , and is together with Estonia and Lithuania involved in trilateral Baltic States cooperation [ 12 ] and Nordic-Baltic cooperation. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] After economic stagnation in the early 1990s, Latvia posted Europe-leading GDP growth figures during 1998–2006. In the global financial crisis of 2008–2010 Latvia was the hardest hit of the European Union member states, with a GDP decline of 26.54% in that period. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Commentators noted signs of stabilisation in the Latvian economy by 2010, and the state of the economy continued to improve, as Latvia once again became one of the fastest growing economies of the EU in 2011. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The United Nations lists Latvia as a country with a "Very High" Human Development Index (HDI). [ 7 ] Europe;European_Union;Estonia;Lithuania;Sweden;European_Union;Estonia;Lithuania;Estonia;European_Union;Estonia;Lithuania;European_Union;Estonia;Finland;Estonia;European_Union;Estonia;Lithuania;Estonia;Sweden;Lithuania;Switzerland;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;Estonia;Lithuania;European_Union;UK;European_Union;Lithuania;Estonia;Estonia;Lithuania;Estonia;Lithuania;Estonia;Estonia;European_Union;Europe;European_Union;United_States;The_New_York_Times;Germany;European_Union;European_Union;Suicide;Folk_music;Classical_music;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Bloomberg_L.P.;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Germany;Lithuania;Poland;Sweden;Estonia;Lithuania;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Latvia;Latvia; Launchd launchd is a unified, open-source service management framework for starting, stopping and managing daemons , applications , processes , and scripts . Written and designed by Dave Zarzycki at Apple, it was introduced with Mac OS X Tiger and is licensed under the Apache License . The launchd daemon is essentially a replacement for: SystemStarter (Mac OS X) Apple has stated that it intends to eliminate all of the aforementioned services in favor of launchd. [ 1 ] For Mac OS X v10.4 Apple moved most of the processes handled by the previously mentioned daemons to launchd. By consolidating all the launch services into one program, launchd significantly shortens boot time on slow computers. Software_design;Apple_Computer;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Application_software;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Property_list;PowerPC;Intel;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Property_list;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Launchd;Launchd; Laura_Sydell Laura Sydell (born 1961) reports on Digital Culture for NPR . She was born in New Jersey , and is a former senior technology reporter for Public Radio International 's Marketplace , and a regular reporter on for National Public Radio 's All Things Considered , Morning Edition , and Weekend Edition . She was a Freedom Forum Teaching Fellow at the Graduate School of Journalism at University of California, Berkeley , teaching about reporting on culture. New_Jersey;Laura_Sydell;Laura_Sydell; Lavoltidine Lavoltidine ( INN , USAN , BAN ; code name AH-23,844 ), previously known as loxtidine , is a highly potent and selective H 2 receptor antagonist which was under development as a treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease but was discontinued due to the discovery that it produced gastric carcinoid tumors in rodents. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Nonproprietary_Name;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Cimetidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Pirenzepine;Telenzepine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine; LeCroy USB;USB;Bluetooth;PCI_Express;Serial_ATA; Led_Zeppelin Led Zeppelin were an English rock band, active in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. Formed as the New Yardbirds in 1968, the band consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page , singer Robert Plant , bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones , and drummer John Bonham . They are widely considered to be one of the most successful, innovative and influential rock groups in history. After changing their name, the band signed a favourable deal with Atlantic Records that allowed them considerable artistic freedom. Led Zeppelin disliked releasing their songs as singles; they viewed their albums as indivisible and complete listening experiences. Due to the heavy, guitar-driven blues rock sound of their first two albums, Led Zeppelin are frequently recognised as the progenitors of heavy metal and hard rock . However, the band's individualistic style drew from a wide variety of influences, including folk music , which they incorporated into their next two albums. Their untitled fourth album , which features the track " Stairway to Heaven ", is among the most popular and influential works in rock music, and it cemented the status of the group as "superstars". Subsequent albums saw greater experimentation and were accompanied by record-breaking tours, which earned them a reputation for excess. Although they remained commercially and critically successful, in the later 1970s, the band's output and touring schedule were limited by the personal difficulties and circumstances of the members. Led Zeppelin disbanded following Bonham's unexpected death in 1980. Since 1980, the surviving members have pursued solo careers and have also been involved in a series of collaborations and one-off reunions. In 2007, 27 years after the group disbanded, the surviving members of Led Zeppelin reunited (along with John Bonham's son, Jason ) for the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at The O2 Arena in London. The band were honoured with the "Best Live Act" prize for their one-off reunion at MOJO Awards 2008 , where they were described as the "greatest rock and roll band of all time". [ 2 ] Led Zeppelin are one of the best-selling music artists in the history of audio recording—various sources estimate the group's sales at more than 200 or even 300 million albums worldwide. Their 111.5 million certified units in the United States rank them as the second-best-selling band in the US . Each of their nine studio albums reached the top 10 of the Billboard album chart in the US, with six reaching the number-one spot. [ 3 ] Rolling Stone magazine described them as "the heaviest band of all time", [ 4 ] "the biggest band of the '70s" [ 5 ] and "unquestionably one of the most enduring bands in rock history". [ 6 ] Similarly, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame stated that the band were "as influential in that decade [the 1970s] as The Beatles were in the prior one". [ 7 ] Heavy_metal_music;Record_label;Rock_music;Heavy_metal_music;Folk_music;Rolling_Stone;The_Beatles;Folk_music;Arrangement;Music_recording_sales_certification;Blues;World_music;Jazz;Country_music;Funk;Soul_music;Reggae;Folk_music;Heavy_metal_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Bootleg_recording;American_Music_Award;Music_recording_sales_certification;International_Standard_Book_Number;British_Phonographic_Industry;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;YouTube;Open_Directory_Project;Paul_McCartney;Led_Zeppelin;Led_Zeppelin; Legato In musical notation the Italian word legato (literally meaning "tied together") indicates that musical notes are played or sung smoothly and connected. That is, in transitioning from note to note, there should be no intervening silence. Legato technique is required for slurred performance, but unlike slurring (as that term is interpreted for some instruments), legato does not forbid rearticulation. In standard notation legato is indicated either with the word legato itself, or by a slur (a curved line) under the notes that are to be joined in one legato group. Legato, like staccato , is a kind of articulation . There is an intermediate articulation called either mezzo staccato or non-legato. Musical_notation;Staccato;Guitar;Synthesizer;Classical_music;Staccato;Staccato;International_Standard_Book_Number;Country_music;Flamenco;Heavy_metal_music;Jazz;Musical_notation;Staccato;Tempo;Legato;Legato; Lego_Mindstorms The LEGO Mindstorm series of kits contain software and hardware to create small, customizable and programmable robots. They include a programmable 'Brick' computer that controls the system, a set of modular sensors and motors, and LEGO parts from the Technics line to create the mechanical systems. The hardware and software roots of the Mindstorms Robotics Invention System kit go back to the programmable brick created at the MIT Media Lab . This brick was programmed in Brick Logo . The first visual programming environment was called LEGOsheets, [ 1 ] since it was created by the University of Colorado in 1994 based on AgentSheets . The original Mindstorms Robotics Invention System kit contained two motors, two touch sensors, and one light sensor. The NXT version has three servo motors and one light, sound, and distance as well as 1 touch sensor. The NXT 2.0 has 2 touch sensors as well as a light and distance sensor, and support for 4 without using a sensor multiplexor. Lego Mindstorms may be used to build a model of an embedded system with computer-controlled electromechanical parts. Many kinds of real-life embedded systems, from elevator controllers to industrial robots, may be modelled using Mindstorms. Mindstorms kits are also sold and used as an educational tool, originally through a partnership between Lego and the MIT Media Laboratory . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The educational version of the products is called Lego Mindstorms for Schools , and comes with the ROBOLAB GUI -based programming software, developed at Tufts University [ 4 ] using the National Instruments LabVIEW as an engine. In addition, the shipped software can be replaced with third party firmware and/or programming languages, including some of the most popular ones used by professionals in the embedded systems industry, like Java and C . The only difference between the educational series, known as the "Challenge Set", and the consumer series, known as the "Inventor Set", is that it includes another light sensor and several more gearing options. Mindstorms is named after the book Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas by Seymour Papert . [ 5 ] Embedded_system;Graphical_user_interface;National_Instruments;LabVIEW;Central_processing_unit;Programming_language;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Infrared;LCD;Universal_Serial_Bus;LabVIEW;Webcam;Logitech;USB;Toshiba;Toshiba;Lego_Mindstorms_NXT;Photodetector;USB;Fortran;Assembly_language;LabVIEW;LabVIEW;Visual_programming_language;USB;Bluetooth;Perl;Linux;MATLAB;Lego_Mindstorms_NXT;Prolog;LabVIEW;Open_Directory_Project;Tetris;Lego_Mindstorms_NXT;Lego_Mindstorms;Lego_Mindstorms; Lego_Mindstorms_NXT Lego Mindstorms NXT is a programmable robotics kit released by Lego in late July 2006. [ 1 ] It replaced the first-generation Lego Mindstorms kit, which was called the Robotics Invention System . The base kit ships in two versions: the Retail Version (set #8527) [ 2 ] and the Education Base Set (set #9797). [ 3 ] It comes with the NXT-G programming software, or optionally LabVIEW for LEGO MINDSTORMS. [ 4 ] A variety of unofficial languages exist, such as NXC, NBC, leJOS NXJ, and RobotC. A new version of the set, the new Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0 , was released on August 1, 2009, featuring a color sensor and other upgraded capabilities. Computer;Sensor;Loudspeaker;AA_battery;National_Instruments;LabVIEW;Compiler;Open_source;Assembly_language;Lego_Mindstorms;Lego_Mindstorms;Open_source;MATLAB;Bluetooth;USB;Simulink;Bluetooth;Photodetector;LED;Compass;Infrared;Accelerometer;Lego_Mindstorms;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project;Lego_Mindstorms;Lego_Mindstorms;Lego_Mindstorms_NXT;Lego_Mindstorms_NXT; Leo_Laporte http://www.leoville.com/ http://leoville.squarespace.com http://www.techguylabs.com Léo Gordon Laporte ( / l ə ˈ p ɔr t / ; born November 29, 1956 in Manhattan , New York City ) [ 1 ] is an Emmy Award winning American technology broadcaster , author , and entrepreneur . Personal_computer;San_Francisco;CNBC;Television_program;Australia;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Audible.com;ITunes;Internet;Mashable;Podcast;Leo_Laporte;Leo_Laporte; Levocabastine InChI=1S/C26H29FN2O2/c1-19-17-29(16-15-26(19,24(30)31)21-5-3-2-4-6-21)23-11-13-25(18-28,14-12-23)20-7-9-22(27)10-8-20/h2-10,19,23H,11-17H2,1H3,(H,30,31)/t19-,23-,25-,26-/m1/s1 Y Key:ZCGOMHNNNFPNMX-KYTRFIICSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Levocabastine is a selective second-generation H 1 -receptor antagonist which was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1979. It is used for allergic conjunctivitis . [ 2 ] As well as acting as an antihistamine, levocabastine has also subsequently been found to act as a potent and selective antagonist for the neurotensin receptor NTS 2 , and was the first drug used to characterise the different neurotensin subtypes. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] This has made it a useful tool for the study of this receptor. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Histamine_antagonist;Antazoline;Thonzylamine;Azelastine;Olopatadine;Pseudoephedrine;Levocabastine;Levocabastine; Levocetirizine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Cetirizine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Levocetirizine;Levocetirizine; Levomepromazine InChI=1S/C19H24N2OS/c1-14(12-20(2)3)13-21-16-7-5-6-8-18(16)23-19-10-9-15(22-4)11-17(19)21/h5-11,14H,12-13H2,1-4H3/t14-/m1/s1 Y Key:VRQVVMDWGGWHTJ-CQSZACIVSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Levomepromazine in Germany and Methotrimeprazine in America (Sold as Nosinan Nozinan, Levoprome) is an aliphatic phenothiazine neuroleptic drug . It is a low-potency antipsychotic (approximately half as potent as chlorpromazine ) with strong analgesic and antiemetic properties. Serious side effects include tardive dyskinesia , akathisia , and the potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome . As is typical of phenothiazine antipsychotics, levomepromazine is a " dirty drug ": it exerts its effects by blocking a variety of receptors , including adrenergic receptors , dopamine receptors , histamine receptors , muscarinic acetylcholine receptors , and serotonin receptors . Currently, levomepromazine is not registered in the USA, although some American physicians are conducting studies regarding the strong analgesic effect of levomepromazine. [ citation needed ] In Europe it has been marketed for decades as Neurocil and Nozinan (manufactured by Sanofi-Avensis). Nozinan is also available in Canada. Nozinan is available in round tablets of 5, 25 or 100 mg. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Phenothiazine;Chlorpromazine;Histamine_receptor;Insomnia;Sedative;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Levomepromazine;Levomepromazine; Lexcycle_Stanza Lexcycle Stanza is a freeware program for reading eBooks , digital newspapers, and other digital publications. The software supports the eBook formats EPUB , eReader , MS LIT , Amazon Kindle , Mobipocket , and PalmDoc , as well as general document formats HTML , PDF , MS Word , and Rich Text Format . The company Lexcycle is owned by Amazon.com (manufacturer/creator of the Amazon Kindle ). Stanza comes in several versions: Stanza iPhone/iPod/iPad, Stanza Desktop for Windows and Stanza Desktop for Mac. Stanza iPhone/iPod allows users to manage a library of books on their Apple iPhone or iPod Touch and provides a customizable reading interface. It features an online catalog containing thousands of free classics, as well as the ability to synchronize with Stanza Desktop via Bonjour . Stanza iPhone has been one of the most popular book readers for the iPhone, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] listed as Apple's favorite free app in their App Store Turns 1 list of favorite apps. [ 3 ] Stanza Desktop features a variety of text layout views, such as multicolumn, vertical scrolling, and horizontal scrolling. Significantly, Stanza also supports exporting to a wide array of formats for use on mobile devices using 3rd party readers such as Mobipocket or the Amazon Kindle . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;EPUB;Microsoft_Reader;Amazon_Kindle;Mobipocket;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Microsoft_Word;Amazon.com;Amazon_Kindle;Apple_iPhone;IPod_Touch;Application_software;Mobipocket;Amazon_Kindle;Amazon.com;Adobe_Systems;Digital_rights_management;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Audible.com;Amazon_Instant_Video;Amazon_Kindle;LoveFilm;Mobipocket;Amie_Street;Songza;Sellaband;NASDAQ;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Lexcycle_Stanza;Lexcycle_Stanza; Lexicon_Branding Lexicon Branding, Inc. , is an American marketing firm founded in 1982 by David Placek. It focuses on selecting brand names for companies and products. The company devised the brand names Pentium , BlackBerry , PowerBook , Zune , Swiffer , Febreze , Subaru Outback and Forester , Toyota Scion , DeskJet , Dasani , OnStar , Embassy Suites Hotels and Metreon , among others. BlackBerry;PowerBook;Zune;Toyota;Apple_Inc.;PowerBook;Macintosh_Quadra;Intel;Sony;Research_In_Motion;Microsoft;Portable_media_player;IPod;Sony;Zune;ITunes;Canadian_French;Toyota;CNET;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;Lexicon_Branding;Lexicon_Branding; LiVES LiVES ( L iVES E diting S ystem) ( / ˈ l aɪ v z / ) is a free video editing software and VJ tool, released under the GNU General Public License version 3 or later. [ 1 ] There are binary versions available for most popular Linux distributions (including Ubuntu , Gentoo , Debian , Fedora Core , Suse , Slackware , Arch Linux and Mandriva ). There are also ports for BSD , and it will run under Solaris and IRIX . It has been compiled under OSX Leopard , but not thoroughly tested on that platform [ 2 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;IRIX;Linux;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Spanish_language;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Video_editing_software;Linux_distribution;IRIX;Sourceforge;Display_resolution;Frame_rate;API;Advanced_Systems_Format;Ogg;Theora;DVD;Matroska;Xvid;Flash_Video;PDF;Vorbis;Digital_zoom;Compositing;MIDI;DV;HDV;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;LiVES;LiVES; Libavcodec libavcodec is a free software / open source LGPL -licensed library of codecs for encoding and decoding video and audio data. [ 1 ] Libraries with this name are provided from both the FFmpeg project and the Libav project, but they are mutually incompatible. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] libavcodec is an integral part of many open-source multimedia applications and frameworks. The popular MPlayer , xine and VLC media players use it as their main, built-in decoding engine that enables playback of many audio and video formats on all supported platforms. It is also used by the ffdshow tryouts decoder as its primary decoding library. libavcodec is also used in video editing and transcoding applications like Avidemux , MEncoder or Kdenlive for both decoding and encoding. libavcodec contains decoder and sometimes encoder implementations of several proprietary formats, including ones for which no public specification has been released. As such, a significant reverse engineering effort is part of libavcodec development. Having such codecs available within the standard libavcodec framework gives a number of benefits over using the original codecs, most notably increased portability , and in some cases also better performance, since libavcodec contains a standard library of highly optimized implementations of common building blocks, such as DCT and color space conversion . However, even though libavcodec strives for decoding that is bit-exact to the official implementation, bugs and missing features in such reimplementations can sometimes introduce compatibility problems playing back certain files. FFmpeg;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Open_source;FFmpeg;MPlayer;Xine;VLC_media_player;Ffdshow;Avidemux;Kdenlive;Reverse_engineering;Audio_Video_Standard;Cinepak;Creative_Technology;DNxHD_codec;Huffyuv;Intel;Indeo;Lagarith;DivX;Xvid;Apple_Computer;QuickDraw;QuickTime;RealVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Video;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Full_Rate;LAME;QCELP;QDesign;Shorten;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;FFmpeg;GIMP;MPlayer;MPlayer;GOM_Player;FFmpeg;MPlayer;VLC_media_player;Xine;Rockbox;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;CineFX;FFmpeg;FFmpeg;VLC_media_player;Ffdshow;DirectShow;Windows_Media_Player;Media_Player_Classic;Winamp;Video_for_Windows;Perian;OpenCV;Google_Chrome;MythTV;XBMC;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Libavcodec;Libavcodec; Liberia Liberia i / l aɪ ˈ b ɪər i ə / , officially the Republic of Liberia , is a country in West Africa . It is bordered by Sierra Leone on the west, Guinea on the north and Côte d'Ivoire on the east. Liberia's coastline is composed of mostly mangrove forests while the more sparsely populated inland consists of forests that open to a plateau of drier grasslands. The country possesses 40% of the remaining Upper Guinean rainforest . Liberia has a hot equatorial climate, with significant rainfall during the May to October rainy season and harsh harmattan winds the remainder of the year. Liberia covers an area of 111,369 km 2 (43,000 sq mi) and is home to about 3.7 million people. English is the official language, while over 30 indigenous languages are spoken within the country. Along with Ethiopia , Liberia is one of two modern countries in Sub-Saharan Africa without roots in the European colonization of Africa . Beginning in 1820, the region was colonized by free blacks from the United States; most of them had been formerly enslaved. With the help of the American Colonization Society , a private organization that believed ex-slaves would have greater freedom and equality in Africa, these immigrants from the U.S. established a new country. African captives freed from slave ships were also sent there instead of being repatriated to their countries of origin. In 1847, these colonists founded the Republic of Liberia, establishing a government modeled on that of the United States and naming the capital city Monrovia after James Monroe , the fifth president of the United States and a prominent supporter of the colonization. The colonists, known as Americo-Liberians , led the political and economic sectors of the country. The country began to modernize in the 1940s following investment by the United States during World War II and economic liberalization under President William Tubman . Liberia was a founding member of the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity . A military coup overthrew the Americo-Liberian leadership in 1980, marking the beginning of political and economic instability and two successive civil wars that left approximately 250,000 people dead and devastated the country's economy . A 2003 peace deal led to democratic elections in 2005. Today, Liberia is recovering from the lingering effects of the civil war and related economic dislocation, with about 85% of the population living below the international poverty line . English_language;United_States_dollar;Sierra_Leone;English_language;United_States;United_Kingdom;France;Burkina_Faso;Sierra_Leone;United_States_dollar;Panama;English_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Argentina;Benin;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;The_Gambia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Burkina_Faso;Benin;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;The_Gambia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Benin;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Liberia;Liberia; Licarbazepine InChI=1S/C15H14N2O2/c16-15(19)17-12-7-3-1-5-10(12)9-14(18)11-6-2-4-8-13(11)17/h1-8,14,18H,9H2,(H2,16,19) Key:BMPDWHIDQYTSHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Licarbazepine is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine . Carbamazepine • Divalproex sodium • Gabapentin • Lamotrigine • Licarbazepine • Lithium • Oxcarbazepine • Pregabalin • Sodium valproate • Tiagabine • Topiramate • Valproic acid Dibenzocycloheptene Pyridazinobenzoxazine Pyridinobenzodiazepine Depramine/Balipramine Dosulepin/Dothiepin Setiptiline/Teciptiline Hydroxyethylpromethazine Levomepromazine/Methotrimeprazine Savoxepin/Cipazoxapine Eslicarbazepine acetate This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licarbazepine oldid=463548219 " Categories : Anticonvulsants Mood stabilizers Ureas Dibenzazepines Nervous system drug stubs Hidden categories: Drugs not assigned an ATC code Chemical pages needing a ChemSpiderID Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Active_metabolite;Oxcarbazepine;Carbamazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Licarbazepine;Licarbazepine; License Intellectual_property;Trademark;France;Belgium;Poland;Switzerland;Portugal;Intellectual_property;License;License; License_agreement The verb licence or grant licence means to give permission. The noun license ( American English ) or licence ( British English, Indian English, Canadian English, Australian English ) refers to that permission as well as to the document recording that permission. A licence may be granted by a party ("licensor") to another party ("licencee") as an element of an agreement between those parties. A shorthand definition of a licence is "an authorization (by the licensor) to use the licenced material (by the licencee)." In particular a licence may be issued by authorities, to allow an activity that would otherwise be forbidden. It may require paying a fee and/or proving a capability. The requirement may also serve to keep the authorities informed on a type of activity, and to give them the opportunity to set conditions and limitations. Intellectual_property;Trademark;France;Belgium;Poland;Switzerland;Portugal;Intellectual_property;License;License; Lifehacker Lifehacker is a weblog about life hacks and software which launched on January 31, 2005. The site is owned by Gawker Media and covers Microsoft Windows , Mac , and Linux programs as well as time-saving tips and tricks. The staff updates the site about 18 times each weekday, with reduced updates on weekends. The Lifehacker motto is "Tips and downloads for getting things done." In addition, Lifehacker has two international editions, Lifehacker Australia and Lifehacker Japan , which feature most posts from the U.S. edition along with extra content specific to local readers. [ 2 ] Blog;Gawker_Media;Weblog;Gawker_Media;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Linux;Blog;Sony;Gawker_Media;CNET;PC_Magazine;Gawker_Media;International_Standard_Book_Number;Gawker_Media;Gawker;Gizmodo;Peter_Rojas;Brian_Lam;Lifehacker;Lifehacker; Liferea Liferea is an abbreviation for Li nux Fe ed Rea der, a news aggregator for online news feeds. It supports the major feed formats including RSS / RDF and Atom and can import and export subscription lists in OPML format. Liferea is intended to be a fast, easy to use, and easy to install news aggregator for GTK+ that can be used with the GNOME desktop. Liferea also supports Podcasting . Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;List_of_software_categories;News_aggregator;Software_license;News_aggregator;Germany;Web_browser;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Software;Liferea;Liferea; Lightworks Lightworks is a professional NLE system for editing and mastering of movies in 2K and 4K as well as television productions in PAL , NTSC and HD . Lightworks is a pioneer in computer-based film editing [ peacock term ] and has been in development since 1989. The program is currently available for Windows. The release of Open source version as well as ports to GNU/Linux and Mac OS X were planned for November 29, 2011, but shortly before the planned publication were indefinitely postponed. [ citation needed ] Editors using Lightworks have produced numerous internationally renowned and Oscar and Emmy Award award-winning feature films and television programs, including The King's Speech , Martin Scorsese's Hugo and The Departed , Mission Impossible , Pulp Fiction , Braveheart and Batman . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;PAL;NTSC;Open_source;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;List_of_video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Lightworks;Lightworks; LimeWire LimeWire is a free peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P) client program that runs on Windows , Mac OS X , Linux , and other operating systems supported by the Java software platform . [ 1 ] LimeWire uses the gnutella network as well as the BitTorrent protocol . [ 2 ] A free software version and a purchasable "enhanced" version are available. The software was developed by Lime Wire LLC, which was a subsidiary of Lime Group. BitTorrent support is provided by libtorrent . On October 26, 2010, US federal court judge Kimba Wood issued an injunction forcing LimeWire to prevent "the searching, downloading, uploading, file trading and/or file distribution functionality, and/or all functionality" of its software in Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A trial investigating the damages necessary to compensate the affected record labels was scheduled to begin in January 2011. [ 5 ] As a result of the injunction, LimeWire 5.5.11 and newer have been disabled using a backdoor installed by the company. However, version 5.5.10 and all prior versions of LimeWire remain fully functional and cannot be disabled unless a user upgrades to one of the newer versions. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The program has been "resurrected" by the creators of LimeWire Pirate Edition . [ 8 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Free_software;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Zune;ITunes;Free_software;Mac_OS_X;Open_source_software;Open_source_software;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Macintosh;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X;The_New_York_Times;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Open_Music_Model;Kazaa;PC_Magazine;PC_Magazine;PC_Magazine;Ars_Technica;CNET;Ars_Technica;Broadcatching;QBittorrent;Vuze;Kazaa;Broadcatching;Open_Music_Model;LimeWire;LimeWire; Linear_algebra Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning finite or countably infinite dimensional vector spaces , as well as linear mappings between such spaces. Such an investigation is initially motivated by a system of linear equations in several unknowns. Such equations are naturally represented using the formalism of matrices and vectors. [ 1 ] Linear algebra is central to both pure and applied mathematics. For instance, abstract algebra arises by relaxing the axioms of a vector space, leading to a number of generalizations. Functional analysis studies the infinite-dimensional version of the theory of vector spaces. Combined with calculus, linear algebra facilitates the solution of linear systems of differential equations . Techniques from linear algebra are also used in analytic geometry , engineering , physics , natural sciences , computer science , and the social sciences (particularly in economics ). Because linear algebra is such a well-developed theory, nonlinear mathematical models are sometimes approximated by linear ones. Engineering;Computer_science;Economics;Identity_matrix;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Numerical_analysis;Control_theory;Applied_mathematics;Linear_algebra;Linear_algebra; Linear_pulse_code_modulation Linear pulse-code modulation ( LPCM ) is a method of encoding audio information digitally. The term also refers collectively to formats using this method of encoding. The term pulse-code modulation (PCM), though strictly more general, is often used to describe data encoded as LPCM. Filename_extension;Type_code;WAV;AIFF;Au_file_format;VOB;AIFF;Au_file_format;DVD;DV;AVCHD;HDMI;Hertz;DVD;Compact_disc;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;Advanced_Audio_Coding;HDV;Component_video;HDMI;VGA_connector; Linux Linux ( i / ˈ l ɪ n ə k s / LIN -əks [ 6 ] [ 7 ] or / ˈ l ɪ n ʊ k s / LIN -uuks ) [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released 5 October 1991 by Linus Torvalds . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Linux was originally developed as a free operating system for Intel x86 -based personal computers. It has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms than any other operating system. It is a leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers and supercomputers : [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] more than 90% of today's 500 fastest supercomputers run some variant of Linux, [ 17 ] including the 10 fastest. [ 18 ] Linux also runs on embedded systems (devices where the operating system is typically built into the firmware and highly tailored to the system) such as mobile phones, tablet computers , network routers , televisions [ 19 ] [ 20 ] and video game consoles ; the Android system in wide use on mobile devices is built on the Linux kernel. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration: the underlying source code may be used, modified, and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public License . Typically Linux is packaged in a format known as a Linux distribution for desktop and server use. Some popular mainstream Linux distributions include Debian (and its derivatives such as Ubuntu ), Fedora and openSUSE . Linux distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries and usually a large amount of application software to fulfill the distribution's intended use. A distribution oriented toward desktop use will typically include the X Window System and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Some such distributions may include a less resource intensive desktop such as LXDE or Xfce for use on older or less powerful computers. A distribution intended to run as a server may omit all graphical environments from the standard install and instead include other software such as the Apache HTTP Server and an SSH server such as OpenSSH . Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use. Applications commonly used with desktop Linux systems include the Mozilla Firefox web browser, the LibreOffice office application suite, and the GIMP image editor. Since the main supporting user space system tools and libraries originated in the GNU Project , initiated in 1983 by Richard Stallman , the Free Software Foundation prefers the name GNU/Linux . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;SuperH;SPARC;User_interface;Software_license;Operating_system;Embedded_system;Firmware;Tablet_computer;Video_game_console;Source_code;Linux_distribution;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Mozilla_Firefox;GIMP;Free_Software_Foundation;Unix;Assembly_language;Proprietary_software;Free_software;Free_Software_Foundation;Compiler;Free_software;Embedded_system;Portugal;Netbook;Linux_distribution;Graphical_user_interface;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Unix;Linux_distribution;Free_software;Open_source_software;International_Organization_for_Standardization;American_National_Standards_Institute;Linux_distribution;Linux_distribution;Package_manager;Free_software;Dell;IBM;Sun_Microsystems;Nokia;Mac_OS;Programming_language;Fortran;Proprietary_software;Perl;Free_software;ARM_architecture;IBM;Macintosh;PowerPC;Intel;Personal_digital_assistant;Video_game_console;Digital_audio_player;Mozilla_Firefox;GIMP;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Free_software;Skype;Adobe_Photoshop;Synaptic_Package_Manager;Microsoft;Microsoft;Perl;IBM;Linux_distribution;Embedded_system;Smartphone;WebOS;Palm_Pre;TiVo;Synthesizer;Free_software;Google;Pixar;Software_license;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Programming_language;Assembly_language;Perl;Fortran;Free_Software_Foundation;IBM;IBM;IBM;Open_Directory_Project;Linux_distribution;Free_Software_Foundation;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;WebOS;Unix;Operating_system;IRIX;OS_X;QNX;VxWorks;Free_software;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Operating_system;DOS;Mac_OS;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Linux_distribution;Linux;Linux; LinuxMCE LinuxMCE (Linux Media Center Edition) is a free and open source software platform with a 10-foot user interface designed to allow a computer to act as a home theater PC (HTPC) for the living-room TV, personal video recorder , and home automation system. It allows control of everything in the home, from lighting and climate to surveillance cameras and home security. It also includes a full-featured VoIP -compatible phone system with support for video conferencing . Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Home_theater_PC;Software_license;Home_theater_PC;Video_conferencing;Local_area_network;Thin_client;Linux_distribution;Open_source;Xine;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Bluetooth;User_interface;Operating_system;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Xine;MPlayer;Home_theater_PC;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;LinuxMCE;LinuxMCE; Linux_distribution A Linux distribution is a member of the family of Unix-like operating systems built on top of the Linux kernel . Such distributions (often called distros for short) are operating systems including a large collection of software applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, media players, and database applications. These operating systems consist of the Linux kernel and, usually, a set of libraries and utilities from the GNU Project , with graphics support from the X Window System . Distributions optimized for size may not contain X and tend to use more compact alternatives to the GNU utilities, such as BusyBox , uClibc , or dietlibc . There are currently over six hundred Linux distributions . Over three hundred of those are in active development, constantly being revised and improved. Because most of the kernel and supporting packages are free and open source software , Linux distributions have taken a wide variety of forms—from fully featured desktop, server, laptop, netbook, mobile phone, and tablet operating systems as well as minimal environments (typically for use in embedded systems or for booting from a floppy disk). Aside from certain custom software (such as installers and configuration tools), a distribution is most simply described as a particular assortment of applications installed on top of a set of libraries married with a version of the kernel, such that its "out-of-the-box" capabilities meet most of the needs of its particular end-user base. One can distinguish between commercially-backed distributions, such as Fedora ( Red Hat ), openSUSE ( Novell ), Ubuntu ( Canonical Ltd. ), and Mandriva Linux ( Mandriva ), and entirely community-driven distributions, such as Debian and Gentoo . Operating_system;Linux;Embedded_system;Unix;Operating_system;DOS;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Apple_Macintosh;Proprietary_software;Unix;Source_code;Database;Free_software;Source_code;Compiler;Portable_Network_Graphics;Web_browser;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Internationalization_and_localization;Compact_disc;DVD;Hard_drive;Random_access_memory;Removable_media;MythTV;Digital_video_recorder;XBMC_Media_Center;Home_theater_PC;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Free_Software_Foundation;DVD;Floppy_disk;Thin_client;Personal_computer;Dell;Firmware;DirectX;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Sun_Microsystems;SPARC;Video_game_console;Xbox;Dell;TiVo;Linux;Free_Software_Foundation;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;WebOS;Unix;Operating_system;IRIX;Linux;OS_X;QNX;VxWorks;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Operating_system;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Free_Software_Foundation;Linux_distribution;Linux_distribution; Lipophobicity Lipophobicity , also sometimes called lipophobia (from the Greek lipos "fat"), is a chemical property of chemical compounds which means " fat rejection", literally "fear of fat". Lipophobic compounds are those not soluble in lipids or other non-polar solvents . From the other point of view, they do not absorb fats. "Oleophobic" (from the Latin oleum "oil") refers to the physical property of a molecule that is repelled from oil . The most common lipophobic/oleophobic substance is water . Fluorocarbons are also lipophobic and oleophobic. Touchscreen;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPad;IPad;Samsung;HTC_Corporation;Lipophobicity;Lipophobicity; Liquid_crystal_display Pixel;Television;Cathode_ray_tube;Backlight;Pixel;Pixel;Switzerland;Germany;Samsung;Toshiba;Tablet_computer;Backlight;Backlight;Display_resolution;Television;TFT_LCD;Sony;Digital_camera;LG;Apple_Inc.;Integrated_circuit;Luminance;Aspect_ratio;Pixel;Dithering;Contrast_ratio;LED;Cathode_ray_tube;HDMI;Cathode_ray_tube;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Display_device;Cathode_ray_tube;TFT_LCD;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Liquid_crystal_display;Liquid_crystal_display; Liquidmetal Liquidmetal and Vitreloy are commercial names of a series of amorphous metal alloys developed by a California Institute of Technology (Caltech) research team and marketed by Liquidmetal Technologies . Liquidmetal alloys combine a number of desirable material features, including high tensile strength , excellent corrosion resistance , very high coefficient of restitution and excellent anti-wearing characteristics, while also being able to be heat-formed in processes similar to thermoplastics . Despite the name, they are not liquid at room temperature. [ 1 ] Liquidmetal was introduced for commercial applications in 2003. [ citation needed ] It is used for, among other things, golf clubs , watches and covers of cell phones . The alloy was the end result of a research program into amorphous metals carried out at Caltech. It was the first of a series of experimental alloys that could achieve an amorphous structure at relatively slow cooling rates. [ citation needed ] Amorphous metals had been made before, but only in small batches because cooling rates needed to be in the millions of degrees per second. For example, amorphous wires could be fabricated by splat cooling a stream of molten metal on a spinning disk. Because Vitreloy allowed such slow cooling rates, production of larger batch sizes was possible. More recently, a number of additional alloys have been added to the Liquidmetal portfolio. These alloys also retain their amorphous structure after repeated re-heating, allowing them to be used in a wide variety of traditional machining processes. Flash_memory;Digital_audio_player;Mobile_phone;IPhone;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Popular_Mechanics;Liquidmetal;Liquidmetal; List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans This is a list of slogans that have been used by Apple Inc. in advertising and marketing material from the '70s to the present. Apple_Inc._advertising;Newsweek;IMac;Mac_mini;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;IBook;PowerBook;PowerBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;Mac_Pro;Xserve;IPod_classic;IPod_mini;IPod_shuffle;IPod_nano;IPod_touch;ITunes;ITunes_Music_Store;Microsoft_Windows;Pepsi;IPhone;Microsoft;Windows_Vista;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X_Lion;IPad;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Apple_TV;Intel;Intel;.Mac;MobileMe;Macintosh;Apple_media_events;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans; List_of_Apple_drives A list of all Apple internal and external drives in chronological order of introduction. Xserve_RAID;PowerCD;MacBook_Air;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives; List_of_BlackBerry_products The following is a partial list of BlackBerry products . BlackBerry is a line of wireless handheld devices first introduced in 1996 [ 1 ] and manufactured by the Canadian company Research In Motion (RIM). BlackBerry;Wireless;Mobile_device;Research_In_Motion;Thumb_keyboard;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Flash_memory;Mobile_phone;GPRS;Backlight;LED;Bluetooth;Bluetooth;GSM;GPRS;GSM;GPRS;GSM;GPRS;VOIP;GSM;GPRS;GSM;GPRS;GSM;GPRS;GSM;GPRS;QWERTY;Predictive_text;BlackBerry_Charm;Bluetooth;Vodafone;Bluetooth;Bluetooth;Verizon_Wireless;Sprint_Nextel;MicroSD;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Electron;QVGA;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;Bluetooth;BlackBerry_Electron;Rogers_Wireless;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Electron;Sprint_Nextel;BlackBerry_Electron;CDMA;CDMA;Verizon_Wireless;Sprint_Nextel;Bell_Mobility;Telus;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;Megapixel;Vodafone;GPS;BlackBerry_Pearl_Flip;QVGA;Flash_memory;Verizon_Wireless;GPS;WiFi;BlackBerry_Curve;MicroSD;Megapixel;IDEN;Sprint_Nextel;Rogers_Wireless;BlackBerry_Bold;HVGA;HVGA;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_Style;Touchscreen;BlackBerry_OS;Research_In_Motion;Internet_forum;Research_In_Motion;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;List_of_BlackBerry_products;List_of_BlackBerry_products; List_of_EMI_labels This is a list of labels currently owned by EMI . EMI;Capitol_Records;Poland;Argentina;Philippines;EMI;List_of_EMI_labels;List_of_EMI_labels; List_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers Notable software MIDI editors and sequencers are listed in the following table. Mac OS X , Windows , Linux FreeBSD , Mac OS X , Linux Open Source ( GPLv2+ ) Paul Davis, and The Ardour Community MIDI support began with version 3. Mac OS X , Windows eXtream Software Development Bars and Pipes Professional Blue Ribbon Software Free, open source, managed by Breno de Lima Sarmento (also previously for Atari ST ) Deluxe Music Construction Set Mark of the Unicorn (MOTU) Linux , Windows , Mac DirectMusic Producer part of DirectMusic SDK Windows , Mac OS X Proprietary (Freeware version exists) Composition and sequencing program, with various versions, including freeware (v. 2008 and earlier) "NotePad" version. Open Source, managed by John A. Stewart integrates 3D graphics with MIDI devices Import only, saves to native format Genome MIDI Sequencer White Noise Audio Software Pattern based sequencer, imports and exports MIDI. Mac OS , Windows , Linux Guitar Practiced Perfectly Mac OS , Windows , Linux MIDI file converter, Karaoke editor FreeBSD , Linux , Mac OS , Windows Open Source, managed by Rafal Cieslak Customizable set of synchronized MIDI sequencers, each repeating short sequence, designed to aid with music composing and live performances, acts as automatic accompanist or controls an external drumkit. Linux , Windows , Mac OS ( Java -based) Programming library ( API ) Free for non-commercial use, source available Defective Records Software Software step sequencer, modeled after hardware Klee sequencer (also previously for Windows) Linux , Windows , OpenBSD No support for exporting to MIDI; DAW; VST, LADSPA support. As of 4/30/2011 no MIDI aftertouch support Defective Records Software Software step sequencer, modeled after hardware for Roland System 100M GVOX (orig. dev.: Passport Designs ) Full-featured GUI MIDI sequencer with notation screen (requires supplied Anastasia TrueType or Type1 font) , event editor, MCI, SMPTE sync., etc. Tested to work under Win 7. MIDI Converter Studio MIDI file converter, karaoke converter Midisoft Recording Session Score editor, MIDI commands editor, player, mixer lightweight MIDI sequencer and filter with shell-like interface; can play, record, edit, sync to other audio/MIDI software Score editor, MIDI commands editor, player, mixer. Next generation of "Recording session" Audio and MIDI sequencer. Support for VSTis, MIDI recording, editing, and playback. available in three versions: free, XT, and UL Linux , Windows , Mac OS Music notation software with full MusicXML support Music studio Frieve Plays 1 minute until registered. VST hosting pianoroll editor and score. Help button is in Japanese, but has a help file.(If it does not work on startup, unpack with 7zip!) Notation Software, Inc. Music notation software with full MIDI sequencing capability; MusicXML export Defunct; last stable release Sep. 2006. NoteWorthy Composer Noteworthy Software Can import and export MIDI data, but only edit and display it as a musical score. Overture (software) Notation/tab/piano-roll, MIDI/step sequencing, VST/VSTi host DevEd - Independent Game Designs Audio/MIDI multi-track sequencer application written in C++ with the Qt_(framework) Supports Guitar Tabs and MIDI2Tab conversion with TabEditor plug Mac OS , Windows , Linux Demo version available Audio, MIDI sequence, record. Win VST support, LADSPA, JACK. Linux , Windows , Mac OS Freeware, noncommercial Specializes in tuning; converts ascii score file to MIDI GNU LGPL , Freeware , Open source kuzu / openmidiproject Can use track list window, piano roll window, event list window and musical score window, and they are printable. All kind of MIDI events including meta event and system-exclusive event are editable. Can select Japanese or English language. MIDI loops sequencer Features live scoring of sheet music from MIDI input. Linux , Windows , Mac OS , FreeBSD ( Java -based) "Lite" version: limited tracks, I/O. Digital_audio_editor;Music_sequencer;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows;Steinberg_Cubase;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Electronic_Arts;Digital_Performer;Mac_OS;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Linux;Windows;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS;Linux;FL_Studio;Microsoft_Windows;GarageBand;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Application_programming_interface;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Ableton_Live;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Logic_Pro;Mac_OS;Apple_Inc.;Emagic;LMMS;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;MAGIX_Samplitude;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mixcraft;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows;MU.LAB;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;MusE;Linux;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows;Proprietary_software;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Zynewave_Podium;Microsoft_Windows;Windows;Microsoft_Windows;Pro_Tools;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Qtractor;Linux;REAPER;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Renoise;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Rosegarden;Linux;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Freeware;Open_source;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Cakewalk_Sonar;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers;List_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers; List_of_Macintosh_games OS_X;List_of_Macintosh_software;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;Mac_OS;Video_game;Mac_OS;Apple_TV;Tetris;Electronic_Arts;Electronic_Arts;Electronic_Arts;Tetris;List_of_Macintosh_software;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Sega;Sony;List_of_Macintosh_games;List_of_Macintosh_games; List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;Macintosh_Performa;Compact_Macintosh;IMac;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_TV;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;EMac;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC_II;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Quadra;Mac_Pro;Mac_mini;PowerBook;IBook;IBook;IBook;IBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;MacBook_Air;Xserve;Rack_unit;Xserve;Macintosh;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Apple_Lisa;ISight;Aspect_ratio;Touchpad;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type; List_of_Macintosh_software This is a list of notable computer applications for modern Mac OS systems. For old software, see List of old Macintosh software . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . 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List_of_audio_conversion_software Audio conversion software converts audio file formats from one form into another (for example, from FLAC into MP3 ). Many include the ability to select encoding parameters for each of the output file formats selected to obtain Voice, CD, Telephony and Radio quality sound. A converter analyses the format information in the audio file and uses a decoder to decompress it to the raw audio. It then sends the raw audio to a coder executable which then applies the encoding information selected for the file format type. The tools that do this are often called codecs (a portmanteau of ' co mpressor- dec ompressor'). FLAC;Codec;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Winamp;Codec;Multimedia;Software;List_of_audio_conversion_software;List_of_audio_conversion_software; List_of_backup_software Backup_software;Software;Free_software;Software_license;Programming_language;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Graphical_user_interface;Perl;FlyBack;Rsync;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_Inc.;IBM;Microsoft;File_synchronization;Open_Directory_Project;List_of_backup_software;List_of_backup_software; List_of_digital_library_projects This is a list of digital library projects . For bibliographic databases consisting primarily of magazines , journals and other periodicals , see List of academic databases and search engines . For individual online exhibitions from primarily physical collections, search Wikipedia for the name of the sponsoring institution . Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project (Ahlul Bayt DILP) Digitizes and presents resources related to history, law, and society of the Islamic religion and its personalities with particular emphasis on the Twelver Shi'ah Islamic school of thought. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project [ 1 ] Digitized Japanese language texts. Computer science Information science A free online service used to index and search academic social networks, hosted at Department of Computer Science and Technology of Tsinghua University Arts and Humanities Data Service Arts Humanities Images, texts and datasets largely collected from UK universities. Ceased operation in 2008. Website is still active. King's College London [ 4 ] Preprints in mathematics , physics , computer science , quantitative biology and statistics . Cornell University [ 5 ] L'Association des Bibliophiles Universels Digitizes French texts in the public domain . Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [ 6 ] Ludwig von Mises Institute: Literature Libertarianism Economics Libertarian and Austrian School economics resources Ludwig von Mises Institute [ 7 ] Legal studies History Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy Yale Law School [ 8 ] Science Fiction Fantasy Science fiction and fantasy from publishing house Baen Books. A library serving accessible books (DAISY and BRF) to people with print disabilities. Currently over 42,000 popular and educational books in the collection British History Online Core printed primary and secondary sources for the medieval and modern history of the British Isles. Institute of Historical Research , the History of Parliament Trust , and the University of London [ 11 ] British Library: Online Gallery The British Library's Online Gallery provides online access to a wide variety of its materials. British Library [ 12 ] California Digital Library An early full text electronic library Center for Research Libraries (CRL): Edward Hunter (1902–1978) collection Chinese Text Project Chinese classic texts Electronic library of early Chinese texts. Chinese Text Project [ 13 ] Christian Classics Ethereal Library Choral Public Domain Library Computer science Information science A Scientific Literature Digital Library and Search Engine hosted at Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania State University Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online Cornell University Library Windows on the Past Digital Accounting Collection Digital Bibliography and Library Project Digital library for Dutch literature Government-funded digital library project. Digital Library of Georgia Digital Library of India Digital Media Repository Arts Humanities, Middletown studies Ball State University [ 14 ] Digital Public Library of America Directory of Open Access Journals EEBO - Early English Books Online eGranary Digital Library Educational resources from over 2,000 Web sites and hundreds of CD-ROMs. An off-line digital library for communities with inadequate Internet bandwidth, i.e. developing countries, rural schools, prisons. Over 30 million resources in every format: books, journals, Web sites, video, audio, software, multimedia... Includes tools for patrons to create, upload, share, and archive their own content. Has built-in search tools and Web 2.0 services like Moodle , WordPress and Drupal . The WiderNet Project , a service program of the School of Library and Information Science at the University of Iowa . EuroDocs: Online Sources for European History 10,000,000+ digital objects Linking archives, libraries, museums and audio-visual material from across Europe. The European Library First Digital Library on the history of a united Europe. French digital library Nutrition , Environment , Agriculture A digital library focusing on Nutritional, Environmental and Agricultural Sciences. Targeting both scientific researchers and the interested public it aims to provide the user with relevant scientific literature which is both easy to access and of high quality. German National Library of Medicine, ZB MED Greenstone (software) Harvard University Library digital collections Links to digitized collections from the University's libraries, museums, archives and special collections, covering subjects such as art, architecture, religion, history, culture, botany, biology, landscape design, music, politics, law, and advertising. Projects involved digitizing of analog collections (including images, text, audio files, and music scores), georeferencing maps, or harvesting web resources. Harvard University [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Humanities Text Collection University of Michigan [ 18 ] Hungarian Electronic Library Hungarian literature International Dunhuang Project International collaborative effort to conserve, catalogue and digitise manuscripts, printed texts, paintings, textiles and artifacts from Dunhuang and other archaeological sites at the eastern end of the Silk Road . British Library and twenty other institutions International Music Score Library Project Internet Memory Foundation is a non-profit institution. It actively supports the preservation of Internet as a new media for heritage and cultural purpose. Internet History Sourcebooks Project Internet library sub-saharan Africa (ilissAfrica) Internet Sacred Text Archive An international initiative to create a free digital library of academic journals Subscription required. Page image archive of important scholarly journals, with searchable OCR text. The Kurdish Digital Library The Digital Library consists of writings about the Kurds and Kurdistan . Its aim is to make the Kurdish cultural heritage available as digital data. Page image archive of important scholarly journals, with searchable OCR text. Kurdish Institute of Paris Kujawsko-Pomorska Digital Library Ancient Rome texts and Archaeology Library of Congress Digital Library project Library of Economics and Liberty Public Domain books in the United States An online digital library of free public domain audiobooks, read by volunteers. Around ninety percent of the collection is in English. Making of America collections Digitizes Arabic classics and classics of other languages that are written in Arabic script. Marx and Engels Internet Archive Marxists Internet Archive Maryland Digital Cultural Heritage Michael : Multilingual Inventory of Cultural Heritage in Europe A project funded by the European Commission to give access to digital collections in European archives, museums and libraries. Michigan Digitization Project Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library The Muslim Philanthropy Digital Library MPDL covers material from 1900 to the present. It encompasses the diverse cultural, political and social factors influencing the practice of philanthropy as well as the significant contributions from across Muslim-majority countries to contemporary global philanthropic practice. The Muslim Philanthropy Digital Library [ 20 ] National Academies Press National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program National Library for the Blind New York Public Library NYPL Digital Gallery New Zealand Electronic Text Centre OSU Library Electronic Publishing Center Provides an extensive list of digital book available online. Online Text Library of the University of Texas at Austin Open Content Alliance Open University Library The online Library from the Open University is a gateway to a wide range of online information resources. The Library website provides access to a world-class collection of resources that enhance the learning experience of students and support the learning, teaching, research and personal development of members of staff. Open University Library Oxford Text Archive AHDS Literature, Languages and Linguistics Panjab Digital Library A NGO digitizing and preserving cultural heritage of Punjab. There are many historically significant documents stored and made available online. Its scope covers Sikh and Punjabi culture. The library funded by The Nanakshahi Trust was launched online in August 2009. It is located at Chandigarh. Online Human rights library Founded in 1971, was the first project to create a library of freely available online texts. Project Gutenberg Australia Providing texts under Australian copyright law . Project Laurens Janszoon Coster A collection of Dutch high literature; no longer maintained since 2001. A collection of Tamil literature. Publishes Serbian and Serbian-related digital material, both in public domain and copyrighted . Project Sugita Genpaku Translating any text without permission, if there is no copyright trouble. Commercial use of texts is also allowed. Projekt Gutenberg-DE Questia Online Library Rubicon Research Repository Environmental physiology Website devoted to Russian culture and history. South Asian American Digital Archive South Asian Americans Documents, preserves and provides access to the material history of the South Asian American community. Texas Digital Library Text Creation Partnership Three collections (EEBO/TCP, ECCO/TCP, Evans/TCP) TITUS - Thesaurus of Indo-European Texts and Language Materials database Aims to prepare all textual material relevant for Indo-European Studies (including Middle Iranian, Tocharian etc.) in electronic form for analysis Goethe University Frankfurt [ 21 ] Traditional Knowledge Digital Library Repository of the traditional knowledge of India, setup to protect the ancient and traditional knowledge of the country from exploitation such as Unethical patents and monopolization UK Web Archiving Consortium (UKWAC) United States National Agricultural Library US National Library of Medicine Universal Digital Library A book digitization project, led by Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science and University Libraries. [ 22 ] Working with government and research partners in India ( Digital Library of India ) and China , the project is scanning books in many languages, using OCR to enable full text searching, and providing free-to-read access to the books on the web. University of Michigan Library Digital Library Production Service University of Wisconsin Digital Collections University of Wisconsin–Madison [ 23 ] German internet-portal for scientific and scholarly information, offering interdisciplinary and subject-specific search Digital collections from Missouri libraries, museums, and cultural institutions Welsh Journals Online National Library of Wales Word by word multilingual library World Wide Web Virtual Library A digital library of new books edited in a similar way to Wikipedia. A digital library of out of copyright books edited in a similar way to Wikipedia. A project of the WOUB Center for Public Media at Ohio University. Wisconsin Heritage Online A collaborative statewide portal to Wisconsin's history. Wisconsin Historical Society Digital Collection Wisconsin state, regional, and local history books, journals, and museum collections Wisconsin Historical Society [ 24 ] World Digital Library Library of Congress Japanese_language;Japanese_language;Computer_science;Science;Computer_science;French_language;Economics;Computer_science;Drupal;Google_Books;Internet_Archive;United_States;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;List_of_digital_library_projects;List_of_digital_library_projects; List_of_feed_aggregators RSS;Feed_aggregator;Broadcatching;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;Claws_Mail;FeedDemon;FreeRange_WebReader;Gnus;Google_Reader;Hubdog;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Internet_Explorer;ITunes;Kazehakase;Liferea;Maxthon;MediaMonkey;Mindity;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;NetNewsWire;Netscape_Browser;NewsAccess;NewsFire;OmniWeb;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Rhythmbox;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Shiira;Snarfer;Winamp;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;Claws_Mail;FeedDemon;FreeRange_WebReader;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Gnus;DOS;Hubdog;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Internet_Explorer;ITunes;Kazehakase;Liferea;Maxthon;MediaMonkey;Mindity;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;NetNewsWire;IOS;Netscape_Browser;IOS;NewsAccess;NewsFire;OmniWeb;Opera_Mail;QNX;Pegasus_Mail;Rhythmbox;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Snarfer;Winamp;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;RSS_enclosure;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;Claws_Mail;FeedDemon;FreeRange_WebReader;Gnus;Hubdog;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Internet_Explorer;ITunes;Kazehakase;Liferea;Maxthon;MediaMonkey;Mindity;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;NetNewsWire;Netscape_Browser;NewsAccess;NewsFire;OmniWeb;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Rhythmbox;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Snarfer;Winamp;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;RSS_enclosure;Web_browser;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;Claws_Mail;FeedDemon;FreeRange_WebReader;Gnus;Hubdog;IBM_Lotus_Notes;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Internet_Explorer;ITunes;Podcast;Kazehakase;Liferea;Maxthon;MediaMonkey;Mindity;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;NetNewsWire;Netscape_Browser;NewsAccess;NewsFire;OmniWeb;OmniWeb;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Mac_OS_X;Rhythmbox;RSS_Bandit;.NET_Framework;RSSOwl;SeaMonkey;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Snarfer;Winamp;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Google_Reader;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;Claws_Mail;FeedDemon;FreeRange_WebReader;Gnus;Hubdog;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Internet_Explorer;ITunes;Kazehakase;Liferea;Maxthon;MediaMonkey;Mindity;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;NetNewsWire;Netscape_Browser;NewsAccess;NewsFire;OmniWeb;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Rhythmbox;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Snarfer;Winamp;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Google_Reader;Open_Directory_Project;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;RSS_enclosure;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators; List_of_fictional_computers Computers have often been used as fictional objects in literature , movies and in other forms of media . Fictional computers tend to be considerably more sophisticated than anything yet devised in the real world. This is a list of computers that have appeared in notable works of fiction . The work may be about the computer, or the computer may be an important element of the story. Only static computers are included. Robots and other fictional computers that are described as existing in a mobile or humanlike form are discussed in a separate list of fictional robots and androids . Computer;Film;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Doctor_Who;IMac;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;Doctor_Who;Doctor_Who;Doctor_Who;Doctor_Who;Doctor_Who;Doctor_Who;Doctor_Who;Dilbert;Doctor_Who;Apple_Macintosh;IMac;Japanese_language;Video_game;Video_game;List_of_fictional_computers;List_of_fictional_computers; List_of_iOS_devices This is a list and comparison of devices designed and marketed by Apple Inc. that run a Unix-like operating system named iOS , often referred to simply as iDevices . The devices include the iPhone multimedia smartphone , the iPod Touch , which is similar to the iPhone but has no cell phone hardware, and the iPad tablet computer . All three devices function as digital audio and portable media players and Internet clients. The Apple TV , which also runs iOS, is a set-top box for streaming local media to a connected television set, and has no screen of its own. The operating system on iOS devices can be updated through iTunes , or, on iOS 5 or later, via App Store without data cable. A new version of iOS tends to be released once a year, and is normally free, although iPod Touch users were formerly required to pay a small fee. Apple upgrades its products' hardware periodically (approximately yearly). There have been five generations of iPhone ( original iPhone , iPhone 3G , iPhone 3GS , iPhone 4 , and iPhone 4S ), four of iPod Touch (1st to 4th generations), and three of iPad (iPad, iPad 2 , and iPad (3rd generation) ). Magic_Mouse;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;IOS;IDevices;IPhone;Smartphone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Tablet_computer;Digital_audio_player;Portable_media_player;Internet;Apple_TV;ITunes;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Operating_system;GSM;Code_division_multiple_access;Display_device;Pixel;HVGA;Pixels_per_inch;Contrast_ratio;Lipophobicity;Aluminosilicate;Pixels_per_inch;Luminance;Data_storage_device;Gigabyte;Central_processing_unit;Hertz;Underclocking;Samsung;ARM_architecture;Underclocking;System_on_a_chip;System_on_a_chip;Computer_graphics;PowerVR;Graphics_processing_unit;Megabyte;Dock_connector;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;GSM_frequency_bands;Megabit;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;UMTS_frequency_bands;Magnetometer;Broadcom;UMTS_frequency_bands;World_phone;Geotagging;VGA;Camcorder;Frame_rate;Autofocus;LED;Face_detection;Image_stabilization;Wolfson_Microelectronics;Cirrus_Logic;Aluminosilicate;Stainless_steel;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;Pixel;HVGA;Pixels_per_inch;Underclocking;Samsung;PowerVR;Global_Positioning_System;Magnetometer;Frame_rate;Video_Graphics_Array;Wolfson_Microelectronics;Pixel;XGA;Pixels_per_inch;Contrast_ratio;PowerVR;Dock_connector;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;HSDPA;UMTS_frequency_bands;Video_Graphics_Array;Frame_rate;Apple_TV;OS_X;IOS;IOS;PowerVR;Graphics_processing_unit;NAND_flash;Fast_Ethernet;HDMI;TOSLINK;Apple_Remote;NTSC;PAL;PAL;Watt;Display_resolution;HVGA;XGA;Pixel;Pixel_density;Contrast_ratio;Luminance;Active_noise_control;Apple_earbuds;Game_Center;AirPlay;OpenGL_ES;Accelerometer;Photodetector;Gyroscope;Proximity_sensor;Bluetooth;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Evolved_HSPA;Geolocation;Assisted_GPS;GLONASS;Magnetometer;FaceTime;Image_stabilization;Face_detection;Game_Center;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;List_of_iPod_models;Engadget;AOL;EE_Times;Apple_Inc.;MacRumors;Apple_Store;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;IPod;List_of_iPod_models;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;List_of_iOS_devices;List_of_iOS_devices; List_of_iPod_models The Apple iPod line has been upgraded many times, and each significant revision is called a " generation ". Only the most recent generation and refurbished units of previous generations of the iPod line are available from Apple for each model (classic, nano, shuffle, touch). Each new generation usually has more features and refinements while typically being physically smaller and lighter than its predecessor, while usually (but not always) retaining the older model's price tag. Notable changes include the touch-sensitive click wheel replacing the mechanical scroll wheel, use of color displays, and flash memory replacing hard disks . IPhone;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Generation;Flash_memory;Hard_disk;IPod_Classic;Touchpad;Musicmatch_Jukebox;USB;IPod_Photo;USB;Windows_XP;IPod_Mini;IPod_Nano;IPod_Mini;Windows_XP;QVGA;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;IPod_Shuffle;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;IPod_Touch;Windows_XP;ITunes_Store;YouTube;IOS;Windows_XP;IOS;Windows_XP;Voice_Control;Windows_XP;FaceTime;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;IPod_Nano;Musicmatch_Jukebox;IPod_Photo;Harry_Potter;Audiobook;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;List_of_iOS_devices;Apple_Inc.;Mactracker;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;IOS;IPod_game;ITunes;ITunes_Store;ITunes_version_history;IPod_advertising;IPod_click_wheel;Dock_Connector;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;List_of_iPod_models;List_of_iPod_models; List_of_independent_UK_record_labels This is a list of notable independent record labels based in the United Kingdom . These labels are independent from the Big four record labels . Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Independent_record_label;United_Kingdom;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels; List_of_media_players Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Portable_media_player;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;Video;Software_license;Multimedia_framework;Proprietary_software;FFmpeg;Creative_Technology;Proprietary_software;CoreAVC;Proprietary_software;CrystalPlayer;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;GOM_Player;Proprietary_software;ITunes;Apple_Inc.;Proprietary_software;QuickTime;Proprietary_software;.NET_Framework;JetAudio;Proprietary_software;JetAudio;Proprietary_software;Kaffeine;Xine;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Assembly_language;Media_Go;Proprietary_software;Media_Player_Classic;DirectShow;MediaPortal;MPlayer;Ogle_DVD_Player;Proprietary_software;PowerDVD;CyberLink;Proprietary_software;PowerDVD;Proprietary_software;PowerDVD;Proprietary_software;QuickTime;Proprietary_software;QuickTime;Proprietary_software;Quintessential_Player;Proprietary_software;RealPlayer;RealNetworks;Proprietary_software;RealPlayer;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Proprietary_software;Winamp;Proprietary_software;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft;Proprietary_software;WinDVD;Proprietary_software;WinDVD;Proprietary_software;XBMC_Media_Center;Xine;Proprietary_software;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;OS_X;IOS;Linux;Unix;DOS;CrystalPlayer;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Kaffeine;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;Ogle_DVD_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;OS_X;IOS;Linux;DOS;Gapless_playback;Music_visualization;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Kaffeine;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;PowerDVD;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Kaffeine;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;PowerDVD;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;WinDVD;XBMC;Xine;XBMC;FTP;Video_compression;Windows_Media_Video;RealVideo;Theora;Macromedia_Flash;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Central_processing_unit;Xbox;FFmpeg;Codec;Xbox;Lossy_compression;Windows_Media_Audio;RealAudio;Vorbis;Musepack;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;FLAC;Apple_Lossless;Shorten;WavPack;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Audio_Video_Interleave;Advanced_Systems_Format;QuickTime;Ogg;Matroska;Flash_Video;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Adobe_Flash;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;MIDI;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Streaming_media;FTP;Server_Message_Block;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;XMMS;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;XMMS;Playlist;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Raster_graphics;Plain_text;Raster_graphics;Plain_text;SubStation_Alpha;SubRip;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;DVD;Closed_captioning;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Ffdshow;XBMC;MPlayer;Advanced_Systems_Format;QuickTime_File_Format;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Compact_Disc;Digital_video;Compact_disc;Video_CD;DVD;GOM_Player;ITunes;JetAudio;Media_Player_Classic;MediaPortal;MPlayer;Ogle_DVD_Player;PowerDVD;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;Xine;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;DirectShow;RealMedia;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Ogg;Vorbis;FLAC;Speex;Theora;Macromedia_Shockwave;QuickTime;QuickTime_Alternative;Open_source;Perian;Video_codec;SubRip;SubStation_Alpha;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_video_player_software; List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing consumer electronics and software products. It was established in Cupertino , California on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs , Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne , [ 1 ] and incorporated on January 3, 1977. [ 2 ] The company's hardware products include the Macintosh line of personal computers, the iPod line of portable media players,the iPad line of tablets, and the iPhone line of mobile phones. Apple's software products include the Mac OS X operating system, the iTunes media browser, and the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software. [ 3 ] The company has acquired twenty-one companies, purchased a stake in two companies, and made five divestments; most of them were software companies . Apple has not released the financial details for most of these mergers and acquisitions. Apple's business philosophy is to acquire small companies that can be easily integrated into existing company projects. [ 4 ] For example, Apple acquired Emagic and its professional music software, Logic Pro , in 2002. The acquisition led to the creation of the digital audio workstation software, GarageBand , now part of the iLife software suite. [ 4 ] The company made its first acquisition on March 2, 1988 when it purchased Network Innovations. It has also made five divestments , all in the 1990s, in which parts of the company are sold to another company. The company's largest acquisition was the purchase of NeXT in 1996 for US$ 400 million. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Apple made the most acquisitions in a single year in 2002, with five, when it acquired Nothing Real , Zayante, Silicon Grail Corp-Chalice (from Silicon Grail ), Propel Software, and Emagic . Of the companies that Apple has acquired, 18 were based in the United States. California;United_States;Apple_Inc.;California;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;Mac_OS_X;ITunes;ILife;Emagic;Logic_Pro;Digital_audio_workstation;GarageBand;ILife;NeXT;Nothing_Real;Silicon_Grail;Emagic;United_States_dollar;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;NeXT;United_States;United_States_dollar;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;Germany;SoundJam_MP;United_States;United_States;Spruce_Technologies;United_States;United_States;Nothing_Real;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;Emagic;Germany;Canada;FingerWorks;United_States;Silicon_Color;United_States;Australia;P.A._Semi;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;Intrinsity;United_States;United_States;Canada;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Sweden;United_States;United_States;United_States_dollar;United_States;United_States_dollar;Integrated_circuit;United_Kingdom;United_States_dollar;United_Kingdom;United_States_dollar;Apple_Inc.;United_States;Apple_Computer;Microsoft;Apple_Computer;United_States;Apple_Computer;Mexico;Silicon_Grail;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;BusinessWeek;Los_Angeles_Times;AppleInsider;CNET;AppleInsider;CNet;ComputerWorld;TechCrunch;Reuters;The_Verge;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple; List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion Research In Motion Ltd. is a Canadian multinational communications corporation, founded in 1995. It is headquartered in Waterloo , Ontario . Research_In_Motion;Canada;United_States_dollar;Canada;Canada;United_States;Canada;QNX;Canada;United_States;United_States;Sweden;United_States;Canada;Canada;Germany;Germany;Sweden;Republic_of_Ireland;United_States;Financial_Times;PC_Magazine;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion; List_of_mobile_network_operators Hong_Kong;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;United_Kingdom;Vodafone;United_Kingdom;Albania;Australia;Vodafone_Australia;Czech_Republic;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Malta;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Portugal;Romania;Spain;United_States;Verizon_Wireless;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;Burkina_Faso;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Sri_Lanka;GSM;EDGE;SingTel;Vodafone;Norway;Norway;Denmark;Hungary;Malaysia;Sweden;Thailand;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Mexico;Mexico;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Puerto_Rico;Puerto_Rico;United_States;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;Spain;Spain;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Czech_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Germany;Guatemala;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Nicaragua;Panama;Peru;Slovakia;Venezuela;United_Kingdom;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;France;France;Austria;Belgium;Dominican_Republic;Poland;Romania;Slovakia;Spain;Switzerland;United_Kingdom;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Cambodia;Laos;Tajikistan;Ukraine;Canada;Greece;Italy;Zimbabwe;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Malaysia;Malaysia;Cambodia;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Sweden;Finland;Sweden;Finland;Denmark;Estonia;Latvia;Lithuania;Nepal;Norway;Spain;Tajikistan;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Malaysia;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Benin;Cyprus;Liberia;Swaziland;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Sri_Lanka;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;CDMA;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Sweden;Sweden;Norway;Estonia;Latvia;Lithuania;Netherlands;Germany;Austria;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;Germany;Austria;Czech_Republic;Germany;Hungary;Netherlands;Poland;Puerto_Rico;Puerto_Rico;Slovakia;United_Kingdom;United_States;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;Deutsche_Telekom;United_States;Verizon_Wireless;United_States;CDMA;GSM;GPRS;Vodafone;Turkmenistan;Ukraine;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;CDMA;United_States;United_States;Puerto_Rico;Puerto_Rico;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;United_Kingdom;CDMA;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;SingTel;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;CDMA;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;CDMA;Italy;Italy;Brazil;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Philippines;Philippines;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;Malaysia;Malaysia;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;Ukraine;GSM;GPRS;HSDPA;GSM;GPRS;EDGE;HSDPA;CDMA;United_States;United_States;CDMA;GSM;United_Kingdom;GSM;GSM;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;List_of_mobile_network_operators;List_of_mobile_network_operators; List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country BlackBerry;Nokia;Sony;Sony;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;Samsung;LG;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Apple_Inc;Dell;Motorola;BlackBerry;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country; List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms This list of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices includes digital distribution platforms that are intended to provide mobile software to mobile devices . For information on each mobile platform and its market share see the operating systems section of mobile operating system and smart phone . For a comparison of development capabilities of each mobile platform can be found in the article mobile development . For cross-platform development see multiple phone web-based application framework . The article mobile software contains other general information. Mobile_apps;Digital_distribution;Mobile_device;Mobile_operating_system;Google;United_States_dollar;WebOS;Palm_OS;Apple_Inc.;United_States_dollar;IOS_SDK;Xcode;Mac_App_Store;Apple_Developer;BlackBerry_App_World;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;Microsoft;Nokia;Microsoft;Windows_Phone;United_States_dollar;Amazon_Appstore;Amazon.com;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Java_ME;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_OS;GetJar;GetJar;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Java_ME;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;WebOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;WebOS;Handango;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;WebOS;Java_ME;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;WebOS;WebOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Sprint_Nextel;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Verizon_Wireless;BlackBerry_OS;United_States_dollar;Research_In_Motion;CNET;Samsung_Electronics;Samsung_Electronics;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms; List_of_numerical_analysis_software Listed here are end-user computer applications intended for use with numerical or data analysis : Numerical_analysis;MATLAB;GNU_Octave;Scilab;Free_software;Matplotlib;FreeMat;Open_source;Free_software;LabVIEW;Graphical_programming;MATLAB;Macsyma;Mathcad;Mathematica;Open_source;Baudline;DADiSP;Digital_signal_processing;Open_source;Open_source;ADMB;Matlab;Open_source;Perl_Data_Language;Perl;Free_software;VisSim;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Web_based_simulation;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Mathematica;VisSim;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;List_of_numerical_analysis_software; List_of_popular_music_genres This is a list of the commercially relevant genres in modern popular music . Styles that are not contemporary or commercially marketed in substantial numbers have been excluded, in accordance with the following criteria: Art music : classical music and opera . However Art Music, with the exception of opera, is not usually classified as popular music but as Western Art Music instead. Music written for the score of a play , musicals , operetta , zarzuela , film or similar: Filmi , incidental music , video game music , music hall songs and showtunes . Ballroom music: tango , pasodoble , cha cha cha and others. Religious music : gospel , Gregorian chant , spirituals , hymns and the like. Military music , marches , national anthems and related compositions. Regional and national musics with no significant commercial impact abroad, except when a version of an international genre: Traditional music , folk , oral traditions , sea shanties , work songs , nursery rhymes , Arabesque , Chalga , Flamenco and indigenous music . Applicable styles are classified in this list using Allmusic [ 1 ] genre categorisation. Film;Gospel_music;World_music;Folk_music;Flamenco;Reggae;Experimental_music;Blues;Comedy_rock;Country_music;Country_music;Country_music;Country_music;Easy_listening;New_Age_music;Electronic_music;Drum_and_bass;Electronica;Electronic_dance_music;House_music;Hip_hop_music;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Pop_music;Operatic_pop;Funk;Soul_music;Rock_music;Heavy_metal_music;Reggae;List_of_popular_music_genres;List_of_popular_music_genres; List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc. The following is a list of Apple Inc. (formerly known as Apple Computer Inc.) software and hardware products that were superseded by improved versions, or discontinued, and are no longer manufactured. The first Apple product to be discontinued was the Apple I in 1977, superseded by the Apple II . The most recently discontinued products have been several iPod models including the iPod mini , replaced by the iPod nano . This list includes summarized descriptions and images of almost every known discontinued Apple product, including computer systems, software products, peripherals, iPods,ired by statute), where products are guaranteed service for up to seven years after being discontinued. Products which fall into this additional two year window are referred to as Vintage . Products which have been discontinued for more than seven years are considered Obsolete and no service of any kind is offered, nor parts obtainable from Apple. [ 1 ] In 1997, Apple made changes to its technical support policy that resulted in a class action lawsuit. Essentially, Apple guaranteed free unlimited telephone support as long as an original customer owned certain Apple products purchased between 1993 and 1996. Apple subsequently dropped this support. However, the resulting settlement restored this phone based service as advertised, for all Legacy products. While hardware service is no longer available on any of these Obsolete models, free technical support is offered. Legacy models are indicated with an asterisk (*). [ 2 ] Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II;IPod;IPod_mini;IPod_nano;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh;Macintosh;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC_II;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_LC_II;Macintosh_LC_II;Macintosh_LC_II;Macintosh_LC_II;IMac;EMac;EMac;Mac_Mini;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;Power_Macintosh;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;PowerBook_Duo;PowerBook_Duo;PowerBook_Duo;PowerBook_Duo;PowerBook_Duo;IBook;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;Macintosh_TV;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_displays;Apple_Cinema_Display;AA_battery;IPod;IPod_Photo;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPad;Apple_TV;Apple_II;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Scanner;AppleWorks;HyperCard;ProDOS;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;.Mac;MobileMe;ICloud;Timeline_of_Apple_products;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;List_of_Apple_drives;AppleCare;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.; List_of_software_categories Application_software;Source_code;Software;List_of_software_categories;List_of_software_categories; List_of_video_editing_software The following is a list of video editing software . Video_editing_software;Avidemux;Cinelerra;Jahshaka;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;FFmpeg;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Lightworks;Windows_Media_Encoder;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Flash_Player;Apple_Inc.;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;IMovie;AVS_Video_Editor;Mac_OS_X;Avid_DS;Media_Composer;CyberLink;PowerDirector;Edius;FORscene;FXhome_Limited;Montage_Extreme;Pinnacle_Studio;MoviePlus;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Windows_Movie_Maker;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;List_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software; Lithium_Polymer Lithium-ion polymer batteries , polymer lithium ion , or more commonly lithium polymer batteries (abbreviated Li-poly, Li-Pol, LiPo, LIP, PLI or LiP) are rechargeable (secondary cell) batteries. LiPo batteries are usually composed of several identical secondary cells in parallel to increase the discharge current capability, and are often available in series "packs" to increase the total available voltage. Watt;USD;Rechargeable_battery;Toshiba;MacBook_family;Amazon_Kindle;GPS;Zune;IPhone;IPad;Rechargeable_battery; Lithuania – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 54°41′N 25°19′E  /  54.683°N 25.317°E  / 54.683; 25.317 Official language(s) Ethnic groups (2012) 83.7% Lithuanians , 1.3% Belarusians , 3.1% others and unspecified [ 1 ] Parliamentary republic [ 2 ] Dalia Grybauskaitė from Russia and Germany (1918) First mention of Lithuania Coronation of Mindaugas Personal union with Poland Creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Partitions of the Commonwealth Independence declared 1st Soviet occupation Nazi German occupation 2nd Soviet occupation Independence restored 65,300 km 2 ( 123rd ) 3,182,755 [ 3 ] ( 133rd ) 50.3/km 2 ( 120th ) $63.653 billion [ 4 ] $42.438 billion [ 4 ] Lithuanian litas (Lt) ( LTL ) Also .eu , shared with other European Union member states. Lithuania ( i / ˌ l ɪ θ uː ˈ eɪ n i ə / or / ˌ l ɪ θj uː ˈ eɪ n i ə / ; Lithuanian : Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuvos Respublika ) is a country in Northern Europe , the largest of the three Baltic states . It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea , to the east of Sweden and Denmark . It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and a Russian exclave ( Kaliningrad Oblast ) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 3.2 million as of 2011, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius . The Lithuanians are a Baltic people , and the official language, Lithuanian , is one of only two living languages (together with Latvian ) in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family. For centuries, the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea was inhabited by various Baltic tribes . In the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas , who was crowned as King of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the first Lithuanian state, on 6 July 1253. [ 6 ] During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe: present-day Belarus , Ukraine , and parts of Poland and Russia were territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory. In the aftermath of World War I , Lithuania's Act of Independence was signed on 16 February 1918, declaring the re-establishment of a sovereign state. Starting in 1940, Lithuania was occupied first by the Soviet Union and then by Nazi Germany . As World War II neared its end in 1944 and the Germans retreated, the Soviet Union reoccupied Lithuania . On 11 March 1990, the year before the break-up of the Soviet Union, Lithuania became the first Soviet republic to declare independence . Prior to the global financial crisis of 2007–2010 , Lithuania had one of the fastest growing economies in the European Union. Lithuania is a member of NATO , the Council of Europe , and the European Union . Lithuania is also a full member of the Schengen Agreement . [ 7 ] The United Nations Human Development Index lists Lithuania as a "Very High Human Development" country. In 2011, Lithuania hosted the European men's basketball championship, EuroBasket 2011 , and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Ministerial Council Meeting. Europe;European_Union;Sweden;Denmark;Latvia;Poland;Ukraine;European_Union;Poland;Sweden;European_Union;Netherlands;Belgium;Denmark;Switzerland;Latvia;Latvia;Poland;European_Union;Denmark;Latvia;European_Union;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Estonia;Latvia;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Germany;Latvia;Poland;Sweden;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Germany;Latvia;Norway;Poland;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Sweden;European_Commission;France;Italy;Netherlands;Slovakia;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chile;Costa_Rica;Czech_Republic;El_Salvador;Finland;Hungary;Italy;Japan;Mexico;Mongolia;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Sweden;United_States;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Luxembourg;Malta;Mauritania;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;European_Union;European_Union;Estonia;Latvia;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Lithuania;Lithuania; Litracen Litracen ( N-7,049 ) is a tricyclic antidepressant which was never marketed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Fluotracen;Melitracen;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Litracen;Litracen; LiveMath Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Computer_algebra_system;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;ActiveX;Mathematica;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;LiveMath;LiveMath; Liver The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification , protein synthesis , and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion . The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used short term. This organ plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body, including glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. It lies below the diaphragm in the abdominal-pelvic region of the abdomen. It produces bile , an alkaline compound which aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids . The liver's highly specialized tissues regulate a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions. [ 2 ] Medical terms related to the liver often start in hepato- or hepatic from the Greek word for liver, hēpar (ἡπαρ). Gastrointestinal_tract;Gastrointestinal_tract;Drug_metabolism;United_States;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Liver;Liver; Local_area_network A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building using network media. [ 1 ] The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks (WANs), include their usually higher data-transfer rates , smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines . ARCNET , Token Ring and other technology standards have been used in the past, but Ethernet over twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies currently used to build LANs.. Internet;Ethernet;Ethernet;Personal_computer;DOS;Windows_NT;Microsoft;Unix;Sun_Microsystems;NeXT;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Ethernet;Internet;Internet;Ethernet;Bluetooth;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Local_area_network;Local_area_network; Localeze Localeze , a service of Neustar , is a content manager for local search engines. The company provides businesses with tools to verify and manage the identity of their local listings across the Web. The company works with local search platform partners and location-based [ 1 ] service partners, national brands and local business clients. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Google;Apple_Inc.;Facebook;Localeze;Localeze; Lofepramine InChI=1S/C26H27ClN2O/c1-28(19-26(30)22-13-15-23(27)16-14-22)17-6-18-29-24-9-4-2-7-20(24)11-12-21-8-3-5-10-25(21)29/h2-5,7-10,13-16H,6,11-12,17-19H2,1H3 Y Key:SAPNXPWPAUFAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Lofepramine ( Gamanil , Tymelyt , Lomont ) is a third Generation [ 1 ] tricyclic antidepressant which was introduced in 1983 for the treatment of depressive disorders . [ 2 ] It is partially converted to its active metabolite desipramine in vivo . [ 2 ] However, it is unlikely this property plays a substantial role in its overall effects as lofepramine exhibits lower toxicity and anticholinergic side effects relative to desipramine while retaining equivalent antidepressant efficacy. [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Desipramine;United_Kingdom;Tricyclic_antidepressant;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapin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Logic_Audio Logic Pro is a hybrid 32 / 64 bit digital audio workstation and MIDI sequencer software application for the Mac OS X platform. Originally created by German software developer Emagic , Logic Pro became an Apple product when Apple bought Emagic in 2002. Logic Pro is part of Apple's Logic Studio bundle of professional music applications. A consumer-level version based on the same interface and audio engine but with reduced features, called Logic Express , was also available at a reduced cost. Apple's GarageBand , another application using Logic’s audio engine, is bundled in iLife , a suite of software which comes included on any new Macintosh computer. On December 8, 2011, the boxed version of Logic Pro and Logic Express were discontinued, and it is now only available through the Apple App Store at the price of $199, which used to be the price of Logic Express. Dolby_Pro_Logic;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Mac_OS_X;Emagic;Apple_Inc.;Logic_Studio;Logic_Express;GarageBand;ILife;Macintosh;Synthesizer;Equalization;MIDI;Guitar;Logic_Express;Surround_sound;CPU;Hard_disk;Ethernet;Gigabit_Ethernet;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Digital_Performer;MIDI;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Logic_Studio;Logic_Express;Soundtrack_Pro;GarageBand;GarageBand;Mac_App_Store;GarageBand;Logic_Studio;Logic_Express;Audio_Units;Core_Audio;Logic_Studio;Soundtrack_Pro;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Logic_Pro;Logic_Pro; Logic_Express Logic Express was a "light" version of Logic Pro , a MIDI sequencer and digital audio workstation software application maintained by Apple that runs on the Mac OS X platform. It was announced on 15 January 2004 for release in March 2004. Logic Pro and Express shared most functionality and the same interface. Logic Express was limited to two-channel stereo mixdown, while Logic Pro can handle multichannel surround sound ; Logic Express also lacked support for TDM/DAE systems, high-end control surfaces and Distributed Audio Processing. Both could handle up to 255 audio tracks, depending on system performance ( CPU , hard disk throughput and seek time ). Logic Express 8 came with 36 software instruments and 73 effect plug-ins, including almost all of those in the Logic Pro Package. Those that it didn't include are Sculpture, a physical modelling synthesiser; the "vintage" instruments (the EVB3 tonewheel organ, the EVD6 Clavinet and the EVP88 Electric Piano), however a cut down version of these are included with the GarageBand instruments; Space designer, a convolution reverb effect; and delay designer, an advanced delay effect. Logic Express was discontinued in 2011, when Logic Pro moved to the Mac App Store for $199.99. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Logic_Pro;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Digital_audio_workstation;Software;Apple_Computer;Mac_OS_X;Surround_sound;CPU;Hard_disk;GarageBand;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Audio_Units;Core_Audio;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;Logic_Express;Logic_Express; Logic_Pro Dolby_Pro_Logic;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Mac_OS_X;Emagic;Apple_Inc.;Logic_Studio;Logic_Express;GarageBand;ILife;Macintosh;Synthesizer;Equalization;MIDI;Guitar;Logic_Express;Surround_sound;CPU;Hard_disk;Ethernet;Gigabit_Ethernet;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Digital_Performer;MIDI;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Logic_Studio;Logic_Express;Soundtrack_Pro;GarageBand;GarageBand;Mac_App_Store;GarageBand;Logic_Studio;Logic_Express;Audio_Units;Core_Audio;Logic_Studio;Soundtrack_Pro;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Logic_Pro;Logic_Pro; Logic_Studio Logic Studio is a music production suite by Apple Inc. The first version of Logic Studio was unveiled on September 12, 2007. It claims to be the largest collection of modeled instruments, sampler instruments, effect plug-ins, and audio loops ever put in a single box. [ 1 ] The package contains Logic Pro , Mainstage , Soundtrack Pro , WaveBurner , Studio Instruments, Studio Effects, Apple Loops , Apple Loops Utility , Impulse Response Utility, Compressor , and QuickTime Pro. It also contains 6 content DVDs containing Jam Pack collections, sound effects, surround music beds, EXS24 samples, and impulse response files and a demo content DVD. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;QuickTime;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;GarageBand;Logic_Express;Logic_Pro;Apple_Inc.;AIFF;WAV;File_format;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Data_compression;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_compression;Final_Cut_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Qmaster;DVD;NTSC;PAL;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Logic_Pro;Digital_audio_workstation;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Mac_OS_X;Emagic;Apple_Inc.;Synthesizer;Equalization;MIDI;Guitar;Ethernet;Gigabit_Ethernet;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Virtual_instrumentation;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;Logic_Pro;Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Soundtrack_Pro;Apple_Inc.;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Macintosh;Intel;Mac_OS_X;QuickTime;Logic_Express;Audio_Units;Core_Audio;FL_Studio;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Qtractor;Traverso_DAW;Steinberg_Cubase;Ableton_Live;GarageBand;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Logic_Studio;Logic_Studio; Logic_programming Logic programming is based on the idea of using logical sentences in the clausal form [ 1 ] : G if G 1 and … and G n to represent programs and to perform computation. Such programs can be understood purely declaratively, as for example in deductive databases and answer set programming . But they can also be understood procedurally as goal-reduction procedures: to show/solve G , show/solve G 1 and … and G n as for example in Prolog . Whether understood purely declaratively or both declaratively and procedurally, the programmer can use the declarative reading of programs to ensure their correctness. In many cases, this is sufficient to solve the computational task. When it is not sufficient, the programmer may be able to use the procedural reading of programs and knowledge of the behaviour of the program executor to obtain greater efficiency. Many logically-based program transformation techniques have been developed to assist the programmer in this process, transforming programs that are correct but inefficient into programs that are both correct and efficient. Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;Prolog;Stanford_University;Prolog;Prolog;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Prolog;Prolog;Functional_programming;Formal_methods;Programming_paradigm;Programming_paradigm;Array_programming;Assembly_language;Dataflow_programming;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Procedural_programming;Visual_programming_language;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Logic_programming;Logic_programming; Logic_synthesis In electronics, logic synthesis is a process by which an abstract form of desired circuit behavior, typically register transfer level (RTL), is turned into a design implementation in terms of logic gates . Common examples of this process include synthesis of HDLs , including VHDL and Verilog . Some tools can generate bitstreams for programmable logic devices such as PALs or FPGAs , while others target the creation of ASICs . Logic synthesis is one aspect of electronic design automation . VHDL;Verilog;IBM;IBM;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Logic_synthesis;Logic_synthesis; Logical_atomism Logical atomism is a philosophical belief that originated in the early 20th century with the development of analytic philosophy . Its principal exponents were the British philosopher Bertrand Russell , the early work of his Austrian-born pupil and colleague Ludwig Wittgenstein , and his German counterpart Rudolf Carnap . The theory holds that the world consists of ultimate logical "facts" (or "atoms") that cannot be broken down any further. Having originally propounded this stance in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus , Wittgenstein rejected it in his later Philosophical Investigations . [ citation needed ] The name for this kind of theory was coined in 1918 by Russell in response to what he called " logical holism "; i.e. the belief that the world operates in such a way that no part can be known without the whole being known first. [ citation needed ] This belief is commonly called monism , and in particular, Russell (and G.E. Moore ) were reacting to the absolute idealism dominant then in Britain. [ citation needed ] Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Bertrand_Russell;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Formal_system;Formal_system;Recursion;Gottlob_Frege;David_Hilbert;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Gottlob_Frege;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Bertrand_Russell;Language;Language;Gottlob_Frege;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Logical_atomism;Logical_atomism; Logitech Logitech's Silicon Valley office in Fremont Wireless Trackman Mouse Precision PC game controller Logitech International S.A. ( SIX : LOGN , NASDAQ : LOGI ) is a global provider of personal computer accessories headquartered in Romanel-sur-Morges , Switzerland . The company develops and markets products like peripheral devices for PCs , including keyboards , mice , microphones , game controllers and webcams . Logitech also makes home and computer speakers , headphones, wireless audio devices, as well as audio devices for MP3 players and mobile phones . In addition to its Swiss headquarters, the company has offices in Newark, California , as well as throughout Europe , Asia and the rest of the Americas. Logitech's sales and marketing activities are organized into four geographic regions: Americas , EMEA , Asia Pacific and China . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] NASDAQ;Switzerland;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Switzerland;Personal_computer;Wireless;Mobile_phones;Europe;Asia;Japan;UK;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Switzerland;California;Google;Google_TV;Tablet_computer;United_States;Taiwan;Contract_manufacturer;Asia;Wireless;Surround_sound;Xbox;IPod;NASDAQ;Logitech;Logitech; Loratadine InChI=1S/C22H23ClN2O2/c1-2-27-22(26)25-12-9-15(10-13-25)20-19-8-7-18(23)14-17(19)6-5-16-4-3-11-24-21(16)20/h3-4,7-8,11,14H,2,5-6,9-10,12-13H2,1H3 Y Key:JCCNYMKQOSZNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Loratadine ( INN ) is a second-generation H 1 histamine antagonist drug used to treat allergies . Structurally, it is closely related to tricyclic antidepressants , such as imipramine , and is distantly related to the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine . [ 1 ] Loratadine is marketed by Schering-Plough under several trade names (e.g., Claritin) and also by Shionogi in Japan. It is available as a generic drug and is marketed for its non-sedating properties. In a version named Claritin-D or Clarinase, it is combined with pseudoephedrine , a decongestant; this makes it useful for colds as well as allergies but adds potential side-effects of insomnia , anxiety , and nervousness . 3 Cautions and contraindications 4 Adverse effects 5 Mechanism of action 6 Pharmacokinetics 10 External links Schering-Plough developed loratadine as part of a quest for a potential blockbuster drug : a nonsedating antihistamine. However, by the time Schering submitted the drug to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval, the agency had already approved a competitor's non-sedating antihistamine, terfenadine (trade name Seldane), and, therefore, put loratadine on a lower priority. [ 2 ] Loratadine was approved by the FDA in 1993. [ 2 ] It accounted for 28% of Schering's total sales. [ when? ] [ citation needed ] The drug continued to be available only by prescription in the U.S. until it went off patent in 2002. [ citation needed ] It was then subsequently approved for over-the-counter sales. Once it became an unpatented over-the-counter drug, the price dropped significantly. Schering also developed desloratadine (Clarinex), which is a active metabolite of loratadine. [ edit ] Indications Loratadine is indicated for the symptomatic relief of allergy such as hay fever (allergic rhinitis), urticaria (hives), and other skin allergies. [ 3 ] For allergic rhinitis (hay fever), loratadine is effective for both nasal and eye symptoms: sneezing, runny nose, itchy or burning eyes. Loratadine could be also used to treat mild to moderate pain from headaches. An example of a loratadine 10 mg tablet (Rx) The drug is available as tablets, oral suspension, and syrup, [ 3 ] and also in combination with pseudoephedrine. [ 4 ] Also available are quick-dissolving tablets, which are marketed as being faster to get into one's circulatory system but require special handling to avoid degrading in the package. [ edit ] Cautions and contraindications Patients with severe hepatic (liver) disorders may need to start with a lower dose. No dose adaptation is necessary for elderly or renally impaired patients. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] Loratadine is usually compatible with breast-feeding (classified category L-2 by the American Academy of Pediatrics ). [ 6 ] In the U.S., it is classified as category B in pregnancy , meaning that animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus, and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. [ 7 ] [ edit ] Adverse effects As a "non-sedating" antihistamine, loratadine causes less (but still significant, in some cases) sedation and psychomotor retardation than the older antihistamines because it penetrates the blood brain barrier to a smaller extent. Although drowsiness is rare at the common 10 mg dose, patients should, nevertheless, be advised that it can occur and may affect performance of skilled tasks (e.g., driving). Patients who do experience drowsiness while taking loratadine should avoid the use of alcohol as it can cause excessive drowsiness. Otherwise, it is unlikely that loratadine and alcohol will cause problems. Nevertheless, it would be in the patient's best interest to take caution when combining alcohol and any medication. [ 8 ] [ unreliable source? ] Other possible side-effects include headache and antimuscarinic effects such as urinary retention , dry mouth, blurred vision, and gastrointestinal disturbances. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ edit ] Mechanism of action Loratadine is a tricyclic antihistamine, which acts as a selective inverse agonist of peripheral histamine H 1 -receptors . [ 5 ] Histamine is responsible for many features of allergic reactions. [ edit ] Pharmacokinetics Loratadine is given orally, is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract , and has rapid first-pass hepatic metabolism ; it is metabolized by isoenzymes of the cytochrome P450 system, including CYP3A4 , CYP2D6 , and, to a lesser extent, several others. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Loratadine is almost totally (97–99%) bound to plasma proteins . Its metabolite desloratadine , which is largely responsible for the antihistaminergic effects, binds to plasma proteins by 73–76%. [ 3 ] Loratadine's peak effect occurs in 1–2 hours, and its biological half-life is on average 8 hours (range 3–20 hours) with desloratadine's half-life being 28 hours (range 9–92 hours), accounting for its long-lasting effect. About 40% is excreted as conjugated metabolites into the urine, and a similar amount is excreted into the feces. Traces of unmetabolised loratadine can be found in the urine. [ 3 ] [ edit ] Interactions Substances that act as inhibitors of the CYP3A4 enzyme such as ketoconazole , erythromycin , cimetidine and furanocoumarin derivates (found in grapefruit) lead to increased plasma levels of loratadine. This had clinically significant effects in controlled trials of higher than usual doses of loratadine (20 mg). [ citation needed ] Antihistamines should be discontinued approximately 48 hours prior to skin allergy tests since these drugs may prevent or diminish otherwise positive reactions to dermal activity indicators. [ edit ] Legal status In Canada , Mexico , the U.S. , Australia , the UK and many other countries loratadine is available over the counter , as are some other second-generation antihistamines like cetirizine . In the UK, larger quantities are "P-Line" and can be sold only in the presence of a pharmacist . However, packets of up to and including 14 tablets are available "off the shelf" (GSL). [ 11 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;United_States;Canada;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Desloratadine;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Allergies;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Imipramine;Antipsychotic;Quetiapine;Shionogi;Generic_drug;Pseudoephedrine;Insomnia;Anxiety;Nervousness;Blockbuster_drug;Sedative;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Terfenadine;Drug_development;Desloratadine;Active_metabolite;Symptoms;Hay_fever;Urticaria;Hepatic;Renal;American_Academy_of_Pediatrics;Pregnancy;Sedation;Psychomotor_retardation;Blood_brain_barrier;Antimuscarinic;Urinary_retention;Inverse_agonist;Histamine;Gastrointestinal_tract;Isoenzyme;Plasma_proteins;Desloratadine;Ketoconazole;Erythromycin;Cimetidine;Furanocoumarin;Skin_allergy_test;Canada;Mexico;United_States;Australia;United_Kingdom;Cetirizine;Pharmacist;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Google_Book_Search;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Loratadine;Loratadine; Los_Angeles_Times The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California , since 1881. It was the second-largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008 and the fourth most widely distributed newspaper in the country. [ 3 ] In the year 2000, the Tribune Company , parent company of the Chicago Tribune and the area's KTLA , purchased the Los Angeles Times. [ 4 ] Tribune_Company;Tribune_Company;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;The_New_York_Times;The_Washington_Post;CBS;CNN;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Tribune_Company;Fiscal_year;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Washington_Post;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_Washington_Post;Gannett_Company;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Washington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times; Losindole Losindole ( BI-27,062 ) is an antidepressant with a tricyclic structure . [ 1 ] It was never marketed. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Antidepressant;Tricyclic;Piquindone;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Losindole;Losindole; Lossless_JPEG JPEG;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Lossless_JPEG;Lossless_JPEG; Lossless_data_compression Lossless data compression is a class of data compression algorithms that allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. The term lossless is in contrast to lossy data compression , which only allows an approximation of the original data to be reconstructed, in exchange for better compression rates . Lossless data compression is used in many applications. For example, it is used in the ZIP file format and in the Unix tool gzip . It is also often used as a component within lossy data compression technologies (e.g. lossless mid/side joint stereo preprocessing by the LAME MP3 encoder and other lossy audio encoders). Lossless compression is used in cases where it is important that the original and the decompressed data be identical, or where deviations from the original data could be deleterious. Typical examples are executable programs, text documents, and source code. Some image file formats, like PNG or GIF , use only lossless compression, while others like TIFF and MNG may use either lossless or lossy methods. Lossless audio formats are most often used for archiving or production purposes, with smaller lossy audio files being typically used on portable players and in other cases where storage space is limited and/or exact replication of the audio is unnecessary. Data_compression;Algorithm;Unix;Gzip;LAME;Portable_Network_Graphics;Graphics_Interchange_Format;TIFF;United_States;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Portable_Network_Graphics;Video_compression;GIF;Compress;Gzip;Portable_Network_Graphics;Xz;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;RealPlayer;Shorten;WavPack;ILBM;JPEG_XR;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;Tagged_Image_File_Format;JavaScript;PAQ;PAQ;XML;FreeArc;Algorithm;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Lossy_compression;WavPack;Data_compression;Lossy_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_codec;Video_codec;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Lossless_data_compression;Lossless_data_compression; Lossy_compression In information technology , "lossy" compression is a data encoding method that compresses data by discarding (losing) some of it. The procedure aims to minimize the amount of data that needs to be held, handled, and/or transmitted by a computer. The different versions of the photo of the dog at the right demonstrate how much data can be dispensed with, and how the images become progressively coarser as the data that made up the original one is discarded (lost). Typically, a substantial amount of data can be discarded before the result is sufficiently degraded to be noticed by the user. Lossy compression is most commonly used to compress multimedia data ( audio , video , and still images ), especially in applications such as streaming media and internet telephony . By contrast, lossless compression is required for text and data files, such as bank records and text articles. In many cases it is advantageous to make a master lossless file that can then be used to produce compressed files for different purposes; for example, a multi-megabyte file can be used at full size to produce a full-page advertisement in a glossy magazine, and a 10 kilobyte lossy copy can be made for a small image on a web page. Lossless_data_compression;Portable_Network_Graphics;Data_compression;Multimedia;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Video;Streaming_media;VOIP;Lossless_data_compression;WAV;AIFF;Equalization;Backward_compatibility;NTSC;Lossless_data_compression;Codec;Lossless_data_compression;Transcoding;Transcoding;Raw_image_format;JPEG;Exif;JPEG;Transcoding;WavPack;DjVu;ICER;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Progressive_Graphics_File;GPU;DV;Motion_JPEG;Ogg;Theora;Sorenson_codec;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Musepack;Ogg;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Audio;Speex;Data_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Transcoding;Data_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_codec;Video_codec;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Lossy_compression;Lossy_compression; Lotus_Domino Lotus Domino is an IBM server product that provides enterprise-grade e-mail , collaboration capabilities , and a custom application platform. Domino began life as Lotus Notes Server , the server component of Lotus Development Corporation 's client-server messaging technology. It can be used as an application server for Lotus Notes applications and/or as a web server. It also has a built-in database system in the format of NSF. Its directory services can be used for authentication purposes as well. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Programming_language;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;IBM;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Instant_messaging;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Massachusetts;IBM;IBM_Lotus_Notes; Lotus_Notes IBM Lotus Notes is the client of a collaborative client-server platform. IBM Lotus Domino is the application server . Lotus Notes provides integrated collaboration functionality, including email, calendaring, contacts management, to do tracking, instant messaging, an office productivity suite ( IBM Lotus Symphony ), and access to other Lotus Domino applications and databases. Lotus Notes can also be integrated with additional collaboration capabilities including voice and video conferencing, online meetings, discussions, forums, blogs, file sharing, microblogs, and user directories. In addition to these standard applications the organization may use the IBM Lotus Domino Designer development environment and other tools to develop additional integrated applications such as request approval / workflow and document management. Lotus Notes was originally created by Lotus Development Corp. in 1989. In 1995 Lotus was acquired by IBM and became known as the Lotus Development division of IBM and is now part of the IBM Software and Systems Group. IBM describes the software as "an easy-to-use, single point of access to everything you need to get your work done quickly, including business applications, email , calendars, feeds, and more" [ 1 ] Prior to release 4.5, the term Lotus Notes referred to both the client and server applications. [ 2 ] As of October 4, 2011 Lotus Notes was in release 8.5.3. Whereas typical email applications are programmed to be an email client, Lotus Notes is an application that is part of an application development platform, where mail is just one of many possible applications. Lotus Notes and Lotus Domino have spawned a great deal of third-party software, including applications, add-ins, add-ons, widgets, plug-ins and more, such as document management systems , [ 3 ] discussion forums, [ 4 ] and numerous other business applications. In 2008, IBM released XPages technology, allowing Lotus Notes data to be displayed to browser clients on any platform supporting standard web standards. Software_developer;IBM;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Linux;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Email_client;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Lotus_Domino;IBM;Email;Lotus_Domino;Instant_messaging;Instant_messaging;Web_browsing;RSS;Feed_aggregator;Customer_relationship_management;Application_software;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Instant_messaging;Presence_information;Web_service;HTML;Database;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Encryption;Laptop;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Novell_GroupWise;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS;SQL;JavaScript;XML;IMAP;Internet_Explorer;Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Outlook;The_Guardian;Operating_system;User_interface;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;IBM;Web_browser;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Post_Office_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;ICal;Linux;Forbes;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Microsoft_Outlook;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;IBM;Fortran;Hard_disk_drive;Floppy_disk;Massachusetts;IBM;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;IBM_Lotus_Notes;IBM_Lotus_Notes; Loudspeaker A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electroacoustic transducer that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input. Non-electrical loudspeakers were developed as accessories to telephone systems, but electronic amplification by vacuum tube made loudspeakers more generally useful. The most common form of loudspeaker uses a paper cone supporting a voice coil electromagnet acting on a permanent magnet, but many other types exist. Where accurate reproduction of sound is required, multiple loudspeakers may be used, each reproducing a part of the audible frequency range. Miniature loudspeakers are found in devices such as radio and TV receivers, and many forms of music players. Larger loudspeaker systems are used for music, sound reinforcement in theatres and concerts, and in public address systems . Sound;Power_supply;Frequency_response;Pioneer_Corporation;Capacitor;Electrical_impedance;Frequency_response;Electrical_impedance;Headphones;Bose_Corporation;Frequency_response;Home_cinema;Electrical_impedance;Magnet;Surround_sound;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Loudspeaker;Loudspeaker; LoveFilm LoveFilm (stylised as LOVEFiLM ) is a UK -based provider of home video and video game rental through DVD-by-mail and streaming video on demand in the UK , Germany and Scandinavia . It is an Amazon.com subsidiary, and operates the LoveFilm website, as well as providing outsourced website and delivery infrastructure for other British companies. In January 2012, LoveFilm announced that it had reached 2 million subscribers. It also claims over 70,000 titles, and over 4 million DVD, Blu-ray or Games rentals per month across five countries. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions , LoveFilm has, in a few years, become the leading online DVD rental and streaming outlet in the UK and across Europe. The company previously offered a download service alongside postal delivery, but this ceased on 23 February 2009. [ 1 ] Instead, the company has started a "watch online" service which offers over 4,700 films available to watch as part of subscription. This online viewing is available free for subscribers who have opted for one of their unlimited monthly rental plans; there is also some pay-per-view content available to all. United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Spain;France;Italy;Germany;Denmark;Sweden;Norway;IPad;United_States_dollar;Amazon.com;United_Kingdom;Video_game;Video_on_demand;United_Kingdom;Germany;Amazon.com;The_Guardian;IPad;Personal_computer;Netflix;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Audible.com;Amazon_Instant_Video;Amazon_Kindle;Mobipocket;Amie_Street;Songza;Sellaband;NASDAQ;LoveFilm;LoveFilm; Lovely_Rita " Lovely Rita " is a song by The Beatles performed on the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band , written and sung by Paul McCartney , although as with all McCartney or Lennon-written Beatles' songs, it is credited to Lennon–McCartney . It is about a female traffic warden and the narrator's affection for her. [ 2 ] The_Beatles;Abbey_Road_Studios;Record_label;Songwriter;Record_producer;The_Beatles;Paul_McCartney;Abbey_Road_Studios;George_Harrison;Paul_McCartney;Piano;John_Lennon;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Record_producer;Audio_engineering;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Abbey_Road_Studios;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Apple_Records;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;Lovely_Rita;Lovely_Rita; Low_Pin_Count The Low Pin Count bus, or LPC bus , is used on IBM-compatible personal computers to connect low-bandwidth devices to the CPU , such as the boot ROM and the "legacy" I/O devices (behind a super I/O chip). The "legacy" I/O devices usually include serial and parallel ports, PS/2 keyboard , PS/2 mouse , floppy disk controller and—more recently—the Trusted Platform Module (TPM). The physical wires of the LPC bus usually connect to the southbridge chip on a PC motherboard , which contains the circuit equivalents of the "legacy" onboard peripherals of the IBM PC/AT architecture, such as the keyboard controller , the two programmable interrupt controllers , the programmable interval timer , and the two ISA DMA controllers . The LPC bus was introduced by Intel in 1998 as a substitute for the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus. It resembles ISA to software, although physically it is quite different, replacing the 16-bit-wide, 8.33 MHz ISA bus with a 4-bit-wide bus operating at 4 times the clock speed (33.3 MHz). LPC's main advantage is that it requires only seven signals, and is therefore easy to route on modern motherboards, which are often quite crowded. An integrated circuit using LPC will need 30 to 72 fewer pins than its ISA equivalent. The clock rate was chosen to match that of PCI in order to further ease integration. Also, LPC is intended to be a motherboard-only bus. No connector is defined, and no LPC peripheral daughterboards are available. There is no configuration in terms of device discovery. Since only motherboard devices are connected the host (BIOS) "knows" how to set them up and deal with them. The LPC specification defines seven mandatory signals required for bidirectional data transfer. Four of these signals carry the multiplexed address and data. The other three—frame, reset, and clock—are control signals, the latter two of which can be shared with the PCIRST# and PCICLK signals. Six optional signals defined in the specification can be used for interrupt support, direct memory access, waking the system from a low power ("sleeping") state and notifying the LPC peripherals that power will soon be removed. LPC data transfer rates depend on the type of bus access (I/O, Memory, DMA , firmware ) performed. DMA cycles can transfer up to 6.67 MB/s. [ 1 ] Personal_computer;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Direct_memory_access;Firmware;Microsoft_Word;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Low_Pin_Count;Low_Pin_Count; Loxapine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Dibenzoxazepine;Dibenzazepine;Clozapine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Amoxapine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Typical_antipsychotic;Sedation;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Loxapine;Loxapine; Ludwig_Wittgenstein Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian - British philosopher who worked primarily in logic , the philosophy of mathematics , the philosophy of mind , and the philosophy of language . [ 1 ] He was professor in philosophy at the University of Cambridge from 1939 until 1947. [ 2 ] In his lifetime, he published just one book review, one article, a children's dictionary, and the 75-page Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921). [ 3 ] In 1999, his posthumously published Philosophical Investigations (1953) was ranked as the most important book of 20th-century philosophy by the Baruch Poll , standing out as "...the one crossover masterpiece in twentieth-century philosophy, appealing across diverse specializations and philosophical orientations". [ 4 ] Philosopher Bertrand Russell described him as "the most perfect example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived, passionate, profound, intense, and dominating". [ 5 ] Born in Vienna into one of Europe's wealthiest families, he gave away his entire inheritance. [ 6 ] Three of his brothers committed suicide, with Ludwig contemplating it too. [ 7 ] He left academia several times: serving as an officer on the frontline during World War I , where he was decorated a number of times for his courage; teaching in schools in remote Austrian villages, where he encountered controversy for hitting children when they made mistakes in mathematics; and working during World War II as a hospital porter in London, where he told patients not to take the drugs they were prescribed, and where no-one knew he was one of the world's most famous philosophers. [ 8 ] He described philosophy, however, as "the only work that gives me real satisfaction." [ 9 ] His philosophy is often divided between his early period, exemplified by the Tractatus , and later period, articulated in the Philosophical Investigations . The early Wittgenstein was concerned with the logical relationship between propositions and the world, and believed that by providing an account of the logic underlying this relationship he had solved all philosophical problems. The later Wittgenstein rejected many of the conclusions of the Tractatus , arguing that the meaning of words is constituted by the function they perform within any given language-game . Wittgenstein's influence has been felt in nearly every field of the humanities and social sciences, yet there are widely diverging interpretations of his thought. In the words of his friend and colleague Georg Henrik von Wright : "He was of the opinion... that his ideas were generally misunderstood and distorted even by those who professed to be his disciples. He doubted he would be better understood in the future. He once said he felt as though he were writing for people who would think in a different way, breathe a different air of life, from that of present-day men." [ 10 ] Austria;United_Kingdom;Gottlob_Frege;Bertrand_Russell;Austria;United_Kingdom;Bertrand_Russell;Austria;Gottlob_Frege;Gottlob_Frege;Bertrand_Russell;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Project_Gutenberg;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Bertrand_Russell;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Gottlob_Frege;Bertrand_Russell;Logical_atomism;Gottlob_Frege;Bertrand_Russell;Logical_atomism;Language;Language;Logical_atomism;Formal_system;Formal_system;Recursion;Gottlob_Frege;David_Hilbert;Bertrand_Russell;Bertrand_Russell;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Ludwig_Wittgenstein; Luminance Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle . The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m 2 ). A non-SI term for the same unit is the "nit". The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb , which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m 2 . Watt;Watt;Luminance;Luminance; Lupitidine Lupitidine is an H 2 receptor antagonist described as an antiulcer agent. Lam, B. L.; Pridgen, L. N.; 1982, U.S. Patent 4,352,933 . Drugs for acid related disorders: Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD/GORD ( A02B ) H 2 antagonists ("-tidine") Prostaglandins (E)/ analogues ("-prost-") Proton-pump inhibitors ("-prazole") See also: Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols anat( t , g , p )/ phys / devp / enzy noco / cong / tumr , sysi / epon proc , drug ( A2A / 2B / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 14 / 16 ), blte Agonists : 2-Pyridylethylamine Antagonists : 1st generation : 4-Methyldiphenhydramine Benzatropine/Benztropine Dexchlorpheniramine Etybenzatropine/Ethylbenztropine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Mepyramine/Pyrilamine 2nd generation : Acrivastine 3rd generation : Desloratadine Ungrouped : Belarizine Miscellaneous : Tricyclic antidepressants ( amitriptyline , trimipramine , etc) Tetracyclic antidepressants ( mianserin , Typical antipsychotics ( chlorpromazine , thioridazine , etc) Atypical antipsychotics ( clozapine , Agonists : Amthamine Antagonists : Bisfentidine Lavoltidine/Loxtidine Quisultazine/Quisultidine Agonists : α-Methylhistamine Antagonists : A-349,821 Agonists : 4-Methylhistamine Antagonists : JNJ-7,777,120 Inhibitors: Ibogaine Inhibitors: Catechin Inhibitors: Aminoguanidine Histamine ; Precursors: L -Histidine ; Cofactors: Vitamin B6 Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lupitidine oldid=503405098 " Categories : H2 receptor antagonists Hidden categories: Drugboxes with an unspecified ATC code Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Cimetidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Pirenzepine;Telenzepine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Lupitidine;Lupitidine; Luxembourg Europe;European_Union;French_language;German_language;European_Union;French_language;German_language;Belgium;France;Germany;European_Union;German_language;French_language;France;Belgium;European_Union;European_Union;Europe;Belgium;European_Union;European_Union;Belgium;Europe;Germany;France;Belgium;Eurozone;Eurozone;Skype;Amazon.com;Belgium;Netherlands;European_Union;Gibraltar;Belgium;France;Italy;Germany;Portugal;European_Union;French_language;German_language;English_language;France;France;Germany;Italy;Portugal;French_language;German_language;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;European_Commission;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;Belgium;France;Germany;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Belgium;Belgium;Germany;Belgium;Germany;France;France;Germany;France;Luxembourg;Luxembourg; Lzip lzip is a free , command-line tool for the compression of data; it employs the Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm (LZMA) with a user interface that is familiar to users of usual Unix compression tools, such as gzip and bzip2 . Like gzip and bzip2 , concatenation is supported to compress multiple files, but the convention is to bundle a file that is an archive itself, such as those created by the tar or cpio Unix programs. Lzip can split the output for the creation of multivolume archives. The file that is produced by lzip is usually given .lz as its filename extension , and the data is described by the MIME type application/x-lzip . The lzip suite of programs was written in C++ and C by Antonio Diaz and is being distributed as free software under the terms of version 3 or later of the GNU General Public License (GPL). Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Software_license;Free_software;Filename_extension;Free_software;Gzip;Gzip;Unix;Filename_extension;Free_software;Software_development_kit;File_Roller;Xz;Lossless_data_compression;Gzip;Lzop;Xz;Compress;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;Rzip;StuffIt;PAQ;EPUB;PAQ;Lzip;Lzip; Lzop lzop is a free software file compression tool which uses LZO and is under the GPL license. Aimed at being very fast, lzop produces files a bit larger than gzip 's but with less than a tenth of the CPU use. On many benchmark sites lzop is one of the fastest compressors available. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Data_compression;Software_license;Free_software;Gzip;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Free_software;Lzop;Lzop; MAGIX_Samplitude Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;MAGIX_Sequoia;Digital_audio_workstation;Surround_sound;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Sequoia;Pro_Tools;Steinberg_Cubase;REAPER;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Samplitude; MAGIX_Sequoia MAGIX Sequoia is a digital audio workstation . It is the most powerful of the MAGIX audio software family, essentially offering a superset of Samplitude's functionality. [ 1 ] Sequoia is purely software-based making it independent of proprietary audio hardware. Sequoia offers features like multi-synchronous cut, a consistent further development of the source/destination editing model, including a crossfade editor. Sequoia is capable of using multi-track projects to burn Red Book compatible master CDs. These CDs may feature copy protection, UPC/EAN, ISRC codes, pre-emphasis, and CD text. Formats for transferring the project to the vinyl press include DDP or wave export including cue list. For post-production, the option to use the audio input from the sound card for synchronizing Sequoia with the local external timecode is also available. It standard ships with a wide range of great sounding plugins. In early days, this was one of the main differences to its competitors. For years, Sequoia is one of the best sounding DAW software available. [ citation needed ] Sequoia has been an integral part of leading broadcast and mastering studios worldwide for years, including WDR , MDR , SWR , the Vienna Symphonic Library , and Sterling Sound in New York. [ citation needed ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;MAGIX_Samplitude;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;Pro_Tools;Steinberg_Cubase;REAPER;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MAGIX_Sequoia;MAGIX_Sequoia; MATLAB MATLAB ( mat rix lab oratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language . Developed by MathWorks , MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms , creation of user interfaces , and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C , C++ , Java , and Fortran . Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine , allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities. An additional package, Simulink , adds graphical multi-domain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems . In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and academia. [ 2 ] MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering , science , and economics . MATLAB is widely used in academic and research institutions as well as industrial enterprises. 2.2 Vectors/matrices 2.4 Function handles 3 Graphics and graphical user interface programming 4 Object-oriented programming 5 Interfacing with other languages 8 Release history 9 File extensions 14 External links Cleve Moler , the chairman of the computer-science department at the University of New Mexico , started developing MATLAB in the late 1970s. [ 3 ] He designed it to give his students access to LINPACK and EISPACK without them having to learn Fortran . It soon spread to other universities and found a strong audience within the applied mathematics community. Jack Little , an engineer, was exposed to it during a visit Moler made to Stanford University in 1983. Recognizing its commercial potential, he joined with Moler and Steve Bangert. They rewrote MATLAB in C and founded MathWorks in 1984 to continue its development. These rewritten libraries were known as JACKPAC. [ 4 ] In 2000, MATLAB was rewritten to use a newer set of libraries for matrix manipulation, LAPACK . [ 5 ] MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering , Little's specialty, but quickly spread to many other domains. It is now also used in education, in particular the teaching of linear algebra and numerical analysis , and is popular amongst scientists involved in image processing . [ 3 ] The MATLAB application is built around the MATLAB language, and most use of MATLAB involves typing MATLAB code into the Command Window (as an interactive mathematical shell ), or executing text files containing MATLAB code and functions . [ 6 ] [ edit ] Variables Variables are defined using the assignment operator, = . MATLAB is a weakly typed programming language. It is a weakly typed language because types are implicitly converted. [ 7 ] It is a dynamically typed language because variables can be assigned without declaring their type, except if they are to be treated as symbolic objects, [ 8 ] and that their type can change. Values can come from constants , from computation involving values of other variables, or from the output of a function. For example: [ edit ] Vectors/matrices As suggested by its name (a contraction of "Matrix Laboratory"), MATLAB can create and manipulate arrays of 1 (vectors), 2 (matrices), or more dimensions. In the MATLAB vernacular, a vector refers to a one dimensional (1× N or N ×1) matrix, commonly referred to as an array in other programming languages. A matrix generally refers to a 2-dimensional array, i.e. an m × n array where m and n are greater than 1. Arrays with more than two dimensions are referred to as multidimensional arrays. Arrays are a fundamental type and many standard functions natively support array operations allowing work on arrays without explicit loops. Therefore the MATLAB language is also an example of array programming language. A simple array is defined using the syntax: init : increment : terminator . For instance: defines a variable named array (or assigns a new value to an existing variable with the name array ) which is an array consisting of the values 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. That is, the array starts at 1 (the init value), increments with each step from the previous value by 2 (the increment value), and stops once it reaches (or to avoid exceeding) 9 (the terminator value). the increment value can actually be left out of this syntax (along with one of the colons), to use a default value of 1. assigns to the variable named ari an array with the values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, since the default value of 1 is used as the incrementer. Indexing is one-based, [ 9 ] which is the usual convention for matrices in mathematics, although not for some programming languages. Matrices can be defined by separating the elements of a row with blank space or comma and using a semicolon to terminate each row. The list of elements should be surrounded by square brackets: []. Parentheses: () are used to access elements and subarrays (they are also used to denote a function argument list). Sets of indices can be specified by expressions such as "2:4", which evaluates to [2, 3, 4]. For example, a submatrix taken from rows 2 through 4 and columns 3 through 4 can be written as: A square identity matrix of size n can be generated using the function eye , and matrices of any size with zeros or ones can be generated with the functions zeros and ones , respectively. Most MATLAB functions can accept matrices and will apply themselves to each element. For example, mod(2*J,n) will multiply every element in "J" by 2, and then reduce each element modulo "n". MATLAB does include standard "for" and "while" loops, but (as in other similar applications such as R ), using the vectorized notation often produces code that is faster to execute. This code, excerpted from the function magic.m , creates a magic square M for odd values of n (MATLAB function meshgrid is used here to generate square matrices I and J containing 1:n). [ J , I ] = meshgrid ( 1 :n ) ; A = mod ( I + J - ( n + 3 ) / 2 , n ) ; B = mod ( I + 2 * J - 2 , n ) ; M = n * A + B + 1 ; [ edit ] Structures MATLAB has structure data types. Since all variables in MATLAB are arrays, a more adequate name is "structure array", where each element of the array has the same field names. In addition, MATLAB supports dynamic field names (field look-ups by name, field manipulations, etc.). Unfortunately, MATLAB JIT does not support MATLAB structures, therefore just a simple bundling of various variables into a structure will come at a cost. [ citation needed ] [ edit ] Function handles MATLAB supports elements of lambda-calculus by introducing function handles, or function references, which are implemented either in .m files or anonymous/nested functions. Although MATLAB has classes, the syntax and calling conventions are significantly different from other languages. MATLAB has value classes and reference classes, depending on whether the class has handle as a super-class (for reference classes) or not (for value classes). Method call behavior is different between value and reference classes. For example, a call to a method object. method ( ) ; can alter any member of object only if object is an instance of a reference class. [ edit ] Graphics and graphical user interface programming MATLAB supports developing applications with graphical user interface features. It also has tightly-integrated graph-plotting features. For example the function plot can be used to produce a graph from two vectors x and y . The code: x = 0 : pi / 100 : 2 * pi ; produces the following figure of the sine function : A MATLAB program can produce three-dimensional graphics using the functions surf , plot3 or mesh . [ X,Y ] = meshgrid ( - 10 : 0.25 : 10 ,- 10 : 0.25 : 10 ) ; f = sinc ( sqrt ( ( X/ pi ) .^ 2 + ( Y/ pi ) .^ 2 ) ) ; axis ( [ - 10 10 - 10 10 - 0.3 1 ] ) xlabel ( '{\bfx}' ) ylabel ( '{\bfy}' ) zlabel ( '{\bfsinc} ({\bfR})' ) [ X,Y ] = meshgrid ( - 10 : 0.25 : 10 ,- 10 : 0.25 : 10 ) ; f = sinc ( sqrt ( ( X/ pi ) .^ 2 + ( Y/ pi ) .^ 2 ) ) ; axis ( [ - 10 10 - 10 10 - 0.3 1 ] ) xlabel ( '{\bfx}' ) ylabel ( '{\bfy}' ) zlabel ( '{\bfsinc} ({\bfR})' ) This code produces a wireframe 3D plot of the two-dimensional unnormalized sinc function : This code produces a surface 3D plot of the two-dimensional unnormalized sinc function : In MATLAB, graphical user interfaces can be programed with the GUI design environment (GUIDE) tool. [ 10 ] [ edit ] Object-oriented programming MATLAB's support for object-oriented programming includes classes, inheritance, virtual dispatch, packages, pass-by-value semantics, and pass-by-reference semantics. [ 11 ] When put into a file named hello.m , this can be executed with the following commands: [ edit ] Interfacing with other languages MATLAB can call functions and subroutines written in the C programming language or Fortran . A wrapper function is created allowing MATLAB data types to be passed and returned. The dynamically loadable object files created by compiling such functions are termed " MEX-files " (for M ATLAB ex ecutable). [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Libraries written in Java , ActiveX or .NET can be directly called from MATLAB and many MATLAB libraries (for example XML or SQL support) are implemented as wrappers around Java or ActiveX libraries. Calling MATLAB from Java is more complicated, but can be done with MATLAB extension, [ 14 ] which is sold separately by MathWorks , or using an undocumented mechanism called JMI (Java-to-MATLAB Interface), [ 15 ] which should not be confused with the unrelated Java Metadata Interface that is also called JMI. As alternatives to the MuPAD based Symbolic Math Toolbox available from MathWorks, MATLAB can be connected to Maple or Mathematica . [ 16 ] Libraries also exist to import and export MathML . [ 17 ] MATLAB is a proprietary product of MathWorks, so users are subject to vendor lock-in . [ 2 ] [ 18 ] Although MATLAB Builder can deploy MATLAB functions as library files which can be used with .NET or Java application building environment, future development will still be tied to the MATLAB language. Each toolbox is purchased separately. If an evaluation licence is requested, the MathWorks sales department requires detailed information about the project for which MATLAB is to be evaluated. Overall the process of acquiring a licence is expensive in terms of money and time [ citation needed ] . If granted (which it often is), the evaluation licence is valid for two to four weeks. A student version of MATLAB is also available. The licensing of Mathworks software is under investigation in 2012 for anti-trust behavior by the EU . [ 19 ] [ edit ] Alternatives See also: list of numerical analysis software and comparison of numerical analysis software MATLAB has a number of competitors. [ 20 ] Commercial competitors include, Mathematica , Maple , NAG , IDL by ITT Visual Information Solutions , Metlynx and Xoctave as MATLAB's desktop environment alternative which uses GNU Octave . There are also free open source alternatives to MATLAB, in particular GNU Octave , FreeMat , and Scilab which are intended to be mostly compatible with the MATLAB language. NCLab provides a cloud interface to Octave, allowing users to store and run their MATLAB files in the web browser. NCLab is free for individual non-commercial users and has virtually no limitations. Institutions pay a symbolic subscription fee. Among other languages that treat arrays as basic entities (array programming languages) are APL and J , Fortran 90 and higher, as well as the statistical language S (the main implementations of S are S-PLUS and the popular open source language R ). There are also several libraries to add similar functionality to existing languages, such as IT++ for C++ , Perl Data Language for Perl , ScalaLab for Scala and SciPy together with NumPy and Matplotlib for Python . [ edit ] Release history Ran on MS-DOS but required at least a 386 processor. Version 3.5m required math coprocessor Ran on Windows 3.1 . Required a math coprocessor First release with bundled Java machine (JVM). HDF5 -based MAT-file support Last release for Windows 2000 and PowerPC Mac. License Server support for Windows Vista [ 22 ] First release for 32-bit 64-bit Microsoft Windows 7. First release for Intel 64-bit Mac , and last for Solaris SPARC . Last release for Intel 32-bit Mac . The number (or Release number) is the version reported by Concurrent License Manager program FlexLM. [ edit ] File extensions MATLAB function, script, or class MATLAB binary file for storing variables MATLAB executable (platform specific, e.g. ".mexmac" for the Mac , ".mexglx" for Linux , etc.) MATLAB content-obscured .m file (result e() ) [ edit ] Third-party GPU Cache file generated by Jacket for MATLAB (AccelerEyes) MATLAB CAPE-OPEN Unit Operation Model File (AmsterCHEM) [ edit ] Easter eggs Several easter eggs exist in MATLAB. [ 23 ] These include hidden pictures, and random in-jokes. For example, typing in "spy" will get a generate of the spies from spy vs spy. Typing in "why" randomly outputs a philosophical answer. Other commands include "penny", and "life". [ edit ] See also List of numerical analysis software Comparison of numerical analysis software ^ "Requirements" . MathWorks . http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/requirements.html?s_cid=wiki_matlab_1 . Retrieved 2010-06-07 . ^ a b Richard Goering, " Matlab edges closer to electronic design automation world ," EE Times , 10/04/2004 ^ a b Cleve Moler, the creator of MATLAB (December 2004). "The Origins of MATLAB" . http://www.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/news_notes/clevescorner/dec04.html?s_cid=wiki_matlab_3 . Retrieved April 15, 2007 . ^ "MATLAB Programming Language" . http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Computers/matlab-programming-language.php . Retrieved 2010-12-17 . ^ Note from Cleve Moler in a Mathworks newsletter Cleve Moler, the creator of MATLAB (2000). "MATLAB Incorporates LAPACK" . http://www.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/news_notes/clevescorner/winter2000.cleve.html?s_cid=wiki_matlab_4 . Retrieved December 20, 2008 . ^ "MATLAB technical documentation" . Mathworks.com . http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/matlab.html?s_cid=wiki_matlab_5 . Retrieved 2010-06-07 . ^ [1] Documentation on MATLAB in relation to other languages ^ sym function Documentation for the MATLAB Symbolic Toolbox ^ "MATLAB Online Documentation" . Mathworks.com . http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/math/f1-85462.html?s_cid=wiki_matlab_8 . Retrieved 2010-06-07 . ^ Smith, S. T. (2006). Matlab: Advanced GUI Developmen . Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 1-59858-181-3, 9781598581812 . ^ "MATLAB Class Overview" . Mathworks.com . http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/index.html?/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/matlab_oop/bqs290n-1.html . Retrieved 2010-06-07 . ^ "MATLAB external interface guide" . http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/matlab_external/bp_kqh7.html?s_cid=wiki_matlab_9 . Retrieved 2008-05-25 . ^ Spielman, Dan (2004-02-10). "Connecting C and Matlab" . Yale University, Computer Science Department . http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/spielman/ECC/cMatlab.html . Retrieved 2008-05-20 . ^ "MATLAB Builder JA" . MathWorks . http://www.mathworks.com/products/javabuilder?s_cid=wiki_matlab_10 . Retrieved 2010-06-07 . ^ "Java-to-Matlab Interface" . Undocumented Matlab. 2010-04-14 . http://undocumentedmatlab.com/blog/jmi-java-to-matlab-interface/ . Retrieved 2010-06-07 . ^ Mathsource item #618 for calling MATLAB from Mathematica Roger Germundsson from Wolfram Research ^ http://www.nl.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/7709-mathml-importexport?s_cid=wiki_matlab_11 ^ Jan Stafford, " The Wrong Choice: Locked in by license restrictions ," SearchOpenSource.com , 21 May 2003 ^ Mathworks software license probed by EU antitrust regulators Bloomberg news ^ Comparison of mathematical programs for data analysis ScientificWeb ^ Cleve Moler (January 2006). "The Growth of MATLAB and The MathWorks over Two Decades" (PDF) . http://www.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/news_notes/clevescorner/jan06.pdf?s_cid=wiki_matlab_12 . Retrieved August 18, 2008 . ^ "Do MATLAB versions prior to R2007a run under Windows Vista?" . September 2010 . http://www.mathworks.com/support/solutions/en/data/1-43EHE5/?solution=1-43EHE5 s_cid=wiki_matlab_13 . Retrieved February 8, 2011 . ^ http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/2001-what-matlab-easter-eggs-do-you-know?s_cid=wiki_matlab_14 Matlab_Upazila;Software_developer;MathWorks;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Procedural_programming;Array_programming;Type_system;Dynamic_typing;Weak_typing;Operating_system;Filename_extension;Numerical_analysis;MathWorks;Algorithm;User_interface;Fortran;MuPAD;Computer_algebra_system;Symbolic_computing;Simulink;Model_based_design;Dynamical_system;Embedded_systems;Engineering;Science;Economics;Cleve_Moler;Computer_science;University_of_New_Mexico;LINPACK;EISPACK;Fortran;Applied_mathematics;John_N._Little;Stanford_University;MathWorks;LAPACK;Control_engineering;Linear_algebra;Numerical_analysis;Image_processing;Functional_programming;Array_programming;Identity_matrix;Magic_square;Graphical_user_interface;Sine_wave;Wire_frame_model;Sinc_function;Sinc_function;Fortran;MEX_file;ActiveX;.NET_Framework;XML;SQL;MathWorks;Java_Metadata_Interface;MuPAD;Mathematica;MathML;Proprietary_software;.NET_Framework;European_Union;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Mathematica;Maple_software;NAG_Numerical_Libraries;ITT_Visual_Information_Solutions;GNU_Octave;Free_software;Open_source;GNU_Octave;FreeMat;Scilab;Fortran;Perl_Data_Language;Perl;SciPy;NumPy;Matplotlib;Hierarchical_Data_Format;PowerPC;SPARC;Macintosh;Linux;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wolfram_Research;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BSD_License;Open_Directory_Project;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GNU_Octave;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;MATLAB;MATLAB; MBA United_States;Economics;Ukraine;Financial_Times;PDF;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project; MEX_file MEX stands for MATLAB Executable. A MEX file (also written as MEX-file) provides an interface between MATLAB and subroutines written in C , C++ or Fortran . When compiled, MEX files are dynamically loaded and allow non-MATLAB code to be invoked from within MATLAB as if it was a built-in function. To support the development of MEX files, MATLAB offers external interface functions that facilitate the transfer of data between MEX files and MATLAB. MATLAB;Fortran;MEX_file;MEX_file; MIDI Computer;Musical_notation;Tempo;Musical_keyboard;Piano;Synthesizer;List_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers;Synthesizer;Software_synthesizer;Digital_audio_workstation;Apple_IIe;Apple_Macintosh;File_format;Ringtone;Metadata;Filename_extension;XML;Microsoft_Windows;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Floppy_disk;List_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers;Digital_audio_workstation;Image_scanner;Emagic;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Native_Instruments;Software_synthesizer;Conventional_PCI;Apple_Motion;USB;FireWire;Ethernet;USB;MIDI_keyboard;Musical_keyboard;IPhone;IOS;Ableton_Live;Synthesizer;Music_sequencer;Music_sequencer;Equal_temperament;Core_Audio;Universal_Serial_Bus;FireWire;Ethernet;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Ethernet;Bluetooth;Ethernet;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;MIDI;MIDI; MIDI_keyboard A MIDI keyboard is typically a piano -style user interface keyboard device used for sending MIDI signals or commands over a USB or MIDI cable to other devices connected and operating on the same MIDI protocol interface. This could also be a personal computer running software such as a digital audio workstation (DAW) that listens to and sends MIDI information to other MIDI devices connected by cable or running internal to the personal computer system. The basic MIDI keyboard does not produce sound. Instead, MIDI information is sent to an electronic module capable of reproducing an array of digital sounds or samples that resemble traditional analog musical instruments. These samples or waveforms are also referred to as voices or timbres. Not all MIDI keyboards are based on the piano style user interface. Many MIDI keyboard controllers have pads or buttons that also send MIDI signals, and most pads have a velocity sensing capability so that varying volumes of sound can be played/voiced. Another such keyboard device is the Continuum Fingerboard which is based on a "fretless" type keyboard interface enabling portamento style note changes at will during play. An illustration of the Continuum Fingerboard. Another MIDI keyboard implementation is the Tonal Plexus keyboard that provides for up to 1266 different tonal pitches possible in the TPX6 1266 Keys (Microtonal MIDI Controller). There are numerous other MIDI controllers that are also not based on the piano style user interface, but on newer interfaces with broader application possible because of computer technology. In the MIDI protocol used in each of these midi controllers, an encoding scheme is used to map a MIDI value to a specific instrument sample. Also, other sound parameters such as note volume (velocity), aftertouch, pitch bend and modulation controls are also included in the MIDI protocol scheme. The keyboard merely acts as a MIDI controller of sound modules and other MIDI devices, including activating sounds by MIDI control within DAW software. MIDI keyboards are a very common feature of a recording studio, and any DAW setup. Most include a transpose function and the ability to set different octaves . Many MIDI keyboards have pitch bend and modulation wheels. Some also have extra sets of assignable rotary knobs and/or buttons for sending custom MIDI messages to the synthesiser, sampler or DAW software. Devices with extra features (also including rhythm input, instrument selection, transport control) are sometimes called keyboard controllers . Other features that some MIDI keyboards might include are: Input for foot switch (usually used as a sustain pedal ) Input for a foot expression controller Semi-weighted or fully weighted keys Capability of sending aftertouch Direct USB connection for use with computers MIDI keyboards come in a range of sizes, from 25 keys (two octaves) to full 88-key length. MIDI keyboards with fewer than 61 keys tend not to have weighted keys. Piano;Musical_keyboard;MIDI;Digital_audio_workstation;Digital_audio_workstation;USB;MIDI_keyboard;MIDI_keyboard; MLB.tv Major_League_Baseball;Major_League_Baseball;IOS;United_States;Canada;Guam;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;BlackBerry;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Social_networking; MPEG The Moving Picture Experts Group ( MPEG ) is a working group of experts that was formed by ISO and IEC to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission. [ 1 ] It was established in 1988 by the initiative of Hiroshi Yasuda ( Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ) and Leonardo Chiariglione [ 2 ] , group Chair since its inception. The first MPEG meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] As of late 2005, MPEG has grown to include approximately 350 members per meeting from various industries, universities, and research institutions. MPEG's official designation is ISO/IEC JTC1 /SC29 WG11 - Coding of moving pictures and audio (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 11). [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] MPEG_transport_stream;MPEG_program_stream;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Video_compression;Encoder;Algorithm;Proprietary_software;Multiplexing;Metadata;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Video_compression;Compact_Disc;Video_CD;DVD_Video;Digital_rights_management;Multimedia_framework;MPEG_Surround;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Video_codec;Video_compression;International_Standard_Book_Number;MPEG_transport_stream;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ISO_base_media_file_format;MPEG_Surround;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;NTSC; MPEG_Multichannel MPEG Multichannel is an extension to the MPEG-1 Layer II audio compression specification, as defined in the MPEG-2 Audio standard ( ISO / IEC 13818-3 [ 1 ] ), [ 2 ] which allows it provide up to 5.1-channels ( surround sound ) of audio. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] To maintain backwards compatibility with the older 2-channel (stereo) audio specification, it uses a channel matrixing scheme, where the additional channels are mixed into the two backwards compatible channels. Extra information in the data stream (ignored by older hardware) contains signals to process extra channels from the matrix. [ 5 ] It was originally a mandatory part of the DVD specification for European DVDs, but was dropped in late 1997, and is rarely used as a result. The Super Video CD (SVCD) standard supports MPEG Multichannel. Player support for this audio format is nearly non-existent however, and it is rarely used. MPEG Multichannel audio was proposed for use in the ATSC digital TV broadcasting standard, but Dolby Digital (aka. AC-3, A/52) was chosen instead. This is a matter of significant controversy, as it has been revealed that the organizations (The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Zenith Electronics ) behind 2 of the 4 voting board members received tens of millions of dollars of compensation from secret deals with Dolby Laboratories in exchange for their votes. [ 7 ] MPEG Multichannel–compatible equipment would bear either the MPEG Multichannel or MPEG Empowered logos. MPEG_Surround;Sound;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Surround_sound;DVD;Dolby_Digital;DVD;TooLAME;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;MPEG_Multichannel; MPEG_Surround MPEG_Multichannel;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Surround_sound;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Lossless_data_compression;Surround_sound;MPEG_transport_stream;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ISO_base_media_file_format;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;MPEG_Surround; MPEG_program_stream Program stream ( PS or MPEG-PS ) is a container format for multiplexing digital audio , video and more. The PS format is specified in MPEG-1 Part 1 (ISO/IEC 11172-1) and MPEG-2 Part 1, Systems (ISO/IEC standard 13818-1 [ 6 ] /ITU-T H.222.0 [ 4 ] [ 5 ] ). The MPEG-2 Program Stream is analogous and similar to ISO/IEC 11172 Systems layer and it is forward compatible. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Program streams are used on DVD-Video discs and HD DVD video discs, but with some restrictions and extensions. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The filename extensions are VOB and EVO respectively. Filename_extension;MPEG;Media_container;VOB;Enhanced_VOB;Multiplexing;Video;VOB;Enhanced_VOB;MPEG_transport_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;MPEG_transport_stream;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ISO_base_media_file_format;MPEG_Surround;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_program_stream; MPEG_transport_stream MPEG transport stream ( MPEG-TS , MTS or TS ) is a standard format for transmission and storage of audio , video , and Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP) data. [ 7 ] It is used in broadcast systems such as DVB , ATSC and IPTV . Transport Stream is specified in MPEG-2 Part 1, Systems (formally known as ISO / IEC standard 13818-1 or ITU-T Rec. H.222.0). [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Transport stream specifies a container format encapsulating packetized elementary streams , with error correction and stream synchronization features for maintaining transmission integrity when the signal is degraded . Transport streams differ from the similarly named program streams in several important ways: program streams are designed for reasonably reliable media, such as discs (like DVDs), while transport streams designed for less reliable transmission, namely terrestrial or satellite broadcast. Further, a transport stream may carry multiple programs. Filename_extension;MPEG;Media_container;Digital_video;IPTV;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;HDV;AVCHD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ISO_base_media_file_format;MPEG_Surround;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;MPEG_transport_stream;MPEG_transport_stream; MPlayer MPlayer is a free and open source media player . The program is available for all major operating systems , including Linux and other Unix-like systems, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X . Versions for OS/2 , Syllable , AmigaOS , MorphOS and AROS Research Operating System are also available. The Windows version works, with some minor problems, also in DOS using HX DOS Extender . A port for DOS using DJGPP is also available. [ 1 ] A version for the Wii Homebrew Channel has also emerged. [ 2 ] It has also been ported to run on the Amazon Kindle. [ 3 ] Windows_Media_Player;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Open_source;Operating_system;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;DOS;DOS;Transcode;Audio_Video_Interleave;Hungary;Compact_disc;DVD;Video_CD;Audio_Video_Interleave;Advanced_Systems_Format;Matroska;QuickTime;Ogg;RealMedia;Bink_Video;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;RealVideo;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Bink_Video;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Musepack;RealAudio;Shorten;Speex;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Audio;Bink_Video;Subtitles;SubStation_Alpha;Closed_captioning;SubRip;BMP_file_format;JPEG;PCX;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Server_Message_Block;FFmpeg;DirectX;SubStation_Alpha;XMMS;Graphical_user_interface;Mac_OS_X;Libavcodec;FFmpeg;FFmpeg;Firmware;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;MPlayer;MPlayer; MSN_Music MSN Music was a part of the MSN web services. It delivered music news, music videos, spotlights on new music, artist information, and live performances of artists. In 2004, Microsoft created an MSN Music download store to compete with Apple 's iTunes Music Store , though its sales in comparison were negligible. The store utilized Microsoft's Windows Media Player application and proprietary Windows Media Format files (protected .wma files). It started out with 1.5 million songs, but decreased to 1.1 million songs due to lagging sales and lack of real support from Microsoft. The MSN Music store was not compatible with Microsoft's own Zune music player. As of 14 November 2006, MSN Music ceased music sales and now redirects viewers to either Zune or Real Rhapsody websites. Microsoft acquired MongoMusic on September 13, 2000 and merged its technology. [ 1 ] In April 2008, Microsoft announced that the DRM servers for MSN Music would be deactivated on 2008-08-31. After this date, it was no longer possible to reauthorize purchased songs when changing computers or operating systems. [ 2 ] They have suggested that customers back-up their music by burning it to CD. [ 3 ] Microsoft;Apple_Computer;ITunes_Music_Store;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Media_Audio;Zune;Digital_rights_management;Microsoft;News.com;News.com;Application_software;MSN_TV;MSN_Music;MSN_Music; MSN_TV Thin_client;Television;Microsoft;Intranet;Television;Internet;Web_browser;Wireless;Bluetooth;Apple_Inc.;Bruce_Leak;BMW;California;Proxy_server;Stanford_University;Apple_Computer;Sony;Seagate_Technology;Encryption;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;America_Online;Sega;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Web_browser;Internet_Explorer;Thin_client;Hard_disk;JPEG;TiVo;Video_Graphics_Array;Xbox;Sony;CPU;Sony;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Samsung;Linux;Google_TV;International_Standard_Book_Number;Application_software;MSN_Music;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;MSN_TV; MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec The MSU Lossless Video Codec is a video codec developed by the Graphics Media Lab Video Group of Moscow State University . It was designed to provide space-effective lossless video compression . As 2007 MSU had the second best compression ratio when compared to many other lossless video codecs, [ 1 ] with the better result shown by YULS codec. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_codec;Lossless_data_compression;YULS;Video_for_Windows;VirtualDub;Freeware;Commercial_software;Source_code;Lossy_compression;User_interface;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;SheerVideo;YULS;Software;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec; MTV HDTV;United_States;English_language;Music_video;Television_program;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;CBS;The_Beatles;VCR;Record_label;NBC;Music_videos;Disc_jockey;United_Kingdom;Heavy_metal_music;Def_Leppard;Rolling_Stones;Paul_McCartney;Rolling_Stone;Steven_Levy;Hip_hop_music;The_Beatles;Nine_Inch_Nails;Sarah_McLachlan;Electronica;Britney_Spears;Kid_Rock;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;NBC;Britney_Spears;Music_video;Fall_Out_Boy;Europe;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;Heavy_metal_music;New_York_Times;Barack_Obama;San_Francisco;Black_Entertainment_Television;NBC;CBS;Britney_Spears;Super_Bowl_XLV;Black_Entertainment_Television;New_Jersey;Dell;Slogan;Country_Music_Television;Country_music;HDTV;America_Online;Website;Adobe_Flash;HTML;YouTube;IPod;Los_Angeles_Times;Entertainment_Weekly;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Los_Angeles_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Los_Angeles_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Crack_cocaine;International_Standard_Book_Number;Country_Music_Television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Paramount_Pictures;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;Electronic_music;Heavy_metal_music;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MTV;MTV; MTV_Europe_Music_Awards The MTV Europe Music Awards (" EMAs ") were established in 1994 by MTV Networks Europe to celebrate the most popular music videos in Europe . [ 1 ] Originally beginning as an alternative to the American MTV Video Music Awards , the MTV Europe Music Awards is today a popular celebration of what MTV viewers consider the best in music. The awards are chosen by MTV viewers throughout Europe. The MTV Europe Music Awards always changes its host city. It has been hosted four times in Germany and the United Kingdom, most recently in Belfast in 2011 and previously in London, Edinburgh and Liverpool. The awards are presented annually and broadcast live on MTV Europe , MTV Live HD and most of the international MTV channels as well as online. Music_video;Europe;MTV;Germany;France;United_Kingdom;Netherlands;Italy;Republic_of_Ireland;Sweden;Germany;Spain;United_Kingdom;Italy;Portugal;Denmark;Germany;United_Kingdom;Germany;Spain;United_Kingdom;Germany;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Gorillaz;UK;Paul_McCartney;Ringo_Starr;George_Harrison;John_Lennon;United_Kingdom;United_States;Barack_Obama;Britney_Spears;MTV;Britney_Spears;Coldplay;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Daily_Mail;Daily_Mail;NME;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards; MTV_Video_Music_Award MTV2 · Tr3́s · mtvU An MTV Video Music Award (commonly abbreviated as a VMA ), is an award presented by the cable channel MTV to honor the best in music videos . Originally conceived as an alternative to the Grammy Awards (in the video category), the annual MTV Video Music Awards ceremony has often been called the " Oscars for youth", an acknowledgment of the VMA ceremony's ability to draw millions of youth from teens to 20-somethings each year. [ 1 ] By 2001, the VMA had become a coveted award. [ 2 ] The statue given to winners is an astronaut on the moon, one of the earliest representations of MTV. The annual VMA ceremony is usually held in mid-September, and broadcast live on MTV. The first VMA ceremony was held in 1984 at New York City 's Radio City Music Hall . Other VMAs have been held in Los Angeles , Miami , and Las Vegas . The 2012 MTV Video Music Awards will air live on Thursday, September 6, 2012. Music_video;MTV;United_States;MTV;MTV;Music_video;Grammy_Award;Nine_Inch_Nails;Trent_Reznor;Nine_Inch_Nails;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Kid_Rock;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Barack_Obama;Barack_Obama;MTV;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;BBC_News;Time_Warner;Time_Warner;Time_Warner;Time_Warner;Time_Warner;Entertainment_Weekly;Time_Warner;Time_Warner;The_Guardian;The_Huffington_Post;The_Daily_Telegraph;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;Grammy_Award;American_Music_Award;Billboard_Music_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;TEC_Awards;MTV;Electronic_music;Heavy_metal_music;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MTV_Video_Music_Award; MU.LAB MU.LAB (called MUTON during development [ 1 ] and then LUNA when first released in 2006 [ 2 ] ) is a digital audio workstation (DAW) for Mac OS X and Windows developed by MUTOOLS. It is available in three flavors: a free version, which is restricted to four tracks, and XT and UL versions which have fewer restrictions. [ 3 ] However, because parts on a track can be assigned racks (i.e., instruments) individually and can overlap, this restriction to four tracks in the free version still allows creating music with more than four concurrent voices. MU.LAB uses a pattern-based approach to sequencing. VST plugins are supported and it comes with built-in synthesizers such as MuSynth [ 4 ] and the multi-sampler MultiSampla . [ 5 ] The program can be run directly from a USB memory stick. [ 6 ] MU.LAB can also serve as a ReWire master and it can be run on Linux using the Wine Windows emulator, although this is not officially supported at this point. [ 7 ] Mac_OS_X;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Digital_audio_workstation;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Multimedia;Software;MU.LAB;MU.LAB; MUZU_TV Republic_of_Ireland;Slogan;Website;YouTube;Sony_BMG;Pioneer_Corporation;Sony;EMI;YouTube;AOL;The_Daily_Telegraph;Hot_Press;The_Washington_Post;Hot_Press;Reuters;The_Daily_Telegraph;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;MUZU_TV;MUZU_TV; MXN The peso ( sign : $ ; code : MXN ) is the currency of Mexico . Modern peso and dollar currencies have a common origin in the 15th–19th century Spanish dollar , most continuing to use its sign, "$" . [ 1 ] The Mexican peso is the 12th most traded currency in the world, the third most traded in the Americas , and by far the most traded currency in Latin America . [ 2 ] The current ISO 4217 code for the peso is MXN ; prior to the 1993 revaluation (see below), the code MXP was used. The peso is subdivided into 100 centavos , represented by " ¢ ". The name was originally used in reference to pesos oro (gold weights) or pesos plata (silver weights). The literal English translation of the Spanish word peso is weight . As of August 1, 2012, the peso's exchange rate was 16.37 per euro and 13.38 per U.S. dollar. Mexico;Mexico;Spain;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Canada;Stainless_steel;Stainless_steel;Carbon;Stainless_steel;Carbon;Stainless_steel;Carbon;Stainless_steel;The_New_York_Times;North_America;Canadian_dollar;Danish_krone;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Puerto_Rico;United_States_dollar;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;United_States_dollar;Ecuador; MacBinary Due to the metadata -rich nature of the Macintosh Hierarchical File System , transferring Mac OS files to platforms that do not support HFS can be problematic. MacBinary was developed as a means of preserving this structure without sacrificing portability. It combines the data and resource forks and the Finder information of a file into a single document. This document is then suitable for transport via FTP , the World Wide Web , and electronic mail . The documents can also be stored on computers that run operating systems with no HFS support, such as Unix or Windows . Filename_extension;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Metadata;Macintosh;Hierarchical_File_System;Hierarchical_File_System;Resource_fork;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Disk_image;Internet;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;MacBinary;MacBinary; MacBook The MacBook is a brand of Macintosh notebook computers manufactured by Apple Inc. from 2006 to 2011. It replaced the iBook series and 12-inch PowerBook series of notebooks as a part of the Apple–Intel transition . Positioned as the low end of the MacBook family , the Apple MacBook was aimed at the consumer and education markets. [ 3 ] It was the best-selling Macintosh in history, and according to the sales-research organization NPD Group in October 2008, the mid-range model of the MacBook was the single best-selling laptop of any brand in US retail stores for the preceding five months. [ 4 ] There have been three separate designs of the MacBook: the original model used a combination of polycarbonate and fiberglass casing that was modeled after the iBook G4. The second type, introduced in October 2008 alongside the 15-inch MacBook Pro , used a similar unibody aluminum casing to the 15-inch Pro, and was updated and rebranded as the 13-inch MacBook Pro at the 2009 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in June 2009. [ 5 ] A third design, introduced in October 2009, used a unibody polycarbonate shell as aluminium is now reserved for the higher-end MacBook Pro . On July 20, 2011, the MacBook was quietly discontinued for consumer purchase in favor of the new MacBook Air . [ 6 ] Apple continued to sell the MacBook to educational institutions until February 2012. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The MacBook has effectively been superseded by the MacBook Air . MacBook_family;Apple_Inc.;Central_processing_unit;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Macintosh;Laptop;Apple_Inc.;IBook;PowerBook;MacBook_family;NPD_Group;Polycarbonate;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;Intel;MacBook_Pro;MagSafe;Nvidia;GeForce;IMac;Command_key;Gigabit_Ethernet;MagSafe;Apple_Remote;AppleCare;Display_device;Central_processing_unit;Computer_graphics;Nvidia;GeForce;Hard_disk_drive;Combo_drive;SuperDrive;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Apple_Remote;Nvidia;Nvidia;GeForce;Touchpad;MacBook_Pro;Gizmodo;AppleInsider;Engadget;Wired_News;Macworld;Display_device;Central_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;SDRAM;Computer_graphics;Nvidia;GeForce;Hard_drive;Serial_ATA;SuperDrive;FireWire;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Macworld;Gizmodo;Secure_Digital;Engadget;AppleInsider;Display_device;Central_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;SDRAM;Computer_graphics;Nvidia;GeForce;Nvidia;GeForce;Hard_drive;Serial_ATA;SuperDrive;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;MacBook_family;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Walter_Mossberg;Apple_Inc.;Intel;Wired_News;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;MacBook;MacBook; MacBook_Air The MacBook Air family is a line of ultraportable Macintosh notebook computers created by Apple Inc . Designed to balance performance, a full-sized laptop keyboard design and a machined aluminium casing with extremely low weight and thickness, they are available in 11.6" and 13.3" designs and a range of specifications, all currently using SSD storage and Intel CPUs. In Apple's product range, they occupy a position between the tablet computer iPad and iPod touch lines running iOS and the thicker and higher-performance Macbook Pro laptops, and inspired a competing range of Ultrabook computers produced by other PC manufacturers. Apple_Inc.;Laptop;Netbook;Operating_system;OS_X;Watt;Macintosh;Laptop;Apple_Inc;Intel;Tablet_computer;IPad;IPod_touch;IOS;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Jobs;Intel;Nvidia;GeForce;MacBook_Pro;Netbook;Sandy_Bridge;Bluetooth;MagSafe;USB;LED_backlit;Trackpad;IPad;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;MagSafe;USB;USB;ISight;FaceTime;Gigabyte;Hard_drive;CPU;SuperDrive;Removable_media;FireWire;Ethernet;SuperDrive;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Computer_graphics;Intel;Nvidia;Megahertz;Intel;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Random_access_memory;Gigabyte;Parallel_ATA;Hard_disk_drive;SATA;Apple_Remote;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Secure_Digital;Universal_Serial_Bus;Secure_Digital;Universal_Serial_Bus;Secure_Digital;Netbook;Forrester_Research;Intel;USB;Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;CNET;NBCNews.com;NBCUniversal;Macworld;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;AppleInsider;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Walter_Mossberg;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Apple_Inc.;Financial_Times;CNET;CBS_Interactive;ComputerWorld;IDG;ComputerWorld;IDG;Vox_Media;CNET;CBS_Interactive;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Ryan_Block;Engadget;AOL;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Ryan_Block;Engadget;AOL;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air; MacBook_Pro The MacBook Pro is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in January 2006 by Apple Inc. , and now in its third generation. Replacing the PowerBook G4 , the MacBook Pro was the second model, after the iMac , to be announced in the Apple–Intel transition . It is also the high-end model of the MacBook family and is currently produced with 13- and 15-inch screens, although a 17-inch version has been offered previously. The first generation MacBook Pro was largely a carry-over from the PowerBook G4, but used the Intel Core processors instead of PowerPC G4 chips. The 15-inch model was released in January 2006, a 17-inch model in April, both of which received several updates and Core 2 Duo processors later in the year. The second model, known as the "unibody" model, has a more tapered design and a casing made from a single block of aluminum. It debuted in October 2008 as the 15-inch MacBook Pro and the 13-inch aluminum unibody MacBook . The following January brought the design to the 17-inch model, along with the built-in battery that joined the rest of the MacBook Pro line in June, including the 13-inch model which Apple absorbed into the MacBook Pro line. Subsequent updates brought upgraded Intel Core i5 and i7 processors and introduced Intel's Thunderbolt technology. Apple released the third generation of MacBook Pro in June 2012 as a 15-inch screen size only. At the same time, slightly updated versions of the previous 13- and 15-inch unibody models were announced that will sell in parallel, although Apple has delisted and possibly discontinued the 17-inch variant. While dimensionally smaller than its predecessor, the similarly-styled third generation model still retains a unibody form factor. Specification-wise, in the 'next-generation' MacBook Pro the most substantial differences are the fitment of a significantly higher resolution Retina display , the elimination of the optical drive, and replacement of hard disk drives with solid-state drives . Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;OS_X;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;IMac;MacBook_family;Central_processing_unit;Retina_display;Hard_disk_drive;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Steve_Jobs;CPU;ISight;Webcam;MagSafe;MacBook;PC_Card;Gigabit_Ethernet;Enhanced_Data_Rate;Nvidia;LED;LED;MacBook_Air;Touchpad;Touchpad;Underclocking;Widescreen;Display_device;LED;LED;LED;Central_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;SDRAM;Computer_graphics;Nvidia;Nvidia;Hard_drive;Gigabyte;Serial_ATA;Combo_drive;SuperDrive;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;ExpressCard;Gigabit_Ethernet;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;MacBook_Air;MacBook;Nvidia;GeForce;MacBook_Air;Widescreen;IPhone;IPad;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;SD_card;ExpressCard;CPU;Nvidia;Graphics_processing_unit;Sandy_Bridge;High_definition_video;ISight;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;HDMI;ISight;USB;HDMI;Backlight;Widescreen;Video_camera;ISight;FaceTime;Central_processing_unit;Sandy_Bridge;Intel;Intel;Random_access_memory;Computer_graphics;Nvidia;GeForce;Nvidia;GeForce;Nvidia;GeForce;Intel;Serial_ATA;Serial_ATA;SuperDrive;ExpressCard;SD_card;ExpressCard;Universal_Serial_Bus;Gigabit_Ethernet;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Retina_display;Ethernet;SuperDrive;Hard_disk_drive;PowerBook_Duo;Backlight;Widescreen;Retina_display;Video_camera;FaceTime;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Random_access_memory;Soldering;Computer_graphics;SDXC;HDMI;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;ILife;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Linux;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;MacBook_family;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;MacWorld;Mac_Publishing;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;AppleInsider;QuickTime;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;MacWorld;Mac_Publishing;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;CNET;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Vox_Media;Vox_Media;EWeek;Digital_object_identifier;Apple_Inc.;AppleInsider;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro; MacBook_family The MacBook family is a range of Macintosh notebook computers by Apple Inc. that merged the PowerBook and iBook lines during Apple's transition to Intel processors . The first model released under this family was the MacBook Pro , which was announced on 10 January 2006 at the Macworld Expo . The consumer-focused MacBook was released on May 16, 2006, and the MacBook Air was revealed on January 15, 2008. As of July 20, 2011, the unibody MacBook has been discontinued for consumer sales. [ citation needed ] Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;ExpressCard;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Universal_binary;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;MacBook_family;MacBook_family; MacDraw MacDraw was a vector based drawing application released along with the first Apple Macintosh systems in 1984. MacDraw was one of the first WYSIWYG drawing programs that could be used in collaboration with MacWrite . MacDraw was useful for drawing technical diagrams and floorplans. It was eventually adapted by Claris and in the early 1990s MacDraw Pro was released with color support. MacDraw is the vector edition of MacPaint . Famously a call to create a version of MacDraw for Intel machines was made in the introduction to Introduction to Algorithms [ 1 ] Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Application_software;Apple_Macintosh;MacWrite;MacPaint;MacPaint;MacWrite;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_II;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;MacDraw;MacDraw; MacLife Macintosh;Future_US;United_States;English_language;Future_US;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;Maximum_PC;Future_US;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Shareware;Apple_Computer;Macworld;Internet_forum;Future_US;Maximum_PC;MacLife;MacLife; MacMinute MacMinute was the name of a web site that provided news and information focused on Apple Inc and the Macintosh Operating system . It was founded by Canadian businessman Stan Flack in 2001 to "keep you up-to-date on everything that is going on in the world of Macintosh as soon as it happens". On the opening day, May 9, 2001 [1] , the update to the Mac OS X to 10.0.3 was announced. Prior to creating MacMinute Stan Flack founded the MacCentral news website which he sold to MacWorld on June 1, 1999. [2] [3] This website was eventually folded into the MacWorld brand name and the last vestiges of MacCentral disappeared with the incorporation of the MacCentral Forum into the MacWorld forums in December 2007. MacMinute was noted for its up to the minute digest of current breaking news about everything connected to the Macintosh and Apple products but one of its more important functions was to serve as a forum for the Macintosh community. This MacMinute Reader Café is an eclectic mix of Macintosh users who provide and share expertise in all aspects of the Macintosh platform. Mr. Flack died of natural causes, from complications to a pre-existing condition , in his home on Prince Edward Island, Canada on April 14, 2008. On May 22, 2008, the Flack family announced the closing of the Macminute website and forums. Some forum members decide to move to MacCentral Cafe as it reminds them of the single forum Stan Flack started with at the MacCentral news website. On June 5, 2008 it is announced on the Macminute news site that MacTech 's Community News Scan and Macsimum News will act as caretakers to the archives of MacMinute News and Forums. They also announced they would continue to host the MacMinute Forums which are now up and running smoothly as of November 2008. Stan's Lounge is crowded with MacCentral and MacMinute faithful in honor of Stan Flack and all that he did for the Macintosh community. Apple_Inc;Macintosh;Operating_system;MacWorld;MacWorld;MacWorld;MacMinute;MacMinute; MacPaint Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Computer_graphics;Apple_Inc.;Personal_computer;MacWrite;QuickDraw;ResEdit;Source_code;Assembly_language;MacWrite;Newsweek;New_York_Times;Macintosh_Plus;Source_code;QuickDraw;Apple_II;IBM;Macworld;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Newsweek;Reuters;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;MacPaint;MacPaint; MacProject MacProject was a project management and scheduling business application released along with the first Apple Macintosh systems in 1984. MacProject was one of the first major business tools for the Macintosh which enabled users to calculate the "critical path" to completion and estimate costs in money and time. If a project deadline was missed or if available resources changed, MacProject recalculated everything automatically. MacProject was written by Debra Willrett at Solosoft, and was published and distributed by Apple Computer to promote the original Macintosh personal computer. It was developed from an earlier application written by Debra Willrett for Apple's Lisa computer, LisaProject . This was the first graphical user interface (GUI) for project management. There were many other project management applications on the market at the time, but LisaProject was the first to simplify the process by allowing the user to interactively draw their project on the computer in the form of a PERT chart. Constraints could be entered for each task, and the relationships between tasks would show which ones had to be completed before a task could begin. Given the task constraints and relationships, a "critical path", schedule and budget could be calculated dynamically using heuristic methods. One of the early proponents of MacProject was James Halcomb, a well known expert in the use of the Critical Path Method . Having supervised hand-drawn network diagrams for countless complex projects, Halcomb immediately recognized the promise of the WYSIWYG graphical interface and computerized calculation of the critical path. Using a Lisa computer housed in a case designed to fit under an airplane seat, Mr. Halcomb traveled the United States demonstrating this new technology in his CPM courses. In consultation with the software's developers he authored the book Planning Big with MacProject , which introduced a generation of Mac users to PERT and CPM. In December 1987, an updated version of MacProject, called MacProject II, was introduced as a part of Claris 's move to update its suite of Mac office applications. In 1991, Microsoft Project was ported to the Macintosh from Microsoft Windows and became MacProject's main competitor. However, after the release of version 3.0 of Microsoft Project in 1993, Microsoft terminated support of the Macintosh release. The original MacProject 1.0 is not Y2k-compliant as it cannot schedule tasks past 1999. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Application_software;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Computer;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft_Windows;MacPaint;MacWrite;MacDraw;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;MacProject;MacProject; MacRuby Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Apple_Inc.;Interface_Builder;RubyGems;MacRuby;MacRuby; MacRumors MacRumors.com is a website that aggregates Mac and Apple related news, rumors , and reports. The site was launched February 24, 2000 in Richmond, Virginia , and is owned by Arnold Kim . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] By consolidating reports and cross-referencing claims, MacRumors attempts to keep track of the rumor community. The tagline of MacRumors is "News and Rumors You Care About." The website is updated daily with new rumors. MacRumors is also home to one of the largest Mac-focused forum sites, with over 690,000 members and over 14,300,000 forum posts as of April 2012. [ 4 ] Users can find support for many Apple-related issues, as well as talk to other Mac users about other community and industry related issues. In addition to providing rumors, news, and an active forum, MacRumors also serves as one of the most prominent sites for broadcasting live coverage of Apple announcements via MacRumorsLive.com. The site has become increasingly popular since the introduction of the iPhone in 2007 and increasingly with the debut of the iPad in 2010, although has been criticized in reporting iPod and iPhone related stories when the site is named after the 'Mac' side of Apple. As a result, the URL "Applerumors.com" forwards to MacRumors.com. Arnold Kim currently holds the title of Editorial Director, with Eric Slivka taking on the role of Editor in Chief. Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPad;WWDC;Apple_rumors_community;MacRumors;MacRumors; MacTerminal MacTerminal was the first telecommunications and terminal emulation application software program available for Mac OS . MacTerminal enabled users to connect via modem or serial port to bulletin board systems and online services (e.g., THE SOURCE, CompuServe ), and to other computers . MacTerminal was capable of emulating the DEC VT100 and other computer terminals . Apple Computer began retailing MacTerminal in July 1984 following the launch of the Macintosh 128K (the first Apple Macintosh ) in January. Although MacTerminal was compatible with the original 128K model using Apple's optional 300 or 1200 bit/s external modem designed for the Apple II , MacTerminal was not available for general release at the 128K's launch date. Apple began bundling MacTerminal with later Macintosh models. When Apple Computer, Inc. spawned Claris in 1987 as its application software division, Claris continued development of most of Apple's major applications, but development of MacTerminal ceased. However, it was rolled-into ClarisWorks terminal program . Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Application_software;Mac_OS;Computer;Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_II;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacWrite;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;MacTerminal;MacTerminal; MacWorld Macintosh;Mac_Publishing;IDG;Mac_Publishing;North_America;MacLife;Australia;Germany;Italy;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Netherlands;Moscone_Center;Podcast;Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;Chris_Breen;IDG;GamePro;Macworld;Macworld; MacWrite MacWrite was a WYSIWYG word processor application released along with the first Apple Macintosh systems in 1984. Together with MacPaint , it was one of the two original " killer applications " that propelled the adoption and popularity of the GUI in general, and the Mac in particular. MacWrite was spun off to Claris , who released a major update in 1989 as MacWrite II . A further series of improvements produced 1993's MacWrite Pro , but further improvements were few and far between. By the mid 1990s, MacWrite was no longer a serious contender in the word processing market, and development ended around 1995. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Application_software;Apple_Macintosh;MacPaint;DOS;Apple_Computer;Steve_Jobs;Microsoft_Word;Mac_OS;FileMaker;AppleWorks;IWork;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;MacWrite;MacWrite; Mac_App_Store The Mac App Store is a digital distribution platform for Mac OS X applications. It is developed by Apple Inc. . The platform was announced on October 20, 2010 at Apple's " Back to the Mac " event. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Apple began accepting app submissions from registered developers on November 3, 2010 in preparation for its launch. [ 4 ] It was released on January 6, 2011 as part of the free Mac OS X v10.6.6 update for all current Snow Leopard users. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] After 24 hours of release, Apple announced that there was a total of more than one million downloads. [ 5 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Computing_platform;Macintosh;List_of_software_categories;Digital_distribution;Digital_distribution;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Stevenote;ITunes;IChat;QuickTime;Trademark;PowerPC;Apple_Store;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Apple_Store;IWork;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Macintosh;Steve_Jobs;List_of_Macintosh_software;Engadget;AOL;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Mac_App_Store;Mac_App_Store; Mac_Mini The Mac Mini (marketed as Mac mini ) is a small form factor desktop computer manufactured by Apple Inc. Like earlier mini-ITX PC designs, it is quite small for a desktop computer: 7.7 inches (20 cm) square and 1.4 inches (3.6 cm) tall. It weighs 2.7 pounds (1.2 kg). Before the mid-2011 revision, all models, except the mid-2010 server model, came with an internal optical disc drive. Models pre-2010 used an external power supply and were narrower but taller at 2.0×6.5×6.5 inches (5.1×17×17 cm). The Mac Mini is one of three desktop computers in the current Macintosh lineup, the other two being the iMac and Mac Pro , although it generally uses components usually featured in laptops, hence its small size. The Mac Mini was the first consumer level Macintosh desktop to ship without a display, keyboard, or mouse since Apple's success following the release of the iMac , with Apple marketing it as BYODKM (Bring Your Own Display, Keyboard, and Mouse) to reinforce this fact. The primary intended market for the Mac Mini was users switching from a traditional Windows PC to a Mac who might already own a compatible display, keyboard and mouse, though these could be easily purchased if needed. [ 5 ] A special Server version of the computer is also intended for use as a server in a small network, and starting with the mid-2010 revision, all Server models include the Server edition of the OS X operating system. The updated unibody Mac Mini is notable as Apple's first computer to include an HDMI video port to connect to a television or other display, more readily positioning the unit as a home theater device alternative to the Apple TV . [ 6 ] Apple_Inc.;Desktop_computer;Digital_distribution;Operating_system;OS_X;Watt;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Ethernet;Bluetooth;FireWire;SDXC;IMac;Mac_Pro;Small_form_factor;Apple_Inc.;Power_supply;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Macintosh;IMac;HDMI;Apple_TV;Small_form_factor;IPod_shuffle;Steve_Jobs;Hard_disk_drive;Polycarbonate;Home_cinema;Remote_control;Home_theater_PC;Elgato;HDHomeRun;Composite_video;TOSLINK;Apple_TV;Graphics_processing_unit;Small_form_factor;Apple_TV;ITunes;QuickTime;Codec;Xvid;Matroska;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Boxee;Home_theater_PC;PowerPC;Kibibyte;Hard_drive;Megabyte;Combo_drive;SuperDrive;Fast_Ethernet;Bluetooth;VGA;Composite_video;Central_processing_unit;Computer_graphics;Hard_drive;Combo_drive;SuperDrive;Ethernet;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;PowerPC;Linux;Mac_OS;Serial_ATA;Terabyte;Combo_drive;SuperDrive;Gigabit_Ethernet;Bluetooth;TRS_connector;Bluetooth;Apple_Remote;Central_processing_unit;Computer_graphics;SDRAM;Nvidia;GeForce;Nvidia;GeForce;Hard_drive;Serial_ATA;Combo_drive;SuperDrive;Ethernet;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;MacBook_Air;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;Secure_Digital;HDMI;Central_processing_unit;Computer_graphics;Hard_drive;Hard_disk_drive;Gigabyte;SuperDrive;Watt;Xserve;Small_form_factor;Apple_TV;MacRumors;CNet;Mac_Publishing;Mac_Publishing;IFixit;Chris_Breen;Mac_Publishing;AppleInsider;Ziff_Davis;Mac_Publishing;Mac_Publishing;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini; Mac_OS Mac OS is a series of graphical user interface -based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. (formerly Apple Computer, Inc.) for their Macintosh line of computer systems . Mac OS is credited with popularizing the graphical user interface. The original form of what Apple would later name the "Mac OS" (currently OSX) was the integral and unnamed system software first introduced in 1984 with the original Macintosh , usually referred to simply as the System software. OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Unix;OS_X;Proprietary_software;Open_source_software;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Graphical_user_interface;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Floppy_disk;PowerPC;OS_X;Floppy_disk;Hard_disk;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II;Mac_OS_memory_management;Macintosh_File_System;Hierarchical_File_System;Resource_fork;MacBinary;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Steve_Jobs;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Intel;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Mac_mini;MacBook;Mac_Pro;OS_X;Unix;Steve_Jobs;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Xserve;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Intel;Microsoft;QuickTime;Microsoft;PowerPC;OS_X;Operating_system;Open_source;Motorola;Steve_Jobs;Operating_system;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Linux;Macintosh;Operating_system;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IOS;OS_X;Newton_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Operating_system;DOS;Linux;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Mac_OS;Mac_OS; Mac_OS_X OS X ( / oʊ ˌ ɛ s ˈ t ɛ n / ), [ 7 ] formerly Mac OS X , [ 8 ] is a series of Unix -based graphical interface operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. OS X is designed to run exclusively on Macintosh computers, having been pre-loaded on all Macs since 2002. OS X, whose X is the Roman numeral for 10 and is a prominent part of its brand identity , is built on technologies developed at NeXT between the second half of the 1980s and Apple's purchase of the company in late 1996. It was the successor to Mac OS 9 , released in 1999, the final release of the "classic" Mac OS , which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Apple also uses 'X' in 'OS X' to emphasize the relatedness between OS X and UNIX. Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" running on Intel processors, [ 3 ] Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard", [ 4 ] and OS X v10.8 "Mountain Lion" [ 5 ] have obtained UNIX 03 certification. iOS , which runs on the iPhone , iPod Touch , [ 9 ] iPad , and the 2nd and 3rd generation Apple TV , [ 10 ] shares the Darwin core and many frameworks with OS X. An unnamed variant of Mac OS X 10.4 powered the first generation Apple TV. [ 11 ] OS X originally ran on PowerPC -based Macs. In 2006, the first Intel Macs had a specialized version of Mac OS X v10.4 "Tiger". In 2007, Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard" was the first to run on both PowerPC and Intel Macs with the use of Universal Binaries . Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard" was the first version of OS X to drop support for PowerPC Macs. Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" was the first version of OS X to drop support for 32-bit Intel processors and run exclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs. The first version released was Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, and a desktop version, Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah" followed on March 24, 2001. Releases of OS X are named after big cats : for example, OS X v10.8 is referred to as " Mountain Lion ". The server edition, Mac OS X Server , was architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart, and included tools to facilitate management of workgroups of OS X machines, and to provide network services . Starting with Mac OS X v10.7, OS X Server is no longer offered as a separate operating system product; instead, the server management tools are available for purchase separately, and are preloaded on the server models of Mac Pro and Mac Mini along with OS X. This article is part of a series on Transition to Intel processors List of applications Kodiak (Public Beta) Snow Leopard (10.6) Mountain Lion (10.8) iTunes ( version history ) Safari ( version history ) Bluetooth File Exchange Migration Assistant Remote Install Mac OS X OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;C_Programming_Language;Mac_OS;Unix;Open_source_software;Software_release_life_cycle;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Apple_Software_Update;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;XNU;User_interface;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Unix;Graphical_user_interface;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;NeXT;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Intel;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_TV;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;PowerPC;Intel;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Universal_binary;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;OS_X;List_of_Macintosh_software;List_of_Macintosh_games;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;Mac_OS;Unix;Steve_Jobs;NeXT;NeXT;Backward_compatibility;Classic_Environment;ILife;IWork;XNU;Free_software;Open_source_software;PowerPC;IMac;Ars_Technica;Xcode;Compiler;Programming_language;Universal_binary;Macworld;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;API;NeXT;Sun_Microsystems;Linux;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;PowerPC;FireWire;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Classic_Environment;PowerPC;The_Wall_Street_Journal;CNET;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Intel;Motorola;IBM;Universal_binary;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;ColorSync;Multimedia;Portable_Document_Format;FileVault;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Apple_Remote;ITunes;Screen_Sharing;Quick_Look;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Kernel_panic;Mac_OS;Mac_OS;Jaguar;ATI_Technologies;Nvidia;IChat;Mac_OS_X_Panther;FileVault;Videoconferencing;Portable_Document_Format;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;FireWire;Virtual_folder;QuickTime;VoiceOver;Core_Image;Core_Video;Apple_TV;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;PowerPC;IChat;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;JavaScript;HTML;JavaScript;Cover_Flow;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;ICal;Grand_Central_Dispatch;OpenCL;Mac_App_Store;PowerPC;WWDC;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Game_Center;IMessage;ICal;IWork;ICloud;Notification_Center;Baidu;ICal;Youku;Tudou;List_of_Macintosh_software;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Nilay_Patel;Macworld;IDG;Ars_Technica;Walt_Mossberg;All_Things_Digital;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;Nilay_Patel;Ars_Technica;AOL;Apple_Developer_Connection;Ars_Technica;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;IDG;Macworld;IDG;Macworld;IDG;Macworld;IDG;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Developer_Connection;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;The_Wall_Street_Journal;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;IDG;Engadget;AOL;Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Ars_Technica;Ars_Technica;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;AppleInsider;Ars_Technica;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;CBS_Interactive;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Mac_OS;Newton_OS;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Unix;Operating_system;IRIX;Linux;QNX;VxWorks;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Operating_system;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;OS_X;OS_X; Mac_OS_X_Leopard Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) is the sixth major release of Mac OS X , Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on 26 October 2007 as the successor of Tiger (version 10.4), and is available in two variants: a desktop version suitable for personal computers , and a server version, Mac OS X Server . Leopard was superseded by Snow Leopard (version 10.6). Leopard is the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture as Snow Leopard functions solely on Intel based Macs. According to Apple, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements over its predecessor, Mac OS X Tiger , [ 3 ] covering core operating system components as well as included applications and developer tools. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock , Stacks , a semitransparent menu bar , and an updated Finder that incorporates the Cover Flow visual navigation interface first seen in iTunes . Other notable features include support for writing 64-bit graphical user interface applications, an automated backup utility called Time Machine , support for Spotlight searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of Front Row and Photo Booth , which were previously included with only some Mac models. Apple missed Leopard's release time frame as originally announced by Apple's CEO Steve Jobs . When first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple intended to release Leopard at the end of 2006 or early 2007. [ 4 ] A year later, this was amended to Spring 2007; [ 5 ] however on 12 April 2007, Apple issued a statement that its release would be delayed until October 2007 because of the development of the iPhone . [ 6 ] Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Open_source;Software_license;EULA;Apple_Software_Update;Computing_platform;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Desktop_computer;Personal_computer;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;PowerPC;Intel;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Cover_Flow;ITunes;Graphical_user_interface;Photo_Booth;Steve_Jobs;IPhone;MobileMe;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Dashcode;Web_widget;ITunes;Cover_Flow;Apple_TV;ICal;IChat;Adium;IChat;IPhoto;QuickTime;Apple_Remote_Desktop;RSS;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Server_Message_Block;Photo_Booth;Mac_OS_X_Server;Quick_Look;Quick_Look;Cover_Flow;Quick_Look;TidBITS;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;Closed_captioning;User_interface;Xcode;Core_Animation;Quartz_Composer;PDF;QuickTime;API;Sun_Microsystems;HFS_Plus;DVD_Studio_Pro;Code_signing;Random_access_memory;Hard_disk_drive;Universal_binary;Mac_mini;Quartz_Extreme;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Macintosh;Google;Google_Chrome;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;Ars_Technica;Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Leopard; Mac_OS_X_Lion Mac OS X Lion [ 4 ] (version 10.7; marketed as OS X Lion ) [ 5 ] is the eighth major release of Mac OS X , Apple 's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. A preview of Lion was publicly unveiled at Apple's " Back to the Mac " event on October 20, 2010. It brings many developments made in Apple's iOS , such as an easily navigable display of installed applications, to the Mac, and includes support for the Mac App Store , as introduced in Mac OS X Snow Leopard version 10.6.6. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] On February 24, 2011, the first developer's preview of Lion (11A390) was released to subscribers of Apple's developers program. [ 8 ] Other developer previews were subsequently released, with Lion Preview 4 (11A480b) being released at WWDC 2011. [ 9 ] Lion achieved golden master status on July 1, 2011, [ 10 ] followed by its final release via the Mac App Store on July 20, 2011. Apple reported over 1 million Lion sales on the first day of its release. [ 11 ] As of October 2011, Mac OS X Lion has sold over 6 million copies worldwide. [ 12 ] OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Open_source;Software_license;Software_license_agreement;Apple_Software_Update;Computing_platform;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_App_Store;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Apple_Developer;WWDC;Peter_Oppenheimer;Mac_App_Store;Apple_Store;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;CPU;Hard_drive;AirDrop;AirDrop;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;FileVault;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Font_Book;ICal;IChat;Language;Mac_App_Store;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;QuickTime;TextEdit;Mac_OS_X_Server;Microsoft_Windows;TextEdit;Microsoft_Word;PowerPC;Adobe_Flash_Player;ISync;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Apple_Modem;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;Ars_Technica;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS;Macworld;Gizmodo;System_Profiler;Xcode;Mac_App_Store;ICloud;CNET;Apple_Inc.;AppleInsider;Apple_Inc.;Gizmodo;MacRumors;Ars_Technica;AppleInsider;Gizmodo;The_Register;Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS;Newton_OS;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Lion; Mac_OS_X_Mountain_Lion OS X Mountain Lion [ 2 ] (version 10.8) is the ninth major release of OS X , Apple Inc. 's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. OS X Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012. It gains features from iOS , such as Notes and Reminders as applications separate from Mail and Calendar , in addition to those iOS features introduced in Mac OS X Lion . OS X Mountain Lion replaces iChat with Messages , which includes support for iMessage , allowing users to send unlimited messages to other Macs (running 10.8 or later), iPhones , iPads and iPod Touches (running iOS 5 or later). It also includes the latest version of the Safari web browser, Safari 6 . Following a soft transition started with Mac OS X Lion, Apple now consistently refers to OS X Mountain Lion as "OS X" rather than "Mac OS X". [ 1 ] [ 2 ] OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Open_source;Software_license;Software_license_agreement;Mac_App_Store;Computing_platform;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Game_Center;Notification_Center;OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;IOS;Mac_OS_X_Lion;IChat;IMessage;Macintosh;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;Mac_OS_X_Lion;WWDC;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Xserve;IMac;Mac_Mini;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Notification_Center;Game_Center;Game_Center;IChat;IMessage;IOS;Notification_Center;ICal;IOS;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Apple_TV;Baidu;ICal;Youku;Tudou;Facebook;Digital_signature;Mac_App_Store;Mac_App_Store;ICloud;User_interface;IWork;Application_programming_interface;IChat;MobileMe;ICloud;RSS;Mac_App_Store;Apple_Software_Update;Mac_App_Store;Xgrid;Mac_App_Store;Nilay_Patel;Vox_Media;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;IDG;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;IDG;Apple_Inc.;ReadWriteWeb;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;IDG;Macworld;IDG;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;TechCrunch;AOL;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;IDG;Ars_Technica;Boy_Genius_Report;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS;Newton_OS;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion; Mac_OS_X_Panther Mac OS X Panther (version 10.3) is the fourth major release of Mac OS X , Apple’s desktop and server operating system . It followed Mac OS X v10.2 "Jaguar" and preceded Mac OS X Tiger (version 10.4). Apple released Panther on October 24, 2003. Mac_OS_X;Apple_Computer;Open_source;Software_license;EULA;Computing_platform;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;New_World_ROM;USB;New_World_ROM;Megabyte;Gigabyte;MobileMe;ICloud;FireWire;DV;TextEdit;Microsoft_Word;Xcode;Compiler;Portable_Document_Format;QuickTime;Pixlet;Video_codec;Font_Book;FileVault;Encryption;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Panther; Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta The Mac OS X Public Beta (internally codenamed "Kodiak") was an early beta version of Apple Computer 's Mac OS X operating system Cheetah . It was released to the public on September 13, 2000 for US$29.95. It allowed software developers and early adopters to test a preview of the upcoming operating system and develop software for the forthcoming operating system before its final release. It had a build number of 1H39. [ 1 ] It moved the Apple menu from the left end of the menu bar to the center and rendered it nonfunctional. Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;Software_developer;Apple_menu;NeXT;Mac_OS;Open_source;Steve_Jobs;Open_source;Shareware;Macworld;Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta; Mac_OS_X_Server OS X Server , formerly Mac OS X Server , was a separately sold Unix [ 2 ] server operating system from Apple Inc. architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart Mac OS X —with additional server programs and management and administration tools. As of version 10.7 (Lion) , Mac OS X and Mac OS X Server were combined into one release and re-branded as OS X . A separate "server" operating system is no longer sold; the server-specific server applications and work group management and administration software tools from Mac OS X Server are now offered as Server App , an add-on package for OS X sold through the Mac App Store [ 3 ] along with Server Admin Tools 10.7 , available from the Apple support web site. These tools simplify access to key network services , including a mail transfer agent , AFP and SMB servers, an LDAP server, a domain name server , and others. Also included (particularly in later versions) are numerous additional services and the tools to manage them, such as web server , wiki server, chat server, calendar server, and many others. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS;Unix;OS_X;Open_source_software;Software_release_life_cycle;User_interface;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Unix;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;OS_X_Lion;Mac_App_Store;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Server_Message_Block;Xserve;Rack_unit;Mac_mini;Mac_Pro;Macintosh;Open_source;Graphical_user_interface;NeXT;Mac_OS_X;WebObjects;FireWire;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Microsoft_Windows;Xgrid;Apple_Software_Update;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Universal_Binary;Mac_Pro;Xserve;IPhone;Apple_TV;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;Quick_Look;ITunes;ITunes_U;Mac_OS_X_Lion;United_States_dollar;Mac_App_Store;Xsan;Xgrid;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Microsoft_Windows;Server_Message_Block;FTP;Post_Office_Protocol;IMAP;Perl;RSS;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;WebObjects;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;Apple_Software_Update;Xgrid;Journaling_file_system;File_Allocation_Table;English_language;Japanese_language;French_language;German_language;Spanish_language;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Filing_Protocol;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;Xgrid;QuickTime_Broadcaster;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS;Newton_OS;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation; Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard Mac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6) is the seventh major release of Mac OS X , Apple 's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Snow Leopard was publicly unveiled on June 8, 2009 at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference . On August 28, 2009, it was released worldwide, [ 2 ] and was made available for purchase from Apple's website and its retail stores at the price of US$29 for a single-user license. As a result of the low price, initial sales of Snow Leopard were significantly higher than that of its predecessors. [ 3 ] The release of Snow Leopard came nearly two years after the introduction of Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5), the second longest time span between successive Mac OS X releases. Unlike previous versions of Mac OS X, the goals with Snow Leopard were improved performance, greater efficiency and the reduction of its overall memory footprint . Addition of new end-user features was not a primary goal. Much of the software in Mac OS X was extensively rewritten for this release in order to fully take advantage of modern Macintosh hardware. New programming frameworks, such as OpenCL , were created, allowing software developers to use graphics cards in their applications. This is also the first Mac OS release since System 7.1.1 that does not support Macs that use PowerPC processors, as Apple now intends to focus on its current line of Intel-based products . [ 4 ] As support for Rosetta was dropped in Mac OS X Lion , Snow Leopard is the last version of Mac OS X that is able to run PowerPC-only applications. Snow Leopard was succeeded by Mac OS X Lion (version 10.7) on July 20, 2011. [ 5 ] The earlier version continues to be sold for the benefit of users that require Snow Leopard in order to upgrade to Lion, which is primarily sold through the Mac App Store introduced in the Snow Leopard 10.6.6 update. [ 6 ] Mac OS X Snow Leopard was the last release of Mac OS X to support the 32-bit Intel Core Solo and Intel Core Duo CPUs. Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Open_source;Software_license;EULA;Apple_Software_Update;Computing_platform;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Macintosh;OpenCL;Graphics_processing_unit;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_App_Store;Intel;USB;FireWire;QuickTime;OpenCL;Nvidia;PowerPC;PowerBook;IBook;IMac;EMac;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Macintosh;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;ILife;IWork;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;IChat;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;ICal;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Microsoft_Entourage;MacBook_Air;QuickTime;QuickTime;Core_Audio;Core_Video;Core_Animation;Push_technology;ColorSync;VoiceOver;IPhone;Bluetooth;PDF;JPEG;AirPort;Creator_code;Metadata;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;ITunes;Grapher;Terabyte;Xserve;Mac_Pro;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Grand_Central_Dispatch;OpenCL;Graphics_processing_unit;Programming_language;Xcode;Intel;Nvidia;Nvidia;Microsoft;Common_Unix_Printing_System;AirPort;QuickTime;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Windows_Vista;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;CNET;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Microsoft_Outlook;Amazon.com;Steve_Jobs;Bertrand_Serlet;Application_programming_interface;List_of_Macintosh_software;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Store;Walt_Mossberg;Ars_Technica;Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard; Mac_OS_X_Tiger Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger is the fifth major release of Mac OS X , Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Tiger was released to the public on 29 April 2005 for US$129.95 as the successor to Mac OS X Panther (version 10.3), which had been released 18 months earlier. Tiger was succeeded by Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard on 26 October 2007, after 30 months, making Tiger the longest running version of Mac OS X. [ 1 ] Some of the new features include a fast searching system called Spotlight , a new version of the Safari web browser, Dashboard , a new 'Unified' theme, and improved support for 64-bit addressing on Power Mac G5s . Tiger was included with all new Macintosh computers, and was also available as an upgrade for existing Mac OS X users, or users of supported pre-Mac OS X systems. The server edition, Mac OS X Server 10.4 , was also available for some Macintosh product lines. Tiger is also the first version of any released Apple operating system to work on Apple–Intel architecture machines (Apple machines using x86 processors). The Apple TV , as released in March 2007, ships with a customized version of Mac OS X Tiger branded "Apple TV OS" that replaces the usual graphical user interface with an updated version of Front Row . [ 2 ] Six weeks after its official release, Apple had delivered 2 million copies of Tiger, representing 16 % of all Mac OS X users. Apple claimed that Tiger was the most successful Apple OS release in the company's history. [ 3 ] At the World Wide Developers Conference on June 11, 2007, Apple's previous CEO Steve Jobs announced that out of the 22 million Mac OS X users, more than 67 % were using Tiger. [ 4 ] Tiger is the last version of Mac OS X to support a Mac OS 9 compatibility layer called Classic Environment . However, Classic Environment will not work on Intel Macs. The last security update released for Tiger users was the 2009-005 update. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The next security update, 2009-006 [ 7 ] only included support for Leopard and Snow Leopard. The latest version of QuickTime is 7.6.4. The last version of iTunes that can run on Tiger is 9.2.1, because 10.0 only supports Mac OS X Leopard and later. [ 8 ] Safari 4.1.3 is the final version for Tiger as of 18 November 2010. [ 9 ] Despite not having received security updates since then, Tiger remains popular with Power Mac users and retrocomputing enthusiasts due to its wide software and hardware compatibility, as it runs on a wide variety of older machines and still supports most classic Mac OS applications. [ 10 ] Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Open_source;Software_license;EULA;Apple_Software_Update;Computing_platform;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Macintosh;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Apple_TV;Graphical_user_interface;Classic_Environment;ITunes;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;FireWire;Xcode;New_World_ROM;IMac;IBook;Steve_Jobs;San_Francisco;Intel;PowerPC;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Pro;Xserve;Microsoft_Word;ICal;Virtual_folder;IChat;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Web_browser;Email_client;HTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;JavaScript;Konfabulator;AppleScript;VoiceOver;.Mac;ISync;QuickTime;Codec;Unix;Rsync;Resource_fork;Xcode;Grapher;NuCalc;WebKit;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Quartz_Composer;Audio_Units;Widget_engine;Launchd;PDF;Application_programming_interface;Core_Image;Core_Data;Core_Data;Core_Video;Apple_Motion;Core_Video;Core_Audio;Graphical_user_interface;Universal_binary;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;File_sharing;Digital_Rights_Management;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Mac_Pro;Apple_TV;The_Register;Ars_Technica;Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Tiger; Mac_OS_memory_management Historically, the Mac OS used a form of memory management that has fallen out of favour in modern systems. Criticism of this approach was one of the key areas addressed by the change to OS X . The original problem for the engineers of the Macintosh was how to make optimum use of the 128 KB of RAM that the machine was equipped with. [ 1 ] Since at that time the machine could only run one application program at a time, and there was no fixed secondary storage , the engineers implemented a simple scheme which worked well with those particular constraints. However, that design choice did not scale well with the development of the machine, creating various difficulties for both programmers and users. Mac_OS;OS_X;Macintosh;Application_software;Hard_disk_drive;Apple_Inc.;Application_programming_interface;Palm_OS;Hard_disk_drive;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_II;Motorola;PowerPC;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Compiler;OS_X;Apple_Computer;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Computer;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Mac_OS_memory_management;Mac_OS_memory_management; Mac_Pro The Mac Pro is a Intel Xeon -based workstation computer manufactured by Apple Inc. The Mac Pro, in most configurations, is the fastest computer that Apple offers, and is one of three desktop computers in the current Macintosh lineup, the other two being the iMac and Mac Mini . The machine is also the basis for the Mac Pro Server, which bundles the Mac Pro hardware with Mac OS X Server as a replacement for the Xserve line of servers. [ 3 ] Outwardly, the Mac Pro resembles the last version of the Power Mac G5 , and has similar expansion capabilities. An Intel-based replacement for those machines had been expected for some time before the Pro was formally announced on August 7, 2006 at the annual Apple Worldwide Developer's Conference . [ 4 ] The first Mac Pro was based on dual Dual-core Xeon Woodcrest processors. This was replaced by a dual Quad-core Xeon Clovertown model on April 4, 2007, and again on January 8, 2008 by a dual Quad-core Xeon Harpertown model. [ 5 ] The current model Mac Pro was announced on July 27, 2010 and features Intel Xeon processors based on the Nehalem / Westmere architectures. A "speed bumped" version was released in 2012. These systems offer options of up to 12 processing cores, up to four optional 2TB hard disk drives/512GB solid state drives and ATI Radeon HD 5770/5870 graphics. [ 6 ] The original 2006 Mac Pro and its 2007 update are not officially supported to run OS X Mountain Lion , which will only run on 2008 and newer Mac Pros. [ 7 ] However, people have had success booting Mountain Lion on early Mac Pros using newer video cards and the Chameleon bootloader. [ 8 ] Apple_Inc.;Desktop_computer;Central_processing_unit;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Mini;Xserve;WWDC;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IMac;Mac_Mini;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;PowerPC;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Unix;Sun_Microsystems;Codec;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Serial_ATA;Hard_drive;Terabyte;PCI_Express;Watt;Mac_OS_X;Windows_XP;FireWire;Gigabit_Ethernet;Bluetooth;Infrared;Apple_Remote;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Command_key;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Central_processing_unit;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;Computer_graphics;Hard_drive;Gigabyte;Serial_ATA;SuperDrive;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Xserve;Mac_OS_X_Server;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Linux;Disk_Utility;Firmware;GPU;Apple_Inc.;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro; Mac_Publishing Mac Publishing is a publishing company based in San Francisco , California , and is wholly owned by the International Data Group . It is the publisher of Macworld magazine and numerous web sites, including Macworld.com and MacOSXHints.com. 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Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini; Macau Coordinates : 22°10′N 113°33′E  /  22.167°N 113.55°E  / 22.167; 113.55 Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China [ 1 ] 中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區 Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China (Portuguese) Anthem: March of the Volunteers 《義勇軍進行曲》 Marcha dos Voluntários Clockwise from top right: Ruins of St. Paul's ; Casino Lisboa ; St Joseph Seminary Church; Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge ; A-Ma Temple ; Guia Fortress ; Macau Tower . Official language(s) Chinese, Portuguese [ 2 ] Cantonese , Macanese Portuguese , Macanese ( Patuá ) Traditional Chinese , Latin alphabet Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China Administration Justice Secretary Legislative Assembly Portugal -administered trading post Transfer of sovereignty to the PRC 29.5 km 2 ( 229th ) 2012 (2nd qtr) estimate 568,700 [ 3 ] ( 167th ) 552,503 [ 4 ] ( 167th ) 18,568/km 2 ( 1st ) US$31.271 billion ( 99th ) US$21.700 billion ( 94th ) Macanese pataca (MOP$) ( MOP ) not observed ( UTC ) Traditional Chinese Cantonese Jyutping - Yale Romanization Macao Special Administrative Region Traditional Chinese 澳門特別行政區 (or 澳門特區) 澳门特别行政区 (or 澳门特区) Àu-mûn Thi̍t-phe̍t Hàng-tsṳn-khî Àomén Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū (Àomén Tèqū) Ò-mn̂g Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu au 去 men 平 deh 入 bih 入 ghan 平 tsen 去 chiu 平 Ou 3 mun 4*2 Dak 6 bit 6 Hang 4 zing 3 Keoi 1 Região Administrativa Especial de Macau for "Macau Special Administrative Region" This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters . Macau ( Chinese : 澳門 ), also spelled Macao ( / m ə ˈ k aʊ / ), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Hong Kong . Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong Kong to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south. [ 6 ] The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing. A former Portuguese colony , Macau was administered by Portugal from the mid-16th century until 1999, when it was the last remaining European colony in China. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 1550s. In 1557 Macau was rented to Portugal by the Chinese empire as a trading port. The Portuguese administered the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty until 1887, when Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire. Sovereignty over Macau was transferred back to China on 20 December 1999 . The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operate with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. [ 9 ] Under the policy of " one country, two systems ", the PRC's Central People's Government is responsible for the territory's defense and foreign affairs, while Macau maintains its own legal system , police force , monetary system, customs policy, and immigration policy . Macau participates in many international organizations and events that do not require members to possess national sovereignty. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] According to The World Factbook , Macau has the second highest life expectancy in the world. [ 11 ] Cantonese;Portugal;Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese;Chinese_language;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Portugal;Netherlands;Japan;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese;Singapore;Language;Shenzhen;Taiwan;Brazil;Portugal;Brazil;Brazil;Portugal;Belgium;Portugal;Sweden;Mozambique;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Brazil;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Shenzhen;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Shenzhen;Hong_Kong;Shenzhen;Hong_Kong;Japan;Mongolia;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Vietnam;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Singapore;Taiwan;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Mozambique;Portugal;Philippines;Romania;Ukraine;European_Union;Macau;Macau; Macintosh The Macintosh ( / ˈ m æ k ɨ n t ɒ ʃ / MAK -in-tosh ), [ 1 ] or Mac , is a series of personal computers (PCs) designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. The first Macintosh was introduced by Apple's then-chairman Steve Jobs on January 24, 1984; it was the first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user interface rather than a command-line interface . [ 2 ] The company continued to have success through the second half of the 1980s, primarily because the sales of the Apple II series remained strong even after the introduction of the Macintosh, only to see it dissipate in the 1990s as the personal computer market shifted toward the " Wintel " platform: IBM PC compatible machines running MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows . [ 3 ] In 1998, Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the iMac all-in-one. This proved to be a sales success and saw the Macintosh brand revitalized. Current Mac systems are mainly targeted at the home, education, and creative professional markets. These include the descendants of the original iMac , the entry-level Mac mini desktop model, the Mac Pro tower graphics workstation , and the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops. The Xserve server was discontinued January 31, 2011. [ 4 ] Production of the Mac is based on a vertical integration model in that Apple facilitates all aspects of its hardware and creates its own operating system that is pre-installed on all Mac computers. This is in contrast to most IBM PC compatibles , where multiple sellers create and integrate hardware intended to run another company's operating software. Apple exclusively produces Mac hardware, choosing internal systems , designs , and prices. Apple does use third party components, however, such as graphics subsystems from nVidia and ATi . Current Mac CPUs use Intel 's X86-64 architecture; the earliest models (1984–1994) used Motorola 's 68k , and models from 1994 to 2006 used the AIM alliance 's PowerPC . Apple also develops the operating system for the Mac, Mac OS X , currently on version 10.8 "Mountain Lion" . The modern Mac, like other personal computers, is capable of running alternative operating systems such as Linux , FreeBSD , and, in the case of Intel-based Macs, Microsoft Windows . However, Apple does not license Mac OS X for use on non-Apple computers. Graphical_user_interface;IMac;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_II;Wintel;Microsoft_Windows;IMac;Mac_mini;Desktop_computer;Mac_Pro;Computer_graphics;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Xserve;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Motorola;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Software_license_agreement;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Lisa;Motorola;Pixel;Raster_graphics;Hertz;QuickDraw;Solder;Integrated_circuit;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_II;Steve_Jobs;Snow_White_design_language;John_Sculley;NeXT;MacWrite;MacPaint;Software_developer;Microsoft;Microsoft_Word;Newsweek;Adobe_Systems;Hard_disk_drive;Macintosh_Plus;Megabyte;SCSI;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_II;QuickDraw;NuBus;HyperCard;Macintosh_SE;Compact_Macintosh;Snow_White_design_language;Apple_Desktop_Bus;MacProject;AppleWorks;Free_Software_Foundation;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC_II;Macintosh_Quadra;Power_Macintosh;PowerBook;Trackpad;Ethernet;Mac_OS;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Microsoft;Intel;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Motorola;Apple_USB_Mouse;Steve_Jobs;IMac;SCSI;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Floppy_disk;IBook;ITunes;IPod;Mobile_device;EMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_OS_X;Unix;XNU;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;User_interface;MacBook_Pro;PowerPC;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;MacBook_Pro;Jonathan_Ive;Gesture_recognition;IPhone;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;IPod;IPhone;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;Desktop_computer;Mac_mini;Mac_Pro;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_OS_X_Server;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Microsoft;Dell;Central_processing_unit;PowerPC;Gigabyte;GeForce;MacBook_Air;Mac_Mini;SuperDrive;FireWire;MacBook_Air;ISight;Apple_Remote;Bluetooth;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Gesture_recognition;IPhone;Magic_Trackpad;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Graphical_user_interface;ILife;Web_browser;ITunes;Microsoft_Windows;Old_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Linux;Workaround;Shareware;Commercial_software;Adobe_Photoshop;Web_browser;Apple_Inc._advertising;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_Performa;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;Stevenote;Apple_community;IPod;Apple_TV;IPhone;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_community;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;List_of_Macintosh_software;Macworld;EWeek;International_Standard_Book_Number;MacWorld;Wired_News;Wired_News;Newsweek;International_Standard_Book_Number;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_SE;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Macintosh_IIx;The_New_York_Times;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC_II;Macintosh_Quadra;International_Standard_Book_Number;John_Markoff;John_Markoff;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;MacBook_Pro;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;EWeek;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Computer;Macworld;Macworld;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;News.com;Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steven_Levy;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Macintosh;Macintosh; Macintosh_Centris Macintosh Centris is a line of Macintosh computers, introduced in 1993, that were built around the Motorola 68LC040 and 68040 CPUs. The name was chosen to indicate that the consumer was selecting a Macintosh in the center of Apple's product line: lower performance (and price) than the Quadra computers, but higher performance (and price) than the Performa computers of the time. The name echoes other "neoclassical" prestige branding trends introduced at the time such as Lexus and Acura . The name was used for the Centris 610 and Centris 650 , which were introduced in March 1993. It was also used a few months later for the Centris 660AV . Apple_Macintosh;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Acura;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Ethernet;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_Centris;Macintosh_Centris; Macintosh_Classic The Macintosh Classic is a personal computer manufactured by Apple Computer . Introduced on October 15, 1990, it was the first Apple Macintosh to sell for less than US$1,000. [ 2 ] Production of the Classic was prompted by the success of the Macintosh Plus and the SE . The system specifications of the Classic were very similar to its predecessors, with the same 9-inch (23 cm) monochrome CRT display, 512×384 pixel resolution, and 4 megabyte (MB) memory limit of the older Macintosh computers. [ 1 ] Apple's decision to not update the Classic with newer technology such as a 68010 CPU, higher RAM capacity or color display ensured compatibility with the Mac's by-then healthy software base as well as enabled it to fit the lower price-point Apple intended for it. Nevertheless, the Classic featured several improvements over the aging Macintosh Plus, which it replaced as Apple's low-end Mac computer. It was up to 25 percent faster than the Plus and included an Apple SuperDrive 3.5-inch (9 cm) floppy disk drive as standard. The Classic was an adaptation of Jerry Manock 's and Terry Oyama's 1984 Macintosh 128K industrial design, as had been the earlier Macintosh SE. Apple released two versions that ranged from $1,000 to $1,500. Reviewer reactions were mixed; most focused on the slow processor performance and lack of expansion slots . The consensus was that the Classic was only useful for word processing, spreadsheets and databases. The lower price and the availability of education software led to the Classic's popularity in education. It was sold alongside the more powerful Macintosh Classic II in 1991 until its discontinuation the next year. Mac_OS;Apple_Inc.;Desktop_computer;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Personal_computer;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Cathode_ray_tube;Pixel;Megabyte;Random_access_memory;SuperDrive;Floppy_disk_drive;Central_processing_unit;Steve_Jobs;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_LC;Hertz;John_Sculley;Europe;Japan;United_States;Toshiba;Singapore;Macintosh_LC;Hard_disk;Macintosh_Plus;SuperDrive;Floppy_disk_drive;ProDOS;Operating_system;Hierarchical_File_System;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_Keyboard;Snow_White_design_language;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_LC;SCSI;EWeek;Cathode_ray_tube;Megabyte;SCSI;Hard_disk_drive;SuperDrive;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;Apple_Desktop_Bus;SCSI;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steven_Levy;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Macworld;Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_Classic; Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive The Macintosh External Disk Drive was the original of a series of external 3.5" floppy disk drives manufactured and sold by Apple Computer exclusively for the Macintosh series of computers introduced in January, 1984. Later, Apple would unify their external drives to work cross-platform between the Macintosh and Apple II product lines, dropping the name "Macintosh" from the drives. Though Apple had been producing external floppy disk drives prior to 1984, they were exclusively developed for the Apple II, III and Lisa computers using the industry standard 5.25" flexible disk format. The Macintosh external drives were the first to widely introduce Sony 's new 3.5" rigid disk standard commercially and throughout their product line. Apple produced only one external 3.5" drive exclusively for use with the Apple II series called the Apple UniDisk 3.5 . Apple_Inc.;Floppy_disk;Apple_Computer;Macintosh;Apple_II;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Sony;Macintosh_File_System;Hierarchical_File_System;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;CPU;Snow_White_design_language;Macintosh_Plus;Hierarchical_File_System;Macintosh_SE;Apple_II;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;IBM;SuperDrive;Microsoft_Windows;IMac;List_of_Apple_drives;Timeline_of_Apple_products;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive; Macintosh_File_System Macintosh File System ( MFS ) is a volume format (or disk file system ) created by Apple Computer for storing files on 400K floppy disks . MFS was introduced with the original Apple Macintosh computer in January 1984. MFS was notable both for introducing resource forks to allow storage of structured data, and for storing metadata needed to support the graphical user interface of Mac OS . MFS allows file names to be up to 255 characters in length, although Finder does not allow users to create names longer than 63 characters (31 characters in later versions). MFS is called a flat file system because it does not support a hierarchy of directories . Folders existed as a concept on the original MFS-based Macintosh, but worked completely differently from the way they do on modern systems. They were visible in Finder windows, but not in the open and save dialog boxes . There was always one empty folder on the volume, and if it was altered in any way (such as by adding or renaming files), a new Empty Folder would appear, thus providing a way to create new folders. MFS stored all of the file and directory listing information in a single file. The Finder created the illusion of folders, by storing all files as a directory handle/file handle pair. To display the contents of a particular folder, MFS would scan the directory for all files in that handle. There was no need to find a separate file containing the directory listing. The Macintosh File System did not support volumes over 20 megabytes in size, or about 1,400 files. While this is small by today's standards, at the time it seemed very expansive when compared to the Macintosh 's then-400 kilobyte floppy drive. Apple introduced Hierarchical File System as a replacement for MFS in September 1985. In Mac OS 7.6.1 , Apple removed support for writing to MFS volumes [1] , and in Mac OS 8.0 support for MFS volumes was removed altogether. Although OS X has no built-in support for MFS, an example VFS plug-in from Apple called MFSLives provides read-only access to MFS volumes. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Mac_OS;Operating_system;Apple_Computer;Floppy_disk;Resource_fork;Graphical_user_interface;Mac_OS;Megabyte;Macintosh;Hierarchical_File_System;OS_X;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;File_Allocation_Table;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Xsan;Flash_memory;File_Allocation_Table;Xsan;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Server_Message_Block;Macintosh_File_System;Macintosh_File_System; Macintosh_II Apple_II_series;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;Macintosh_II_series;Apple_Macintosh;Michael_Dhuey;Sun_Microsystems;Mac_OS;Unix;Steve_Jobs;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_SE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;QuickDraw;Megabyte;SCSI;NuBus;Macintosh_SE;Apple_I;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_IIx;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_II; Macintosh_II_series The Macintosh II series (or sometimes simply Mac II series ) is a series of personal computers in Apple's Macintosh line. Personal_computer;Macintosh;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II;Apple_Computer;Macintosh_Quadra;NuBus;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_LC;PowerBook;Power_Macintosh;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II_series; Macintosh_IIx The Macintosh IIx was introduced by Apple in 1988 as an incremental update of the original Macintosh II model. It replaced the 16 MHz Motorola 68020 CPU and 68881 FPU of the II with a 68030 CPU and 68882 FPU (running at the same clock speed); and the 800 KB floppy drive with the 1.44 MB SuperDrive (in fact, it was the first Mac to have one). The initial price of the IIx was US$7,769 or $9,300 for a version with the 40 MB hard disk drive. The Mac IIx, like the Mac II, sported 0.25 KiB of L1 CPU cache , a 16 MHz bus (1:1 with CPU speed), and supported up to System 7.5.5. The IIx was the second of three Macintosh models to be built in this case with 6 NuBus slots; the last was the Macintosh IIfx . Apple's nomenclature of the time used the 'x' to indicate the presence of the '030 CPU as used in the Macintosh IIcx and IIvx . Apple's codenames for the IIx included "Spock" and "Stratos". Support and spare parts for the IIx were discontinued on August 31, 1998. Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;Apple_Computer;Macintosh_II;Floppy_disk;SuperDrive;NuBus;Macintosh_II;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_IIx; Macintosh_LC Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;PowerPC;Steve_Jobs;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II;System_bus;Macintosh_Performa;Intel;NuBus;Apple_IIe;Ethernet;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_IIe;Macintosh_II;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC; Macintosh_LC_II The Macintosh LC (meaning low-cost color ) is Apple Computer 's product family of low-end consumer Macintosh personal computers in the early 1990s. The original Macintosh LC was released in 1990 and was the first affordable color-capable Macintosh. Due to its affordability and Apple II compatibility the LC was adopted primarily in the education and home markets. Together with the Mac IIsi , it introduced built-in audio input on the Mac. The "LC" name was subsequently used for a line of low-end Macintosh computers for several years and spanned the 68k to PowerPC transition. Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;PowerPC;Steve_Jobs;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II;System_bus;Macintosh_Performa;Intel;NuBus;Apple_IIe;Ethernet;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_IIe;Macintosh_II;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC; Macintosh_Performa The Macintosh Performa series is Apple Computer 's consumer product family of Apple Macintosh personal computers sold through department stores and mass-market retailers from 1992 until 1997, when it was superseded by the Power Macintosh 5x00 series. The Performa series was not a new line of computers, but simply renamed models from Apple's regular line of computers — such as Quadra , Centris , LC , and Power Macintosh — sold by authorized Apple resellers. IMac;Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;Personal_computer;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Centris;Macintosh_LC;Power_Macintosh;Apple_Store;America_Online;Monopoly;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;IMac;IBook;Macintosh_LC_II;David_Pogue;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Performa; Macintosh_Plus The Macintosh Plus computer was the third model in the Macintosh line, introduced on January 16, 1986, two years after the original Macintosh and a little more than a year after the Macintosh 512K , with a price tag of US$ 2599. [ 1 ] As an evolutionary improvement over the 512K, it shipped with 1 MB of RAM standard, expandable to 4 MB, and an external SCSI peripheral bus, among smaller improvements. It originally had the same generally beige-colored case as the original Macintosh (" Pantone 453" [ 2 ] ), but in 1987, the case color was changed to the long-lived, warm gray "Platinum" color. [ 3 ] It is the earliest Macintosh model able to run System 7 OS. Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;United_States_dollar;SCSI;Apple_Macintosh;SCSI;IMac;USB;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Group_Code_Recording;Personal_computer;Hierarchical_File_System;Macintosh_File_System;Compact_Macintosh;Pixel;Pixels_per_inch;MacPaint;MacWrite;HyperCard;MacDraw;Microsoft_Excel;Sweden;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;DOS;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_Classic;Mac_OS;Solder;Apple_Computer;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_Plus; Macintosh_Quadra The Macintosh Quadra series is Apple Computer 's product family of professional high-end Apple Macintosh personal computers built using the Motorola 68040 CPU . The first two models in the Quadra line were introduced in 1991, and the name was used until the Power Mac was introduced in 1994. The product manager for the Quadra family was Frank Casanova who was also the Product Manager for the Macintosh IIfx . The first models were the Quadra 700 and Quadra 900 , both introduced in 1991. The Quadra replaced the Macintosh II series as the high end computer in the Macintosh product line. Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;Personal_computer;Central_processing_unit;Macintosh_II_series;Central_processing_unit;Megahertz;NuBus;Composite_video;Compact_disc;Microphone;Lexicon_Branding;Macintosh_Centris;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Performa;Hard_disk;SCSI;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Mac_OS_memory_management;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Quadra; Macintosh_SE The Macintosh SE is a personal computer manufactured by Apple between March 1987 [ 1 ] and October 1990. This computer marked a significant improvement on the Macintosh Plus design and was introduced by Apple at the same time as the Macintosh II . It had a similar case to the original Macintosh computer, but with slight differences in color and styling. Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Personal_computer;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_Plus;Compact_Macintosh;Apple_Desktop_Bus;SCSI;Macintosh_II;Apple_I;SuperDrive;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_Classic;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_SE; Macintosh_TV The Macintosh TV was Apple 's first attempt at computer-television integration. It shared the external appearance of the Macintosh LC 500 series , but in black. The Macintosh TV was essentially a Performa 520 that could switch its built-in 14" Sony Trinitron CRT from being a computer display to a cable-ready television. It was incapable of showing television in a desktop window, although it could capture still frames to PICT files. One of the reasons cited for its failure was its sub-par graphics performance. [ citation needed ] It came with a small credit card-sized remote control that was also compatible with Sony televisions. It was the first Macintosh to be made in black and came with a custom black keyboard and mouse . Later Apple would issue a custom black Performa 5420 in markets outside the United States with many of the features of the Mac TV. The Mac TV tuner card was a popular option for the LC Performa series. Only 10,000 were made in the model's short time on the market. Apple_TV;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;Apple_Inc.;PICT;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IMac;Apple_TV;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_TV; Macintosh_Toolbox Macintosh;Application_programming_interface;Mac_OS;QuickDraw;Resource_fork;Hexadecimal;PowerPC;Firmware;System_suitcase;New_World_ROM;OS_X;Mac_OS_memory_management;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Mac_OS;OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Flash;XML;Perl;JavaScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Macintosh_Toolbox; Macintosh_startup The Macintosh startup behaviors characteristic of Macintosh computers include the startup chime , Happy Mac , Sad Mac , and Chimes of Death (also known as Hawaiian Death Chimes ). Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_LC;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS;Operating_system;Compact_Macintosh;Hard_drive;Operating_system;Floppy_disk;System_Folder;OS_X;Kernel_panic;Macintosh;Old_World_ROM;Hexadecimal;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_II;PowerPC;PowerPC;Macintosh;IPod;Firmware;Apple_Macintosh;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Centris;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Classic;Power_Macintosh;Power_Macintosh;IMac;OS_X;Mactracker;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Kernel_panic;Macintosh_startup;Macintosh_startup; Maclife Mac|Life is an American monthly magazine published by Future US . It focuses on the Macintosh personal computer and related products, including the iPod and iPhone . Between September 1996 and February 2007, the magazine was known as MacAddict (ISSN 1088-548X). In Germany, published by "Falkemedia" from Kiel (ISSN 1860-9988). Macintosh;Future_US;United_States;English_language;Future_US;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;Maximum_PC;Future_US;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Shareware;Apple_Computer;Macworld;Internet_forum;Future_US;Maximum_PC;MacLife;MacLife; Macromedia_Flash Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flash ) is a multimedia platform used to add animation, video, and interactivity to web pages. Flash is frequently used for advertisements, games and flash animations for broadcast. More recently, it has been positioned as a tool for " Rich Internet Applications " ("RIAs"). [ 1 ] Flash manipulates vector and raster graphics to provide animation of text, drawings, and still images. It supports bidirectional streaming of audio and video, and it can capture user input via mouse, keyboard, microphone, and camera. Flash contains an object-oriented language called ActionScript and supports automation via the JavaScript Flash language (JSFL). Flash content may be displayed on various computer systems and devices , using Adobe Flash Player , which is available free of charge for common web browsers , some mobile phones, and a few other electronic devices (using Flash Lite ). Some users feel that Flash enriches their web experience, while others find the extensive use of Flash animation , particularly in advertising, intrusive and annoying. Flash has also been criticized for adversely affecting the usability of web pages. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;List_of_software_categories;Adobe_Flash_Player;Multimedia;Interactivity;Raster_graphics;Streaming_media;Adobe_Flash_Player;Web_browser;Adobe_Systems;Microsoft;Adobe_Systems;Application_software;Digital_rights_management;Mobile_device;Flash_Video;File_format;Application_programming_interface;Microsoft_Windows;Flash_Video;VLC_media_player;QuickTime;Windows_Media_Player;Codec;Central_processing_unit;Sorenson_codec;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Flash_Video;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Speex;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ITunes;Metadata;Free_software;Free_Software_Foundation;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Theora;Sorenson_codec;Open_source;Perl;Shareware;Apple_Inc.;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;QNX;IRIX;PowerPC;Google_Chrome;QNX;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Palm_OS;WebOS;Windows_Phone;Application_programming_interface;Nvidia;Graphics_processing_unit;Ars_Technica;Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Adobe_Reader;Microsoft_Windows;OS_X;Linux;Adobe_Flash_Player;ISO_base_media_file_format;ZDNet;Adobe_Systems;ZDNet;NPD_Group;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems;Motion_graphics;Open_source_software;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Flash_Video;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Soundbooth;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Portable_Document_Format;Google_Chrome;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Flash; Macromedia_Shockwave Adobe Shockwave (formerly Macromedia Shockwave ) is a multimedia platform used to add animation and interactivity to web pages. It allows Adobe Director applications to be published on the Internet and viewed in a web browser on any computer which has the Shockwave plug-in installed. It was first developed by Macromedia , and released in 1995 and was later acquired by Adobe Systems in 2005. [ 3 ] Software_developer;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Multimedia;Interactivity;Web_browser;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash;Internet_Relay_Chat;Linux;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;International_Standard_Book_Number;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash;Adobe_Reader;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Adobe_Flash_Player;Adobe_InDesign;Adobe_Media_Player;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Flash;Portable_Document_Format; MacsBug MacsBug is a low-level ( assembly language /machine-level) debugger for pre-Mac OS X Macintosh operating systems. MacsBug is an acronym for M otorola A dvanced C omputer S ystems De bug ger , as opposed to Macintosh debugger (The Motorola 68000 Microprocessor is imprinted with the MACSS acronym [ 1 ] ). The original version was developed by Motorola as a general debugger for its 68000 systems — it was ported to the Mac as a programmer's tool early in the project's development. MacsBug is invoked by hitting the Macintosh's " Programmer's Key " or, as it became later known, the "Interrupt Key" or by pressing "Command-Power". MacsBug offers many commands for disassembling , searching, and viewing data as well as control over processor registers . MacsBug is not installed by default with Mac OS, although every Macintosh since the Macintosh Plus includes a debugger in ROM known as MicroBug. [ 2 ] Users that stumble into MacsBug by accident need only to enter G and press return to escape from MacsBug; however, MacsBug is not installed by default, requiring a system extension, so a typical user environment does not include it. However, it was occasionally installed by end users to provide very basic error recovery. As the classic Mac OS lacked memory protection "hard crashes" where an application crash simply froze the entire system weren't uncommon. With MacsBug installed, instead of an unresponsive system, the user would be dumped into MacsBug, where they could type ES to Exit to Shell (force quit the crashed application and return to the Finder ) or RB for ReBoot, which restarted the system. [ 3 ] Such recovery efforts were often not successful, but the only alternative was a physical reset switch. The presence of MacsBug is indicated at startup; it is present if the user sees the text Debugger installed (although, occasionally, this may indicate the presence of another piece of software loaded into the area of memory reserved for the debugger, instead). MacsBug was originally for the Motorola 68000 series of processors only. When Apple introduced the Power Macintosh in 1994, it was followed by an updated MacsBug that supported the PowerPC instruction set and architecture. The last version of MacsBug was 6.6.3, released September 14, 2000. This final version works with all of the machines released in the July–September timeframe of 2000, including the Power Mac G4 (uni- and multi-processor), Power Mac G4 Cube , the iMac family (Ruby, Indigo, Sage, Graphite, and Snow), and the iBook family (Indigo, Key Lime, and Graphite). 6.6.3 includes better support for debugging MP tasks, and fixes some serious bugs in the memory setting commands when used in PCI I/O space. It can also be used in Classic when running under Mac OS X, where it is invoked by pressing "⌘-⏏" (or "⌘-F12" on systems without an Eject key). Mac OS X allows programmers to use familiar MacsBug commands in gdb . This gdb plugin is included with the OS X Developer Tools, located in the directory /usr/libexec/gdb/plugins/MacsBug/. Third party alternatives to MacsBug included ICOM Simulations ' TMON which came with the Darin Adler Extended User Area Trap Discipline (allowing all documented Mac API parameters to be verified) and the fully symbolic Jasik debugger , which was much more powerful, but harder to use due to the intricate and non-standard user interface. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS;Computing_platform;PowerPC;List_of_software_categories;Assembly_language;Macintosh;Power_Macintosh;PowerPC;IMac;IBook;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;MacsBug;MacsBug; Macsyma Computer_algebra_system;Mathematica;Operating_system;Sun_Microsystems;Microsoft_Windows;Mathematica;Mathematica;LAPACK;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Graphical_user_interface;Digital_object_identifier;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Macsyma;Macsyma; Mactracker Mac OS X (10.5+): 6.5.1 (August 10, 2012 ; 1 day ago ( 2012-08-10 ) ) 2.2 (August 3, 2012 ; 8 days ago ( 2012-08-03 ) ) [ ± ] Macintosh database Mactracker is a freeware application containing a complete database of all Apple Macintosh hardware , including the Lisa (under its later name, Macintosh XL ), all versions of Mac OS , cameras , iPods , AirPort , printers , scanners , startup chimes , death chimes , and Macintosh clones . Sources for the history and text used in Mactracker are credited to Lukas Foljanty , Glen. D Sanford , and Wikipedia . WidgetWidget and The Iconfactory provided many icons of the hardware. Mactracker was created by Ian Page . Versions are available for Mac OS X and iOS (though it is an "universal application," meaning that there is not a special version for iPads ). Versions for Windows and clickwheel iPods have been discontinued. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Macintosh;Database;Software_license;Freeware;Database;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS;Digital_camera;IPod;AirPort;Image_scanner;Mac_OS_X;IPad;Microsoft_Windows;IPod;Macworld;Mactracker;Mactracker; Macworld Macintosh;Mac_Publishing;IDG;Mac_Publishing;North_America;MacLife;Australia;Germany;Italy;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Netherlands;Moscone_Center;Podcast;Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;Chris_Breen;IDG;GamePro;Macworld;Macworld; Macworld_Expo Produced by Boston -based IDG World Expo , Macworld | iWorld [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is a trade-show with conference tracks dedicated to the Apple Macintosh platform. It is held annually in the United States during January. Originally Macworld Expo and then Macworld Conference Exposition , the gathering dates back to 1985. Macworld is the most widely read Macintosh magazine in North America and a trademark of Mac Publishing , a wholly owned subsidiary of International Data Group . IDG World Expo is also a subsidiary. The conference tracks are taught by leaders in their fields and require large admission fees. They last for a few more days than the Expo, which runs generally three or four days. Attendees can visit the exhibits, set up by hardware manufacturers and software publishers that support the Macintosh platform. On December 18, 2008, Apple announced that the 2009 Macworld Conference Expo would be the last in which the company participates. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;United_States;Macworld;North_America;Trademark;Mac_Publishing;David_Pogue;Moscone_Center;United_States;Stevenote;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Pixar;IBM;Chrysler;Macintosh;Mac_OS;Microsoft;Steve_Jobs;Macintosh;HFS_Plus;QuickTime;IMac;Video_game;Microsoft;IMac;USB;Mac_OS_X_Server;Microsoft;Disney;Steve_Jobs;Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;FireWire;Apple_Studio_Display;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;IMac;Microsoft;Gap_Inc.;Fox_News;Rolling_Stone;Disney;IMac;Universal_Serial_Bus;Microsoft;Xbox;IBM;IBook;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Cinema_Display;IBook;AirPort;IMac;AirPort;IMovie;QuickTime;MobileMe;IDisk;Post_Office_Protocol;Mac_OS_X;QuickTime;API;Classic_Environment;Adobe_Systems;Microsoft;ITunes;IMac;Mac_Mini;IPod_shuffle;IWork;Steve_Jobs;IPhone;Apple_TV;Steve_Jobs;MacBook_Air;Laptop;IPod_Touch;Personal_computer;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Software_development_kit;Steve_Jobs;ILife;IWork;MacBook_Pro;ITunes;Digital_rights_management;UK;Cellular_network;IPhone;Mac_Publishing;IDG;GamePro;Macworld; Macworld_UK Macworld is a web site and monthly computer magazine dedicated to Apple products and software. It is published by Mac Publishing , which is headquartered in San Francisco, California . Published since 1984, the magazine has the largest audited circulation (both total and newsstand) of Macintosh-focused magazines in North America , more than double its nearest competitor, Mac|Life (formerly MacAddict ). Macworld was founded by David Bunnell (publisher) and Andrew Fluegelman (editor). It is the oldest Macintosh magazine still in publication. Macintosh;Mac_Publishing;IDG;Mac_Publishing;North_America;MacLife;Australia;Germany;Italy;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Netherlands;Moscone_Center;Podcast;Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;Chris_Breen;IDG;GamePro;Macworld;Macworld; MadCat_Media_Browser MadCat Media Browser is an Internet television and video podcast client for Windows developed by Shane Andrusiak. The application uses the VLC media player activeX control for video playback within windows. The website includes a RSS aggregator to produce m3u channel files based on categories in the channel guide. Channels can be watched on a TV with an Xbox running XBMC for Xbox, using Madcat Python Script. Software has built-in tabbed browser, VLC media player , IRC chat. Video playback can be controlled with a Xbox 360 Controller, wired or via wireless receiver. Directories are based on Opml technology. Built in C#. Software_developer;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Internet_television;Software_license;Internet_television;Video_podcast;VLC_media_player;ActiveX;Feed_aggregator;XBMC;VLC_media_player;MadCat_Media_Browser;MadCat_Media_Browser; MagSafe MagSafe is a proprietary magnetically attached power connector introduced by Apple Inc. on January 10, 2006, in conjunction with the MacBook Pro at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco , California . The connector is held in place by a magnet so that if it is tugged, for example by someone tripping over the cord, it will pull out of the socket safely, without damaging the connector or the computer power socket, or pulling the computer off the surface on which it is located. [ 1 ] MagSafe works exactly the same as the magnetic power connectors that many deep fryers and Japanese countertop cooking appliances from the early 2000s have in order to avoid spilling their dangerously hot contents. [ 2 ] Apple exclusively owns US Patent No. 7311526 ("Magnetic connector for electronic device", issued in 2007) and does not license the MagSafe connector or the patent. 3 Criticisms and defects 4 Prior power systems [ edit ] Features The second generation, L-shaped MagSafe Power Adapter that ships with all late-2009 to late-2011 MacBook Pro and MacBook Air models. MagSafe has connector pins that are designed so the rectangular connector can be inserted in either orientation (however, the L-shaped version of the connector can only be fitted in one orientation without blocking neighboring ports, such as USB ). LEDs on both sides show green if the computer battery is fully charged and amber or red if the battery is charging. MagSafe can be found on the MacBook , MacBook Pro and MacBook Air notebook computers, as well as the Apple LED Cinema Display . [ 3 ] The MacBook and the 13-inch MacBook Pro use a 60 W MagSafe charger, whereas the 15- and 17-inch MacBook Pro use a 85 W MagSafe charger. The MacBook Air has a lower-powered 45 W version of the MagSafe adapter. The power brick is smaller, but the MagSafe connector is the same as on the 60 W and 85 W chargers. Apple has made it clear that an adapter with the same or higher wattage than originally provided may be used without problems. [ 4 ] Apple also offers a "MagSafe Airline Adapter" for use on certain compatible airplanes. It has a DC input (instead of AC like the original MagSafe chargers) and will power the computer, but will not charge the battery. [ 5 ] On June 11, 2012, a thinner "MagSafe 2" connector was announced at Apple's 2012 Worldwide Developers Conference . It was manufactured in order to fit the (slimmer-than-previous) new MacBook Pro 15-inch with Retina display , as well as the updated line of MacBook Air . It also has a new connector shape based on the original one. [ 6 ] This section does not cite any references or sources . (July 2012) The MagSafe connector pins are palindromic , allowing for the adapter to be inserted in two opposite orientations. The first and second pins on each side of the tiny central pin have continuity with their mirror pins. The inner large pins are V+ (16.5 VDC). Measuring with no load will give 6.86 V DC; the full 16.5 V is provided to the proper load. The outer large pins are ground. The tiny center pin is a charge control pin that assists with changing the LED color, and also assists with switching the adapter off. No power will be output from any of the other pins until contact is made with the center Charge Control pin. This pin is also used to transfer additional information, such as the power type and serial number of the power supply. [ 7 ] The rectangular metal shroud surrounding the pins has no electrical function. Rather it acts as shielding for the electrical pins and a ferrous attractor for the magnet in the laptop. [ edit ] Criticisms and defects This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section's contents into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. (May 2012) Newer L-shaped MagSafe connector, broken off its power cord MagSafe with both frayed wires and melted casing, as alleged in the 2009 class action lawsuit Although Apple does not license the MagSafe connector for use in third-party products, manufacturers have devised a workaround: their MagSafe items use the actual connector from Apple's AC adapter, grafted onto their own product. Since this uses an actual Apple product, purchased legally, manufacturers believe that no licensing agreements are needed and the patents are not violated. [ 8 ] However, in 2010 Apple still sued one such manufacturer, Sanho Corporation for selling its very popular HyperMac battery extension products which Apple claimed violated their patents. [ 9 ] Sanho has since ceased to sell their connector cable for the HyperMac series of external batteries. [ 10 ] Many users have reported (as of October 30, 2011) problems with the quality of the construction of the MagSafe cords, giving the product low marks on the Apple Store's website . [ 11 ] Common complaints include plug separating from the cord, transformer shorting, and pin springs losing elasticity. [ 11 ] It is even possible for the adapter to spark if it touches the side of one of the aluminium MacBooks as some of the connectors are short circuited . Several methods have been devised to protect the MagSafe from failure, including wrapping the cable with tape or sliding protective plastic around the cable. [ 12 ] In 2008, Apple posted an official response acknowledging problems with MagSafe adapters, which include incomplete circuit connection and adapter's white insulation separating from the magnetic end of the MagSafe connector. [ 13 ] Following the release of a Knowledge Base article, a class-action lawsuit was filed on May 1, 2009, in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California 's San Jose office, alleging that the MagSafe power adapter is prone to frayed wires and overheating, and as such represents a fire hazard. [ 14 ] Apple has since released a new connector to remedy the defects. [ 15 ] There had been a variety of reports of the newer MagSafe AC adapter not working with older MagSafe-powered MacBooks and MacBook Pros. [ citation needed ] Apple released a firmware update in October 2010 that it claims resolves this issue. [ 16 ] However, the installer for the firmware update will not run on certain older MacBooks, which means that the firmware can not be updated. This, in turn, means that it is not possible to use the new MagSafe power adapter with these MacBooks. Currently, [ when? ] it is not possible to buy new replacement MagSafe AC adapters (either from Apple or third-party suppliers) that work with these MacBooks, forcing owners to look for used original adapters. In 2011, Apple posted a support document regarding the strain-relief problems with the MPM-1 ("T")-style MagSafe power cables, and issued settlement offer for buyers of Apple 60 W or 85 W MagSafe MPM-1 adapter within the first three years of purchase. [ 17 ] [ edit ] Prior power systems The iBook G3 brick and puck chargers. The puck was the first model of charger with this connector. Close-up view of the brick plug on the left, and the puck plug on the right, with tip ring sleeve plugs and a metal ring around the plug. The puck charger simply had a dark gray shroud, while the brick added the clear plastic charge indicator ring. Example of a damaged plug due to being pulled forcefully out of the socket sideways. This strain is severe enough to damage the power socket also. Prior to the development of MagSafe, early Apple laptop computers such as the PowerBook series used a shell and socket/pin arrangement ( coaxial power connector ) similar to those seen on non-Apple laptops. The iBook series introduced a new plug design similar in appearance to a mini- stereo plug , but with an additional metal ring around the plug. The first puck-shaped iBook chargers simply had a silver plug body, but the square white chargers introduced a color-changing illuminated ring that indicated charging status. Tripping on an iBook cord or yanking the cord out at an angle frequently damaged the power socket by breaking the solder pads under the connector, resulting in a laptop that would fail to charge when connected to the cord, or would only charge if the inserted plug were propped up or pushed down at an angle. The spring contacts inside the socket connector could also become bent out of position due to angular pressure on the plug, resulting in intermittent charging problems. In such situations, the illuminated power plug functioned in an unusual manner which is undocumented. [ clarification needed ] The earlier, puck-shaped iBook chargers would also fail to charge if the socket were damaged, but those chargers could not indicate a problem. In severe cable-stress situations, the outer flange of the plug became flared and bent, and the tip of the power plug could break off and become lodged inside the socket. Due to the design of the early 12 inch G3 iBooks, replacing the damaged "DC-In Board" typically involved a complex, 50-step laptop disassembly process, [ 18 ] resulting in an expensive, labor-intensive repair. The development of MagSafe reduced the cable strain problems, and eliminated most power connector damage and repair costs for Apple laptop owners. The failures that still occurred generally affected only the external power adapters, not the computer motherboards, thus helping to limit repair costs. [ citation needed ] [ edit ] See also Cables can also fail at junctions entering the power cube/brick, so minimize stress at these points (like wrapping up leads after power adapter use) to extend life. MacBook;Computer;Power_connector;Apple_Inc.;Magnet;Apple_Inc.;MacBook_Pro;Macworld_Expo;San_Francisco;California;Deep_fryer;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;USB;LED;Green;Red;MacBook;MacBook_Air;Apple_LED_Cinema_Display;Retina_display;MacBook_Air;Palindrome;Electromagnetic_shielding;MacBook;Short_circuit;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California;Tip_ring_sleeve;Coaxial_power_connector;Stereo_plug;Apple_Inc.;CNN;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;The_Verge;Macworld;Portable_Document_Format;Adobe_Reader;Ars_Technica;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;Ars_Technica;Ars_Technica;Apple_Inc.;Ars_Technica;IFixIt;Apple_Inc.;Ars_Technica;Ars_Technica;ZDNet;Apple_Inc.;MagSafe;MagSafe; Magic_Mouse The Magic Mouse is a multi-touch mouse manufactured and sold by Apple , [ 1 ] and it was announced and sold for the first time on October 20, 2009. [ 2 ] The Magic Mouse is the first consumer mouse to have multi-touch capabilities. [ 1 ] Taking after the iPhone , iPad , iPod Touch , and multi-touch trackpads , the Magic Mouse allows the use of gestures such as swiping and scrolling across the top surface of the mouse to interact with desktop computers. It connects via Bluetooth and runs on two AA batteries . The mouse requires at least Mac OS X 10.5.8 . It can be configured as a two-buttoned left-handed or right-handed mouse, but the default is a single button. It uses laser tracking for increased pointer accuracy over previous generation Apple mice. [ 3 ] Since its release, it has been included along with a wireless keyboard with the 2009 generation of iMacs , and with a wired keyboard with the 2010 Mac Pro workstations. It can also be purchased separately. Initial reception to the Magic Mouse was mixed, with positive reactions to its scrolling functions [ 4 ] but negative reactions to its inability to middle click (without any additional software), or trigger Exposé , Dashboard or Spaces (features offered by its predecessor ). [ 5 ] Many of those features can be enabled on the Magic Mouse with the use of third party tools. [ 6 ] Underside of the Magic Mouse In 2009, several Mac news sites reported that the Magic Mouse had issues with maintaining a stable connection to Mac Pro workstations. [ 7 ] 2 Operating system support [ edit ] Gestures Not all gestures are supported on all operating systems: Two-finger double tap One-finger double tap By using third party software, gestures can be customized and added. [ 6 ] Inertia scrolling is said to be available in Snow Leopard only after installing a software update, but it could also be enabled in Leopard with a terminal command. [ edit ] Operating system support Mac OS X v10.5.8, v10.6.23 or later with Wireless Mouse Software Update 1.0. This update is essential for the Magic Mouse to work. Windows 7, Windows XP, Windows Vista using Boot Camp tools under Mac OS X. To work with Windows 7, Mac OS X Lion is required as the latest drivers are available only with a version of Boot Camp that is installable on Mac OS X Lion. Extracted from Boot Camp native Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7 drivers, 32-bit and 64-bit [ 8 ] (not supported by Apple). Linux as of kernel 2.6.34-rc1 [ 9 ] [ edit ] See also Apple Magic Trackpad Apple_Inc.;AA_battery;Bluetooth;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;Trackpad;Gesture_recognition;Bluetooth;AA_batteries;IMac;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Mouse; Magic_Trackpad The Magic Trackpad is a multi-touch trackpad produced by Apple Inc. Announced on July 27, 2010, it is similar to the trackpad found on the current MacBook family of laptops, albeit 80% larger. The trackpad is fully compatible with Macintosh computers running Mac OS X Snow Leopard versions 10.6.4 and higher with a software update, as well as Windows 7 , Windows XP , and Windows Vista in Apple's Boot Camp with an added device driver. It is also capable of performing in a basic capacity when paired with a Windows computer or a Macintosh without the necessary software. 2 Release and reception 3 Operating system support [ edit ] Description The Magic Trackpad next to an Apple Wireless Keyboard. The device's design is similar to the trackpad found on the current MacBook family of laptops, but 80% larger. [ 1 ] It connects via Bluetooth [ 2 ] and runs on two AA batteries . [ 1 ] The trackpad is designed in the same style as Apple's Wireless Keyboard , [ 1 ] and when put next to one, sits flush to it. [ 3 ] Usage can be compared to the multitouch trackpads found in Apple's MacBook and Macbook Pro laptops. [ 4 ] Additionally, the entire pad can be clicked; [ 4 ] pressing on the device puts pressure on it and the surface it is resting on, pushing down two circular feet at the base of the trackpad, registering a click. [ 5 ] The trackpad's required software update also added inertial scrolling and three-finger drag gestures to certain MacBook and MacBook Pro models. [ 6 ] [ edit ] Release and reception Announced on July 27, 2010, [ 1 ] early reviews of the trackpad lauded its design but not its price. CNET reviewer Scott Stein wrote: "Apple's $69 Bluetooth device is minimalist and not particularly cheap"; "We're not sure we'd ditch our mouse and use the Magic Trackpad, but it's a compact solution for the touch-addicted." [ 3 ] Macworld also praised the trackpad's design similarity with the Apple Wireless Keyboard: "The Magic Trackpad is the same height and angle of inclination as the Apple Wireless Keyboard, making them a good fit, in terms of size and style." [ 5 ] [ edit ] Operating system support Apple's Magic Trackpad and Multi-Touch Trackpad Update 1.0 includes the required software to use Magic Trackpad. This update also installs a Trackpad System Preferences pane for configuring the Magic Trackpad on Intel-based Mac desktop computers that support Mac OS X v10.6.4 and later. [ 6 ] Windows 7, Windows XP, Windows Vista using Boot Camp tools under Mac OS X. [ 7 ] Basic functions available on a Windows computer or a Macintosh without the necessary software. [ 3 ] Hacked/extracted from Boot Camp native Windows XP, Vista, and Windows 7 drivers, 32-bit and 64-bit [ 8 ] (supported by Apple) Ubuntu 10.04 and later [ 9 ] [ edit ] See also Apple_Inc.;Trackpad;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;AA_batteries;Bluetooth;Magic_Mouse;Trackpad;Apple_Inc.;MacBook_family;Macintosh;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Microsoft_Windows;MacBook_family;Bluetooth;AA_batteries;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;CNET;Macworld;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Keyboard;Gizmodo;Apple_Inc.;CNET;Engadget;Macworld;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Magic_Trackpad;Magic_Trackpad; Magic_square International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;Open_Directory_Project;Magic_square;Magic_square; Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro Movie Edit Pro is a consumer-based nonlinear video editing software designed by German MAGIX AG for the PC. It is the best selling video software in European retail . [ 1 ] The first version was published in 2001. According to the developer, it applied the principles of non-destructiveness and object orientation to a video editing program for the first time. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;HDV;Graphical_user_interface;DVD;Dolby_Digital;AVCHD;Matroska;DV;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro; Magma_computer_algebra_system Magma is a computer algebra system designed to solve problems in algebra , number theory , geometry and combinatorics . It is named after the algebraic structure magma . It runs on Unix-like and Linux based operating systems , as well as Windows . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Computer_algebra_system;Unix;Linux;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Linear_algebra;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Magma_computer_algebra_system; Magnatune Magnatune is an American independent record label based in Berkeley, California , founded in spring 2003 by John Buckman , then-CEO of e-mail software company Lyris . It aims at treating both its musicians and its customers fairly—its tagline is "We are not evil". It originally only sold music for download through its website, but added a print- CDs -on-demand service in late 2004, and in October 2007 began selling complete albums and individual tracks through the Amazon.com Music Store. In May, 2008 Magnatune launched all-you-can-eat membership plans, and is believed to be the only online music site to offer a DRM-free unlimited membership. From March 2010 Magnatune dropped the CD printing service, and moved exclusively to the all-you-can-eat membership plans. [ 1 ] Magnatune was the first record label to license music online [ 2 ] and as of May 2008 had sold over 3000 licenses in its five years of existence. [ 3 ] United_States;United_States;Independent_record_label;Compact_Disc;Amazon.com;Streaming_media;Digital_Rights_Management;WAV;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Vorbis;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Digital_rights_management;XML;API;Rhythmbox;Jamendo;Magnatune;Magnatune; Magnet A magnet (from Greek μαγνήτις λίθος magnḗtis líthos , " Magnesian stone") is a material or object that produces a magnetic field . This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron , and attracts or repels other magnets. A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic ). These include iron , nickel , cobalt , some alloys of rare earth metals , and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone . Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of several other types of magnetism . Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft" materials like annealed iron , which can be magnetized but do not tend to stay magnetized, and magnetically "hard" materials, which do. Permanent magnets are made from "hard" ferromagnetic materials such as alnico and ferrite that are subjected to special processing in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture, to align their internal microcrystalline structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the respective material. "Hard" materials have high coercivity, whereas "soft" materials have low coercivity. An electromagnet is made from a coil of wire that acts as a magnet when an electric current passes through it but stops being a magnet when the current stops. Often, the coil is wrapped around a core of ferromagnetic material like steel, which enhances the magnetic field produced by the coil. The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or, alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The local strength of magnetism in a material is measured by its magnetization . Compass;Compass;Oxygen;Carbon;Hard_disk_drive;Floppy_disk;Hard_disk;Credit_card;Television;Cathode_ray_tube;LCD;Loudspeaker;Microphone;Sound;Compass;Science;MagSafe;Hard_disk;Cathode_ray_tube;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Magnet;Magnet; Magnetometer A magnetometer is a measuring instrument used to measure the strength or direction of magnetic fields . Some countries, such as the USA , Canada and Australia classify the more sensitive magnetometers as military technology, and control their distribution. The SI unit of measure for magnetic field strength is the tesla . As this is a very large unit for most practical uses, scientists commonly use the nanotesla (nT) as their working unit of measure. Engineers often measure magnetic fields in Gauss (1 Gauss = 100,000 nT, 1 Gauss = 100,000 gamma ). The Earth's magnetic field (the magnetosphere ) varies both temporally (there is a daily variation of around 30 nT at mid latitudes and hundreds of nT at the poles) and spatially (from around 20,000 nT near the equator to 80,000 nT near the poles) for various reasons, such as the inhomogeneity of rocks and the interaction between charged particles from the Sun and the magnetosphere. Geomagnetic storms can cause much larger variations, but, on average, the Earth's magnetic field is relatively weak. A simple magnet from a hardware store produces a field hundreds of times stronger. Magnetometers are distinct from metal detectors , which detect metallic objects by detecting their conductivity . Magnetometers can detect only magnetic ( ferrous ) metals, but can detect such metals at a much larger depth than a metal detector; magnetometers are capable of detecting large objects, such as cars, at tens of meters, while a metal detector's range is rarely more than 2 meters. Further information: Earth's magnetic field Canada;Australia;Global_Positioning_System;Application_software;Compass;Deutsche_Telekom;Hydrogen;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Ukraine;Belgium;Magnetometer;Magnetometer; Magnifying_glass A magnifying glass (called a hand lens in laboratory contexts) is a convex lens that is used to produce a magnified image of an object. The lens is usually mounted in a frame with a handle (see image). A sheet magnifier consists of many very narrow concentric ring-shaped lenses, such that the combination acts as a single lens but is much thinner. This arrangement is known as a Fresnel lens . The magnifying glass is an icon of detective fiction , particularly that of Sherlock Holmes . Italy;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Magnifying_glass;Magnifying_glass; Mahjong_solitaire Mahjong solitaire is a solitaire matching game that uses a set of mahjong tiles rather than cards . It is also known as Shanghai solitaire , electronic or computerized mahjong , solitaire mahjong and erroneously as mahjong . The tiles come from the four-player game known as mahjong. Solitaire;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_IIgs;Trademark;Windows_Vista;Operating_system;Solitaire;International_Standard_Book_Number;Mahjong_solitaire;Mahjong_solitaire; MainActor MainActor was video editing software from MainConcept [1] for Windows and since July 15, 2004 also for Linux . [ 1 ] The last version was 5.5, being available for SuSE 10.1 and Ubuntu6 distributions. [ 2 ] In the beginning the software was written on the Amiga . The software cost EUR 167.23 / USD 199.00. A free demo version, that shows a watermark, was available. In May 2007, MainConcept decided to discontinue the supply and development of MainActor. In November 2007, MainConcept was taken over by DivX, Inc. The software is no longer officially available or supported. MainActor will be re-released in 2011 by BrainDistrict GmbH. A new company by the MainConcept founder Markus Moenig. Video_editing_software;Linux;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;MainActor;MainActor; Major_League_Baseball North_America;United_States;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Los_Angeles_Times;Massachusetts;Michigan;California;California;California;California;San_Francisco;California;Associated_Press;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;Major_League_Baseball;Major_League_Baseball; Malawi Malawi ( / m ə ˈ l ɑː w i / ; Chichewa [malaβi] [ need tone ] ), officially the Republic of Malawi , is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland . It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi . Malawi is over 118,000 km 2 (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe , which is also Malawi's largest city; the second largest is Blantyre and the third is Mzuzu . The name Malawi comes from the Maravi , an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed "The Warm Heart of Africa". [ 8 ] The area of Africa now known as Malawi was colonized by migrating tribes of Bantu around the 10th century. In 1891 the area was colonized again, this time by the British. In 1953 Malawi, then known as Nyasaland, became part of the semi-independent Central African Federation (CAF). The Federation was dissolved in 1963 and in 1964, Nyasaland gained full independence and was renamed Malawi. Upon gaining independence it became a single-party state under the presidency of Hastings Banda , who remained president until 1994, when he was ousted from power. Joyce Banda (no relation) is the current president, raised to that position after president Bingu Mutharika died in 2012. She is the first female leader in Malawi. [ 9 ] Malawi has a democratic, multi-party government. Malawi has a small military force that includes an army, a navy and an air wing. Malawi's foreign policy is pro-Western and includes positive diplomatic relations with most countries and participation in several international organizations . Malawi is among the world's least-developed countries . The economy is heavily based in agriculture, with a largely rural population. The Malawian government depends heavily on outside aid to meet development needs, although this need (and the aid offered) has decreased since 2000. The Malawian government faces challenges in building and expanding the economy, improving education, health care, environmental protection , and becoming financially independent. Malawi has several programs developed since 2005 that focus on these issues, and the country's outlook appears to be improving, with improvements in economic growth, education and healthcare seen in 2007 and 2008. Malawi has a low life expectancy and high infant mortality . There is a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS , which is a drain on the labor force and government expenditures. There is a diverse population of native peoples , Asians and Europeans , with several languages spoken and an array of religious beliefs. Although there was tribal conflict in the past, by 2008 it had diminished considerably and the concept of a Malawian nationality had begun to form. Malawi has a culture combining native and colonial aspects, including sports, art, dance and music. English_language;United_Kingdom;Mozambique;European_Union;Mozambique;Internet;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Reuters;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;The_Gambia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Liberia;Burkina_Faso;Benin;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;The_Gambia;Liberia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Liberia;Benin;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Mozambique;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Malawi;Malawi; Malaysia ^ b. The terminology as per government policy is Bahasa Malaysia (literally Malaysian language) [ 10 ] but legislation continues to refer to the official language as Bahasa Melayu (literally Malay language). [ 11 ] ^ c. Under the National Language Act 1967: "The script of the national language shall be the Rumi [Latin] script: provided that this shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the Jawi script , of the national language." [ 12 ] ^ d. English may be used for some purposes under the National Language Act 1967. ^ e. Before the accession, Sabah was referred to as North Borneo. ^ f. Singapore became an independent country on 9 August 1965. [ 13 ] Malaysia ( i / m ə ˈ l eɪ ʒ ə / mə- LAY -zhə or i / m ə ˈ l eɪ s i ə / mə- LAY -see-ə ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia . It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo . Land borders are shared with Thailand , Indonesia , and Brunei , and maritime borders exist with Singapore , Vietnam , and the Philippines . The capital city is Kuala Lumpur , while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population exceeded 27.5 million, with over 20 million living on the Peninsula. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire . The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements , whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with Sabah , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. Less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism . The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural , which plays a large role in politics. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on English Common Law . The constitution declares Islam the state religion while protecting freedom of religion. The head of state is the King, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong . He is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the Prime Minister . Malaysia contains the southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai . Located in the tropics , it is a megadiverse country , with large numbers of endemic flora and fauna . It is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and a member of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation , the Commonwealth of Nations , and the Non-Aligned Movement . 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Maltese residents population estimate at end 2004 was 389,769. All official population data provided by the NSO. [ 7 ] 2 Before 2008: Maltese lira 3 Also .eu , shared with other European Union member states. Malta i / ˈ m ɒ l t ə / , officially the Republic of Malta ( Maltese : Repubblika ta' Malta ), is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean , 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily , 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya , with Gibraltar 1,755 km (1,091 mi) to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km (937 mi) to the east. [ 8 ] Malta covers just over 316 km 2 (122 sq mi) in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. The de facto capital city of Malta is Valletta ; the largest town, Birkirkara . The main island comprises many towns, which together form one Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with a population of 368,250 according to Eurostat . [ 12 ] The country has two official languages, Maltese (constitutionally the national language) and English . Throughout history, Malta's location has given it great strategic importance, [ 13 ] and a succession of powers including the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Arabs , Normans , Aragonese , Habsburg Spain , Knights of St John , French and the British ruled the islands. Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 and became a republic in 1974, whilst retaining membership in the Commonwealth of Nations . Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004. Malta is also party to the Schengen Agreement [ 14 ] and in 2008 it became part of the eurozone . Malta has a long Christian legacy and is an Apostolic see . According to the Acts of the Apostles in the Bible, [ 15 ] St. Paul was shipwrecked on "Melite", as the Greeks called the island, and ministered there. [ 16 ] Catholicism is the official religion in Malta as declared by the Maltese constitution . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Malta is internationally renowned as a tourist destination, with numerous recreational areas and historical monuments, including nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites , [ 19 ] most prominently the Megalithic Temples which are some of the oldest free-standing structures in the world. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Europe;European_Union;English_language;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Gibraltar;English_language;European_Union;Eurozone;Singapore;European_Union;Eurozone;Eurozone;European_Union;GSM;European_Union;Norway;Switzerland;Romania;Bulgaria;Australia;New_Zealand;Malaysia;Japan;Luxembourg;Good_Friday;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Albania;Cyprus;France;Gibraltar;Greece;Italy;Slovenia;Spain;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Canada;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Kyrgyzstan;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Australia;Japan;Mongolia;Thailand;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Mauritania;Chad;Mauritania;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Argentina;Brazil;Cambodia;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Malta;Malta; Mandarin_Chinese In Chinese linguistics, Mandarin ( simplified Chinese : 官话 ; traditional Chinese : 官話 ; pinyin : Guānhuà ; literally "speech of officials") is a group of related varieties or dialects spoken across most of northern and southwestern China . Because most Mandarin dialects are found in the north, the group is also referred to, particularly among Chinese speakers, as the "northern dialect(s)" ( simplified Chinese : 北 方 话 ; traditional Chinese : 北 方 話 ; pinyin : Běifānghuà ). A northeastern-dialect speaker and a southwestern-dialect speaker can hardly communicate except through the standard language , mainly because of the differences in tone . Nonetheless, the variation within Mandarin is less significant than the much greater variation found within several other varieties of Chinese , and this is thought to be due to a relatively recent spread of Mandarin across China, combined with a greater ease of travel and communication compared to the more mountainous south of China. Mandarin dialects, particularly the Beijing dialect, form the basis of Standard Chinese , which is also referred to "Mandarin" (also referred to as Putonghua ( simplified Chinese : 普通话 ; traditional Chinese : 普通話 ; pinyin : Pǔtōnghuà ; literally "common speech") or Guoyu (Chinese: 國語 ; pinyin: Guóyǔ ; literally "national language")). Standard Chinese or Standard Mandarin is the official language of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China and one of the four official languages of Singapore . When the Mandarin group is taken as one language, as is often done in academic literature, it has more native speakers (nearly a billion) than any other language. For most of Chinese history, the capital has been within the Mandarin area, making these dialects very influential. Since the early 20th century, a form of standardized Mandarin (described above) has been the official and de facto national standard language in China and it is today one of the most frequently used varieties of Chinese among Chinese diaspora communities internationally. Chinese_language;Chinese_language;Taiwan;Singapore;Republic_of_China;Singapore;Hong_Kong;Macau;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Kyrgyzstan;Cantonese;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Chinese_language;Cantonese;Cantonese;Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese; Manybooks.net Manybooks.net is a digital library that takes e-books from Project Gutenberg , the Internet Archive , and other free sources and converts them to file formats suitable for e-readers, such as PDF or ePub . [ 4 ] E-Books are created on-demand and then cached via Amazon S3 . [ 5 ] The site organizes by genre and Library of Congress Classification and offers descriptions for most fiction and reader reviews. Project_Gutenberg;Internet_Archive;PDF;EPub;Genre;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Manybooks.net;Manybooks.net; Maple_software Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Computer_algebra_system;Canada;Canada;Programming_language;Fortran;MATLAB;Microsoft_Excel;MathML;NAG_Numerical_Libraries;Macsyma;NAG_Numerical_Libraries;Imperative_programming;MuPAD;MATLAB;MuPAD;MuPAD;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software; Maprotiline InChI=1S/C20H23N/c1-21-14-6-12-20-13-11-15(16-7-2-4-9-18(16)20)17-8-3-5-10-19(17)20/h2-5,7-10,15,21H,6,11-14H2,1H3 Y Key:QSLMDECMDJKHMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Maprotiline (sold as Deprilept , Ludiomil , Psymion ) is a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA). However, Maprotiline's fourth ring is spurious, as formed by a bridge across the central tricyclic ring. It is a strong norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with only weak effects on serotonin and dopamine reuptake. It exerts blocking effects at the following postsynaptic receptors: Moderate : 5-HT 2 , alpha 1 The pharmacologic profile of Maprotiline explains its antidepressant , sedative , anxiolytic , and sympathomimetic activities. Additionally, it shows a strong antagonism against Reserpine -induced effects in animal studies, as do the other 'classical' antidepressants. Although Maprotiline behaves in most regards as a 'first generation antidepressant' it is commonly referred to as 'second generation antidepressant'. Sedation has a fast onset (the same day), while remission of the depression itself is noted usually after a latent period of one to four weeks. Maprotiline does not improve mood in nondepressed persons. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Antidepressant;Sedative;Reserpine;Anxiety;Insomnia;Urticaria;Amitriptyline;Chlorprothixene;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Maprotiline;Maprotiline; Mariptiline Mariptiline ( EN-207 ) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was developed in the early 1980s, but was never marketed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Mariptiline;Mariptiline; Mark_Papermaster Apple_Inc;Tony_Fadell;IPod;IBM;Integrated_circuit;PowerPC;Macintosh;Steve_Jobs;P.A._Semi;Integrated_circuit;Tony_Fadell;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Steve_Jobs;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Mark_Papermaster;Mark_Papermaster; Mark_of_the_Unicorn Mark of the Unicorn ( MOTU ) is a music -related computer software and hardware supplier. It is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts and has created music software since 1984. Products by MOTU include: Past notable products: MINCE and SCRIBBLE, an editor and Scribe -like text formatter for CP/M machines FinalWord word processor (sold and became Sprint ). [ citation needed ] Professional Composer, one of the first graphical music-notation editors Mouse Stampede, arguably the first arcade-style game available for the Apple Macintosh (1984) Hex game for the Atari ST and Amiga computers (released in 1985) The first FireWire Audio Interface for Mac and Windows. [ citation needed ] Digital_Performer;AudioDesk;Mark_of_the_Unicorn;Mark_of_the_Unicorn; MarketWatch The_Wall_Street_Journal;Bloomberg_L.P.;USA_Today;Gannett_Company;All_Things_Digital;The_Wall_Street_Journal;National_Geographic_Society;NBCUniversal;Associated_Press;Hulu;NBCUniversal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;MarketWatch;MarketWatch; Marshall_Amplification United_Kingdom;United_States;United_Kingdom;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Led_Zeppelin;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Marshall_Amplification;Marshall_Amplification; Mashable Mashable ( Mashable Inc. ) is a Scottish-American news website and Internet news blog founded by Pete Cashmore . [ 7 ] The website's primary focus is social media news, but also covers news and developments in mobile, entertainment, online video, business, web development, technology, memes and gadgets. Mashable was launched by Pete Cashmore from his home in Aberdeen , Scotland in July 2005. With a reported 50+ million monthly pageviews [ 8 ] and an Alexa ranking under 300, [ 6 ] Mashable ranks as one of the world's largest websites. Time Magazine noted Mashable as one of the 25 best blogs in 2009, [ 9 ] and has been described as "one stop shop" for social media. [ 10 ] As of March 2012, it has over 2,775,000 Twitter followers and over 838,400 fans on Facebook. [ 8 ] On 9 March, 2009, Mashable announced that it had acquired Blippr, a micro-reviews service based on the concept that users can review games, books, movies, music, and web applications in 160 characters or less. [ 11 ] California;United_States;Slogan;Blog;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;French_language;Blog;Social_media;Facebook;Google;YouTube;Pandora_Radio;Pandora_Radio;Social_media;Social_television;CNN;ReadWriteWeb;TechCrunch;The_Next_Web;Ars_Technica;GigaOM;Mashable;Mashable; Massachusetts Massachusetts ( i / ˌ m æ s ə ˈ tʃ uː s ɨ t s / ), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America . It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean . Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive , but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States . The commonwealth features two separate metropolitan areas: Greater Boston in the east and the Springfield metropolitan area in the west. Approximately two thirds of the commonwealth's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Many of Massachusetts' towns, cities, and counties have names identical to ones in England . Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita. Massachusetts has played a significant historical, cultural, and commercial role in American history . Plymouth was the site of the colony founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the Mayflower . Harvard University , founded in 1636, is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. In 1692, the towns surrounding Salem experienced one of America's most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem Witch Trials . In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening , which swept the Atlantic world, originated from the pulpit of Northampton, Massachusetts preacher Jonathan Edwards . In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty" for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution and the independence of the United States from Great Britain . In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, including interchangeable parts . In 1786, Shays' Rebellion , a populist revolt by Western Massachusetts farmers, led directly to the United States Constitutional Convention . Before the American Civil War , Massachusetts was a center for the temperance , transcendentalist , and abolitionist movements. In 1837, Mount Holyoke College , the United States' first college for women, was opened in the Connecticut River Valley town of South Hadley . In the late 19th century, the (now) Olympic sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the Western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke , respectively. In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision of the commonwealth's Supreme Judicial Court. The commonwealth has contributed many prominent politicians to national service, including members of the Adams family and of the Kennedy family . Originally dependent on fishing, agriculture, and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, the commonwealth's economy shifted from manufacturing to services. In the 21st century, Massachusetts is a leader in higher education, health care technology, high technology, and financial services . United_States_House_of_Representatives;New_Jersey;Puerto_Rico;Italy;Portugal;Federal_Aviation_Administration;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Barack_Obama;National_Hockey_League;Super_Bowl;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;The_Washington_Post;USA_Today;The_New_York_Times;Yahoo;The_New_York_Times;National_Football_League;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;United_States;California;Indiana;Kansas;Michigan;New_Jersey;Guam;Puerto_Rico;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;New_Jersey;Massachusetts;Massachusetts; Material_Exchange_Format Material eXchange Format ( MXF ) is a container format for professional digital video and audio media defined by a set of SMPTE standards. Filename_extension;Type_code;Codec;Sony;Sony;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Apple_Computer;Telestream;Edius;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Apple_Computer;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Sony_Vegas;Edius;Final_Cut_Pro;Apple_Computer;Final_Cut_Pro;PiTiVi;FFmpeg;Open_source;SDK;PiTiVi;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Final_Cut_Pro;Media_Composer;DirectShow;Transcoding;MPEG;DV;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;NTSC;Material_Exchange_Format;Material_Exchange_Format; MathML Mathematical Markup Language ( MathML ) is an application of XML for describing mathematical notations and capturing both its structure and content. It aims at integrating mathematical formulae into World Wide Web pages and other documents. It is a recommendation of the W3C math working group . XML;XML;Internet_Explorer;HTML;XML;Web_browser;WebKit;Google_Chrome;Wolfram_Research;Mathematica;PDF;Wolfram_Research;XHTML;PDF;Portable_Network_Graphics;GIF;JPEG;BMP_file_format;Microsoft_Word;Web_browser;Camino;WebKit;Google_Chrome;Internet_Explorer;JavaScript;Internet_Explorer;MediaWiki;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;CSS;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;XHTML;XML;XQuery;MathML;MathML; MathWorks The MathWorks, Inc., branded as simply MathWorks , is a privately held, multi-national corporation that specializes in mathematical computing software . Its major products include MATLAB and Simulink . In addition to their application in industry and government, the company's tools are used for teaching and research at universities worldwide. As of February 2012, it employed 2,400 people worldwide with 70% located at the company's headquarters in Natick , Massachusetts . United_States;John_N._Little;Cleve_Moler;MATLAB;Simulink;MATLAB;Simulink;Massachusetts;John_N._Little;Cleve_Moler;MATLAB;MEX_file;Simulink;SimEvents;Stateflow;XPC_Target;General_Motors;Digital_object_identifier;MathWorks;MathWorks; Mathcad Mathcad is computer software primarily intended for the verification, validation, documentation and re-use of engineering calculations. [ 2 ] First introduced in 1986 on DOS , it was the first to introduce live editing of typeset mathematical notation, combined with its automatic computations. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Proprietary_software;DOS;Computer_algebra_system;Mathematica;MathML;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Classic_Environment;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Mathcad;Mathcad; Mathematica Mathematica is a computational software program used in scientific, engineering, and mathematical fields and other areas of technical computing. It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign, Illinois . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The name of the program “Mathematica” was suggested to Stephen Wolfram by Apple co-founder Steve Jobs although Stephen Wolfram had thought about it earlier and rejected it. [ 4 ] Software_developer;Wolfram_Research;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Graphical_user_interface;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Wolfram_Research;Steve_Jobs;Procedural_programming;Functional_programming;User_interface;Image_processing;SQL;.NET_framework;FORTRAN;OpenCL;Natural_language_user_interface;XML;OpenCL;GPU;Graphical_user_interface;SQL;AppleScript;Microsoft_Excel;MATLAB;SINGULAR;MathML;LabView;USB;Proprietary_software;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;IRIX;Wolfram_Research;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;MATLAB;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;ADMB;Gretl;GNU_Octave;Freeware;Retail_software;MATLAB;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Excel;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;Mathematica;Mathematica; Mathomatic Mathomatic is a free , portable , general-purpose computer algebra system (CAS) that can symbolically solve , simplify, combine, and compare algebraic equations , and can perform complex number , modular , and polynomial arithmetic, along with standard arithmetic. It does some symbolic calculus ( derivative , extrema , Taylor series , and polynomial integration and Laplace transforms ), numerical integration , and handles all elementary algebra except logarithms . Trigonometric functions can be entered and manipulated using complex exponentials , with the GNU m4 preprocessor. Not currently implemented are general functions like f ( x ), arbitrary-precision and interval arithmetic, and matrices . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Free_software;Computer_algebra_system;IOS;MathML;API;Shareware;Linux;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;IOS;Megabyte;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Mathomatic;Mathomatic; Matlab MATLAB ( mat rix lab oratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language . Developed by MathWorks , MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms , creation of user interfaces , and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C , C++ , Java , and Fortran . Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine , allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities. An additional package, Simulink , adds graphical multi-domain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems . In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and academia. [ 2 ] MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering , science , and economics . MATLAB is widely used in academic and research institutions as well as industrial enterprises. Matlab_Upazila;Software_developer;MathWorks;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Procedural_programming;Array_programming;Type_system;Dynamic_typing;Weak_typing;Operating_system;Filename_extension;Numerical_analysis;MathWorks;Algorithm;User_interface;Fortran;MuPAD;Computer_algebra_system;Symbolic_computing;Simulink;Model_based_design;Dynamical_system;Embedded_systems;Engineering;Science;Economics;Cleve_Moler;Computer_science;University_of_New_Mexico;LINPACK;EISPACK;Fortran;Applied_mathematics;John_N._Little;Stanford_University;MathWorks;LAPACK;Control_engineering;Linear_algebra;Numerical_analysis;Image_processing;Functional_programming;Array_programming;Identity_matrix;Magic_square;Graphical_user_interface;Sine_wave;Wire_frame_model;Sinc_function;Sinc_function;Fortran;MEX_file;ActiveX;.NET_Framework;XML;SQL;MathWorks;Java_Metadata_Interface;MuPAD;Mathematica;MathML;Proprietary_software;.NET_Framework;European_Union;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Mathematica;Maple_software;NAG_Numerical_Libraries;ITT_Visual_Information_Solutions;GNU_Octave;Free_software;Open_source;GNU_Octave;FreeMat;Scilab;Fortran;Perl_Data_Language;Perl;SciPy;NumPy;Matplotlib;Hierarchical_Data_Format;PowerPC;SPARC;Macintosh;Linux;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wolfram_Research;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BSD_License;Open_Directory_Project;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;MATLAB;MATLAB; Matlab_Upazila Matlab ( Bengali : মতলব ) is an Upazila of Chandpur District in the Division of Chittagong , Bangladesh . MATLAB;Matlab_Upazila;Matlab_Upazila; Matplotlib matplotlib is a plotting library for the Python programming language and its NumPy numerical mathematics extension. It provides an object-oriented API which allows plots to be embedded into applications using generic GUI toolkits , like wxPython , Qt , or GTK . There is also a procedural "pylab" interface based on a state machine (like OpenGL ), designed to closely resemble that of MATLAB . matplotlib is written and maintained primarily by John Hunter, and is distributed under a BSD-style license. Currently [update] , matplotlib has support for Python versions 2.4 through 2.7. [ 1 ] It does not yet support Python 3.x, but there is an official py3k port under continuous development, [ 2 ] with the next major release of the library slated to support Python 3. [ 3 ] The package pylab combines pyplot with NumPy into a single namespace. [ 4 ] Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;NumPy;API;MATLAB;SVG;Microsoft_Excel;GNU_Octave;SciPy;Free_software;Matplotlib;Matplotlib; Matroska The Matroska Multimedia Container is an open standard free container format , a file format that can hold an unlimited number of video, audio, picture, or subtitle tracks in one file. [ 1 ] It is intended to serve as a universal format for storing common multimedia content, like movies or TV shows. Matroska is similar in concept to other containers like AVI , MP4 , or Advanced Systems Format (ASF), but is entirely open in specification, with implementations consisting mostly of open source software. Matroska file types are .MKV for video (with subtitles and audio), .MK3D for stereoscopic video, .MKA for audio-only files, and .MKS for subtitles only. [ 2 ] The name "Matroska" is derived from the Russian word Matryoshka ( Russian : матрёшка [mɐˈtrʲoʂkə] ), which means nesting doll (the common Russian cylindrical-shaped doll within a doll, also known as a babushka doll). This is a play on the container (media within a form of media/doll within a doll) aspect of the matryoshka as it is a container for visual and audio data. The loose transliteration may be confusing to Russian speakers, as the Russian word matroska ( Russian : матроска ) actually refers to a sailor suit . Filename_extension;Multimedia;File_format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Advanced_Systems_Format;Open_source;WebM;Vorbis;Streaming_media;MPlayer;VLC_media_player;GOM_Player;PowerDVD;Boxee;XBMC;Google_Chrome;Pinnacle_Studio;LG;Samsung;Sony;SubStation_Alpha;WebM;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Matroska;Matroska; Mauritania Mauritania i / m ɔr ɪ ˈ t eɪ n i ə / ( Arabic : موريتانيا ‎ Mōrītānyā ; Berber : Muritanya / Agawej ; Wolof : Gànnaar ; Soninke : Murutaane ; Pulaar : Moritani ; French : Mauritanie ), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is an Arab Maghreb country in West Africa . It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara (controlled by Morocco ) in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is named after the ancient Berber Kingdom of Mauretania , which later became a province of the Roman Empire , even though the modern Mauritania covers a territory far to the south of the old Berber kingdom that had no relation with it. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott , located on the Atlantic coast. The government of Mauritania was overthrown on 6 August 2008, in a military coup d'état led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz . On 16 April 2009, General Aziz resigned from the military to run for president in the 19 July elections, which he won. In Mauritania about 20% of the population live on less than US$1.25 per day. [ 6 ] Slavery in Mauritania has been called a major human rights issue [ 7 ] as well as female genital mutilation /cutting, child labour , and human trafficking . French_language;French_language;French_language;Bolivia;French_language;Mauritania;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Mauritania;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;European_Union;European_Union;Brazil;Venezuela;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Albania;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Brunei;Chad;The_Gambia;Kyrgyzstan;Malaysia;Mozambique;Sierra_Leone;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Thailand;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Chad;Malta;The_Gambia;Sierra_Leone;Liberia;Burkina_Faso;Benin;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;The_Gambia;Liberia;Sierra_Leone;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Liberia;Benin;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Mauritania;Mauritania; Maximum_PC Maximum PC , formerly known as boot , is an American magazine and web site published by Future US . It focuses on cutting-edge PC hardware, with an emphasis on product reviews, step-by-step tutorials, and in-depth technical briefs. Component coverage areas include CPUs, motherboards, core-logic chipsets, memory, videocards, mechanical hard drives, solid-state drives , optical drives, cases, component cooling, and other hardware intrinsic to PC building projects. Additional hardware coverage is directed at smartphones, tablet computers , cameras and other consumer electronic devices that interface with consumer PCs. Software coverage focuses on games, anti-virus suites, content-editing programs, and other consumer-level applications. Maximum PC's tone is oftentimes brash and irreverent, giving the editorial content a distinctly populist feel. In September 1999, Editorial Director Jon Phillips authored a product parody of an imaginary videocard called the Bitchin' fast 3D 2000 , an absurdly long graphics card running five competing 3D chipsets. In February 2002, the magazine's cover image of a nurse administering aid to an ailing PC generated controversy among readers. [ 2 ] Prior to September 1998, the magazine was called boot . boot and sister magazine MacAddict (now Mac|Life ) launched in September 1996 when Future US shut down CD-ROM Today . Future_US;United_States;English_language;United_States;Future_US;Tablet_computer;MacLife;Liquid_crystal_display;Microsoft;DirectX;Google_Book_Search;Italy;Future_US;MacLife;Maximum_PC;Maximum_PC; Maxthon Maxthon , originally known as MyIE2 , is a freeware web browser for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X that is developed and operated from China. it is also available on iOS (iPad only) and Android as Maxthon Mobile. The latest release, Maxthon 3, supports both the Trident and the WebKit rendering engines. [ 2 ] [ dead link ] Maxthon won CNET WebWare 100 Awards in 2008 [ 3 ] and 2009, [ 4 ] and was #97 in PCWorld’s list of the 100 Best Products of 2011. [ 5 ] Maxthon is the second top scorer on HTML5Test.com, a website which ranks browsers on the basis of support for HTML5 standard and related specifications. [ 6 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;IOS;File_size;Megabyte;List_of_software_categories;Web_browser;Software_license;Freeware;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;IOS;WebKit;Internet_Explorer;Skype;TechCrunch;Google;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Flash;ActiveX;Mouse_gesture;Spell_checker;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Maxthon;Maxthon; Mayonnaise Mayonnaise ( / ˌ m eɪ ə ˈ n eɪ z / , French: [majɔnɛz] ( listen ) ), often abbreviated as mayo , [ 1 ] is a thick creamy sauce often used as a condiment . It probably originates from Mahon , Spain . It is a stable emulsion of oil , egg yolk and either vinegar or lemon juice , [ 2 ] with many options for embellishment with other herbs and spices. Lecithin in the egg yolk is the emulsifier . [ 3 ] Mayonnaise varies in color but is often white, cream, or pale yellow. It may range in texture from that of light cream to thick. In countries influenced by French culture , mustard is also a common ingredient. In Spain and Italy , olive oil is used as the oil and mustard is never included. Numerous other sauces can be created from it with addition of various herbs, spices, and finely chopped pickles. Where mustard is used, it is also an emulsifier. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Spain;Spain;Italy;Spain;Spanish_language;Europe;Germany;Denmark;Belgium;Netherlands;Germany;United_States;Ukraine;North_America;Denmark;International_Standard_Book_Number;Japanese_language;Mayonnaise;Mayonnaise; Mazindol InChI=1S/C16H13ClN2O/c17-12-7-5-11(6-8-12)16(20)14-4-2-1-3-13(14)15-18-9-10-19(15)16/h1-8,20H,9-10H2 Y Key:ZPXSCAKFGYXMGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Mazindol ( Mazanor , Sanorex ) is a stimulant drug of the tetracyclic chemical class which is used as an anorectic . [ 1 ] It was developed by Sandoz-Wander in the 1960s [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Chemical_class;Ciclazindol;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Pseudoephedrine;Diphenylpyraline;Amineptine;Ciclazindol;Oxaprotiline;Tandamine;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Ciclazindol;Pseudoephedrine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Mazindol;Mazindol; Mebhydrolin InChI=1S/C19H20N2/c1-20-12-11-19-17(14-20)16-9-5-6-10-18(16)21(19)13-15-7-3-2-4-8-15/h2-10H,11-14H2,1H3 Y Key:FQQIIPAOSKSOJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Mebhydrolin ( INN ) or mebhydroline is an antihistamine . It is not available in the United States, but it is in various other countries. It is also called Bexidal (BD) and Diazolin (RU). It is used for symptomatic relief of allergic symptoms caused by histamine release, including nasal allergies and allergic dermatosis. Mebhydrolin has been shown to enhance the performance-deficit effects of alcohol. [ 5 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Mebhydrolin;Mebhydrolin; Meciadanol International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;Chemical_formula;Histidine_decarboxylase;Digital_object_identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Meciadanol;Meciadanol; Meclozine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;Canada;Route_of_administration;Drug_metabolism;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Buclizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Pregnancy;Doxylamine;Hydrogen;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Clozapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Promethazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Meclozine;Meclozine; MediaMonkey MediaMonkey (sometimes noted as MM) is a proprietary digital media player and media library application developed by Ventis Media Inc., for organizing and playing audio on Microsoft Windows operating systems . By using plugins , it can be extended to handle video and other media formats as well. MediaMonkey is available in a freeware version as well as a paid version ("Gold" license). Both editions can be extensively enhanced with skins , third-party plugins, and user-generated extension scripts . It uses SQLite to manage its database. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Freeware;Ripping;Compact_Disc;DVD;Audio_normalization;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Ogg;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Musepack;WAV;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;Digital_audio_player;Apple_iPhone;Palm_Pre;Last.fm;Winamp;Digital_signal_processing;ITunes;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_iPod_managers;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;MediaMonkey;MediaMonkey; MediaPortal MediaPortal is an open-source media center software project, often considered an alternative to Windows Media Center [ 1 ] [ 2 ] . It provides a 10-foot user interface for performing typical PVR / TiVo functionality, including playing, pausing, and recording live TV; playing DVDs, videos, and music; viewing pictures; and other functions [ 3 ] . Plugins allow it to perform additional tasks, such as watching online video, listening to music from online services such as Last.fm , and launching other applications such as games. It interfaces with the hardware commonly found in HTPCs, such as TV tuners, infrared receivers, and LCD displays. The MediaPortal [ 4 ] source code was initially forked from XBMC , though it has been almost completely re-written since then [ 5 ] . MediaPortal runs only under Microsoft Windows , unlike most other open-source media center programs such as MythTV and XBMC, which are usually cross-platform . [ 6 ] Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Home_theater_PC;Software_license;Open_source;Home_theater_PC;Windows_Media_Center;Digital_video_recorder;TiVo;Last.fm;Source_code;XBMC;Microsoft_Windows;MythTV;DirectX;DirectShow;Windows_Vista;IPTV;DVD;Remote_control;IOS;Open_webOS;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;TechniSat;DirectShow;Codec;Media_Player_Classic;Codec;Ffdshow;PowerDVD;CoreAVC;Codec;DirectShow;DirectShow;Music_visualization;Winamp;Sonic_Solutions;Ken_Burns_effect;DirectX;Graphics_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit;DirectX;Graphics_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit;DirectX;Home_theater_PC;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;Windows_Media_Player;XBMC;CNET;Lifehacker;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;MediaPortal;MediaPortal; MediaWiki MediaWiki is a free web-based wiki software application. Developed by the Wikimedia Foundation and others, it is used to run all of the Foundation’s projects, including Wikipedia , Wiktionary and Wikinews . Numerous other wikis around the world also use it to power their websites . It is written in the PHP programming language and uses a backend database . The software's code is structured functionally . The first version of the software was deployed to serve the needs of the free content Wikipedia encyclopedia in 2002. [ 1 ] It has been deployed since then by many companies as a content management system for internal knowledge management . [ 2 ] Notably, Novell uses it to operate several of its high-traffic websites. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Thousands of websites use MediaWiki. [ 6 ] Some educators have also assigned students to use MediaWiki for collaborative group projects. [ 7 ] The software is optimized to correctly and efficiently handle projects of all sizes, including the largest wikis, which can have terabytes of content and hundreds of thousands of hits per second. [ 8 ] Because Wikipedia is one of the world's largest websites, achieving scalability through multiple layers of caching and database replication has also been a major concern for developers. Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects continue to define a large part of the requirement set for MediaWiki. The software is highly customizable, with more than 700 configuration settings [ 9 ] and more than 1,800 extensions available for enabling various features to be added or changed. [ 10 ] More than 600 automated and semi-automated bots and other tools have been developed to assist in editing MediaWiki sites. [ 11 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;File_size;Megabyte;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Website;Database;Perl;Intel;Internationalization_and_localization;Web_browser;JavaScript;HTML;Backend;XML;Exif;Metadata;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;JavaScript;Flash_Video;YouTube;Facebook;Metadata;Metadata;Software;Blog;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;.NET_Framework;Perl;JavaScript;MediaWiki;MediaWiki; Media_Composer Media Composer , frequently referred to as "The Avid" , is a type of computer software application known as a Non-linear editing system (NLE). It is the flagship product of Avid Technology . It was released in 1989 on the Macintosh II as an offline editing system. Since that time, the application features have increased to allow for film editing, uncompressed standard definition (SD) video and high definition (HD) editing and finishing. Since the early 1990s, Media Composer has been the dominant non-linear editing system in the film and television industry, first on Mac and then also on Windows. The Avid Newscutter , aimed at newsrooms, Avid Symphony , aimed at finishing, are all Avid products that were derived from Media Composer and share similar interfacing, as were Avid Xpress Pro (discontinued in 2008) and its predecessor Avid Xpress DV , which were aimed at the lower end of the market. Mac_OS_X;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Avid_DS;Macintosh;SCSI;Macintosh;Windows;SCSI;SATA;Ethernet;Pro_Tools;USB;REDCODE;TIFF;Avid_DS;Apple_Inc.;Final_Cut_Studio;Operating_system;QuickTime;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Media_Composer;Media_Composer; Media_Go Media Go is a free multimedia management application developed by Sony Network Entertainment, for Microsoft Windows . Media Go manages content on Sony family products including Sony Mobile phones, the PlayStation Portable , Walkman , and Sony Tablet . Similar to iTunes , Media Go can organize, play, and transfer a wide variety of content including videos, photos, music, and podcasts. Media Go also has a storefront that allows users to purchase movies and TV shows, PSP games, and PSP Comics. Media Go is a replacement for the Sony Creative Software " Media Manager " applications, used by the PlayStation Portable, Sony Ericsson and Walkman products in the past. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Podcast;PlayStation_Store;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Multimedia;Microsoft_Windows;Sony;ITunes;Metadata;PlayStation_Store;Sony_Ericsson;Telstra;Personal_computer;Metadata;Gracenote;Windows_Explorer;Personal_computer;Microsoft;Windows_Media_Player;Sony_Ericsson;Telstra;Metadata;Microsoft;Personal_computer;Personal_computer;Media_Go;Media_Go; Media_Player_Classic Media Player Classic ( MPC ) is a compact media player for 32-bit and 64-bit Microsoft Windows . The application mimics the look and feel of the old, lightweight Windows Media Player 6.4 but integrates most options and features found in modern media players. It and its forks are standard media players in the K-Lite Codec Pack and the Combined Community Codec Pack . Media Player Classic was originally created and maintained by a programmer named "Gabest". It was developed as a closed-source application, but later relicensed as free software under the terms of the GNU General Public License . MPC is hosted under the guliverkli project at SourceForge.net . The project itself is something of an umbrella organization for works by Gabest. This project is now principally maintained by the community at the Doom9 forum. The currently active fork is called "Media Player Classic Home Cinema". Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Media_Player;Free_software;SourceForge;DVD;MPEG;DirectShow;Ffdshow;Flash_Video;QuickTime;RealPlayer;Matroska;Digital_container_format;Television;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Computing_platform;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;Software_license;Comparison_of_video_player_software;SourceForge;SourceForge;Media_Player_Classic;Media_Player_Classic; Media_container A container or wrapper format is a metafile format whose specification describes how different data elements and metadata coexist in a computer file . Among the earliest cross-platform container formats were Distinguished Encoding Rules and the 1985 Interchange File Format . Containers are frequently used in multimedia applications. File_format;Metadata;Multimedia;Codec;Microsoft_Windows;Audio_file_format;TIFF;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Mac_OS;WAV;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Microsoft_Windows;Tagged_Image_File_Format;ISO_base_media_file_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Video;Audio_Video_Interleave;Microsoft_Windows;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Proprietary_software;Advanced_Systems_Format;Flash_Video;Adobe_Systems;Matroska;Open_source;QuickTime_File_Format;QuickTime;Apple_Inc.;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;Ogg;Vorbis;Theora;RealMedia;RealVideo;RealAudio;Material_Exchange_Format;RatDVD;VOB;DivX_Media_Format;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Variable_bitrate;Streaming_media;FFmpeg;Open_source;Codec;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Digital_container_format;Digital_container_format; Media_server A media server refers either to a dedicated computer appliance or to a specialized application software , ranging from an enterprise class machine providing video on demand , to, more commonly, a small personal computer or NAS (Network Attached Storage) for the home, dedicated for storing various digital media (meaning digital videos/movies, audio/music, and picture files). Application_software;Video_on_demand;Personal_computer;Home_theater_PC;MediaPortal;MythTV;Video;Sound_recording;Books;DVD;Compact_disc;Digital_camera;Hard_drive;CPU;Hard_drive;LinuxMCE;MediaPortal;MythTV;XBMC_Media_Center;Motion_graphics;MIDI;Transcode;VoIP;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Digital_media_receiver;Home_theater_PC;Streaming_media;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Media_server;Media_server; MedlinePlus MedlinePlus is a free website that provides consumer health information for patients , families, and health care providers . The site brings together information from the United States National Library of Medicine , the National Institutes of Health (NIH), other U.S. government agencies, and health-related organizations. The U.S. National Library of Medicine produces and maintains the site. MedlinePlus includes a companion site in Spanish, [ 1 ] which offers similar content for the Spanish-speaking community. It also offers a mobile site in both English and Spanish optimized for display on mobile devices. Over 150 million people from around the world use MedlinePlus each year. [ 2 ] MedlinePlus contains: Health topics and a medical encyclopedia from A.D.A.M., Inc. covering hundreds of diseases, conditions, and wellness issues. Drug information for both generic and brand-name prescription and over-the-counter medications. Herbal and dietary supplement information . A medical dictionary . Health news articles from Reuters Health Information and HealthDay , plus press releases from major medical organizations. Directories of physicians, dentists, hospitals, clinics, and other health care providers. Videos of surgical procedures and anatomy videos . Interactive health tutorials that use animations and sound to explain conditions and procedures. MedlinePlus Connect , a service linking patients or providers in electronic health record (EHR) systems to related MedlinePlus information on conditions or medications. A mobile site to provide authoritative health information for the growing audience of mobile internet users. Reuters;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;MedlinePlus;MedlinePlus; Meebo "Together is Better" (September 2007- November 2011) "More of What You Love" (November 2011-present) Available language (s) Elaine Wherry [ 1 ] September 2005 [ 2 ] Meebo was an advertising-supported embedded social media platform. [ 4 ] It began in 2005 as a browser based instant messaging program which supported multiple IM services, including Yahoo! Messenger , Windows Live Messenger , AIM , ICQ , MySpaceIM , Facebook Chat , Google Talk , CafeMom and others. Meebo is generally seen as a nuisance on third party websites. [ 5 ] Meebo was founded in September 2005 by Sandy Jen, Seth Sternberg and Elaine Wherry, and is based in Mountain View , California . [ 6 ] Meebo also developed a version of Meebo for use on the iPhone [ 7 ] and a native application that runs on Android mobile phones. [ 8 ] In June 2012, Google Inc. acquired Meebo as a companion to Google+ . [ 9 ] Slogan;Social_media;Google;Instant_messaging;Windows_Live_Messenger;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;Google_Talk;California;IPhone;Google;Amie_Street;Linux_distribution;Google;Facebook;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Meebo;Meebo; Meedio Meedio is a company (based in the United States ) that made a media center software (based on the freeware myHTPC) with the same name, and was acquired by Yahoo! in 2006. The new software is named Yahoo GoTV . Enthusiasts continue to release plugins for that, now obsolete , old Meedio media center software on MeediOS web site. United_States;United_States;United_States;Home_theater_PC;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Meedio;Meedio; Megabit Kibibyte;Ethernet;Megabyte;Megabyte;Megabit;Megabit; Megabyte Kibibyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Hard_drive;Flash_memory;DVD;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Floppy_disk;Floppy_disk;File_format;Megapixel;JPEG;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Megabit;Gigabyte;Terabyte;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Kibibyte;Megabyte;Megabyte; Megahertz The hertz (symbol Hz ) is the SI unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon. [ 1 ] One of its most common uses is the description of the sine wave , particularly those used in radio and audio applications, such as the frequency of musical tones. The word "hertz" is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , who was the first to conclusively prove the existence of electromagnetic waves. Sine_wave;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Sound;Infrared;Central_processing_unit;Watt;Hertz;Hertz; Megapixel In digital imaging , a pixel , or pel , [ 1 ] ( picture element [ 2 ] ) is a physical point in a raster image , or the smallest, addressable element in a display device ; so it is the smallest, controllable element of a picture represented on the screen. The address of a pixel corresponds to its physical coordinates. LCD pixels are manufactured in a two-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares, but CRT pixels correspond to their timing mechanisms and sweep rates. Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color image systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue , or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black . In some contexts (such as descriptions of camera sensors), the term pixel is used to refer to a single scalar element of a multi-component representation (more precisely called a photosite in the camera sensor context, although the neologism sensel is sometimes used to describe the elements of a digital camera's sensor), [ 3 ] while in others the term may refer to the entire set of such component intensities for a spatial position. In color systems that use chroma subsampling , the multi-component concept of a pixel can become difficult to apply, since the intensity measures for the different color components correspond to different spatial areas in such a representation. The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix ("pictures") and el (for "element"); similar formations with el for "element" include the words voxel [ 4 ] and texel . [ 4 ] Liquid_crystal_display;Raster_graphics;Display_device;LCD;Cathode_ray_tube;Digital_camera;Pixels_per_inch;Image_resolution;Video_Graphics_Array;JPEG;Raster_graphics;Liquid_crystal_display;Digital_video;LCD;Cathode_ray_tube;LCD;Digital_camera;Digital_camera;Display_resolution;Display_resolution;Display_device;Cathode_ray_tube;Image_resolution;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Aperture;Chromatic_aberration;Photograph;Digital_photography;Digital_camera;Pixel;Pixel; Megapixels In digital imaging , a pixel , or pel , [ 1 ] ( picture element [ 2 ] ) is a physical point in a raster image , or the smallest, addressable element in a display device ; so it is the smallest, controllable element of a picture represented on the screen. The address of a pixel corresponds to its physical coordinates. LCD pixels are manufactured in a two-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares, but CRT pixels correspond to their timing mechanisms and sweep rates. Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color image systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue , or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black . In some contexts (such as descriptions of camera sensors), the term pixel is used to refer to a single scalar element of a multi-component representation (more precisely called a photosite in the camera sensor context, although the neologism sensel is sometimes used to describe the elements of a digital camera's sensor), [ 3 ] while in others the term may refer to the entire set of such component intensities for a spatial position. In color systems that use chroma subsampling , the multi-component concept of a pixel can become difficult to apply, since the intensity measures for the different color components correspond to different spatial areas in such a representation. The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix ("pictures") and el (for "element"); similar formations with el for "element" include the words voxel [ 4 ] and texel . [ 4 ] Liquid_crystal_display;Raster_graphics;Display_device;LCD;Cathode_ray_tube;Digital_camera;Pixels_per_inch;Image_resolution;Video_Graphics_Array;JPEG;Raster_graphics;Liquid_crystal_display;Digital_video;LCD;Cathode_ray_tube;LCD;Digital_camera;Digital_camera;Display_resolution;Display_resolution;Display_device;Cathode_ray_tube;Image_resolution;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Aperture;Chromatic_aberration;Photograph;Digital_photography;Digital_camera;Pixel;Pixel; Megaupload Megaupload Limited , [ 1 ] best known for its closed websites including the top-15 file hosting service megaupload.com , [ 1 ] is an online Hong Kong–based company established in 2005 that ran a number of online services related to file storage and viewing. The domain names were seized and the sites associated with Megaupload were shut down by the United States Department of Justice on 19 January 2012, following the indictment and arrests of the owners for allegedly operating as an organisation dedicated to copyright infringement . [ 5 ] HK$ 330 million worth of assets were frozen by the Customs and Excise Department of Hong Kong. [ 6 ] The company's founder, Kim Dotcom , has denied any wrongdoing, and the case against Dotcom, who is a resident of New Zealand , has been the subject of controversy over its legality. [ 7 ] The US judge handling the case has expressed doubts about whether the case will come to court. [ 8 ] The shutdown of Megaupload led to denial-of-service attacks on a range of websites belonging to the U.S. government and copyright organisations. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Internationalization_and_localization;Website;Copyright_infringement;New_Zealand;Terabyte;Adobe_Flash;IP_address;Copyright_infringement;Copyright_infringement;Forrester_Research;Universal_Music_Group;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Gizmodo;File_sharing;Streaming_media;CNET;The_Guardian;CNET;Associated_Press;Reuters;Ars_Technica;Gizmodo;The_Huffington_Post;New_York_Times;CNET;Gizmodo;The_New_York_Times;Reuters;Megaupload;Megaupload; Melitracen InChI=1S/C21H25N/c1-21(2)19-13-7-5-10-17(19)16(12-9-15-22(3)4)18-11-6-8-14-20(18)21/h5-8,10-14H,9,15H2,1-4H3 Y Key:GWWLWDURRGNSRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Melitracen ( Adaptol , Adepril , Dixeran , Melixeran , Thymeol , Trausabun ) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) marketed in Europe and Japan by Lundbeck and Takeda , respectively, for the treatment of depression and anxiety . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In addition to single drug preparations, it is also available as Deanxit , a combination product containing both melitracen and flupentixol . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The pharmacology of melitracen has not been properly investigated and is largely unknown, but it is likely to act in a similar manner to other TCAs. Indeed, melitracen is reported to have imipramine and amitriptyline -like effects and efficacy against depression and anxiety, though with improved tolerability and a somewhat faster onset of action . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Europe;Japan;Anxiety;Flupentixol;Imipramine;Amitriptyline;Fluotracen;Litracen;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Melitracen;Melitracen; Melvil_Dewey United_States;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Wikisource;Project_Gutenberg;Melvil_Dewey;Melvil_Dewey; Menlo_Ventures Menlo Ventures is a venture capital firm located at 3000 Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, California . The firm was founded as one of the earliest venture capital firms in Silicon Valley in 1976 and provides technology venture capital funding for seed, early stage and growth companies. Menlo Ventures invests in consumer Internet, mobile, communications infrastructure, enterprise, security and storage. Since its founding in 1976, the firm has invested successfully in more than 360 companies, including Uber , Fab.com , 3PAR , Ironport Systems , Siri [ disambiguation needed ] , Playspan , Coraid , and Vidyo . Its past and current portfolio includes more than 70 public companies and more than 100 mergers or acquisitions. It has $4 billion under management and is currently investing Menlo Ventures XI, a $400M fund. Current Menlo investments have a total of over $3 billion in aggregate revenue. Among its four original founders was H. DuBose Montgomery, who is still a managing director at the firm. Prior to that, Montgomery was a management consultant and communications researcher at Bell Laboratories . Other Managing Directors at the firm include Doug Carlisle, Shawn Carolan, John Jarve, Sonja Hoel Perkins, Shervin Pishevar, Mark Siegel and Pravin Vazirani. Some of the firm's other successful investments include Ascend Communications , Gilead Sciences , Bay Networks , Hotmail (sold to Microsoft), UUNET (sold to MCI Communications ), LSI Logic , Efficient Networks , Infoseek Corporation (sold to Disney), Endovascular Technologies (sold to Guidant), Frame Technology (sold to Adobe), Octel Communications , Network Equipment Technologies , Open Solutions , Pyxis Corporation , Valid Logic Systems and Xros (sold to Nortel). [ 1 ] Other notable investments include Acme Packet , Carbonite , DriveCam , F5 Networks , IMVU , IronPort , MobiTV , NComputing , nLIGHT , TeleNav , Vidyo , SpeedDate.com , and Siri (sold to Apple). United_States;IMVU;Menlo_Ventures;Menlo_Ventures; Menu_extra Mac_OS_X;IChat;Microsoft_Windows;Control_Strip;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Menu_extra;Menu_extra; Mepyramine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Thenalidine;Tripelennamine;Chloropyramine;Promethazine;Tolpropamine;Dimetindene;Clemastine;Bamipine;Isothipendyl;Diphenhydramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Mepyramine;Mepyramine; Mequitazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Phenothiazine;Chemical_class;Allergies;Phenothiazine;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Liver;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Mequitazine;Mequitazine; Mesoridazine InChI=1S/C21H26N2OS2/c1-22-13-6-5-7-16(22)12-14-23-18-8-3-4-9-20(18)25-21-11-10-17(26(2)24)15-19(21)23/h3-4,8-11,15-16H,5-7,12-14H2,1-2H3 Y Key:SLVMESMUVMCQIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Solubility in water insoluble mg/mL (20 °C) Y (what is this?) (verify) Mesoridazine ( Serentil ) is a piperidine neuroleptic drug belonging to the class of drugs called phenothiazines , used in the treatment of schizophrenia . It is a metabolite of thioridazine . The drug's name is derived from the me thyl s ulf o xy and pipe rid ine functional groups in its chemical structure. It has central antiadrenergic, antidopaminergic, antiserotonergic and weak muscarinic anticholinergic effects. Serious side effects include akathisia , tardive dyskinesia and the potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome . Mesoridazine was withdrawn from the United States market in 2004 due to dangerous side effects, namely irregular heart beat and QT-prolongation of the electrocardiogram. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Phenothiazine;Thioridazine;Thioridazine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Mesoridazine;Mesoridazine; MessagePad Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Newton_OS;Central_processing_unit;Personal_digital_assistant;Apple_Inc.;Japan;ARM_architecture;Newton_OS;Newton_OS;Newton_OS;Newton_OS;Newton_OS;Pen_computing;QWERTY;Virtual_keyboard;Steve_Jobs;Infrared;PC_Card;Ethernet;Flash_memory;Bluetooth;AA_battery;PC_Card;Flash_memory;CNET;CNET;IPhone;Timeline_of_Apple_products;Newton_OS;ARM_architecture;ARM_architecture;ARM_architecture;ARM_architecture;ARM_architecture;ARM_architecture;ARM_architecture;Flash_memory;ARM_architecture;Flash_memory;ARM_architecture;Flash_memory;ARM_architecture;Flash_memory;ARM_architecture;ARM_architecture;Flash_Memory;Flash_Memory;Flash_memory;Flash_memory;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Malaysia;Newton_OS;Pen_computing;Open_Directory_Project;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;MessagePad;MessagePad; Metaboli Metaboli is a French online video game service . Users may buy unitary games to own through GamesPlanet , or pay a monthly fee so that they can access the company's library of games on Metaboli's site. Depending on their subscription, subscribers can access from over 150 to over 600 games. [ 1 ] . It is present in numerous countries including France , Germany , the United Kingdom , Italy , Spain , and the United States and Canada (through Gametap ). Metaboli has since been the leading platform for digital game sales and rental in Europe. Some major publishers have large catalogs available on Metaboli's database such as Activision , Electronic Arts , Ubisoft , Rockstar Games , Square Enix , THQ , Sega , and Bethesda Softworks . France;France;Germany;United_Kingdom;Italy;Spain;United_States;Canada;Electronic_Arts;Square_Enix;Sega;AOL;Fnac;GameTap;Digital_distribution;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Metaboli;Metaboli; Metacafe Metacafe (stylized as metacafe ) is a video-sharing website that specializes in short-form video entertainment in the categories of movies, video games, sports, music and TV. The company is headquartered in San Francisco , California , with offices in New York, Los Angeles, London and Tel Aviv. Metacafe is privately held and its investors include Accel Partners , Benchmark Capital , DAG Ventures and Highland Capital Partners . In its early years, Metacafe was similar to other video viewing websites such as YouTube or Dailymotion , but has since transformed itself into a short-form video entertainment site with several differences. The site now showcases curated, exclusive and original premium entertainment-related video content. The company's partners include marquee content providers such as major movie studios, video game publishers, broadcast and cable TV networks, music labels and sports leagues. The site is advertising supported, working closely with brands in the entertainment, consumer electronics, telecommunications, consumer packaged goods, food beverage, and automotive sectors. San_Francisco;California;San_Francisco;Slogan;Internationalization_and_localization;San_Francisco;California;YouTube;Dailymotion;California;ComScore;Electronic_Arts;Fox_News;CNN;YouTube;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Metacafe;Metacafe; Metadata The term metadata is ambiguous, as it is used for two fundamentally different concepts ( types ). Although the expression "data about data" is often used, it does not apply to both in the same way. Structural metadata, the design and specification of data structures, cannot be about data, because at design time the application contains no data. In this case the correct description would be "data about the containers of data". Descriptive metadata, on the other hand, is about individual instances of application data, the data content. In this case, a useful description (resulting in a disambiguating neologism ) would be "data about data content" or "content about content" thus metacontent . Descriptive, Guide and the National Information Standards Organization concept of administrative metadata are all subtypes of metacontent. [ citation needed ] Metadata (metacontent) is traditionally found in the card catalogs of libraries . As information has become increasingly digital, metadata is also used to describe digital data using metadata standards specific to a particular discipline. By describing the contents and context of data files , the quality of the original data/files is greatly increased. For example, a webpage may include metadata specifying what language it is written in, what tools were used to create it, and where to go for more on the subject, allowing browsers to automatically improve the experience of users. Technical_standard;Database;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;Exif;HTML;XML;ANSI;ISO;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;ISO;United_States;Business_intelligence;HTML;Geotagging;Playlist;Software;Cloud_computing;Streaming_media;XML;SQL;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Internet;Software_design;Formal_methods;Programming_paradigm;Software;Computer_science;Database;Business_intelligence;Metadata;Metadata; Metapramine Metapramine (trade names Prodastene , Timaxel ) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was introduced for the treatment of depression in France in 1984. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In addition to its efficacy against affective disorders , it also has analgesic properties, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and may be useful in the treatment of pain . Metapramine has desipramine -like effects, acting as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor without affecting the reuptake of serotonin or dopamine . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] It has also been shown to act as a low- affinity NMDA receptor antagonist . [ 8 ] Metapramine's direct effects on serotonin , histamine , and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have not been assayed, but uniquely among most TCAs, it has anecdotally been reported to lack anticholinergic effects. [ 7 ] [ 9 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Tricyclic_antidepressant;France;Desipramine;Histamine_receptor;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Cimetidine;Cyclobenzaprine;Hydroxyzine;Orphenadrine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Ibogaine;Orphenadrine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Metapramine;Metapramine; Meteor_Music_Awards Republic_of_Ireland;Music_industry;Juno_Award;United_States;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Coldplay;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Hot_Press;Hot_Press;Hot_Press;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Meteor_Music_Awards;Meteor_Music_Awards; Methafurylene Methafurylene is an antihistamine and anticholinergic . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Methafurylene;Methafurylene; Methapyrilene International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Chemical_class;Sedative;Insomnia;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Sedative;Methapyrilene;Methapyrilene; Methdilazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Phenothiazine;Phenothiazine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Methdilazine;Methdilazine; Methimepip International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Immepip;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Methimepip;Methimepip; Methylene_blue International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Chlorine;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Oxygen;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Chlorpromazine;Gastrointestinal_tract;Chlorpromazine;Phenothiazine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;BBC_News;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Methylene_blue;Methylene_blue; Metiamide N -methyl- N' -(2-{[(4-methyl-1 H -imidazol-5-yl)methyl]thio}ethyl)thiourea S=C(NC)NCCSCc1ncnc1C InChI=1S/C9H16N4S2/c1-7-8(13-6-12-7)5-15-4-3-11-9(14)10-2/h6H,3-5H2,1-2H3,(H,12,13)(H2,10,11,14) Y Key: FPBPLBWLMYGIQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Metiamide is a histamine H 2 -receptor antagonist developed from another H 2 antagonist, burimamide . [ 1 ] It was an intermediate compound in the development of the successful anti-ulcer drug cimetidine (Tagamet). [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;PubChem;ChemSpider;DrugBank;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Burimamide;Bioavailability;Burimamide;Nitrogen;International_Standard_Book_Number;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Metiamide;Metiamide; Metitepine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Antipsychotic;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Metitepine;Metitepine; Mexican_Spanish Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Mexico;Mexico;Spain;Spanish_language;Guatemala;United_States;United_States;Puerto_Rico;Italian_language;Guatemala;English_language;Spain;Spain;Mexico;Spanish_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Spanish_language;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;English_language;Mexican_Spanish;Mexican_Spanish; Mexico Mexico ( i / ˈ m ɛ k s ɨ k oʊ / ; Spanish : México , IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen ) ), [ 10 ] officially the United Mexican States [ 11 ] ( Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos ( help · info ) ), is a federal constitutional republic in North America . It is bordered on the north by the United States of America ; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico . [ 12 ] Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), [ 2 ] Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world . With an estimated population of over 113 million, [ 13 ] it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District , the capital city. In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec , the Toltec , the Teotihuacan , the Zapotec , the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan , which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain . This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability , the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war , two empires and a domestic dictatorship . The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system . Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party . Since 2006 the country has been in the midst of a drug war which has claimed 60,000 lives. [ 14 ] Mexico has one of the world's largest economies, and is considered both a regional power and middle power . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] In addition, Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD (since 1994), and considered an upper-middle income country by the World Bank. [ 19 ] Mexico is considered a newly industrialized country [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] and an emerging power . [ 24 ] It has the thirteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity . The economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners, especially the United States. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Mexico ranks sixth in the world and first in the Americas by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites with 31 , [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and in 2007 was the tenth most visited country in the world with 21.4 million international arrivals per year. [ 30 ] Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;North_America;United_States;Guatemala;United_States;Chile;El_Salvador;Jaguar;General_Motors;Chrysler;Volkswagen;Nissan;MXN;Argentina;Ecuador;Mexican_Spanish;Brazil;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;USA_Today;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;North_America;Canada;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;Netherlands;Panama;United_States;Puerto_Rico;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;United_States;Venezuela;Canada;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;United_Kingdom;United_States;Brazil;Argentina;Argentina;Australia;Australia;Brazil;Brazil;Canada;Canada;European_Union;European_Union;France;France;Germany;Germany;Italy;Italy;Japan;Japan;Mexico;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Malaysia;Peru;Sri_Lanka;Venezuela;Zimbabwe;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chile;Costa_Rica;Czech_Republic;El_Salvador;Finland;Hungary;Italy;Japan;Lithuania;Mongolia;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Sweden;United_States;Argentina;Brazil;Paraguay;Venezuela;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;New_Zealand;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;European_Union;France;United_Kingdom;United_States;Colombia;Germany;Portugal;Guatemala;Mexico;Mexico; Mezepine Mezepine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that was never marketed. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Mezepine;Mezepine; Mianserin International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Chemical_class;Antidepressant;Mirtazapine;Inverse_agonist;Sedative;Antidepressant;Sedation;Anxiety;Insomnia;Allergies;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Clozapine;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Promethazine;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Mianserin;Mianserin; Michael_Arrington J. Michael Arrington (born March 13, 1970, Orange, California , United States) is the American founder and former co-editor of TechCrunch , a blog covering the Silicon Valley technology start-up communities and the wider technology field in USA and elsewhere. Magazines such as Wired and Forbes have named Arrington one of the most powerful people on the Internet. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In 2008, he was selected by TIME Magazine as one of the most influential people in the world. [ 4 ] Wired also included him in a flowchart of "internet blowhards" citing his obsession with Web 2.0 . [ 5 ] TechCrunch;TechCrunch;Forbes;California;Economics;United_States_dollar;TechCrunch;IPad;Leo_Laporte;Palm_Pre;Forbes;TechCrunch;TechCrunch;Michael_Arrington;Michael_Arrington; Michael_Dhuey Michael Joseph Dhuey (born July 20, 1958 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin , United States ) is an electrical and computer engineer . He is chiefly known as the co-inventor (with Ron Hochsprung) of the Macintosh II computer in 1987, the first Macintosh computer with expansion slots. [ 1 ] He was also one of the two hardware engineers (with Tony Fadell ) who developed the hardware for the original iPod in 2001, particularly the battery. [ 2 ] He began programming at age 14 at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and by age 15 was working professionally as a programmer at Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance . [ 3 ] He received his computer engineering degree in 1980 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison . He worked at Apple Computer from 1980 to 2005. He is currently employed at Cisco Systems , where he has worked on the Cisco TelePresence remote conferencing system. Design News nominated him for "Engineer of the Year" in 2006 and 2007. United_States;Macintosh_II;Tony_Fadell;IPod;Apple_Computer;Cisco_Systems;Michael_Dhuey;Michael_Dhuey; Michigan English_language;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Apple;United_States;Barack_Obama;Indiana;Indiana;Germany;Republic_of_Ireland;Poland;France;Netherlands;Italy;United_States;Sweden;General_Motors;United_States;Engineering;Delta_Air_Lines;Canada;Canada;Indiana;Apple;Japan;Japan;Open_Directory_Project;United_States;California;Indiana;Kansas;Massachusetts;New_Jersey;Guam;Puerto_Rico;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Michigan;Michigan; MicroSD Secure Digital or ( SD ) is a non-volatile memory card format for use in portable devices. The Secure Digital standard is maintained by the SD Card Association (SDA). SD technologies have been implemented in more than 400 brands across dozens of product categories and more than 8,000 models. [ 1 ] The Secure Digital format includes four card families available in three different form factors. The four families are the original, Standard-Capacity (SDSC), the High-Capacity ( SDHC ), the eXtended-Capacity ( SDXC ), and the SDIO , which combines input/output functions with data storage. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The three form factors are the original size, the "mini" size, and the "micro" size (see illustration). There are many combinations of form factors and device families. Electrically passive adapters allow the use of a smaller card in a host device built to hold a larger card. Host devices that comply with newer versions of the specification provide backward compatibility and accept older SD cards, but older host devices do not recognize newer cards. The SDA uses several trademarked logos to enforce compliance with its specifications and assure users of compatibility. [ 5 ] This article explains several factors that can prevent the use of a newer SD card: A newer card may offer greater capacity than the host device can handle. A newer card may use a file system the host device cannot navigate. Use of an SDIO card requires the host device be designed for the input/output functions the card provides. The organization of the card was changed starting with the SDHC family. Some vendors produced SDSC cards above 1 GB before the SDA had standardized a method of doing so. Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Backward_compatibility;Trademark;Terabyte;Sony;Sony;Camcorder;Toshiba;Palm_Treo;GPS;FM_radio;Digital_camera;Bluetooth;Ethernet;Digital_rights_management;Symbian_OS;USB;USB;Camcorder;Digital_camera;Digital_camera;Camcorder;Video_game_console;Mobile_phones;Personal_digital_assistant;USB;FireWire;Floppy_disk;Toshiba;Nikon;Samsung;Sony;Sony;Camcorder;Personal_computer;Hard_disk;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Toshiba;Digital_rights_management;Sony;Trademark;DVD;Megabyte;Motorola;Mobile_phones;Trademark;Open_source;Bluetooth;Linux;Embedded_system;USB;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;NAND_flash;NAND_flash;Flash_memory;Hard_disk;Personal_computer;Disk_Utility;Microsoft;Linux;HFS_Plus;Mac_OS_X;HFS_Plus;Microsoft_Windows;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;NAND_flash;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Megabit;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Digital_rights_management;USD;USD;USD;USD;USD;Gigabyte;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;File_Allocation_Table;Flash_memory;ExpressCard;Microdrive;PC_Card;Secure_Digital;Secure_Digital; MicroSIM A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module ( SIM ) is an integrated circuit that securely stores the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and the related key used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers ). A SIM is embedded into a removable SIM card, which can be transferred between different mobile devices. SIM cards were first made the same size as a credit card (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm × 0.76 mm). The development of physically-smaller mobile devices prompted the development of a smaller SIM card, the mini-SIM card. Mini-SIM cards have the same thickness as full-size cards, but their length and width are reduced to 25 mm × 15 mm. A SIM card contains its unique serial number (ICCID), international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network, a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords: a personal identification number (PIN) for ordinary use and a personal unblocking code (PUK) for PIN unlocking. Integrated_circuit;Mobile_phone;Computer;Operating_system;Credit_card;IPad;GPRS;CDMA;GSM;GSM;CDMA;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;SIM_lock;Tethering;PC_Magazine;YouTube;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol; Micro_Channel_architecture Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) was a proprietary 16- or 32-bit parallel computer bus introduced by IBM in 1987 which was used on PS/2 and other computers until the mid 1990s. It superseded the ISA bus and was itself subsequently superseded by the PCI bus architecture. Industry_Standard_Architecture;Conventional_PCI;IBM;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Conventional_PCI;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Address_bus;Dell;VESA_Local_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;SCSI;Ethernet;IBM;Roland_Corporation;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;NuBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Micro_Channel_architecture;Micro_Channel_architecture; Microdrive Microdrive (MD) is a brand name for a miniature, 1-inch hard disk designed to fit in a CompactFlash (CF) Type II slot. The release of similar drives by other makers has led to them often being referred to as 'microdrives'. However, 'microdrive' is not a genericized trademark [ 1 ] and manufacturers other than IBM up to 2003 and Hitachi after do not officially refer to these drives as Microdrives. Some other companies such as Sony have licensed the name and sell re-branded versions, others such as Seagate have their own designs which fit in the same form factor. Front view of a Seagate brand Microdrive. This particular device was removed from an Apple iPod mini, and is intended only for embedded use. Same Seagate device, however, rear view. Note the Apple Inc. logo on the lower left side of the label. See this image of a iPod mini with Microdrive intact. These drives fit into any CompactFlash II slot; however, they may consume more power than flash memory (currents on the order of 190 mA, peak 310 mA, at 3.3 V) and therefore may not work in some low-power devices (e.g., handheld computers). Nevertheless, they have some benefits over flash memory in terms of the way data is stored and manipulated. Microdrives can store 8 GB or more, but must be formatted for a file system which supports this capacity, such as ext3 or NTFS or FAT32 which might not be supported by older CompactFlash hosts. To avoid this problem, the operating system may partition a drive so that each filesystem is smaller than 4GB. As of 2011, Microdrives are viewed as obsolete, having been eclipsed by solid-state flash media in read/write performance, storage capacity, durability, physical size, and price. Hard_disk;IBM;Sony;Seagate_Technology;Flash_memory;Gigabyte;IBM;Gigabytes;IBM;Seagate_Technology;Megabyte;Gigabyte;United_States;Asia;Hong_Kong;JVC;IPod_mini;Laptop;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Sony_PSP;IPod_mini;Seagate_Technology;Iriver;Sony;Flash_memory;USB;Megabyte;Digital_cameras;SuperH;ExpressCard;PC_Card;Secure_Digital;Microdrive;Microdrive; Microfiber Microfiber or microfibre refers to synthetic fibers that measure less than one denier . The most common types of microfibers are made from polyesters , polyamides (e.g., nylon , kevlar , nomex , trogamide), and or a conjugation of polyester and polyamide and of polypropylene prolen . Microfiber is used to make non-woven, woven and knitted textiles. The shape, size and combinations of synthetic fibers are selected for specific characteristics, including: softness, durability, absorption, wicking abilities, water repellency, electrodynamics, and filtering capabilities. Microfiber is commonly used for apparel, upholstery, industrial filters and cleaning products. Sweden;Europe;Nikon;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;Microfiber;Microfiber; Microphone A microphone (colloquially called a mic or mike ; both pronounced / ˈ m aɪ k / ) [ 1 ] is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal . Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones , tape recorders , karaoke systems, hearing aids , motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering , FRS radios , megaphones , in radio and television broadcasting and in computers for recording voice, speech recognition , VoIP , and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic checking or knock sensors . Most microphones today use electromagnetic induction (dynamic microphone), capacitance change (condenser microphone), piezoelectric generation, or light modulation to produce an electrical voltage signal from mechanical vibration. Sensor;Sound;Audio_engineering;Television;Speech_recognition;Voice_over_IP;Capacitor;Sound_recording;Personal_computer;Loudspeaker;Acoustic_guitar;Electric_guitar;Sound;Loudspeaker;Garth_Brooks;TRS_connector;TRS_connector;USB;Electrical_impedance;Frequency_response;Speech_recognition;Surround_sound;Computer;The_New_York_Times;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Music_sequencer;Compact_Disc;Loudspeaker;Digital_signal_processing;Electronic_music;MIDI;Synthesizer;Software;Digital_audio_editor;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_synthesizer;Home_cinema;Computer;Image_scanner;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Microphone;Microphone; Microsoft Coordinates : 47°38′22.55″N 122°7′42.42″W  /  47.6395972°N 122.12845°W  / 47.6395972; -122.12845 Microsoft Corporation Dow Jones Industrial Average component NASDAQ-100 component Albuquerque , New Mexico , United States (April 4, 1975 ( 1975-04-04 ) ) Bill Gates , Paul Allen Microsoft Redmond Campus , Redmond , Washington , U.S. Steve Ballmer (CEO) Bill Gates (Chairman) 94,000 (2012) [ 1 ] List of Microsoft subsidiaries References: [ 2 ] Microsoft Corporation ( NASDAQ : MSFT ) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond , Washington , United States that develops, manufactures, licenses and supports a wide range of products and services related to computing . The company was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975. Microsoft is the world's largest software maker measured by revenues. [ 3 ] It is also one of the world's most valuable companies . [ 4 ] Microsoft was established to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. The company's 1986 initial public offering , and subsequent rise in its share price, created an estimated three billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions . In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion in its largest acquisition to date. [ 5 ] As of 2012, Microsoft is market dominant in both the PC operating system and office suite markets (the latter with Microsoft Office ). The company also produces a wide range of other software for desktops and servers, and is active in areas including internet search (with Bing ), the video game industry (with the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles), the digital services market (through MSN ), and mobile phones (via the Windows Phone OS). In June 2012, Microsoft announced that it would be entering the PC vendor market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface tablet computer . In the 1990s, critics began to contend that Microsoft used monopolistic business practices and anti-competitive strategies including refusal to deal and tying , put unreasonable restrictions in the use of its software, and used misrepresentative marketing tactics; both the U.S. Department of Justice and European Commission found the company in violation of antitrust laws. NASDAQ;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Personal_computer;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Bing;Xbox;Windows_Phone;Tablet_computer;Monopoly;European_Commission;Programming_language;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Unix;Reverse_engineering;Microsoft_Windows;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Application_programming_interface;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Excel;User_interface;Time_Warner;Internet_Explorer;Web_browser;NBC_Universal;Personal_digital_assistant;Intellectual_property;Digital_rights_management;Windows_XP;Xbox;Sony;European_Union;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Vista;Cloud_computing;Microsoft_Store;Apple_Inc.;Google;Windows_Phone;Nokia;Google;Yahoo;Deutsche_Telekom;Cloud_computing;Fiscal_year;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Bing;NBC_Universal;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Customer_relationship_management;Embedded_system;Windows_Phone;Smartphone;Mac_OS;Zune;MSN_TV;Internet_forum;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;European_Union;EULA;Open_source;Yahoo;Star_Trek;Apple_Inc.;Linux;.NET_framework;International_Standard_Book_Number;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;IDG;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Google_News;Google;PC_Magazine;Ziff_Davis;Reuters;Thomson_Reuters;NBCNews.com;NBCUniversal;IDG;USA_Today;Gannett_Company;The_Daily_Telegraph;Slashdot;Reuters;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Cisco_Systems;Intel;IBM;Walmart;The_Walt_Disney_Company;General_Motors;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Amazon.com;Starbucks;Alaska_Airlines;Costco;Big_Fish_Games;Microsoft;Microsoft; Microsoft_Entourage Microsoft Entourage was an e-mail client and personal information manager developed by Microsoft for Mac OS 8.5 and higher. Microsoft first released Entourage in October 2000 as part of the Microsoft Office 2001 office suite ; Office 98, the previous version of Microsoft Office for Mac OS included Outlook Express 5 . The last version was Entourage: Mac 2008, part of Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac , released on January 15, 2008. Entourage was replaced by Outlook for Macintosh in Microsoft Office for Mac 2011 , released on October 26, 2010. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Email_client;Software_license;Microsoft;Mac_OS;Mac_OS;Email;Post_Office_Protocol;IMAP;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;ISync;Microsoft_Windows;Classic_Environment;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Microsoft_Outlook;ICal;Macworld;Macworld;Macworld;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Lync;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Entourage;Microsoft_Entourage; Microsoft_Excel Microsoft Excel is a non- free commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X . It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables , and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications . It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has almost completely replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office . The current versions are 2010 for Microsoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X . [ citation needed ] Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Free_software;Commercial_software;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Word;Bloomberg_L.P.;Reuters;Backward_compatibility;Graphical_user_interface;User_interface;Microsoft;Microsoft;Windows_NT;PowerPC;Filename_extension;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Microsoft;XML;XML;Fortran;XML;Application_programming_interface;ActiveX;Adobe_Flash;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Data_acquisition;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Freeware;Retail_software;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Lync;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Entourage;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Excel; Microsoft_Exchange_Server Microsoft Exchange Server is the server side of a client–server , collaborative application product developed by Microsoft . It is part of the Microsoft Servers line of server products and is used by enterprises using Microsoft infrastructure products. Exchange's major features consist of electronic mail , calendaring , contacts and tasks; that work with Microsoft Outlook on PC and Mac, wireless synchronization of email, calendar, contacts with major mobile devices and browser-based access to information; and support for data storage . Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Microsoft;EULA;Microsoft;Microsoft_Outlook;Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Windows_Vista;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Outlook;Lotus_Notes;Novell_GroupWise;Instant_messaging;Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Microsoft;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Entourage;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Windows;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_license;EULA;Nokia;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Microsoft_Exchange_Server; Microsoft_Expression_Encoder Proprietary software Encoder Pro: Shareware www.microsoft.com/expression/products/EncoderPro Overview.aspx Microsoft Expression Encoder [ 5 ] (formerly Expression Media Encoder) is a transcoding and non-linear video editing software application for Microsoft Windows. It can create video streams for distribution via Microsoft Silverlight . Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Computing_platform;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Silverlight;QuickTime;List_of_software_categories;Transcoding;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Shareware;Transcoding;Graphical_user_interface;Advanced_Audio_Coding;AVCHD;Dolby_Digital;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Encoder;IPod_Touch;Facebook;Webcam;DirectShow;Silverlight;YouTube;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk;Silverlight;QuickTime;Application_programming_interface;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Microsoft_Expression_Encoder;Microsoft_Expression_Encoder; Microsoft_Gadgets Microsoft Gadgets are lightweight single-purpose applications, or software widgets , that can sit on a Microsoft Windows user's computer desktop, or are hosted on a web page. According to Microsoft, it will be possible for the different types of gadgets to run on different environments without modification, but this is currently not the case. Windows_Vista;Software_widget;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;GUI_widget;Graphical_user_interface;Mobile_phone;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Vista;Widget_engine;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Microsoft_Gadgets;Microsoft_Gadgets; Microsoft_Lync Microsoft Lync (formerly Microsoft Office Communicator ) and Microsoft Lync for Mac are instant messaging clients used with Microsoft Lync Server or Lync Online available with Microsoft Office 365 and Live@Edu. [ 8 ] They are replacements for Windows Messenger which was used with Microsoft Exchange Server . Both Microsoft Lync and Microsoft Lync for Mac are enterprise software ; unlike Windows Live Messenger , they have a different feature set that is targeted toward corporate environments. Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;File_size;Megabyte;Megabyte;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Instant_messaging;Windows_Messenger;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;IOS;Instant_messaging;Video_conferencing;Microsoft;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Windows_Live_Messenger;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Skype;VoIP;SIMPLE;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Application_programming_interface;Windows_Phone;IPhone;IPad;Macworld;Mac_Publishing;Microsoft;Microsoft;ZDNet;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Entourage;Microsoft_Lync;Microsoft_Lync; Microsoft_Notification_Protocol Microsoft Notification Protocol ( MSNP , also known as the Mobile Status Notification Protocol ) is an instant messaging protocol developed by Microsoft for use by the .NET Messenger Service and the instant messaging clients that connect to it, such as Windows Live Messenger , its earlier incarnations MSN Messenger and Windows Messenger , and Microsoft Messenger for Mac . Third-party clients such as Pidgin and Trillian can also communicate using the protocol. MSNP was first used in a publicly available product with the first release of MSN Messenger in 1999. Instant_messaging;Microsoft;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Live_Messenger;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol; Microsoft_Outlook Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft , available as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. The current version is Microsoft Office Outlook 2010 for Windows and Microsoft Office Outlook 2011 for Mac. Although often used mainly as an email application, it also includes a calendar , task manager , contact manager , note taking , a journal , and web browsing. It can be used as a stand-alone application , or can work with Microsoft Exchange Server and Microsoft SharePoint Server for multiple users in an organization, such as shared mailboxes and calendars, Exchange public folders, SharePoint lists and meeting schedules. There are third-party add-on applications that integrate Outlook with devices such as BlackBerry mobile phones and with other software like Office Skype internet communication. Developers can also create their own custom software that works with Outlook and Office components using Microsoft Visual Studio . [ 2 ] In addition, Windows Mobile devices can synchronize almost all Outlook data to Outlook Mobile . Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Microsoft;Email;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;BlackBerry;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;IMAP;PDF;HTML;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Entourage;Mac_OS_X;ISync;Microsoft_Word;HTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Microsoft_Entourage;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Microsoft_Word;Component_Object_Model;.NET_Framework;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;ICal;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Lync;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Entourage;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Outlook; Microsoft_Powerpoint Microsoft PowerPoint is the name of a proprietary commercial software presentation program developed by Microsoft . It was developed by Microsoft and officially launched on May 22, 1990. It is part of the Microsoft Office suite, and runs on Microsoft Windows and Apple 's Mac OS X operating system. The current versions are Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2010 for Windows and Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2011 for Mac. Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Macintosh;Multimedia;Dilbert;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Word;Filename_extension;Microsoft;XML;The_New_York_Times;Open_Directory_Project;Free_software;Freeware;Retail_software;Adobe_Acrobat;Web_application;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Lync;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Entourage; Microsoft_Reader Microsoft Reader is a Microsoft program for the reading of e-books , originally released in August 2000. Microsoft Reader is available for download from Microsoft as a free program for computers running Windows . It can also be used on a Pocket PC , where it has been built into the ROM since Windows CE 3.0. Microsoft Reader is not supported on newer Windows Phone 7 devices, but it is compatible with Windows Mobile . Microsoft Reader displays books in the .LIT (shortened from "literature") format, an extension of the Microsoft Compressed HTML Help format to include DRM. [ 1 ] These books can be purchased and downloaded from many smaller online stores. The notable features of Microsoft Reader are ClearType for increased readability on small screens, highlighting and doodling designed for quick note-taking, text notes, and searching. The PC version also has an optional plugin for text-to-speech , enabling books to be read out loud. In August 2011, Microsoft announced they were discontinuing both Microsoft Reader and the use of the .lit format for ebooks at the end of August 2012, and ending sales of the format on November 8, 2011. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Filename_extension;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Tablet_computer;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Open_source;Lexcycle_Stanza;Open_source;Windows;Mac_OS;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Microsoft_Reader;Microsoft_Reader; Microsoft_Store The Microsoft Store is a chain of retail stores and an online shopping site, owned and operated by Microsoft and dealing in computers, computer software and consumer electronics. The stores aim to "improve the PC and Microsoft retail purchase experience for consumers worldwide and help consumers make more informed decisions about their PC and software purchases." [ 2 ] The Microsoft Store offers Signature PCs from third parties such as HP , Acer , Dell , Lenovo , and Sony without demos or trialware (pre-installed free trials of certain third-party software that expire after a limited time). It also offers Windows (most retail versions), Microsoft Office , mobile devices running the Windows Phone 7 OS , Zune devices and services, Xbox 360 consoles, games and services including on-site Xbox diagnostics. The Answers Desk helps to answer questions related to Windows, Office, and other Microsoft products. The stores also offer class sessions as well as individual appointments. The first two Microsoft Stores opened within a week of the Windows 7 launch, in Scottsdale, Arizona and Mission Viejo, California . [ 3 ] Additional stores have since opened in California, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Minnesota, Texas and Washington. At the 2011 Professional Developers Conference , Microsoft announced that they intend to open 75 new stores in the next three years. [ 4 ] United_States;Smartphones;Zune;Software;Software;Microsoft;Dell;VAIO;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Zune;San_Francisco;Apple_Store;California;California;California;California;California;California;New_Jersey;New_Jersey;Kansas;Massachusetts;California;Canada;Puerto_Rico;Windows_Marketplace;Zune;Adobe_Reader;Adobe_Flash;Silverlight;Windows_Store;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Microsoft_Store;Microsoft_Store; Microsoft_Windows Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). [ 2 ] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7 ; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2 ; the most recent mobile version is Windows Phone 7.5 . Software_developer;Microsoft;C_Programming_Language;Assembly_language;Windows_NT;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;DOS;User_interface;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Graphical_user_interface;Operating_system;Microsoft;Graphical_user_interface;Personal_computer;Mac_OS;Mobile_operating_system;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh;Assembly_language;Plug_and_play;System_Restore;Windows_ME;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Home_theater_PC;Windows_Vista;Windows_NT;Personal_computer;PowerPC;Intel;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;Windows_Phone;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Internet_Explorer;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Linux;AOL;Mac_OS_X;PowerPC;Macintosh;Mac_OS_X;Wintel;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;Microsoft;EWeek;DOS;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;Operating_system;Microsoft;Windows_NT;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;Operating_system;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;Operating_system;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows; Microsoft_Word Microsoft Word is a proprietary word processor designed by Microsoft . It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), the AT T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1986), SCO UNIX , OS/2 , and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft Office software system; it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Works Suite . The current versions are Microsoft Office Word 2010 for Windows and Microsoft Office Word 2011 for Mac. Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Software_developer;Microsoft;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Proprietary_software;Microsoft;DOS;Apple_Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;MacWrite;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Classic_Environment;Open_source;XML;Portable_Document_Format;JPEG;GIF;SVG;Floppy_disk;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_NT;Macintosh;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Freeware;Retail_software;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Lync;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Entourage;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Word; Microsoft_corporation Coordinates : 47°38′22.55″N 122°7′42.42″W  /  47.6395972°N 122.12845°W  / 47.6395972; -122.12845 Microsoft Corporation Dow Jones Industrial Average component NASDAQ-100 component Albuquerque , New Mexico , United States (April 4, 1975 ( 1975-04-04 ) ) Bill Gates , Paul Allen Microsoft Redmond Campus , Redmond , Washington , U.S. Steve Ballmer (CEO) Bill Gates (Chairman) 94,000 (2012) [ 1 ] List of Microsoft subsidiaries References: [ 2 ] Microsoft Corporation ( NASDAQ : MSFT ) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond , Washington , United States that develops, manufactures, licenses and supports a wide range of products and services related to computing . The company was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975. Microsoft is the world's largest software maker measured by revenues. [ 3 ] It is also one of the world's most valuable companies . [ 4 ] Microsoft was established to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. The company's 1986 initial public offering , and subsequent rise in its share price, created an estimated three billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions . In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion in its largest acquisition to date. [ 5 ] As of 2012, Microsoft is market dominant in both the PC operating system and office suite markets (the latter with Microsoft Office ). The company also produces a wide range of other software for desktops and servers, and is active in areas including internet search (with Bing ), the video game industry (with the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles), the digital services market (through MSN ), and mobile phones (via the Windows Phone OS). In June 2012, Microsoft announced that it would be entering the PC vendor market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface tablet computer . In the 1990s, critics began to contend that Microsoft used monopolistic business practices and anti-competitive strategies including refusal to deal and tying , put unreasonable restrictions in the use of its software, and used misrepresentative marketing tactics; both the U.S. Department of Justice and European Commission found the company in violation of antitrust laws. NASDAQ;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Personal_computer;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Bing;Xbox;Windows_Phone;Tablet_computer;Monopoly;European_Commission;Programming_language;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Unix;Reverse_engineering;Microsoft_Windows;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Application_programming_interface;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Excel;User_interface;Time_Warner;Internet_Explorer;Web_browser;NBC_Universal;Personal_digital_assistant;Intellectual_property;Digital_rights_management;Windows_XP;Xbox;Sony;European_Union;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Vista;Cloud_computing;Microsoft_Store;Apple_Inc.;Google;Windows_Phone;Nokia;Google;Yahoo;Deutsche_Telekom;Cloud_computing;Fiscal_year;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Bing;NBC_Universal;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Customer_relationship_management;Embedded_system;Windows_Phone;Smartphone;Mac_OS;Zune;MSN_TV;Internet_forum;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;European_Union;EULA;Open_source;Yahoo;Star_Trek;Apple_Inc.;Linux;.NET_framework;International_Standard_Book_Number;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;IDG;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Google_News;Google;PC_Magazine;Ziff_Davis;Reuters;Thomson_Reuters;NBCNews.com;NBCUniversal;IDG;USA_Today;Gannett_Company;The_Daily_Telegraph;Slashdot;Reuters;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Cisco_Systems;Intel;IBM;Walmart;The_Walt_Disney_Company;General_Motors;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Amazon.com;Starbucks;Alaska_Airlines;Costco;Big_Fish_Games;Microsoft;Microsoft; Mike_Lang Mike Lang is the current Chief Executive Officer of Miramax Films . Lang was a former News Corp . executive. In that job he had a hand in acquiring MySpace and starting up Hulu . Lang was a consultant on the deal for Filmyard Holdings to purchase Miramax Films from Walt Disney Company . At closing he was named CEO of Miramax Films. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Hulu;Mike_Lang;Mike_Lang; Mikko_Hypponen Finland;CNN;YouTube;Blog; Millard_Drexler Millard "Mickey" S. Drexler (b. August 17, 1944) is the current chairman and CEO of J.Crew Group and formerly the CEO of Gap Inc . He has been a director at Apple Inc. since 1999. He studied at the Bronx High School of Science , City College of New York , and University at Buffalo . He later received a M.B.A. from Boston University Graduate School of Management . In the mid-1970s, Drexler was a merchandising vice-president at Abraham Straus in Brooklyn, New York . He has also worked at Ann Taylor , Bloomingdale's , and Macy's . Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Millard_Drexler;Millard_Drexler; Mindity Mindity was a RSS Feed reader for Windows based on Microsoft .NET with many social networking functions. It was a personalized newsfeed service that serves a community of web users by enabling them to explore the RSS space on a single platform across a variety of feed formats. Delivered through a desktop RSS reader client, Mindity was a network of people participating in the reading, sharing and rating of information gleaned from a host of published sources on the web. Mindity was shut down on 2008-11-28. [ 1 ] Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;.NET_Framework;Facebook;XML;IPhone;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Software;Mindity;Mindity; Mini_Golf Miniature golf , or minigolf , is a miniature version of the sport of golf . While the international sports organization World Minigolf Sport Federation (WMF) [ 1 ] prefers to use the name "minigolf", the general public in different countries has also many other names for the game: miniature golf, mini-golf, midget golf, goofy golf, shorties, extreme golf, crazy golf, adventure golf, mini-putt and so on. The name Putt-Putt is the trademark of an American company [ 2 ] that builds and franchises miniature golf courses and Family Entertainment Centers. The term "Minigolf" was formerly a registered trademark of a Swedish company that built its own patented type of minigolf courses. Resort towns such as Myrtle Beach, SC , Branson, MO , Pigeon Forge, TN and Wisconsin Dells, WI are known for their numerous minigolf courses. [ 3 ] Trademark;Canada;Denmark;Latvia;United_States;North_America;USD; Miniaturization Miniaturization ( Br.Eng. : Miniaturisation ) is the creation of ever-smaller scales for mechanical, optical, and electronic products and devices. Miniaturization is a continuing trend in the production of such devices. Items which take up less space are more desired than items which are bigger and bulkier because they are easier to carry, easier to store, and much more convenient to use. Apple_Inc.;IPod;British_English;Integrated_circuit;Miniaturization;Miniaturization; Miramax Miramax Films is an American entertainment company known for distributing independent and foreign films . For its first 14 years the company was privately owned by its founders, Bob and Harvey Weinstein. In 1993, the company was acquired by The Walt Disney Company . Founded in 1979 by Bob and Harvey Weinstein and headquartered in New York City and Cambridge , Massachusetts, Miramax was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 1993. The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney, until 2005 when they decided to leave the company and founded The Weinstein Company . Miramax was sold by Disney to Colony Capital in 2010, ending Disney's 17-year involvement with the studio. The_Walt_Disney_Company;The_Walt_Disney_Company;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Google;Hulu;Netflix;Mike_Lang;Netflix;Amazon.com;Google;Hulu;Facebook;Application_software;IPad;Google_TV;Warner_Bros.;Disney;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Associated_Press;Associated_Press;Bloomberg_Businessweek;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Guardian;Sony;Paramount_Pictures;Universal_Studios;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros.; Miranda_IM Miranda IM is an open source multiprotocol instant messaging application , designed for Microsoft Windows . Miranda is free software distributed under GNU General Public License . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Open_source;Microsoft_Windows;Free_software;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Talk;Fetion;Facebook;Tencent_QQ;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Skype;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;AOL_Instant_Messenger;OSCAR_protocol;CNET;Windows_Live_Messenger;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Instant_messaging;Centericq;Kopete;Qnext;Web_application;Web_browser;BitlBee;Miranda_IM;Miranda_IM; Mirtazapine InChI=1S/C17H19N3/c1-19-9-10-20-16(12-19)15-7-3-2-5-13(15)11-14-6-4-8-18-17(14)20/h2-8,16H,9-12H2,1H3 Y Key:RONZAEMNMFQXRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y 114–116 °C (237–241 °F) Solubility in water Soluble in methanol and chloroform mg/mL (20 °C) N (what is this?) (verify) Mirtazapine ( Remeron , Avanza , Zispin ) is a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) which was introduced by Organon International in the United States in 1990 and is used primarily in the treatment of depression . It is also commonly used as an anxiolytic , hypnotic , antiemetic , and appetite stimulant . Structurally, mirtazapine can also be classified as a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA). International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;United_States;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Insomnia;Mianserin;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Sedation;Insomnia;Urinary_retention;United_States;Antidepressant;Anxiety;Insomnia;Allergies;Inverse_agonist;Anxiety;Insomnia;Sedative;Insomnia;Liver;Isoenzyme;Enzyme;Carbamazepine;Esmirtazapine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Clozapine;Mianserin;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Promethazine;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Amitriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Olanzapine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Mirtazapine;Mirtazapine; Mississippi_Girl " Mississippi Girl " is a 2005 song recorded by country music singer Faith Hill and the lead single from her album Fireflies . A Number One single on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts in late 2005, it was her first Number One on the country music charts since 2000's " The Way You Love Me ". Faith_Hill;Country_music;Record_label;Songwriter;Record_producer;Faith_Hill;Country_music;Faith_Hill;Music_video;Country_Music_Television;USA_Today;Apple_Inc.;Mississippi_Girl;Mississippi_Girl; Mistika Mistika is a post-production software published by SGO . It has gained a lot of new users in the past couple of years, especially when compared to its main competitors Autodesk Lustre , Quantel Pablo, Filmlight Baselight, with users becoming very loyal as the system is unique in operation and design. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Visual_effects;Software_license;Proprietary_software;GPU;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Mistika;Mistika; Mixcraft Mixcraft is a multitrack recording application for Windows . The software functions as a Digital Audio Workstation ( DAW ), MIDI sequencer , virtual instrument host, non-linear video arranger , and as a music loop remix program. Digital audio workstation http://www.acoustica.com/mixcraft The current version of Mixcraft is version 6. Version 5 added many new features over the previous version 4.5, including video scoring and editing, effects automation, a mixer interface, a virtual typing keyboard, and several new instruments and effects. Mixcraft 5 also includes features found in previous version of Mixcraft, including MIDI sequencing and VSTi virtual instruments. Mixcraft 5 includes 8 virtual instruments: a large extended General MIDI sampled instrument library, an additional sample library featuring synthesizer pads, two polyphonic synthesizer vintage synthesizer modellers, one of which models the classic Prophet 5 synthesizer, a virtual instrument that models the famous Minimoog analog synthesizer, a modeled Hammond B3 emulator, Lounge Lizard electric piano emulator, and a TB303 synth bass emulator. Mixcraft 5 also includes 20 audio effects: two guitar amplifier simulators, a vintage tube EQ emulator, a spectrum analyzer, and over a dozen traditional studio effects. There are also over 3300 audio loops (many of which have been produced by Jason Donnelly aka DJ Puzzle ) and sound effects included with the package. A new version of Mixcraft 5 (Mixcraft Pro Studio 5) extends the functionality by adding 3 additional virtual instruments including Pianissimo, a realistic Grand Piano and 4 extra professional mixing and mastering effects. Microsoft_Windows;Software_synthesizer;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Proprietary_software;MIDI;Synthesizer;Electric_piano;MIDI;MIDI;Sony;ACID_Pro;Apple_Computer;GarageBand;Tempo;DirectX;WAV;Windows_Media_Audio;Ogg_Vorbis;AIFF;MIDI;ACID_Pro;GarageBand;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;Logic_Pro;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Steinberg_Cubase;Mixcraft;Mixcraft; Mizolastine Mizolastine ( Mizollen ) is a once daily, non-sedating antihistamine . It blocks H 1 receptors and is commonly fast-acting. It does not prevent the actual release of histamine from mast cells, just prevents it binding to receptors. Side effects can include dry mouth and throat. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Mizolastine;Mizolastine; MobileMe Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;ICloud;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Web_application;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Subscription_business_model;Subscription_business_model;Apple_Inc.;ICloud;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;ICloud;ICloud;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;ICal;Microsoft_Outlook;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPhone;ICal;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Windows;Web_browser;IPhoto;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPhoto;IMovie;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPhoto;IPhoto;IMovie;IDisk;ILife;ILife;IWeb;IWeb;IWeb;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Firefox;Linux;AOL_Instant_Messenger;IChat;IDevices;AOL_Instant_Messenger;AOL;ITunes;Microsoft_Outlook;Canada;Canadian_dollar;United_Kingdom;Eurozone;Europe;Switzerland;Singapore;Japan;Australia;ILife;IDisk;ICal;File_synchronization;IWeb;IPhoto;ICal;IDisk;IMovie;IPhoto;GarageBand;ITunes;IDevices;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;ICal;Contact_list;Macworld_Expo;San_Francisco;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;IMAP;Post_Office_Protocol;IDisk;Email;Steve_Jobs;Flickr;YouTube;License_agreement;WWDC;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Steve_Jobs;IPhone;IOS_version_history;ICloud;ICloud;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Cloud_computing;OS_X;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Appleinsider.com;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;Microsoft_Windows;AirPort_Utility;AppleWorks;ITunes;QuickTime;Apple_Software_Update;MobileMe;MobileMe; Mobile_Information_Device_Profile Mobile Information Device Profile ( MIDP ) is a specification published for the use of Java on embedded devices such as mobile phones and PDAs . MIDP is part of the Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) framework and sits on top of Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC), a set of lower level programming interfaces. MIDP was developed under the Java Community Process . The first MIDP devices were launched in April 2001. Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Liquid_crystal_display;International_Standard_Book_Number;Mobile_Information_Device_Profile;Mobile_Information_Device_Profile; Mobile_PCI_Express_Module A Mobile PCI Express Module (MXM) is an interconnect standard for GPUs ( MXM Graphics Modules ) in laptops using PCI Express created by MXM-SIG. The goal was to create a non-proprietary, industry standard socket, so one could easily upgrade the graphics processor in a laptop, without having to buy a whole new system or relying on proprietary vendor upgrades. Clevo/ Sager and Alienware (Dell) currently manufacture and implement the largest amount of MXM cards in their laptops and are the only known manufacturers of most standard high end MXM 3.0 models for gaming. They are also the only 2 brands which continue to produce laptops with dual MXM slots for SLI or crossfire setup. MSI currently manufactures the only notebooks with the Nvidia GTX 570m in standard MXM 3.0 type B. Arima, ODM in the past for Alienware and other 'boutique' sellers have used cards that are MXM-compliant but which possess slight mechanical differences, similar to Asus MXM cards. A common misconception about MXM is that a certain model graphics card (e.g. Nvidia 9800M GT) "is MXM 2.1", and therefore any notebook with a 9800M GT fully implements MXM 2.1. However, this is incorrect. While Nvidia defines a lot of MXM specifications, they do NOT manufacture or design MXM cards themselves, which mostly consist of a PCB with vRAM and an Nvidia or ATI GPU core. Therefore any model of GPU can be manufactured in MXM, but a laptop released with any particular graphics card model may or may not implement MXM regardless. This is because its the decision of the ODM whether or not to implement MXM, not Nvidia's or ATI's. MPEG;Graphics_processing_unit;Laptop;PCI_Express;GPU;Toshiba;Mobile_PCI_Express_Module;Mobile_PCI_Express_Module; Mobile_apps A mobile application (or mobile app ) is a software application designed to run on smartphones , tablet computers and other mobile devices. They are available through application distribution platforms, which are typically operated by the owner of the mobile operating system , such as the Apple App Store , Google Play , Windows Phone Marketplace and BlackBerry App World . Some apps are free, while others have a price. Usually, they are downloaded from the platform to a target device, such as an iPhone , BlackBerry , Android phone or Windows Phone 7 , but sometimes they can be downloaded to less mobile computers, such as laptops or desktops . For apps with a price, generally a percentage, 20-30%, goes to the distribution provider (such as iTunes ), and the rest goes to the producer of the app. [ 1 ] The term "app" has become popular, and in 2010 was listed as " Word of the Year " by the American Dialect Society . [ 2 ] Technologist Michael Saylor has referred to the newer mobile app enabled smartphones as "app-phones" for their distinction from the earlier smartphone models. He states that these app-phones can support many applications and programming languages and should be considered computers first and phones second. [ 3 ] Mobile apps were originally offered for general productivity and information retrieval, including email, calendar , contacts, and stock market and weather information. However, public demand and the availability of developer tools drove rapid expansion into other categories, such as mobile games , factory automation, GPS and location-based services , banking , order-tracking, and ticket purchases. The explosion in number and variety of apps made discovery a challenge, which in turn led to the creation of a wide range of review, recommendation, and curation sources, including blogs, magazines, and dedicated online app-discovery services. The popularity of mobile applications has continued to rise, as their usage has become increasingly prevalent across mobile phone users. A May 2012 comScore study reported that during the previous quarter, more mobile subscribers used apps than browsed the web on their devices: 51.1% vs. 49.8% respectively. [ 4 ] In just three years’ time there has been more than 15 billion iPhone apps downloaded, and more than 200 million iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch users worldwide. Application_software;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Mobile_operating_system;Google_Play;BlackBerry_App_World;IPhone;BlackBerry;Laptop;Desktop_computer;ITunes;Smartphone;GPS;Amazon_Appstore;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry;Google_Play;Nokia;Microsoft;Google_Apps;Mac_App_Store;International_Standard_Book_Number; Mobile_business_intelligence Mobile Business Intelligence (Mobile BI or Mobile Intelligence) refers to the distribution of business data to mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers . Business intelligence (BI) refers to computer-based techniques used in spotting, digging-out, and analyzing business data, such as sales revenue by products and/or departments or associated costs and incomes. [ 1 ] Although the concept of mobile computing has been prevalent for over a decade, Mobile BI has shown a momentum/growth only very recently. [ when? ] This change has been partly encouraged by a change from the ‘wired world’ to a wireless world with the advantage of smartphones which has led to a new era of mobile computing, especially in the field of BI. [ 2 ] According to the Aberdeen Group, a large number of companies are rapidly undertaking mobile BI owing to a large number of market pressures such as the need for higher efficiency in business processes, improvement in employee productivity (e.g., time spent looking for information), better and faster decision making, better customer service, and delivery of real-time bi-directional data access to make decisions anytime and anywhere. [ 3 ] Business_intelligence;Mobile_device;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Business_intelligence;Smartphones;Web_browser;Smartphone;BlackBerry;Windows;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Software_development_kit;IPhone;ITunes;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Gartner;Gartner;Gartner;IPhone;BlackBerry;Mobile_security;Smartphone;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Triple_DES;Mobile_business_intelligence;Mobile_business_intelligence; Mobile_device A mobile device (also known as a handheld device , handheld computer or simply handheld ) is a small, hand-held computing device , typically having a display screen with touch input and/or a miniature keyboard and weighing less than 2 pounds (0.91 kg). Apple, HTC, LG, Motorola, Research in Motion (RIM), and Samsung are just a few examples of the many manufacturers that produce these types of devices. A handheld computing device has an operating system (OS), and can run various types of application software , known as apps . Most hand held devices can also be equipped with WI-FI, Bluetooth and GPS capabilities that can allow connections to the Internet and other Bluetooth capable devices such as an automobile or a microphone headset. A camera or media player feature for video or music files can also be typically found on these devices along with a stable battery power source such as a lithium battery. Early pocket sized ones were joined in the late 2000s by larger but otherwise similar tablet computers . As in a personal digital assistant (PDA), the input and output are often combined into a touch-screen interface . Smartphones and PDAs are popular amongst those who wish to use some of the powers of a conventional computer in environments where carrying one would not be practical. Enterprise digital assistants can further extend the available functionality for the business user by offering integrated data capture devices like barcode , RFID and smart card readers. Touchscreen;Application_software;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Smartphone;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Handheld_game_console;Portable_media_player;Camcorder;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Laptop;Internet_television;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Mobile_device;Mobile_device; Mobile_instant_messaging Mobile Instant Messaging ( MIM ) is a presence enabled messaging service that aims to transpose the Internet desktop messaging such as ICQ or MSN experience to the usage scenario of being connected via a mobile/cellular device. While several of the core ideas of the desktop IM experience and functionality on one hand apply to a connected mobile device, others do not: Users usually only look at their phone's screen—presence status changes might occur under different circumstances as happens at the desktop, and several functional limits exist based on the fact that the vast majority of mobile communication devices are chosen by their users to fit into the palm of their hand. Some of the form factor and mobility related differences need to be taken into account in order to create a really adequate, powerful and yet convenient mobile experience: radio bandwidth, memory size, availability of media formats, keypad based input, screen output, CPU performance and battery power are core issues that desktop device users and even nomadic users with connected notebooks are usually not exposed to. There are two distinct methodologies to enable mobile instant messaging; Embedded Clients – tailored IM client for every specific device with a special backend server installed within the cellular operators service. Clientless Platform – a browser based application without downloading any software to the handset or need for any technical support by the cellular operator which enables all users, all devices and from any network to connect to their Internet IM service. By all communication market analysts the Clientless Platform is by far the more preferred methodology between the two. [ citation needed ] The Embedded Clients cost for installment, technical and consumer support. Embedded Clients are simply too expensive to develop and deploy for the cellular operator. [ citation needed ] On the other hand the Clientless Platform enables full interoperability between networks and communication platforms – at no technical and consumer support. In the past Microsoft AOL have tried to develop such a solution with minor success. But since the popularity of 2.5 generation cellular handsets and even more so since the appearance of the 3G technology – enabling fast data trafficking – will finally enable widespread MIM usage. [ citation needed ] Internet;ICQ;SHAPE_Services;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Mobile_instant_messaging;Mobile_instant_messaging; Mobile_operating_system Operating_system;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Mobile_device;Personal_computer;Touchscreen;Cellular_network;Bluetooth;GPS;Digital_camera;Video_camera;Speech_recognition;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Personal_digital_assistant;Smartphone;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Mobile_phone;Embedded_system;Smartphone;Touchscreen;Email;Personal_digital_assistant;Palm_OS;Palm_OS;Microsoft;BlackBerry_OS;Nokia;IPhone;IPod;Google;HTC_Corporation;Sony;Dell;Intel;Samsung_Electronics;WebOS;Palm_Pre;Samsung_Electronics;Windows_Phone;Linux;Nokia;Intel;BlackBerry_OS;Windows_Phone;BlackBerry_OS;Symbian_OS;Windows_Phone;Symbian_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_BlackBerry_products;List_of_iOS_devices;Google_Inc.;Google_Inc.;BlackBerry_OS;Research_In_Motion;QNX;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_TV;Mac_OS_X;IOS_jailbreaking;Foxconn;Nokia;Symbian_OS;Nokia;Nokia;Motorola;Nokia;Samsung;Sony_Ericsson;Nokia;Samsung;Sony_Ericsson;Symbian_OS;Open_source;Palm_Pre;WebOS;Samsung_Electronics;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;Windows_Phone;Zune;Facebook;WebOS;Palm_Pre;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;Research_In_Motion;Nokia;Intel;Linux;Vodafone;Nokia;Smartphone;Operating_system;Open_source;Microsoft;Palm_OS;WebOS;Ars_Technica;Research_In_Motion;GPS;Linux;Windows_NT;ARM_architecture;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework;EULA;ITunes;ActiveSync;Spell_checker;Accessibility;Proxy_server;Encryption;ICloud;ICloud;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;Visual_voicemail;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;Bing;Google_Play;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;Google_Talk;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Windows_Live_Messenger;BlackBerry_Messenger;Exif;High_dynamic_range_imaging;IOS_jailbreaking;Verizon_Wireless;AirPlay;Podcast;IOS_jailbreaking;Bluetooth;Voice_over_IP;FaceTime;Skype;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Skype;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Skype;Session_Initiation_Protocol;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;SDK;Graphics_processing_unit;Graphical_user_interface;SDK;IOS_SDK;Google_Play;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Smart_TV;Mobile_device;EWeek;CNET;Engadget;ILounge;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_operating_system; Mobile_phone A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone , cell phone and a hand phone ) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator , allowing access to the public telephone network . By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station. In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging , MMS , email , Internet access, short-range wireless communications ( infrared , Bluetooth ), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones . The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 2.2 pounds (1 kg). [ 1 ] In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 5.6 billion, penetrating about 70% of the global population [ 2 ] and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Cellular_network;Text_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Email;Bluetooth;Smartphone;Motorola;Motorola;GSM;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Smartphone;Touch_screen;GSM;Subscriber_Identity_Module;CDMA;Smartphone;BlackBerry;Nokia_Nseries;Palm_Pre;IPhone;Subscriber_Identity_Module;SIM_card;GSM;Integrated_circuit;Nokia;Nokia;Gartner;Samsung_Electronics;Nokia;IPhone;Research_In_Motion;HTC_Corporation;Motorola;Sony_Ericsson;Palm_Inc;Toshiba;Bangalore;Motorola;Text_messaging;Reuters;Ringtone;SIM_card;Motorola;Samsung;Europe;Australia;Tethering;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Voice_over_IP;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Mobile_phone;Mobile_phone; Mobile_phone_form_factors Mobile phones are designed with one of a variety of different form factors , depending on its functionality or aesthetic considerations. Mobile_phone;United_States;Nokia;Digital_audio_player;Touchscreen;QWERTY;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Sony;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Tablet_computer;Motorola;Handheld_game_console;GSM;Bluetooth;Associated_Press;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol; Mobile_phones A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone , cell phone and a hand phone ) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator , allowing access to the public telephone network . By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station. In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging , MMS , email , Internet access, short-range wireless communications ( infrared , Bluetooth ), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones . The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 2.2 pounds (1 kg). [ 1 ] In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 5.6 billion, penetrating about 70% of the global population [ 2 ] and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Cellular_network;Text_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Email;Bluetooth;Smartphone;Motorola;Motorola;GSM;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Smartphone;Touch_screen;GSM;Subscriber_Identity_Module;CDMA;Smartphone;BlackBerry;Nokia_Nseries;Palm_Pre;IPhone;Subscriber_Identity_Module;SIM_card;GSM;Integrated_circuit;Nokia;Nokia;Gartner;Samsung_Electronics;Nokia;IPhone;Research_In_Motion;HTC_Corporation;Motorola;Sony_Ericsson;Palm_Inc;Toshiba;Bangalore;Motorola;Text_messaging;Reuters;Ringtone;SIM_card;Motorola;Samsung;Europe;Australia;Tethering;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Voice_over_IP;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Mobile_phone;Mobile_phone; Mobile_security Mobile security or mobile phone security has become increasingly important in mobile computing . It is of particular concern as it relates to the security of personal information now stored on smartphones . More and more users and businesses use smartphones as communication tools but also as a means of planning and organizing their work and private life. Within companies, these technologies are causing profound changes in the organization of information systems and therefore they have become the source of new risks. Indeed, smartphones collect and compile an increasing amount of sensitive information to which access must be controlled to protect the privacy of the user and the intellectual property of the company. All smartphones, as computers, are preferred targets of attacks. These attacks exploit weaknesses related to smartphones that can come from means of communication like SMS , MMS , wifi networks , and GSM . There are also attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities from both the web browser and operating system. Finally, there are forms of malicious software that rely on the weak knowledge of average users. Different security counter-measures are being developed and applied to smartphones, from security in different layers of software to the dissemination of information to end users. There are good practices to be observed at all levels, from design to use, through the development of operating systems , software layers, and downloadable apps. Smartphones;Intellectual_property;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;GSM;Operating_system;Application_software;Global_Positioning_System;Email;API;Microsoft;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Mobile_operating_system;Internet;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;GSM;Smartphone;Bluetooth;IOS_jailbreaking;IPhone;Firmware;Code_signing;Digital_signature;Smartphones;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Bluetooth;Palm_OS;Facebook;Windows;.NET_Framework;IOS;Linux;Privilege_escalation;Encryption;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Mobile_security;Mobile_security; Mobile_virtual_network_operator A mobile virtual network operator ( MVNO ) or (in the United Kingdom ) mobile other licensed operator ( MOLO ) is a wireless communications services provider that does not own the radio spectrum or wireless network infrastructure over which the MVNO provides services to its customers. An MVNO enters into a business agreement with a mobile network operator to obtain bulk access to network services at wholesale rates, then sets retail prices independently. An MVNO may use its own customer service and billing support systems and its own customer service, marketing and sales personnel or it may employ the services of a Mobile Virtual Network Enabler (MVNE). [ 1 ] United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Sprint_Nextel;Amazon.com;European_Commission;France;Brazil;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;Mobile_virtual_network_operator; Mobile_widget A software widget is a generic type of software application comprising portable code intended for one or more different software platforms . The term often implies that either the application, user interface, or both, are light, meaning relatively simple and easy to use, as exemplified by a desk accessory or applet , as opposed to a more complete software package such as a spreadsheet or word processor. Software_application;GUI_widget;Graphical_user_interface;Web_widget;HTML;Facebook;Application_programming_interface;Software_developer;XML;JavaScript;Source_code;Web_widget;GUI_widget;Apple_Macintosh;Windows_Vista;Adesklets;Screenlets;Linux;Web_widget;The_Washington_Post;Desk_Accessory;GUI_widget;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Software_widget;Software_widget; Mobipocket Mobipocket SA is a French company incorporated in March 2000 which produces Mobipocket Reader software, an E-Book reader for some PDAs , phones and desktop operating systems. The Mobipocket software package is free and consists of various publishing and reading tools for PDA, Smartphones , cellular phones and e-book devices ( Symbian , Windows Mobile , Palm OS , webOS , Java ME , BlackBerry , Psion , Kindle and iLiad ). Software;France;Personal_digital_assistant;Smartphones;Palm_OS;WebOS;BlackBerry;Amazon_Kindle;Adobe_Systems;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Digital_Rights_Management;Metadata;Personal_computer;Amazon_Kindle;Mac_OS_X;IPhone;Windows;Windows_Phone;Lexcycle_Stanza;Mac_OS_X;IPhone;Linux;Amazon.com;Amazon.com;Microsoft_Reader;Amazon_Kindle;HTML;XHTML;XML;EPUB;Free_software;Perl;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Audible.com;Amazon_Instant_Video;Amazon_Kindle;LoveFilm;Amie_Street;Songza;Sellaband;NASDAQ;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Mobipocket;Mobipocket; Model_based_design Model-Based Design (MBD) is a mathematical and visual method of addressing problems associated with designing complex control, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] signal processing [ 3 ] and communication systems. It is used in many motion control, industrial equipment, aerospace, and automotive applications. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Model-based design is a methodology applied in designing embedded software. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] MBD provides an efficient approach for establishing a common framework for communication throughout the design process while supporting the development cycle ("V" diagram). In Model-based design of control systems, development is manifested in these four steps: 1) modeling a plant , 2) analyzing and synthesizing a controller for the plant, 3) simulating the plant and controller, and 4) integrating all these phases by deploying the controller. The model-based design paradigm is significantly different from traditional design methodology. Rather than using complex structures and extensive software code, designers can use MBD to define models with advanced functional characteristics using continuous-time and discrete-time building blocks. These built models used with simulation tools can lead to rapid prototyping, software testing, and verification. Not only is the testing and verification process enhanced, but also, in some cases, hardware-in-the-loop simulation can be used with the new design paradigm to perform testing of dynamic effects on the system more quickly and much more efficiently than with traditional design methodology. The main steps in MBD approach are: Plant modeling. Plant modeling can be data-driven or first principles based. Data-driven plant modeling uses techniques such as System identification . With system identification, the plant model is identified by acquiring and processing raw data from a real-world system and choosing a mathematical algorithm with which to identify a mathematical model. Various kinds of analysis and simulations can be performed using the identified model before it is used to design a model-based controller. First principles based modeling is based on creating a block diagram model that implements known differential-algebraic equations governing plant dynamics. A type of first principles based modeling is physical modeling, where a model is created by connectings blocks that represent physical elements that the actual plant consists of. Controller analysis and synthesis. The mathematical model conceived in step 1 is used to identify dynamic characteristics of the plant model. A controller can be then be synthesized based on these characteristics. Offline simulation and real-time simulation . The time response of the dynamic system to complex, time-varying inputs is investigated. This is done by simulating a simple LTI or a non-linear model of the plant with the controller. Simulation allows specification, requirements, and modeling errors to be found immediately, rather than later in the design effort. Real-time simulation can be done by automatically generating code for the controller developed in step 3. This code can be deployed to a special real-time protoyping computer that can run the code and control the operation of the plant. If plant prototype is not available, or testing on the prototype is dangerous or expensive, code can be automatically generated from the plant model. This code can be deployed to the special real-time computer that can be connected to the target processor with running controller code. This way, controller can be tested in real-time against a real-time plant model. Deployment. Ideally this is done via automatic code generation from the controller developed in step 3. It is unlikely that the controller will work on the actual system as well as it did in simulation, so an iterative debugging process is done by analyzing results on the actual target and updating the controller model. Model based design tools allow all these iterative steps to be performed in a unified visual environment. Some of the notable advantages MBD offers in comparison to the traditional approach are: [ 8 ] MBD provides a common design environment, which facilitates general communication, data analysis, and system verification between development groups. Engineers can locate and correct errors early in system design, when the time and financial impact of system modification are minimized. Design reuse, for upgrades and for derivative systems with expanded capabilities, is facilitated Control_theory; Model_checking In computer science , model checking refers to the following problem: Given a model of a system, test automatically whether this model meets a given specification. Typically, the systems one has in mind are hardware or software systems, and the specification contains safety requirements such as the absence of deadlocks and similar critical states that can cause the system to crash . Model checking is a technique for automatically verifying correctness properties of finite-state systems. In order to solve such a problem algorithmically , both the model of the system and the specification are formulated in some precise mathematical language: To this end, it is formulated as a task in logic , namely to check whether a given structure satisfies a given logical formula. The concept is general and applies to all kinds of logics and suitable structures. A simple model-checking problem is verifying whether a given formula in the propositional logic is satisfied by a given structure. Computer_science;Algorithm;Software;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Model_checking;Model_checking; Modelica Modelica is an object-oriented , declarative , multi-domain modeling language for component-oriented modeling of complex systems, e.g., systems containing mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic, thermal, control, electric power or process-oriented subcomponents. The free Modelica language [ 1 ] is developed by the non-profit Modelica Association. [ 2 ] The Modelica Association also develops the free Modelica Standard Library [ 3 ] that contains about 1280 generic model components and 910 functions in various domains, as of version 3.2. Programming_paradigm;Software_release_life_cycle;AMESim;Operating_system;Software_license;Algorithm;Embedded_systems;Intellectual_property;AMESim;Wolfram_Research;AMESim;MATLAB;International_Standard_Book_Number;Modelica;Modelica; Modified_Frequency_Modulation Modified Frequency Modulation , commonly MFM , is a run-length limited coding scheme used today to encode the actual data-bits on most floppy disks . It was first introduced in disk drives with the IBM 3330 hard disk drive in 1970. Floppy disk drive hardware examples include Amiga , most CP/M machines as well as IBM PC compatibles . MFM is a modification to the original FM ( frequency modulation ) scheme for encoding data on single-density floppy disks and some early hard disk drives. Due to the minimum spacing between flux transitions that is a property of the disk and head design, MFM, which guarantees at most one flux transition per data bit, can be written at higher density than FM, which can require two transitions per data bit. It is used with a data rate of 250 – 500 kbit/s ( 500 – 1000 kbit/s encoded) on industry standard 5¼" and 3½" ordinary and high density diskettes. MFM was also used in early hard disk designs, before the advent of more efficient types of Run Length Limited (RLL) coding. Except for the steadily disappearing 880 kiB and 1.4 MiB floppy disk formats, MFM encoding is obsolete. Floppy_disk;Hard_disk;Hexadecimal;Group_Code_Recording;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Modified_Frequency_Modulation; Molecular_mass The molecular mass ( m ) is the mass of a molecule . Hydrogen;Oxygen;International_Standard_Book_Number;Molecular_mass;Molecular_mass; Monatepil ( RS )- N -(6,11-dihydrobenzo[c][1]benzothiepin-11-yl)-4-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butanamide C1CN(CCN1CCCC(=O)NC2C3=CC=CC=C3CSC4=CC=CC=C24)C5=CC=C(C=C5)F Y (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Monatepil is a calcium channel blocker and α 1 -adrenergic receptor antagonist used as an antihypertensive . [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;Chemical_formula;PubMed_Identifier;Reserpine;Cinnarizine;Flunarizine;Carbamazepine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Licarbazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Monatepil;Monatepil; Mongolia Republic_of_China;Asia;Poland;Vietnam;Asia;Republic_of_China;Japan;Republic_of_China;Peru;English_language;Korean_language;Japanese_language;German_language;Germany;France;Italy;Japan;Germany;United_States;Japan;United_States;Singapore;Sierra_Leone;Chad;Germany;The_Beatles;International_Standard_Book_Number;MarketWatch;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Mongolia;Kyrgyzstan;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Japan;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Vietnam;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chile;Costa_Rica;Czech_Republic;El_Salvador;Finland;Hungary;Italy;Japan;Lithuania;Mexico;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Sweden;United_States;Mongolia;Mongolia; Monopoly A monopoly (from Greek monos μόνος (alone or single) + polein πωλεῖν (to sell)) exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity (this contrasts with a monopsony which relates to a single entity's control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly which consists of a few entities dominating an industry ). [ 1 ] Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service and a lack of viable substitute goods . [ 2 ] The verb "monopolize" refers to the process by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors. In economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is business entity that has significant market power, that is, the power, to charge high prices. [ 3 ] Although monopolies may be big businesses, size is not a characteristic of a monopoly. A small business may still have the power to raise prices in a small industry (or market). [ 4 ] A monopoly is distinguished from a monopsony, in which there is only one buyer of a product or service ; a monopoly may also have monopsony control of a sector of a market. Likewise, a monopoly should be distinguished from a cartel (a form of oligopoly), in which several providers act together to coordinate services, prices or sale of goods. Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations such that one or a few of the entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers (monopoly), suppliers (monopsony) and the other companies (oligopoly) in a game theoretic manner – meaning that expectations about their behavior affects other players' choice of strategy and vice versa. This is to be contrasted with the model of perfect competition in which companies are " price takers " and do not have market power. [ citation needed ] When not coerced legally to do otherwise, monopolies typically maximize their profit by producing fewer goods and selling them at higher prices than would be the case for perfect competition. Sometimes governments decide legally that a given company is a monopoly that doesn't serve the best interests of the market and/or consumers. Governments may force such companies to divide into smaller independent corporations as was the case of United States v. AT T , or alter its behavior as was the case of United States v. Microsoft , to protect consumers. [ citation needed ] Monopolies can be established by a government, form naturally , or form by mergers. A monopoly is said to be coercive when the monopoly actively prohibits competitors by using practices (such as underselling) that derive from its market or political influence. There is often debate of whether market restrictions are in the best long-term interest of present and future consumers. [ citation needed ] In many jurisdictions, competition laws restrict monopolies. Holding a dominant position or a monopoly of a market is not illegal in itself, however certain categories of behavior can, when a business is dominant, be considered abusive and therefore incur legal sanctions. A government-granted monopoly or legal monopoly , by contrast, is sanctioned by the state, often to provide an incentive to invest in a risky venture or enrich a domestic interest group . Patents , copyright , and trademarks are sometimes used as examples of government granted monopolies, but they rarely provide market power. The government may also reserve the venture for itself, thus forming a government monopoly . [ citation needed ] Trademark;United_Kingdom;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;Microsoft;European_Commission;Deutsche_Telekom;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Forbes;Time_Warner;International_Herald_Tribune;Monopoly;Monopoly; Monster_Cable Monster Inc. owns the Monster Cable brand of consumer audio and video cable , which is primarily used to connect audio and video components. The company produces consumer electronics accessories including audio and video cables, headphones, speakers, remotes and power conditioner equipment accessories under names including Monster Power, Monster Mobile, Monster Performance Car, Monster Game, Monster Photo, M•Design, and Beats Audio . Headphones;San_Francisco;Hong_Kong;HDMI;HDMI;Engadget;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal; Montage_Extreme Montage Extreme , sometimes abbreviated as ME , is a video editing software package originally developed by Dayang Corporation [2] ME is a non-linear editor which can handle nearly all HD and SD video formats on a mixed timeline and output to most modern delivery formats, including standard DVDs and Blu-ray discs (in version 1.2). ME is designed for any broadcast and post-production environment, especially those with newer, tapeless forms of video recording and storage. Montage Extreme offers real-time, multi-track, mixed-format editing, compositing, chroma keying, titling, and timeline output capabilities. Montage Extreme supports all DV and HDV cameras and decks plus Infinity JPEG 2000, DVCPro and DVCProHD, P2, VariCam, Ikegami GigaFlash, MXF, XDCAM, and XDCAM EX video. Montage Extreme key features, as stated on the developer's webpage are: Applies the PCI-E high-speed bus to provide large brand width for greater data processing capacity. High quality inputs and outputs for HD/SD component video, composite video and s-video. Provides HDMI multi-media digital interface Native support for DV, HDV, P2, P2 HD, XDCAM, XDCAM EX, XDCAM HD. Supports simultaneous mixed editing of SD and HD clips of all formats on the timeline, needless of transcode or changing file format Realtime 2D/3D effects, speed-adjust play，reverse play, color correction, chroma key, etc. Built-in title tools provide character shapes, effects and plenty of templates for title, subtitle, scroll and animation production Professional audio module offers plenty of effects such as 15/31 band EQ, reverberation, tone adjustment, speed adjustment, De-noise, De-click, etc. Version 1.2 was released in January, 2009. Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Video_editing_software;Multimedia;Software;Montage_Extreme;Montage_Extreme; Morgenthaler_Ventures United_States;Imeem; Mosapramine Mosapramine ( Cremin ) is an atypical antipsychotic used in Japan . [ 1 ] It is a potent dopamine antagonist with high affinity to the D 2 , D 3 , and D 4 receptors , [ 2 ] and with moderate affinity for the 5-HT 2 receptors . [ 3 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Atypical_antipsychotic;Japan;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Digital_object_identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Mosapramine;Mosapramine; Moscone_Center San_Francisco;California;San_Francisco;California;Macworld_Expo;San_Francisco;Yerba_Buena_Center_for_the_Arts;Moscone_Center;Moscone_Center; Motion_JPEG In multimedia , Motion JPEG ( M-JPEG ) is an informal name for a class of video formats where each video frame or interlaced field of a digital video sequence is separately compressed as a JPEG image . Originally developed for multimedia PC applications, where more advanced formats have displaced it, M-JPEG is now used by many portable devices with video-capture capability, such as digital cameras . Multimedia;Digital_video;Image_compression;JPEG;Digital_camera;QuickTime;JPEG;SD_card;Codec;AMV_video_format;QuickTime;VLC_media_player;Google_Chrome;Mozilla_Firefox;Internet_Explorer;DV;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Motion_JPEG;Motion_JPEG; Motion_graphics Motion graphics are graphics that use video footage and/or animation technology to create the illusion of motion or rotation, graphics are usually combined with audio for use in multimedia projects. Motion graphics are usually displayed via electronic media technology, but may be displayed via manual powered technology (e.g. thaumatrope , phenakistoscope , stroboscope , zoetrope , praxinoscope , flip book ) as well. The term is useful for distinguishing still graphics from graphics with a transforming appearance over time without over-specifying the form. Visual description of Motion Graphics Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Multimedia;Adobe_Flash;Video_editing;Apple_Motion;Compositing;Apple_Motion;Adobe_After_Effects;Adobe_Flash;Film;Music_visualization;Adobe_After_Effects;Eyeon_Fusion;Apple_Motion;Quartz_Composer;Adobe_Flash;Motion_graphics;Motion_graphics; Motorola Motorola, Inc. ( / m oʊ t ɵ ˈ r oʊ l ə / ) was an American multinational [ 5 ] telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois . After having lost $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009, the company was divided into two independent public companies, Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions on January 4, 2011. [ 6 ] Motorola Solutions is generally considered to be the direct successor to Motorola, Inc., as the reorganization was structured with Motorola Mobility being spun off. [ 7 ] Motorola designed and sold wireless network infrastructure equipment such as cellular transmission base stations and signal amplifiers. Motorola's home and broadcast network products included set-top boxes , digital video recorders , and network equipment used to enable video broadcasting, computer telephony, and high-definition television . Its business and government customers consisted mainly of wireless voice and broadband systems (used to build private networks), and, public safety communications systems like Astro and Dimetra . These businesses (except for set-top boxes and cable modems ) are now part of Motorola Solutions. Motorola's wireless telephone handset division was a pioneer in cellular telephones. Known as the Personal Communication Sector (PCS) prior to 2004, it pioneered the "flip phone" with the MicroTAC - and, the "clam phone" with the StarTAC - in the mid-1990s. It had staged an enormously successful resurgence by the mid-2000s with the RAZR ; but, lost significant market share in the second half of that decade. Lately, it has focused on smartphones using Google 's open-source Android mobile operating system. The first phone to use the newest version of Google's open source OS, Android 2.0, was released on November 2, 2009 as the Motorola Droid (the GSM version launched a month later, in Europe, as the Motorola Milestone). The handset division, (along with cable set-top boxes and cable modems ) has since then been spun off into the independent Motorola Mobility . On May 22, 2012, Google CEO Larry Page announced that Google closed on its deal to acquire Motorola Mobility. [ 8 ] Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Digital_video_recorder;Google;Google;Cellular_network;Cathode_ray_tube;De_facto_standard;Japan;Canada;United_States;Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;PowerPC;HDTV;GSM;Nokia;GPRS;Linux;Operating_system;Apple_Computer;ITunes;IPhone;Bluetooth;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;North_America;Google;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Tribune_Company;Motorola;Motorola; Motown Motown is a record company originally founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation in Detroit , Michigan , United States, on April 14, 1960. The name, a portmanteau of motor and town , is also a nickname for Detroit . Now headquartered in New York City , Motown is a subsidiary of The Island Def Jam Music Group , itself a subsidiary of the French-owned Vivendi subsidiary, Universal Music Group . Motown Records was also the name of Gordy's second record label; the first, Tamla Records , began on January 12, 1959. Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music , by achieving a crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its soul-based subsidiaries were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as The Motown Sound , a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. Motown has owned or distributed releases from more than 45 subsidiaries in varying genres, although it is most famous for its releases in the music genres of rhythm and blues , soul and pop. Gordy relocated Motown Records to Los Angeles in 1972 and there it remained an independent company until June 28, 1988, when Gordy sold the company to MCA and Boston Ventures (which took over full ownership of Motown in 1991), then to PolyGram in 1994, before being sold again to MCA Records' successor Universal Music Group, when it acquired The PolyGram Group. As of summer of 2011, Motown has been reactivated under The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music Group. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Universal_Music_Group;Michigan;France;Universal_Music_Group;Soul_music;Soul_music;Record_chart;Universal_Music_Group;Universal_Music_Group;Trademark;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;United_Kingdom;EMI;Blues;Country_music;Jazz;Spanish_language;Latin_American_music;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Universal_Music_Group;Soul_music;Blues;Funk;Gospel_music;Motown;Motown; Mouse_gesture In computing , a pointing device gesture or mouse gesture is a way of combining pointing device movements and clicks which the software recognizes as a specific command. Pointing device gestures can provide quick access to common functions of a program. They can also be useful for people who have difficulties typing on a keyboard . For example, in a web browser , the user could navigate to the previously viewed page by pressing the right pointing device button, moving the pointing device briefly to the left, then releasing the button. Software;Web_browser;Apple_Inc.;Video_game;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Microsoft_Windows;Pen_computing;Maxthon;Avant_Browser;Apple_Motion;Mozilla_Firefox; Movie View a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right for instructions. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|fr|Cinéma}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (July 2010) This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . (July 2010) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page . (December 2009) This 16 mm spring-wound Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in film schools . Southeast Asian cinema Latin American cinema North American cinema A film , also called a movie or motion picture , is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras , or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects . The process of filmmaking has developed into an art form and industry . Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures , which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue into the language of the viewer. Films are made up of a series of individual images called frames . When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision , whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Viewers perceive motion due to a psychological effect called beta movement . The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock ) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture , picture show , moving picture , photo-play and flick . A common name for film in the United States is movie , while in Europe the term film is preferred. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen , the silver screen , the cinema and the movies . Visual_effects;Subtitles;Piano;Soundtrack;Sound;Language;Celebrity;United_States;DVD;Video;Widescreen;Aspect_ratio;Multimedia;Video;Digital_video;Warner_Bros.;Camcorder;Digital_video;Personal_computer;DVD;FireWire;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Sony_Vegas;Final_Cut_Pro;Final_Cut_Express;IMovie;Windows_Movie_Maker;DV;YouTube;Veoh;License;Television_program;United_States;Television;DVD;Video_CD;Internet;DVD;Television;Television;DVD;Genre;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Soundtrack;Visual_effects;Film;Film; MoviePlus Serif MoviePlus is video editing software created by Serif that allows both professional and home users to edit digital video and digital images. The latest release, MoviePlus X6, runs on Microsoft Windows XP , Windows Vista and Windows 7 . From the early 2000s (decade), MoviePlus has developed an enthusiastic user base. Originally, it was designed largely for editing video from MiniDV camcorders , largely to produce DVDs . Version 4 released in 2004 was a complete re-write of the previous Version 1. It included the ability to edit and generate Windows Media files and MPEG files as well as DV-AVI . Version 4 ran on Windows 98 SE, Me, 2000 and XP. The current version X6 has added many new features including the capability to edit and generate Quicktime , MPEG-4 and High Definition HDV files, export as AVCHD Progressive and new QuickMovie themes. MoviePlus is affordable and popular with home and semi-professional film-makers. It can be used to edit material from FireWire -attached MiniDV video from a consumer digital video camera, professional DV camera or HDV camera. The software captures video onto the computer's hard drive, where it can be edited and processed. The result can be recorded on MiniDV tape, converted into a format suitable for replaying on a PC, converted into a format suitable for uploading to a web site , or burning onto a DVD. The current version of MoviePlus X6 requires a minimum of an Intel Pentium 4 Hyper-Threading processor or AMD Athlon XP processor and 1 GB of RAM. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;MPEG;HDV;FireWire;Intel;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Adobe_Photoshop;List_of_video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;PDF;MoviePlus;MoviePlus; MovieTickets MovieTickets.com is an online movie ticketing website originally founded by AMC Theaters and Hollywood.com in 2000. [ 1 ] It is currently a joint venture between the Hollywood Media Corp, AMC Entertainment , National Amusements , Cineplex Entertainment , Marcus Theatres , Viacom , and Time Warner . [ 2 ] MovieTickets.com provides movie times for all theaters, and online ticket purchasing for all National Amusements theaters and all Clearview Cinemas , among other smaller chains (such as the famous Mann Theatres in Los Angeles ). In 2010, MovieTickets.com sold over 16 million tickets for over 200 exhibitors with 14,000 screens. [ 3 ] Providing advance ticketing services to 150 theaters chains, MovieTickets.com represents over 50 percent of the top 100 grossing theaters in North America on any given weekend. In 2004, MovieTickets.com became the exclusive online ticket vendor for Moviefone .com, after having entered in a partnership in 2001 that crosslinked their ticketing offerings. [ 4 ] Then, in mid-2005, MovieTickets.com established a ticket distribution relationship with consignment ticket reseller PrintTixUSA, adding 20 movie exhibition companies to its ranks and boosting the total number of screens serviced nationwide to more than 10,000. [ 5 ] Since then, however, MovieTickets.com has lost ground, losing the AMC chain and Moviefone's telephone arm to rival Fandango . 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Mozilla_Firefox 14.0.1 (July 17, 2012 ; 36 days ago ( 2012-07-17 ) ) [ 1 ] 15.0 Beta 4 (August 10, 2012 ; 12 days ago ( 2012-08-10 ) ) [ 2 ] C / C++ , JavaScript , [ 3 ] CSS , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] XUL , XBL 16 MB – Windows [ 6 ] 31 MB – Mac OS X [ 6 ] 17 MB – Linux [ 6 ] 75 MB – source code [ 6 ] 88 locales (78 languages) [ 7 ] www.mozilla.org/firefox Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;JavaScript;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;File_size;Megabyte;Language;List_of_software_categories;Web_browser;Software_license;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Spell_checker;Geolocation;Google;XML;XHTML;MathML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;JavaScript;APNG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Internet_Explorer;The_Washington_Post;.NET_Framework;IP_address;Internationalization_and_localization;British_English;American_English;Source_code;Free_software;Source_code;Source_code;Camino;Internet_Explorer;Google_Chrome;Mozilla_Firefox;Forbes;CNET;Adobe_Flash;Silverlight;IBM;Google_Chrome;HTML;CSS;SVG;Adobe_Flash_Player;QuickTime;MathML;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;JavaScript;Spell_checker;Google_Chrome;Adobe_Flash;Application_programming_interface;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Nokia;Touchscreen;Microsoft_Windows;OS_X;Linux;OS_X;Linux;Linux;Compiler;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Linux;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;Hard_disk_drive;Megabyte;Windows_XP;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Google;CNBC;Bing;Open_source_software;Microsoft_Windows;CNET;PC_Magazine;Macworld;Forbes;IBM;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;PC_Magazine;Microsoft_Windows;Slashdot;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Web_browser;Camino;SeaMonkey;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Camino;Kazehakase;OmniWeb;Netscape_Browser;Mozilla_Firefox;Internet_Explorer;SeaMonkey; Mozilla_Thunderbird 14.0 (July 17, 2012 ; 34 days ago ( 2012-07-17 ) ) [ 1 ] 15.0 Beta 1 (July 18, 2012 ; 33 days ago ( 2012-07-18 ) ) [ ± ] Programming language used Translation available Email client , news client and feed reader mozilla.org/thunderbird Mozilla Thunderbird is a free , [ 3 ] open source , cross-platform email and news client developed by the Mozilla Foundation . The project strategy is modeled after Mozilla Firefox , a project aimed at creating a web browser . On December 7, 2004, version 1.0 was released, and received over 500,000 downloads in its first three days of release, and 1,000,000 in 10 days. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Email_client;Software_license;Free_software;Open_source;Email_client;Mozilla_Firefox;Web_browser;Linux;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Post_Office_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;News_aggregator;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;IMAP;Digital_signature;Encryption;JavaScript;Mozilla_Firefox;SeaMonkey;TechCrunch;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Reuters;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Web_browser;Camino;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Mozilla_Thunderbird; Mpxplay Mpxplay is a 32-bit console audio player for DOS and Windows ( Win2K , XP , Vista and Win7 ) operating systems. It supports AAC , AC3 , ALAC , APE , FLAC , MP2 / MP3 , MPC , Vorbis , WMA , WV audio codecs, AIF and WAV /W64 files, and can play sound from videos using the AVI , ASF , MKV , MP4 / MOV , MPG /VOB, OGG and TS containers. With plugins it plays: DTS , MOD and SPX too. Audio CD playing and ripping is also possible (CDW). It supports the following playlist types: M3U , M3U8, PLS , FPL , CUE , MXU. DOS version uses a 32-bit DOS extender ( DOS/32 Advanced DOS Extender being the most up-to-date version compatible). Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;DOS;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;DOS;Windows_Vista;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Audio;WavPack;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;WAV;Audio_Video_Interleave;Advanced_Systems_Format;Matroska;QuickTime_File_Format;MPEG_program_stream;Ogg;MPEG_transport_stream;Speex;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Mpxplay;Mpxplay; MuMATH muMATH is a computer algebra system , which was developed in the late 1970s and early eighties by Albert D. Rich and David Stoutemyer of the Soft Warehouse in Honolulu, Hawaii. It was implemented in the muSIMP programming language which was built on top of a LISP dialect called muLISP . Platforms supported were CP/M and TRS-DOS (since muMATH-79), Apple II (since muMATH-80) and MS-DOS (in muMATH-83, the last version, which was published by Microsoft ). The Soft Warehouse later developed Derive , another computer algebra system. The company was purchased by Texas Instruments in 1999, and development of Derive ended in 2006. Computer_algebra_system;Apple_II;Microsoft;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;MuMATH;MuMATH; MuPAD Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Computer_algebra_system;Germany;MathWorks;MATLAB;Computer_algebra_system;Numerical_analysis;Linear_algebra;Functional_programming;Programming_language;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;MuPAD;MuPAD; MuchMusic HDTV;Canada;IPTV;Canada;English_language;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;MTV;United_States;Rock_music;Heavy_metal_music;Hip_hop_music;Reggae;French_language;Music_video;Czech_Republic;Argentina;Colombia;Mexico;Singapore;Fuse_TV;Fuse_TV;Finland;Fox_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;Taiwan;MuchMusic;MuchMusic; MuchMusic_Video_Awards The MuchMusic Video Awards (also known as (the) MMVA or MMVAs ) are annual awards presented by the Canadian music video channel MuchMusic to honour the year's best music videos . In their modern form, the awards ceremony is not held in a conventional theatre, but instead as a large street party incorporating the MuchMusic World Headquarters , its parking lot, and parts of Queen Street West in downtown Toronto , Ontario . There are no hosts or announcers in the traditional awards-show fashion; instead, the MuchMusic VJs are an integral part of the festivities, introducing (and interviewing) the awards' presenters and winners throughout the show. As with many modern awards shows (such as the MTV Video Music Awards or the ESPYs ), many presenters and performers may have little or no connection to the music industry or that year's nominees. (For instance, for the 2006 show, Nelly Furtado performed music from an upcoming album, and Tricia Helfer appeared in connection with her role in Canada's Next Top Model .) For each year's MMVAs viewers are encouraged to visit the website to vote for People's Choice Awards for both an International Group and Artist as well as a Canadian Group and Artist. The most nominated band in MMVA history to date is the Canadian rock band Billy Talent. Music_video;MuchMusic;MuchMusic;Fuse_TV;MuchMusic;Music_video;Kid_Rock;Fall_Out_Boy;MuchMusic;Juno_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;MuchMusic_Video_Awards; Muine Muine is an audio player for the GNOME desktop environment which runs on Linux , Solaris , BSD and other UNIX and UNIX-like systems. Muine is written in C# using Mono and Gtk# . The default backend is GStreamer framework but Muine can also use xine libraries. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Linux;Unix;Xine;Vorbis;FLAC;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;Muine;Muine; Multibus Multibus is a computer bus standard used in industrial systems. It was developed by Intel Corporation and was adopted as the IEEE 796 bus. [ 1 ] The Multibus specification was important because it was a robust, well-thought out industry standard with a relatively large form factor so complex devices could be designed on it. Being a well-defined and well-documented industry standard allowed a Multibus-compatible industry to grow around it. There were many companies making card cages and enclosures for it. Many others made CPU , memory, and other peripheral boards. In 1982 there were over 100 Multibus board and systems manufacturers. [ 2 ] This allowed complex systems to be built from commercial off-the-shelf hardware. It also allowed companies to innovate by designing a proprietary Multibus board and then integrating it with other vendors' hardware to create a system. A good example of this is Sun Microsystems with their Sun 1 and Sun 2 workstations. Sun built custom designed CPU, memory, SCSI , and video display boards and then added 3com Ethernet networking boards, Xylogics SMD disk controllers , Ciprico Tapemaster 1/2 inch tape controllers, Sky Floating Point Processor and Systech 16 port Terminal Interfaces to configure the system as a workstation or a file server . [ 3 ] Other workstation vendors who used Multibus-based designs included HP / Apollo [ 4 ] and Silicon Graphics IRIS. [ 5 ] CPU;Sun_Microsystems;SCSI;Ethernet;Megabit;Direct_memory_access;VMEbus;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;Portable_Document_Format;Multibus;Multibus; Multidrop_bus A multidrop bus (MDB) is a computer bus in which all components are connected to the same set of electrical wires. A process of arbitration determines which device gets the right to be the sender of information at any point in time. The other devices must listen for the data that is intended to be received by them. Multidrop buses have the advantage of simplicity and extensibility, but electronically are limited to around 200–400 MHz (because of reflections on the wire from the printed circuit board (PCB) onto the die ) and 10–20 cm distance ( SCSI -1 has 6 metres ). ODT ( On-die termination ) circuits in modern SDRAM chips are examples of facing such a problem of electrical impedance discontinuity. Fully Buffered DIMM is a totally different approach of not using the multidrop bus architecture to connect multiple DRAM modules to a memory controller. Multidrop standards such as PCI are therefore being replaced by point-to-point systems such as PCI Express . Multidrop buses are also used by vending machine controllers to communicate with the vending machine's components, such as a currency detector (coin or note reader). Not surprisingly, these MDB buses communicate with the MDB protocol , a 8-bit serial protocol with an additional mode bit. The mode bit differentiates between ADDRESS and DATA bytes. Integrated_circuit;SCSI;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;PCI_Express;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Multidrop_bus;Multidrop_bus; Multimedia Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms . The term can be used as a noun (a medium with multiple content forms) or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which use only rudimentary computer display such as text-only, or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text , audio , still images , animation , video , or interactivity content forms. Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia (as an adjective) also describes electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art ; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia . Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application. Examples of individual content forms combined in multimedia: Sound;Interactivity;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Interactivity;Interactivity;Interactivity;Video_game;Streaming_media;CD;Video;Engineering;Video_game;Film;The_New_York_Times;USA_Today;The_Washington_Post;Graphical_user_interface;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Multimedia;Multimedia; Multimedia_Messaging_Service Multimedia Messaging Service , or MMS , is a standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from mobile phones . It extends the core SMS (Short Message Service) capability that allowed exchange of text messages only up to 160 characters in length. The most popular use is to send photographs from camera-equipped handsets , although it is also popular as a method of delivering news and entertainment content including videos, pictures, text pages and ringtones . The standard is developed by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), although during development it was part of the 3GPP and WAP groups. Mobile_phone;Multimedia;Mobile_phone;Camera_phone;Ringtone;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Multimedia_Messaging_Service; Multimedia_framework A multimedia framework is a software framework that handles media on a computer and through a network. A good multimedia framework offers an intuitive API and a modular architecture to easily add support for new audio, video and container formats and transmission protocols . It is meant to be used by applications such as media players and audio or video editors , but can also be used to build videoconferencing applications, media converters and other multimedia tools. In contrast to function libraries , a multimedia framework provides a run time environment for the media processing. Ideally such an environment provides execution contexts for the media processing blocks separated from the application using the framework. The separation supports the independent processing of multimedia data in a timely manner. These separate contexts can be implemented as threads . Multimedia;Application_programming_interface;Streaming_media;Digital_audio_editor;Videoconferencing;DirectShow;QuickTime;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Multimedia;Software;Multimedia_framework;Multimedia_framework; Multiplexing Digital_signal_processing;Mobile_phone;Global_Positioning_System;Ethernet;IPTV;Video;MPEG_transport_stream;Digital_video;Metadata;HDTV;MPEG_transport_stream;HDTV;Encryption;Codec;International_Standard_Book_Number;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Multiplexing;Multiplexing; Multitouch In computing , multi-touch refers to a touch sensing surface's ( trackpad or touchscreen ) ability to recognize the presence of two or more points of contact with the surface. This plural-point awareness is often used to implement advanced functionality such as pinch to zoom or activating predefined programs. In an effort of disambiguation or marketing classification some companies further break down the various definitions of multi-touch. An example of this is 3M , defining multi-touch as a touch-screen's ability to register three or more distinct positions. [ 1 ] Trackpad;Touchscreen;Touchscreen;IBM;IPhone;IPhone;IPad;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPad;Trademark;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Trackpad;Tablet_computer;Operating_system;Tablet_computer;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPad;BlackBerry;Star_Trek;Quantum_of_Solace;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Gesture_recognition;Pen_computing;Touchpad;Digital_object_identifier; Mundaneum The Mundaneum was an institution created in 1910, following an initiative begun in 1895 by Belgian lawyers Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine , [ 1 ] as part of their work on documentation science . It aimed to gather together all the world's knowledge and classify it according to a system they developed called the Universal Decimal Classification . Otlet and La Fontaine organized an International Conference of International Associations which was the origin of the Union of International Associations (UIA). Otlet regarded the project as the centerpiece of a new 'world city'—a centrepiece which eventually became an archive with more than 12 million index cards and documents. Some consider it a forerunner of the Internet (or, perhaps more appropriately, of systematic knowledge projects such as Wikipedia and WolframAlpha ) and Otlet himself had dreams that one day, somehow, all the information he collected could be accessed by people from the comfort of their own homes. An English pamphlet published in 1914 described it: The International Centre organises collections of world-wide importance. These collections are the International Museum, the International Library, the International Bibliographic Catalogue and the Universal Documentary Archives. These collections are conceived as parts of one universal body of documentation, as an encyclopedic survey of human knowledge, as an enormous intellectual warehouse of books, documents, catalogues and scientific objects. Established according to standardized methods, they are formed by assembling cooperative everything that the participating associations may gather or classify. Closely consolidated and coordinated in all of their parts and enriched by duplicates of all private works wherever undertaken, these collections will tend progressively to constitute a permanent and complete representation of the entire world (Union of International Associations, 1914, p. 116). [ 2 ] The Mundaneum was originally housed at the Palais du Cinquantenaire in Brussels (Belgium). Otlet commissioned architect Le Corbusier to design a Mundaneum project to be built in Geneva, Switzerland in 1929. Although never built, the project triggered The Mundaneum Affair , a theoretical argument between Corbusier and Czech critic Karel Teige . When Nazi Germany invaded Belgium in 1940, the Mundaneum was replaced with an exhibit of Third Reich art, and some material was lost. The Mundaneum has since been relocated to a converted 1930s department store in Mons ( Wallonia ), where the existing museum opened in 1998. [ 1 ] The Mundaneum is featured in Wolfram’s Timeline of Systematic Data and the Development of Computable Knowledge, which marks many significant milestones in the history of data collection and management. [ 3 ] Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Archive;Internet;Paul_Otlet;Vannevar_Bush;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Mundaneum;Mundaneum; MusE MusE is a free software MIDI / Audio sequencer with recording and editing capabilities. It was originally written by Werner Schweer and now is developed by the Muse development team. MusE aims to be a complete multitrack virtual studio for Linux : it currently has no support under other platforms as it relies on Linux-only technologies, including JACK and ALSA . It also supports the Linux Audio Session Handler (LASH). From version 0.7 on its music notation abilities were removed to MuseScore . [ 1 ] However, they are back in 2.0. Linux;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Free_software;MIDI;Sound;Music_sequencer;Linux;Rosegarden;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;MusE;MusE; Musepack Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;Audio_file_format;Matroska;Open_source;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Metadata;Matroska;Ogg_Vorbis;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;Palm_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Rockbox;IPod;Roku;XMMS;Unix;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Musepack;Musepack; MusicBee MusicBee is a free digital media player and media library application for organizing and playing audio on Microsoft Windows operating systems using the BASS Audio Library [ 1 ] . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Musepack;Ogg;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Windows_Media_Audio;WAV;Last.fm;Winamp;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;MusicBee;MusicBee; MusicStation Alert - MusicStation is a commercial music service now distributed without an uninstall routine by distributors (e.g., Hewlett Packard [ 1 ] ). This effectively 'hijacks' computers and is considered malware through the unwanted presence and resistance to removal. The information on this website is almost certainly an advertisement supplied by the originators. MusicStation is a music service platform developed by Omnifone . The cloud based platform works across a number of different digital device platforms and is tailored specifically for various partners [ 2 ] including rara.com , [ 3 ] RIM , [ 4 ] Sony , [ 5 ] Sony Ericsson , [ 6 ] HP , [ 7 ] BSkyB , [ 8 ] Vodafone , [ 9 ] Telenor , [ 10 ] Hutchison Telecom [ 11 ] and Vodacom . [ 12 ] Operating_system;Mobile_phone;Personal_computer;Audio_file_format;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;EMI;United_States;Canada;UK;Australia;New_Zealand;France;Germany;Italy;Spain;Austria;Belgium;Luxembourg;Sweden;Norway;Denmark;Finland;Switzerland;Hungary;Singapore;Hong_Kong;Taiwan;Brazil;Mexico;Cloud_computing;Research_In_Motion;Sony;Sony_Ericsson;Vodafone;White_label;Sony_Ericsson;Sony_Ericsson;Australia;Austria;Belgium;Brazil;Canada;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Hong_Kong;Hungary;Italy;Luxembourg;Mexico;New_Zealand;Norway;Singapore;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Taiwan;United_Kingdom;United_States;Sony_Ericsson;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;MusicStation;MusicStation; Music_Canada Music Canada is a Toronto -based, non-profit trade organization that was founded 9 April 1963 to represent the interests of companies that record, artists, manufacture, production, promotion and distribution of music in Canada . It also offers benefits to some of Canada's leading independent record labels and distributors. [ 1 ] Originally formed as the 10-member Canadian Record Manufacturer's Association , the association changed its name in Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) in 1972 and opened membership to other record industry companies. [ 2 ] In 2011, changed its name in Music Canada offering special benefits to some of the leading independent labels and distributors in Canada. [ 3 ] Music Canada is governed by a board of directors who are elected annually by association members. To be eligible for election a candidate for the board must be among the executive officers of the member companies. Graham Henderson of Universal Music Canada has been president since 15 November 2004; Brian Robertson previously held the position from 1974. [ 4 ] Members are divided into 3 classes [ 2 ] : Class A members are Canadian individuals or companies whose principal business is producing, manufacturing, or marketing sound recordings. These members hold voting rights, and currently consist of the "big four" record labels . [ 5 ] Class B members are Canadian individuals or companies whose principal business is producing sound recordings. These members pay a $600 annual membership fee but have no voting rights. As of 2007, there were 22 class B members. [ 5 ] Manufacturing Division members are Canadian individuals or companies whose principal business is manufacturing sound recordings. Canada;Telus;Copyright_infringement;Internet;Amazon.com;Amazon.com;Amazon.com;Music_Canada;Music_Canada; Music_Player_Daemon Music Player Daemon ( MPD ) is a music player server. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Playlist;Hard_disk;Intranet;Internet;Ogg_Vorbis;FLAC;WavPack;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Musepack;FFmpeg;Streaming_media;Gapless_playback;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Graphical_user_interface;Infrared;Remote_control;Web_browser;Perl;ITunes;Exaile;API;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_Player_Daemon; Music_Unlimited All services [ 1 ] : Australia , Belgium , Canada , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Japan , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Spain , Sweden , United Kingdom , United States Austria , Brazil , Croatia , Czech Republic , Greece , Honk Kong , India , Indonesia , Israel , Kuwait , Luxembourg , Malaysia , Mexico , Poland , Portugal , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Slovenia , South Africa , Switzerland , Taiwan , Thailand , Turkey , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates www.sonyentertainmentnetwork.com Music Unlimited , formerly Qriocity (pronounced as curiosity), [ 2 ] is a trading name for Sony Corporation 's on-demand streaming music [ 3 ] service which is licensed and powered by Omnifone . [ 4 ] A video streaming service with the name has been available in the United States since April 2010. Sony expanded the service into European markets at the end of 2010. [ 5 ] The service is part of the Sony Entertainment Network Operating_system;Personal_computer;PlayStation_Vita;IPhone;IPad;Australia;Belgium;Canada;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;United_States;Austria;Brazil;Czech_Republic;Greece;Luxembourg;Malaysia;Mexico;Poland;Portugal;Singapore;Slovenia;Switzerland;Taiwan;Thailand;Ukraine;United_States;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Television;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Content_delivery_network;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Music_Unlimited;Music_Unlimited; Music_education Music education is a field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music . It touches on all domains of learning, including the psychomotor domain (the development of skills), the cognitive domain (the acquisition of knowledge), and, in particular and significant ways,the affective domain, including music appreciation and sensitivity. The incorporation of music training from preschool to postsecondary education is common in most nations because involvement in music is considered a fundamental component of human culture and behavior . Music, like language, is an accomplishment that distinguishes us as humans. [ 1 ] Classical_music;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Musical_notation;Music_industry;Musician;Extended_play;Album;Compilation_album;Record_label;Record_producer;Latin_American_music;Music_education;Music_education; Music_executive A music executive or record executive is person within a record label who works in senior management, making executive decisions over the label's artists. Their role varies greatly but in essence, they can oversee one, or many, aspects of a record label, including A R , contracts , management , publishing , production , manufacture , marketing / promotion , distribution , copyright , touring , as well as other things. Record_label;Record_producer;Warner_Music_Group;Universal_Music_Group;EMI;Universal_Music_Group;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Music_executive;Music_executive; Music_industry Record_producer;Audio_engineering;Record_label;Online_music_store;Music_venue;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Entertainment_law;Musical_instrument;Universal_Music_Group;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Warner_Music_Group;Music_venue;Apple_Inc.;ITunes_Store;Universal_Music_Group;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Sony;Universal_Music_Group;Folk_music;Independent_record_label;Forrester_Research;The_New_York_Times;File_sharing;Napster;ITunes_Store;Open_Music_Model;Best_Buy;Music_venue;Los_Angeles_Times;Apple_Inc.;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Compact_disc;Songwriter;Television;Film;Record_producer;Record_producer;Radio_promotion;Compact_disc;Independent_record_label;Television;Film;Music_venue;Road_crew;Audio_engineering;Entertainment_law;YouTube;Social_media;Online_music_store;Universal_Music_Group;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Warner_Music_Group;EMI;Classical_music;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;Independent_record_label;Record_label;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Register;CNET;Los_Angeles_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Musical_notation;Music_education;Musician;Extended_play;Album;Compilation_album;Record_label;Record_producer;Latin_American_music;Music_industry;Music_industry; Music_journalism Music journalism is criticism and reportage about music . It began in the eighteenth century as comment on what is now thought of as ' classical music '. This aspect of music journalism, today often referred to as music criticism (although that risks confusion with the academic discipline), comprises the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of music and its performance. Modern art music journalism is often informed by music theory consideration of the many diverse elements of a musical piece or performance, including (as regards a musical composition ) its form and style, and as regards performance, standards of technique and expression. It was expressed, for example, in journals such as Neue Zeitschrift für Musik founded by Robert Schumann , and is continued today in the columns of serious newspapers and journals such as The Musical Times . Today a major branch of music journalism is an aspect of entertainment journalism — covering popular music and including profiles of singers and bands and album reviews. In the 2000s, online music bloggers are to some degree displacing newspaper and magazine-based pop music critics . Classical_music;Album;The_New_York_Times;The_Washington_Post;Pop_music;Rock_music;Rolling_Stone;The_Guardian;Music_journalism;Music_journalism; Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards The Music of Black Origin ( MOBO ) Awards , established in 1995 by Kanya King MBE and Andy Ruffell, are held annually in the United Kingdom to recognise artists of any ethnicity or nationality performing black music. In 2009, the awards were held in the city of Glasgow in Scotland for the first time. Until then, it had been held in London every year since its launch in 1995. In 2011, the MOBO Awards returned to Scotland for a second time. United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;John_Legend;United_States;Reggae;Brit_Awards;Classic_Brit_Awards;UK_Singles_Chart;NME;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards; Music_on_Console Music On Console ( MOC ) is an ncurses -based console audio player for Linux / UNIX . It was originally written by Damian Pietras, and is currently maintained by John Fitzgerald. It is designed to be powerful and easy to use, with a command structure and window layout inspired by the Midnight Commander console file manager. [1] It is very configurable, supporting ALSA , OSS or JACK outputs, customizable color schemes, interface layouts, key bindings , and tag parsing. MOC has a single playlist (which can be saved in m3u format) and has the concept of a 'music directory' but it has no library file where metadata is saved. Instead this information is read from the files themselves as needed upon access or during idle time. If the playlist has extended m3u information, that will be read. Its text-only nature consumes very little system resources, and it uses an output buffer in a separate thread to avoid skipping under high system loads and to enable gapless playback. Normally, exiting the program only closes the interface - the program daemonizes itself so the music continues playing in the background. [2] This client/server architecture is similar to MPD and XMMS2 , but unlike those players, the MOC daemon is not accessible over a network, and does not have an open API to communicate with alternate clients. This has both advantages and disadvantages as, while MOC can't be controlled by a remote graphical client (it can, of course, be used via SSH ), it can securely range the entire filesystem, which is not advisable by a remotely- and anonymously-accessible server such as MPD. The binary is named mocp for "MOC Player" because of a conflict with a Qt utility called moc. Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Unix;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Linux;Metadata;Music_Player_Daemon;Application_programming_interface;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Music_Player_Daemon;Cmus;Free_software;Music_on_Console;Music_on_Console; Music_piracy Intellectual_property;Monopoly;DVD;Napster;Napster;Canada;Bootleg_recording;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Intellectual_property;Digital_rights_management;Open_Music_Model;Open_source_software;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Copyright_infringement;Copyright_infringement; Music_recording_sales_certification Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies, where the threshold quantity varies by type (such as: album, single , music video ) and by nation or territory (See also: List of music recording certifications ). Almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released. Typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, may exist for different music media (for example: videos versus albums , singles, or downloads). World_Music_Awards;The_Beatles;Sound_recording;Music_video;RIAA_certification;Album;RIAA_certification;Trademark;Ringtone;RIAA_certification;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification; Music_sequencer A music sequencer (or simply sequencer ) is a device or application software that can record, edit, or play back music , by handling note and performance information in several forms, typically MIDI or CV/Gate , and possibly audio and automation data for DAWs and plug-ins . Application_software;MIDI;Automation;Digital_audio_workstation;MIDI;Digital_audio_workstation;Graphical_user_interface;Digital_audio_workstation;Graphical_user_interface;Digital_audio_workstation;Digital_audio_workstation;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Cubase;Digital_audio_workstation;Digital_audio_workstation;Synthesizer;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_synthesizer;Automation;Graphical_user_interface;Roland_Corporation;Random_access_memory;Electronic_music;Cathode_ray_tube;Roland_Corporation;Native_Instruments;Ableton_Live;Roland_Corporation;Touch_screen;List_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers;Digital_audio_workstation;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;Rosegarden;ACID_Pro;Ableton_Live;GarageBand;Apple_Inc.;REAPER;Tracktion;Renoise;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;Logic_Pro;Logic_Express;Apple_Inc.;Mixcraft;Orion_Platinum;Pro_Tools;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Cakewalk_Sonar;PreSonus_Studio_One;Zynewave_Podium;Digital_audio_workstation;Electronic_music;Digital_audio_workstation;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Music_sequencer;Music_sequencer; Music_television Music television is a type of television programming which focuses predominantly on playing music videos from bands, usually on dedicated television channels broadcasting on satellite or cable . Music TVs may host their own shows charts , award prizes. Examples are VIVA , Scuzz , MTV , JBTV , MuchMusic , Kerrang TV , erm, VH1 , Fuse TV , and Palladia Wigan Pier . It is totally dedicated to music This television program-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This music video article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Radio broadcasting ( Radio programming Television ( Broadcast programming Internet television and radio ( Webcast Peer-to-peer television BitTorrent television and movies ) Commercial broadcasting Pirate radio / Pirate television Public broadcasting Religious broadcasting Adult television channels Children's interest channel / Children's television series Documentary channel Men's interest channel Movie television channels Music radio / Music television Sports television channels Women's interest channel Broadcast television systems Digital on-screen graphic Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_television oldid=500804486 " Categories : Music television Television program stubs Music video stubs Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources MTV;Music_video;MTV;MuchMusic;Fuse_TV;Television;Internet_television;Internet_radio;Streaming_media;Music_television;Music_television; Music_venue Classical_music;Rock_music;Dance_music;Country_music;Pop_music;Disc_jockey;Dance_music;Jazz;Italy;Classical_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;Music_venue;Music_venue; Music_video A music video or song video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. [ 1 ] Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. Although the origins of music videos date back much further, they came into prominence in the 1980s, when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by various terms including " illustrated song ", "filmed insert", "promotional (promo) film", "promotional clip" or "film clip". Music videos use a wide range of styles of film making techniques, including animation , live action filming, documentaries , and non-narrative approaches such as abstract film . Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation and live action. Many music videos do not interpret images from the song's lyrics, making it less literal than expected. Other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the song's live performance. [ 2 ] MTV;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Blues;Jazz;NBC;The_Beatles;Ringo_Starr;United_Kingdom;The_Beatles;Rolling_Stones;Australia;MTV;Saturday_Night_Live;NBC;United_States;MTV;Video;Compositing;Canada;MuchMusic;Computer_graphics;ITV;Hip_hop_music;Internet_Relay_Chat;MPEG;Napster;YouTube;Facebook;Google;ITunes_Store;AOL;Apple_Computer;ITunes_Store;IPod;Google;YouTube;YouTube;Country_Music_Television;MTV;United_Kingdom;MTV;Def_Leppard;Garth_Brooks;Country_Music_Television;MTV;MuchMusic;Dominican_Republic;Pepsi;Black_Entertainment_Television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Copyright_infringement;Danger_Mouse;YouTube;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;NBC;Fuse_TV;Fuse_TV;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;EMI;MTV;CNET;Entertainment_Weekly;Nielsen_Company;CBS_Interactive;Music_video;Music_video; Music_videos A music video or song video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. [ 1 ] Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. Although the origins of music videos date back much further, they came into prominence in the 1980s, when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by various terms including " illustrated song ", "filmed insert", "promotional (promo) film", "promotional clip" or "film clip". Music videos use a wide range of styles of film making techniques, including animation , live action filming, documentaries , and non-narrative approaches such as abstract film . Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation and live action. Many music videos do not interpret images from the song's lyrics, making it less literal than expected. Other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the song's live performance. [ 2 ] MTV;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Blues;Jazz;NBC;The_Beatles;Ringo_Starr;United_Kingdom;The_Beatles;Rolling_Stones;Australia;MTV;Saturday_Night_Live;NBC;United_States;MTV;Video;Compositing;Canada;MuchMusic;Computer_graphics;ITV;Hip_hop_music;Internet_Relay_Chat;MPEG;Napster;YouTube;Facebook;Google;ITunes_Store;AOL;Apple_Computer;ITunes_Store;IPod;Google;YouTube;YouTube;Country_Music_Television;MTV;United_Kingdom;MTV;Def_Leppard;Garth_Brooks;Country_Music_Television;MTV;MuchMusic;Dominican_Republic;Pepsi;Black_Entertainment_Television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Copyright_infringement;Danger_Mouse;YouTube;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;NBC;Fuse_TV;Fuse_TV;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;EMI;MTV;CNET;Entertainment_Weekly;Nielsen_Company;CBS_Interactive;Music_video;Music_video; Music_visualization Music visualization , a feature found in electronic music visualizers and media player software , generates animated imagery based on a piece of music. The imagery is usually generated and rendered in real time and synchronized with the music as it is played. Visualization techniques range from simple ones (e.g., a simulation of an oscilloscope display) to elaborate ones, which often include a plurality of composited effects. The changes in the music's loudness and frequency spectrum are among the properties used as input to the visualization. Software;Compositing;Winamp;Winamp;ITunes;Windows_Media_Center;Music_videos;MIDI;MIDI;MediaPortal;ITunes;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;MediaMonkey;MusicBee;VLC_media_player;International_Standard_Book_Number;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Music_visualization;Music_visualization; Musical_instrument A musical instrument is a device created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can serve as a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates back to the beginnings of human culture. The purpose of early musical instruments was ritual: a hunter might use a trumpet to signal success on the hunt, or a shaman might use a drum in a religious ceremony. Cultures later developed the processes of composing and performing melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications. The date and origin of the first device considered a musical instrument is disputed. The oldest object that some scholars refer to as a musical instrument, a simple flute , dates back as far as 67,000 years. Solid consensus begins to form about early flutes dating to about 37,000 years old. However, most historians believe that determining a specific time of musical instrument invention is impossible due to the subjectivity of the definition and the relative instability of materials that were used in their construction. Many early musical instruments were made from animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable materials. Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world. However, contact among civilizations resulted in the rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the Middle Ages , instruments from Mesopotamia could be found in Maritime Southeast Asia and Europeans were playing instruments from North Africa. Development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, and South America shared musical instruments. By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in many areas and was dominated by the Occident . The classification of musical instruments is a discipline in its own right, and many systems of classification have been used over the years. One may classify musical instruments by their effective range or their material composition; however, the most common method, Hornbostel-Sachs, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of musical instruments is called organology . Sound;Slovenia;Violin;Greece;Peru;Colombia;Ecuador;Bolivia;Chile;Estonia;Violin;Spain;Viola;Guitar;Drums;Piano;Guitar;Violin;Viola;Guitar;Cello;Double_bass;Musical_keyboard;Piano;Synthesizer;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Musical_notation;Music_education;Music_industry;Musician;Extended_play;Album;Compilation_album;Record_label;Record_producer;Latin_American_music;Classical_music;Violin;Viola;Cello;Double_bass;Piano;Musical_instrument;Musical_instrument; Musical_keyboard A musical keyboard is the set of adjacent depressible levers or keys on a musical instrument , particularly the piano . Keyboards typically contain keys for playing the twelve notes of the Western musical scale , with a combination of larger, longer keys and smaller, shorter keys that repeats at the interval of an octave . Depressing a key on the keyboard causes the instrument to produce sounds, either by mechanically striking a string or tine ( piano , electric piano , clavichord ); plucking a string ( harpsichord ); causing air to flow through a pipe ( organ ); or strike a bell ( carillon ). On electric and electronic keyboards, depressing a key connects a circuit ( Hammond organ , digital piano , synthesizer ). Since the most commonly encountered keyboard instrument is the piano, the keyboard layout is often referred to as the "piano keyboard". Musical_instrument;Piano;Piano;Electric_piano;Synthesizer;Clavinet;Piano;Tempo;International_Standard_Book_Number;Musical_keyboard;Musical_keyboard; Musical_notation Music notation or musical notation is any system that represents aurally perceived music , through the use of written symbols . XML;Classical_music;Tempo;Session_musician;Jazz;List_of_popular_music_genres;Piano;Guitar;Equal_temperament;Equal_temperament;Japan;Guitar;Legato;Staccato;Tempo;Music_education;Music_industry;Musician;Extended_play;Album;Compilation_album;Record_label;Record_producer;Latin_American_music;Musical_notation;Musical_notation; Musician A musician usually plays a musical instrument, especially (although not necessarily) as a profession . [ 1 ] Musicians can be classified by their roles in performing music and writing music. It's also a person who makes music a profession, anyone (professional or not) who's skilled in making music or performing music creatively, or one who composes, conducts, or performs music (especially instrumental music) is a musician. [ 2 ] Musicians can be of any music style not limited to classical , orchestral or choral , and musicians can have skills in many different styles outside of their professional experience. Examples of musicians' skills are the orchestration of music, improvisation , conducting , singing , composing , arranging , and/or being an instrumentalist . [ 3 ] Classical_music;Classical_music;Classical_music;France;Classical_music;Eastern_Fare_Music_Foundation;Musical_notation;Music_education;Music_industry;Extended_play;Album;Compilation_album;Record_label;Record_producer;Latin_American_music;Musician;Musician; Musicmatch_Jukebox Y!Music Musicmatch Jukebox , a remake of the original Musicmatch Jukebox made by Musicmatch, Inc., is an audio player that manages a digital audio library. It contains an online music store , Internet radio , CD playback and ripping software, and other features commonly found in jukebox software. Software_developer;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Online_music_store;Internet_radio;Dell;IPod;ITunes;RealNetworks;Napster;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Flickr;NASDAQ;Musicmatch_Jukebox;Musicmatch_Jukebox; MusikCube musikCube is a partially open source audio player . Originally created as a fork of wxMusik , it has since been expanded to include capabilities not available in wxMusik. Internally, musikCube uses the proprietary BASS audio library to provide playback support. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Last.fm;Instant_messaging;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Ogg_Vorbis;FLAC;SQL;Digital_rights_management;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;MusikCube;MusikCube; MyCoke MyCoke (formerly known as Coke Music and Coke Studios ) was an online chat game used for marketing the Coca-Cola brand and products. It was created in January 2002 by Studiocom an Atlanta based digital agency using core technology from Sulake Corporation , the company responsible for a similar popular online game called Habbo Hotel . Version 2 of the game was released in late 2004 on a new technology platform called Galapagos, created by Studiocom, and featuring new locations and a special double-reward 'Coca-Cola Red Room'. On December 6, 2007 MyCoke closed, and encouraged users to join CC-Metro , which was part of There . There was closed on March 9, 2010. The main focus of the game was to socialize, mix music, and decorate various interiors. The in-game currency was decibels , and was rewarded for doing various activities. There were various locations based on real-life cities where the user could perform music, such as San Francisco or Mexico . Coke Studios had sponsored several high-profile films and television shows , in which events and promotions would happen on the website or the client. Internet;San_Francisco;Mexico;Films;San_Francisco;Mexico;Films;MyCoke;MyCoke; MythDora MythDora is a specialized operating system based on Fedora and MythTV . Since 2009, the version number comes from the version of Fedora used followed by the version of MythTV used. For example, the current version 12.23 uses Fedora 12 and MythTV 0.23. Like KnoppMyth , MythDora is designed to simplify the installation of MythTV on a home theatre PC . MythDora has since version 10.21 had Live CD support. In addition to MythTV and its plugins, Mythdora includes extra Linux packages that are necessary for MythTV to run, and drivers for hardware commonly encountered in machines intended to run MythTV. Also included in Mythdora are several video game emulators , and extra tools and scripts. These aid with the initial configuration of the system and allow the user to perform such tasks as rebooting the machine and backing up program data, directly through the MythTV interface. On August 3, 2011 the project maintainers indicated they no longer have time to keep the project going. [ 1 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;MythTV;MythTV;MythTV;MythTV;Mythbuntu;Linux_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;MythDora;MythDora; MythTV MythTV is a free and open source home entertainment application with a simplified " 10-foot user interface " design for the living-room TV, and turns a computer with the necessary hardware into a network streaming [ 1 ] digital video recorder , a digital multimedia home entertainment system, or home theater personal computer . [ 2 ] It can be considered as a free and open source alternative to Tivo [ 3 ] or Windows Media Center . It runs on various operating systems , primarily Linux/Mac/FreeBSD. [ 4 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Streaming_media;Digital_video_recorder;Multimedia;Home_theater_PC;Open_source;Windows_Media_Center;Operating_system;TiVo;Digital_video_recorder;United_States;Canada;HDTV;Digital_rights_management;Windows_Media_Center;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;FireWire;IPTV;HDHomeRun;Web_browser;YouTube;Mythbuntu;Ubuntu_TV;LinuxMCE;Microsoft;Xbox;VLC_media_player;MPlayer;HDTV;United_States;Transcode;Ubuntu_TV;Home_theater_PC;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;MythTV;MythTV; Mythbuntu Mythbuntu is a media center operating system (OS). It is based on Ubuntu and integrates the MythTV Media center software as its main function, and does not install with all of the programs included with Ubuntu. Following the principles of KnoppMyth and Mythdora , Mythbuntu is designed to simplify the installation of MythTV on a home theater PC . After Mythbuntu has been installed the MythTV setup program begins in which it can be configured as a frontend (a media viewer), backend (a media server), or combination of the two. Mythbuntu aims to keep close ties with Ubuntu thus allowing changes to be moved upstream for the greater benefit of the Ubuntu Community. [ 1 ] Due to the close link with Ubuntu, easy conversions between desktop and standalone Mythbuntu installations are possible. The development cycle of Mythbuntu closely follows that of Ubuntu, with releases occurring every six months. [ 2 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Home_theater_PC;Operating_system;MythTV;Home_theater_PC;VLC_media_player;Rhythmbox;Codec;Video_game_console;Local_area_network;LinuxMCE;Ubuntu_TV;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Linux_distribution;Operating_system;Element_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Mythbuntu;Mythbuntu; NAG_Numerical_Libraries The NAG Numerical Library is a software product developed and sold by The Numerical Algorithms Group . It is a software library of numerical analysis routines, containing more than 1,700 mathematical and statistical algorithms. Areas covered by the library include linear algebra , optimization , quadrature , the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations , regression analysis , and time series analysis . Users of the NAG Library call its routines from within their applications in order to incorporate its mathematical or statistical functionality and to solve numerical problems - for example, finding the minimum or maximum of a function , fitting a curve or surface to data , or solving a differential equation . The Library is currently available in the form of the NAG C Library, [ 1 ] the NAG Fortran Library, [ 2 ] and the NAG Library for .NET, [ 3 ] and its contents are accessible from several computing environments, including standard languages such as C , C++ , Fortran , Visual Basic , Java and C# , as well as packages such as MATLAB , R , LabVIEW , Excel and Ch . [ 4 ] Supported operating systems include the 32 bit and 64 bit versions of Windows , Linux and Mac OS X , as well as Solaris , AIX and HP-UX . Numerical_analysis;Fortran;MATLAB;LabVIEW;Microsoft_Excel;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Fortran;LAPACK;SPARC;LAPACK;LAPACK;List_of_numerical_analysis_software; NAND_flash Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It was developed from EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) and must be erased in fairly large blocks before these can be rewritten with new data. The high density NAND type must also be programmed and read in (smaller) blocks, or pages, while the NOR type allows a single machine word (byte) to be written or read independently. The NAND type is primarily used in memory cards , USB flash drives , solid-state drives , and similar products, for general storage and transfer of data. The NOR type, which allows true random access and therefore direct code execution, is used as a replacement for the older EPROM and as an alternative to certain kinds of ROM applications. However, NOR flash memory may emulate ROM primarily at the machine code level; many digital designs need ROM (or PLA ) structures for other uses, often at significantly higher speeds than (economical) flash memory may achieve. NAND or NOR flash memory is also often used to store configuration data in numerous digital products, a task previously made possible by EEPROMs or battery-powered static RAM . Example applications of both types of flash memory include personal computers, PDAs , digital audio players, digital cameras , mobile phones, synthesizers, video games, scientific instrumentation , industrial robotics , medical electronics , and so on. In addition to being non-volatile, flash memory offers fast read access times , as fast as dynamic RAM , although not as fast as static RAM or ROM. Its mechanical shock resistance helps explain its popularity over hard disks in portable devices; as does its high durability, being able to withstand high pressure, temperature, immersion in water, etc. [ 1 ] Although flash memory is technically a type of EEPROM, the term "EEPROM" is generally used to refer specifically to non-flash EEPROM which is erasable in small blocks, typically bytes. Because erase cycles are slow, the large block sizes used in flash memory erasing give it a significant speed advantage over old-style EEPROM when writing large amounts of data. [ citation needed ] Flash memory now costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and has become the dominant memory type wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid state storage is needed. Personal_digital_assistant;Digital_camera;Hard_disk;Toshiba;Firmware;Data_storage_device;Secure_Digital;MicroSD;Universal_Serial_Bus;File_Allocation_Table;Sun_Microsystems;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Address_bus;Intel;Intel;Dell;Microsoft;PCI_Express;GPS;Hard_drive;Gigabyte;Metadata;Samsung_Electronics;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Embedded_system;SDRAM;Firmware;Hard_drive;Ethernet;Hard_disk;Samsung_Electronics;Intel;Executable;Digital_object_identifier;Encryption;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;Samsung_Electronics;SATA;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Flash_memory;Flash_memory; NASDAQ The NASDAQ Stock Market , also known as simply the NASDAQ , is an American stock exchange . "NASDAQ" originally stood for "National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations". [ 3 ] It is the second-largest stock exchange by market capitalization in the world, after the New York Stock Exchange . [ 4 ] As of January 25, 2011, there are 2,711 listings, with a total capitalization of over $4.5 trillion. [ 1 ] The NASDAQ has more trading volume than any other electronic stock exchange in the world. [ 5 ] The exchange is owned by NASDAQ OMX Group , which also owns the OMX stock exchange network. United_States_dollar;The_Economic_Times;Bloomberg_L.P.;NASDAQ;NASDAQ; NBA_League_Pass NBA League Pass is an out-of-market sports package that allows its subscribers to watch up to 40 out-of-market National Basketball Association games a week. League Pass comes in three varieties in the United States: NBA League Pass TV , which plays the games through a cable or satellite TV provider; NBA League Pass Broadband , which uses highspeed Internet connection to stream videos to a computer; and NBA League Pass Mobile , which is for mobile devices. Customers outside of the United States can sign up for NBA International League Pass . Videos of the games come from local stations and regional sports networks . Internet;Roku;Apple_TV;Video_on_demand;Disney_Channel;NBA_League_Pass;NBA_League_Pass; NBC The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American commercial broadcasting television network and former radio network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City 's Rockefeller Center with additional major offices near Los Angeles and in Chicago . NBC is sometimes referred to as the "Peacock Network," due to its stylized peacock logo , created originally for color broadcasts. Formed in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), NBC was the first major broadcast network in the United States. In 1986, control of NBC passed to General Electric (GE), with GE's $6.4 billion purchase of RCA. GE had previously owned RCA and NBC until 1930, when it had been forced to sell the company as a result of antitrust charges. After the 1986 acquisition, the chief executive of NBC was Bob Wright , until he retired, giving his job to Jeff Zucker . The network is currently part of the media company NBCUniversal , which is a joint venture of Comcast and General Electric since 2011 (and before that, jointly owned by GE and current Universal Music Group parent Vivendi ). As a result of the merger, Zucker left NBC and was replaced by Comcast executive Steve Burke . NBC has 10 owned-and-operated stations and nearly 200 affiliates in the United States and its territories. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Archival footage from a majority of the NBC owned-and-operated stations is available for perusal and purchase through the NBCUniversal Archives . NBCUniversal;NBCUniversal;Universal_Music_Group;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Monopoly;CBS;CNN;CBS;CBS;CBS;Saturday_Night_Live;Paramount_Pictures;Major_League_Baseball;CBS;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Widescreen;Universal_Studios;CNBC;Saturday_Night_Live;CNBC;CBS;Star_Trek;Disney_Channel;Puerto_Rico;United_States;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Asia;Japan;Malaysia;Republic_of_China;Thailand;Philippines;United_States;Saturday_Night_Live;Australia;Spain;Chile;Mexico;Brazil;Portugal;Venezuela;Italy;United_Kingdom;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Los_Angeles_Times;Internet_Archive;International_Standard_Book_Number;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;Universal_Studios;CNBC;CNBC;Hulu;NBCNews.com;Universal_Music_Group;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;United_States;CBS;Spanish_language;Digital_video_recorder;IPTV;MSN_TV;Video_on_demand;NBC;NBC; NBCNews.com NBCNews.com , formerly known as msnbc.com , is a news website owned and operated by NBCUniversal as the online arm of NBC News . Along with original and wire reporting, it features content from the cable television news channel MSNBC , NBC shows such as Today , NBC Nightly News and Dateline NBC , and partners such as The New York Times and The Washington Post . The site was founded in 1996 as a 50-50 venture between NBCUniversal and Microsoft along with the cable news network MSNBC . Although they shared the same name, they maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. Microsoft divested its stake in the MSNBC channel in 2005, and divested its stake in MSNBC.com in July 2012. NBCNews.com is led by Vivian Schiller , former chief executive officer of National Public Radio . Charles W. Tillinghast, MSNBC.com president and publisher since 2004, continues to operate the former MSNBC properties. [ 1 ] NBCUniversal;NBCUniversal;The_New_York_Times;The_Washington_Post;Microsoft;Microsoft;New_Jersey;CNN;The_New_York_Times;Newsweek;The_Washington_Post;Stock_quote;Podcasts;Associated_Press;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;Universal_Studios;NBC;CNBC;CNBC;NBC;Hulu;Universal_Music_Group;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;NBCNews.com;NBCNews.com; NBCUniversal NBC , Universal Pictures , Focus Features , NBCUniversal Television Group , NBC News , NBC Sports Group , USA Network , Syfy , Chiller , G4 , CNBC , MSNBC , NBC.com , NBCNews.com , iVillage , PictureBox Movies , Bravo , Telemundo Television Studios , The Weather Channel , ShopNBC , Hulu TV18 (50% in a joint venture with Network 18 ) Canal+ (50% in a joint venture with Vivendi ) http://www.nbcuni.com NBCUniversal Media, LLC (formerly known as NBC Universal, Inc. ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is an American media and entertainment company engaged in the production and marketing of entertainment, news, and information products and services to a global customer base. The company owns and operates American television networks, numerous cable channels, and a group of local stations in the United States, as well as motion picture companies, several television production companies, and branded theme parks. NBC Universal was formed in May 2004 by the merger of General Electric 's NBC with Vivendi 's Vivendi Universal Entertainment. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] GE and US cable TV operator Comcast announced a buyout agreement for the company on December 3, 2009. Following regulatory approvals, the transaction completed on January 28, 2011. Comcast now owns 51% of NBC Universal while GE owns 49%. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Originally, the NBC Universal logo was a combination of the NBC peacock logo and the Universal Studios globe and text. The logo was redesigned by Wolff Olins in January 2011 to reflect the new Comcast ownership. [ 8 ] NBC Universal is headquartered in the Rockefeller Plaza in Midtown Manhattan , New York City. [ 9 ] The company is one of two successor companies to MCA Inc. (Music Corporation of America), the other being Vivendi through its subsidiary Universal Music Group . NBC;United_States_dollar;NBC;Universal_Studios;CNBC;NBC;NBCNews.com;Hulu;NBC;NBC;Universal_Studios;Universal_Music_Group;CNBC;NBCNews.com;Universal_Studios;Universal_Music_Group;Saturday_Night_Live;TiVo;Apple_Computer;ITunes_Store;Google;Universal_Media_Studios;The_Walt_Disney_Company;California;Universal_Studios;United_States_dollar;Paramount_Pictures;Hulu;Singapore;Hulu;Streaming_media;MarketWatch;MarketWatch;International_Herald_Tribune;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Universal_Studios;Universal_Studios;NBC;CNBC;CNBC;NBC;Hulu;NBCNews.com;Universal_Music_Group;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Fearnet;ThePlatform;Universal_Studios;Andrea_Jung;NBCUniversal;NBCUniversal; NBC_Universal NBC , Universal Pictures , Focus Features , NBCUniversal Television Group , NBC News , NBC Sports Group , USA Network , Syfy , Chiller , G4 , CNBC , MSNBC , NBC.com , NBCNews.com , iVillage , PictureBox Movies , Bravo , Telemundo Television Studios , The Weather Channel , ShopNBC , Hulu TV18 (50% in a joint venture with Network 18 ) Canal+ (50% in a joint venture with Vivendi ) http://www.nbcuni.com NBCUniversal Media, LLC (formerly known as NBC Universal, Inc. ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is an American media and entertainment company engaged in the production and marketing of entertainment, news, and information products and services to a global customer base. The company owns and operates American television networks, numerous cable channels, and a group of local stations in the United States, as well as motion picture companies, several television production companies, and branded theme parks. NBC Universal was formed in May 2004 by the merger of General Electric 's NBC with Vivendi 's Vivendi Universal Entertainment. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] GE and US cable TV operator Comcast announced a buyout agreement for the company on December 3, 2009. Following regulatory approvals, the transaction completed on January 28, 2011. Comcast now owns 51% of NBC Universal while GE owns 49%. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Originally, the NBC Universal logo was a combination of the NBC peacock logo and the Universal Studios globe and text. The logo was redesigned by Wolff Olins in January 2011 to reflect the new Comcast ownership. [ 8 ] NBC Universal is headquartered in the Rockefeller Plaza in Midtown Manhattan , New York City. [ 9 ] The company is one of two successor companies to MCA Inc. (Music Corporation of America), the other being Vivendi through its subsidiary Universal Music Group . NBC;United_States_dollar;NBC;Universal_Studios;CNBC;NBC;NBCNews.com;Hulu;NBC;NBC;Universal_Studios;Universal_Music_Group;CNBC;NBCNews.com;Universal_Studios;Universal_Music_Group;Saturday_Night_Live;TiVo;Apple_Computer;ITunes_Store;Google;Universal_Media_Studios;The_Walt_Disney_Company;California;Universal_Studios;United_States_dollar;Paramount_Pictures;Hulu;Singapore;Hulu;Streaming_media;MarketWatch;MarketWatch;International_Herald_Tribune;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Universal_Studios;Universal_Studios;NBC;CNBC;CNBC;NBC;Hulu;NBCNews.com;Universal_Music_Group;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Fearnet;ThePlatform;Universal_Studios;Andrea_Jung;NBCUniversal;NBCUniversal; NEMA_connector NEMA connectors are AC power plugs used for mains electricity in North America and other countries that use the standards set by the U.S. National Electrical Manufacturers Association . Some types are found in nearly all buildings in the United States. Similar and interchangeable connectors are used in Canada, Mexico, and other countries using the same type of receptacle, although there are some exceptions. NEMA wiring devices are made in current ratings from 15 to 60 amperes , and electrical potential (voltage) ratings from 125 to 600 volts . Different combinations of contact blade widths, shapes, orientation, and dimensions give non-interchangeable connectors that are unique to a particular voltage, current capacity, and grounding system. NEMA 1 (two prong) and NEMA 5 (three prong) are used for commonplace domestic equipment; the others are for heavy duty or special purposes. The dimensional standard for electrical connectors is ANSI/NEMA WD–6 and is available from the NEMA website. [ 1 ] North_America;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;NEMA_connector;NEMA_connector; NME The New Musical Express , popularly known by the initialism NME , is a music publication in the United Kingdom, published weekly since March 1952. It started as a music newspaper , and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s, changing from newsprint in 1998. It was the first British paper to include a singles chart, in the 14 November 1952 edition. In the 1970s it became the best-selling British music newspaper. During the period 1972 to 1976 it was particularly associated with gonzo journalism , then became closely associated with punk rock through the writing of Tony Parsons and Julie Burchill . An online version of NME, NME.COM, was launched in 1996. It is now the world's biggest standalone music site, with over 7 million users per month. Mike Williams was named as NME editor on 31 May 2012, taking over from Krissi Murison on 25 June 2012. [ 2 ] NME.COM is currently edited by Luke Lewis. [ 3 ] Rock_music;UK_Singles_Chart;The_Beatles;Rock_music;Led_Zeppelin;Hip_hop_music;Smash_Hits;Hot_Press;The_Guardian;Coldplay;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;International_Standard_Book_Number;Time_Warner;Asia;Entertainment_Weekly;CNN;CNN;GameTap;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros._Television;Rotten_Tomatoes;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Hot_Press;Rolling_Stone;NME;NME; NPD_Group The NPD Group, Inc. (formerly National Purchase Diary ) is a leading North American market research company. The NPD Group consistently ranks among the top 25 market research companies in the independent Honomichl Top 50 report, which the media and the research industry acknowledge as a credible source of information on the market research industry. For 2010, NPD ranked 10th according to this report. NPD was founded in 1967 and provides consumer and retail information to manufacturers and retailers. Using actual sales data from retailers and distributors as well as consumer-reported purchasing behavior, NPD offers consumer panel and retail sales tracking services, special reports, modeling and analytics, and custom research. [ 1 ] Covered industries include apparel, appliances, automotive, beauty, consumer electronics, food and beverage, food-service, footwear, home improvement, housewares, imaging, information technology, movies, music, software, toys, video games and wireless. [ 1 ] The NPD Group is headquartered in Port Washington, New York with offices across the United States , Asia , the United Kingdom , the European Union , and in Sydney , Australia . [ 1 ] The company's Chief Executive officer is Tod Johnson. [ 1 ] United_States;Asia;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Australia;NPD_Group;NPD_Group; NRJ_Music_Award Television;France;Disc_jockey;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Britney_Spears;Coldplay;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;NRJ_Music_Award;NRJ_Music_Award; NTSC NTSC , named for the National Television System Committee , [ 1 ] is the analog television system that is used in most of North America , parts of South America (except Brazil , Argentina , Uruguay , and French Guiana ), Myanmar , South Korea , Taiwan , Japan , the Philippines , and some Pacific island nations and territories (see map). Most countries using the NTSC standard, as well as those using other analog television standards , are switching to newer digital television standards, of which at least four different ones are in use around the world. North America, parts of Central America , and South Korea are adopting the ATSC standards , while other countries are adopting or have adopted other standards. The first NTSC standard was developed in 1941 and had no provision for color television. In 1953 a second modified version of the NTSC standard was adopted, which allowed color television broadcasting compatible with the existing stock of black-and-white receivers. NTSC was the first widely adopted broadcast color system and remained dominant where it had been adopted until the first decade of the 21st century, when it was replaced with digital ATSC . After nearly 70 years of use, the vast majority of over-the-air NTSC transmissions in the United States were turned off on June 12, 2009 and August 31, 2011 in Canada and most other NTSC markets [ citation needed ] . Digital broadcasting permits higher-resolution television , but digital standard definition television in these countries continues to use the frame rate and number of lines of resolution established by the analog NTSC standard; systems using the NTSC framerate and resolution (such as DVDs ) are still referred to informally as "NTSC". NTSC baseband video signals are also still often used in video playback (typically of recordings from existing libraries using existing equipment) and in CCTV and surveillance video systems. North_America;Brazil;Argentina;Taiwan;Japan;Philippines;Canada;DVD;NBC;Frame_rate;Frame_rate;CBS;Frame_rate;Japan;Video;Synchronization;Closed_captioning;Hertz;PAL;Film;Pixel;Stereophonic_sound;Frame_rate;DVD;Japan;Paraguay;Argentina;Brazil;Taiwan;Philippines;Brazil;Argentina;Paraguay;Frame_rate;Video_game_console;VCR;DVD;PAL;Closed_captioning;Canada;Mexico;United_States;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;Panama;Dominican_Republic;Puerto_Rico;Bolivia;Colombia;Ecuador;Chile;Peru;Venezuela;Japan;Taiwan;Taiwan;Philippines;Thailand;Vietnam;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;PAL;The_New_York_Times;Display_resolution;Video_CD;DVD;DV;PAL;HDV;Video;Video;PAL;Surround_sound;Closed_captioning;Progressive_scan;Surround_sound;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Closed_captioning;MPEG_transport_stream;Video_on_demand;PAL;PAL;Composite_video;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;NTSC;NTSC; NZD The New Zealand dollar ( sign : $ ; code : NZD ) is the currency of New Zealand . It is divided into 100 cents . It is normally written with the dollar sign $ , or NZ$ to distinguish it from other dollar -denominated currencies. In the context of currency trading, it is often informally called the "Kiwi", [ 1 ] since kiwi are commonly associated with New Zealand and the $1 coin depicts a kiwi. It is one of the 10 most-traded currencies in the world being approximately 1.6% of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2010. [ 2 ] (see Global Foreign Exchange Market section below) New_Zealand;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;UK;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;United_States_dollar;United_States;United_States_dollar;European_Union;Japan;United_Kingdom;Australia;Switzerland;Swiss_franc;Canada;Canadian_dollar;Hong_Kong;Sweden;Swedish_krona;New_Zealand;Singapore;Norway;Norwegian_krone;Mexico;Australian_Dollar;New_Zealand;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;United_States_dollar;Australian_Dollar; Namco Namco Ltd. ( 株式会社ナムコ , Kabushiki Kaisha Namuko ? ) is a Japanese corporation best known as a former video game developer and publisher . Following a merger with Bandai in September 2005, [ 1 ] the two companies' game production assets were spun off into Namco Bandai Games on March 31, 2006. Namco was re-established to continue domestic operation of video arcades and amusement parks . [ 2 ] Its headquarters are located in Ōta , Tokyo. [ 3 ] The company's English name is officially often written as NAMCO (in all capital letters). Namco was a front-runner during the Golden age of arcade video games . Pac-Man , its arguably most famous title, went on to become the best-selling arcade game in history [ 4 ] and an international popular culture icon. Japan;Sega;United_States;California;Monopoly;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;Hong_Kong;United_States;San_Francisco;Walmart;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Namco;Namco; Namibia Namibia , officially the Republic of Namibia ( Afrikaans : Republiek van Namibië , German: Republik Namibia ( help · info ) ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean . It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border with Zimbabwe, less than 200 meters of riverbed (essentially the Zambia / Botswana border) separates them at their closest points. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence . Its capital and largest city is Windhoek . Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations . The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by Bushmen , Damara , and Namaqua , and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion . It became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I . In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy. Uprisings and demands by African leaders led the UN to assume direct responsibility over the territory. It recognized the South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO) as the official representative of the Namibian people in 1973. Namibia, however, remained under South African administration during this time. Following internal violence, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990, with the exception of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands , which remained under South African control until 1994. Namibia has a population of 2.1 million people and a stable multi-party parliamentary democracy. Agriculture, herding , tourism and the mining industry – including mining for gem diamonds, uranium , gold , silver , and base metals – form the backbone of Namibia's economy . Given the presence of the arid Namib Desert , it is one of the least densely populated countries in the world. Approximately half the population live below the international poverty line, and the nation has suffered heavily from the effects of HIV/AIDS , with 15% of the adult population infected with HIV in 2007. English_language;German_language;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;German_language;Mongolia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Zimbabwe;Namibia;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Solomon_Islands;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Argentina;Benin;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Sierra_Leone;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Seychelles;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;The_Gambia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Liberia;Burkina_Faso;Benin;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;The_Gambia;Liberia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Liberia;Benin;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Namibia;Namibia; Napster Napster is a name given to two music-focused online services. It was originally founded as a pioneering peer-to-peer file sharing Internet service that emphasized sharing audio files, typically music, encoded in MP3 format. The original company ran into legal difficulties over copyright infringement , ceased operations and was eventually acquired by Roxio . In its second incarnation Napster became an online music store until it merged with Rhapsody on 1 December 2011. Later companies and projects successfully followed its P2P filesharing example such as Gnutella , Freenet and many others. Some services, like Grokster , Madster and the original eDonkey network , were brought down or changed due to similar circumstances. Software_developer;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Copyright_infringement;Online_music_store;Bootleg_recording;Compact_disc;Open_source;File_sharing;Independent_record_label;Apple_Inc.;ITunes_Store;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;United_States;Best_Buy;Facebook;Imeem;Kazaa;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Napster;Napster; Naranol Naranol ( W-5494A ) is an antidepressant , anxiolytic , and antipsychotic with a tricyclic -like chemical structure which was synthesized in the late 1960s, but was never marketed. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Tricyclic;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Naranol;Naranol; Naringenin International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;International_Chemical_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Naringenin;Naringenin; Nate Nate ( Hangul : 네이트 ) is a South Korean web portal , developed by SK Communications . In 2003, Nate acquired the online community service Cyworld , and in 2004, it achieved first place in local page views with a total of 3.8 million, surpassing rival Daum for the first time. [ 1 ] Korean_language;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Nate;Nate; National_Association_of_Broadcasters The National Association of Broadcasters ( NAB ) is a trade association , workers union , and lobby group representing the interests of for-profit, over-the-air radio and television broadcasters in the United States . The NAB represents more than 8,300 terrestrial radio and television stations as well as broadcast networks . As of November 1, 2009, the president and CEO of the NAB is Gordon Smith , a former United States Senator from Oregon. [ 1 ] Television;United_States;Monopoly;Canada;Saturday_Night_Live;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;National_Association_of_Broadcasters; National_Football_League The National Football League ( NFL ) is the highest level of professional American football in the United States, and is considered the top professional American football league in the world. [ 4 ] It was formed by eleven teams in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association , with the league changing its name to the National Football League in 1922. The league currently consists of thirty-two teams from the United States. The league is divided evenly into two conferences—the American Football Conference (AFC) and National Football Conference (NFC), and each conference has four divisions that have four teams each, for a total of 16 teams in each conference. The NFL is an unincorporated 501(c)(6) association, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] a federal nonprofit designation, [ 8 ] comprising its 32 teams. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The regular season is a seventeen-week schedule during which each team plays sixteen games and has one bye week . The season currently starts on the Thursday night in the first full week of September and runs weekly to late December or early January. At the end of each regular season, six teams from each conference (at least one from each division) play in the NFL playoffs , a twelve-team single-elimination tournament that culminates with the championship game, known as the Super Bowl . This game is held at a pre-selected site which is usually a city that hosts an NFL team. The NFL is the most attended domestic sports league in the world by average attendance per game (16 a season), with 67,394 fans per game in 2011–12. [ 11 ] United_States;United_States;Super_Bowl;Major_League_Baseball;National_Hockey_League;Super_Bowl;Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers;Major_League_Baseball;National_Hockey_League;Massachusetts;New_Jersey;Indiana;California;California;Cowboys_Stadium;New_Jersey;Michigan;Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers;San_Francisco;California;Major_League_Baseball;National_Hockey_League;Stanford_University;Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers;Major_League_Baseball;Super_Bowl;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;USA_Today;Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers;Super_Bowl;Major_League_Baseball;National_Hockey_League;National_Football_League;National_Football_League; National_Geographic_Society The National Geographic Society ( NGS ), headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world. Its interests include geography , archaeology and natural science , the promotion of environmental and historical conservation , and the study of world culture and history . The National Geographic Society’s logo is a yellow portraitframe – rectangular in shape – which appears on the margins surrounding the front covers of its magazines and as its television channel logo. Page_orientation;Albania;CBS;Internet_Archive;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;The_Register;PC_Magazine;Popular_Mechanics;Popular_Science;Ars_Technica;Gizmodo;Lifehacker;Slashdot;TechCrunch;Engadget;Mashable;ReadWriteWeb;Popular_Science;National_Geographic_Society;National_Geographic_Society; National_Hockey_League The National Hockey League ( NHL ; French : Ligue nationale de hockey—LNH ) is an "unincorporated not-for-profit association" [ 1 ] which operates a major professional ice hockey league of 30 franchised member clubs, of which seven are currently located in Canada and 23 in the United States . Headquartered in New York City , the NHL is widely considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, [ 2 ] and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . The Stanley Cup , the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, [ 3 ] is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season . The league was organized on November 26, 1917 , in Montreal , Canada, after the suspension of operations of its predecessor organization, the National Hockey Association (NHA), which had been founded in 1909 . [ 4 ] It started with four teams and, through a series of expansions, contractions, and relocations, the league is now composed of 30 active franchises. The nation to which the name of the league originally referred was Canada, although the league has now been binational since 1924 when it expanded into the United States. After a labour dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season , the league resumed play under a new collective bargaining agreement that included a salary cap . In 2009 , the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, attendance, and television audiences. [ 5 ] The NHL draws many highly skilled players from all over the world and currently has players from about 20 different countries. [ citation needed ] Although Canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the NHL, over the past four plus decades the percentages of American and European trained players have increased both because of the NHL's continued expansion from six to thirty clubs since 1967, and the increased availability of highly skilled European players. Canada;North_America;French_language;Canada;United_States;Canadian_dollar;Major_League_Baseball;Major_League_Baseball;New_Jersey;Massachusetts;Michigan;California;California;California;Austria;Brazil;Brunei;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;Latvia;Lithuania;Norway;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;NBC_Universal;NBCUniversal;NBC;Dominican_Republic;Brazil;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;Computer;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Reuters;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;National_Hockey_League; National_Instruments National Instruments Corporation , or NI ( NASDAQ : NATI ), is an American company with international operation. Headquartered in Austin, Texas , it is a producer of automated test equipment and virtual instrumentation software. Common applications include data acquisition , instrument control and machine vision . In 2010, the company sold products to more than 30,000 companies in 91 countries with revenues of $860 million. NASDAQ;United_States;LabVIEW;PXI;Data_acquisition;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;United_States;Virtual_instrumentation;Data_acquisition;Instrument_control;LabVIEW;NASDAQ;PXI;Hungary;MathWorks;Simulink;Germany;Romania;LabVIEW;Virtual_instrumentation;VMEbus;PXI;Automation;LabVIEW;PXI;National_Instruments;National_Instruments; Native_Instruments Native Instruments is a technology company that develops software and hardware for music production and DJing. The company has originally been identified mostly with software instruments, but has also expanded to various other music equipment segments in recent years. Current products of Native Instruments include software synthesizers , samplers and effect processors, sound libraries and emulations of acoustic instruments, groove production systems and audio interfaces, as well as various products for computer-based DJing that include DJ software, Digital Vinyl Systems , hardware controllers and specific DJ audio interfaces. Native Instruments was founded in 1996 in the Kreuzberg district of Berlin , Germany , where its headquarters are still located. It also has a branch in Los Angeles, California . The company also holds a partnership with the online music store Beatport . [ 3 ] Germany;California;Synthesizer;Germany;California;Beatport;Software_synthesizer;Software_synthesizer;Software_synthesizer;Digital_audio_editor;Native_Instruments;Native_Instruments; Natural_language_processing Natural language processing ( NLP ) is a field of computer science , artificial intelligence , and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages . As such, NLP is related to the more general area of human–computer interaction . Many challenges in NLP involve natural language understanding -- that is, enabling computers to derive meaning from human or natural language input. An automated online assistant providing customer service on a web page, an example of an application where natural language processing is a major component. [ 1 ] Computer_science;Speech_recognition;European_Union;English_language;Chinese_language;German_language;French_language;Spanish_language;Computer;English_language;Chinese_language;Question_answering;Speech_recognition;Speech_recognition;English_language;Chinese_language;Japanese_language;Speech_recognition;Natural_language_user_interface;Linear_algebra;Digital_object_identifier;Natural_language_processing;Natural_language_processing; Natural_language_user_interface Natural Language User Interfaces (LUI) are a type of computer human interface where linguistic phenomena such as verbs, phrases and clauses act as UI controls for creating, selecting and modifying data in software applications. In interface design natural language interfaces are sought after for their speed and ease of use, but most suffer the challenges to understanding wide varieties of ambiguous input. [ 1 ] Natural language interfaces are an active area of study in the field of natural language processing and computational linguistics . An intuitive general Natural language interface is one of the active goals of the Semantic Web . It is important to note that text interfaces are 'natural' to varying degrees, and that many formal (un-natural) programming languages incorporate idioms of natural human language. Likewise, a traditional keyword search engine could be described as a 'shallow' Natural language user interface. User_interface;Natural_language_processing;United_States;Prolog;IBM;Linux;Mozilla_Firefox;Wolfram_Alpha;IOS;Natural_language_processing;Microsoft;Question_answering;The_Guardian;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Natural_language_user_interface;Natural_language_user_interface; NeXT Next, Inc. (later Next Computer, Inc. and Next Software, Inc. and stylized as NeXT ) was an American computer company headquartered in Redwood City, California , that developed and manufactured a series of computer workstations intended for the higher education and business markets. NeXT was founded in 1985 by Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs after he was fired from Apple the same year. NeXT introduced the first NeXT Computer in 1988, and the smaller NeXTstation in 1990. Sales of the NeXT computers were relatively limited, with estimates of about 50,000 units shipped in total. Nevertheless, its innovative object-oriented NeXTSTEP operating system and development environment were highly influential. [ 2 ] NeXT later released much of the NeXTstep system as a programming environment standard called OpenStep . NeXT withdrew from the hardware business in 1993 to concentrate on marketing OPENSTEP , its own OpenStep implementation, for several OEMs . NeXT also developed WebObjects , one of the first enterprise web application frameworks . WebObjects never became very popular because of its initial high price of $50,000 but remains a prominent early example of a web server based on dynamic page generation rather than static content. Apple purchased NeXT on December 20, 1996 for $429 million and 1.5 million shares of Apple stock, [ 3 ] and much of the current OS X and iOS operating systems are built on the OPENSTEP foundation. [ 4 ] Apple_Inc.;California;Steve_Jobs;WebObjects;Computer;Computer;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Operating_system;Application_programming_interface;Original_equipment_manufacturer;WebObjects;OS_X;IOS;Steve_Jobs;Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Megabyte;Random_access_memory;Megapixel;John_Sculley;Apple_Lisa;California;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;Random_access_memory;Hard_drive;Ethernet;NuBus;Pixel;Macintosh;USD;Mathematica;Operating_system;Chrysler;SPARC;Sun_Microsystems;Windows_NT;WebObjects;Dell;Disney;WebObjects;ITunes_Store;Steve_Jobs;Mac_OS;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X;San_Francisco;Moscone_Center;Graphical_user_interface;IBM;Windows_NT;WebObjects;Mac_OS_X_Server;Xcode;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;EWeek;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Macworld;CNet;EWeek;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steve_Jobs;WebObjects;Interface_Builder;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;NeXT;NeXT; Neistat_Brothers The Neistat Brothers , Casey Neistat (born in New London, Connecticut, on March 25, 1981) and Van Neistat (born Van Paul Moody in Augusta, Maine, on March 22, 1975), are filmmakers based in New York City . Their self-titled television show, The Neistat Brothers , debuted on HBO in 2010. The pair have created over two hundred films, according to their website, [ 1 ] most notably iPod's Dirty Secret , focusing on Apple's policy on replacing iPod batteries, and Bike Thief, chronicling the ease with which they steal their own bicycle. Their films have been shown in film festivals, art museums and various institutions around the world. IPod;The_Washington_Post;Fox_News;BBC_News;YouTube;Neistat_Brothers;Neistat_Brothers; Nepal Nepal ( नेपाल ) ( i / n ɛ ˈ p ɔː l / ne- PAWL [ 6 ] Nepali : नेपाल [neˈpal] ( listen ) ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal , is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia . With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million (and 2 million absentee workers living abroad), [ 7 ] Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass [ 8 ] and the 41st most populous country. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China , and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India . Specifically, the Indian states of Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , West Bengal , and Sikkim border Nepal, while across the Himalayas lies the Tibetan Autonomous Region . Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the country's largest metropolis. Kathmandu Valley itself has estimated population of 5 million. Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest , called Sagarmatha in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level. [ 9 ] The fertile and humid south is heavily urbanized . Hinduism is practised by about 81% of Nepalese - making it the country with the highest percentage of Hindu followers. [ 10 ] Buddhism , though a minority faith in the country, is linked historically with Nepal. A monarchy throughout most of its history, Nepal was ruled by the Shah dynasty of kings from 1768, when Prithvi Narayan Shah unified its many small kingdoms. However, a decade-long Civil War by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and several weeks of mass protests by all major political parties led to the 12 point agreement of November 22, 2005. The ensuing elections for the constituent assembly on May 28, 2008 overwhelmingly favored the abdication of the Nepali monarch Gyanendra Shah and the establishment of a federal multiparty representative democratic republic. Bhutan;European_Union;Bhutan;BBC_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Nepal;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Bhutan;Sri_Lanka;Bhutan;Sri_Lanka;Australia;European_Union;Japan;United_States;Nepal;Nepal; Nero_Digital Nero Digital is a brand name applied to a suite of MPEG-4 -compatible video and audio compression codecs developed by Nero AG of Germany and Ateme of France . The audio codecs are integrated into the Nero Digital Audio+ audio encoding tool for Microsoft Windows , and the audio video codecs are integrated into Nero's Recode DVD ripping software. Nero certifies certain DVD player/recorder devices as Nero Digital compatible, [ 1 ] and licenses the codec technology to integrated circuit manufacturers. [ 2 ] The video codecs were developed by Ateme , [ 3 ] and according to an interview with Nero AG developer Ivan Dimkovic, the audio codecs are improved versions of Dimkovic's older PsyTEL AAC Encoder . [ 4 ] Codec;Germany;France;Microsoft_Windows;Integrated_circuit;Advanced_Audio_Coding;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;Sorenson_codec;DivX;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Nero_Digital;Nero_Digital; Nervousness Nervousness may refer to: The personality trait, Neuroticism , appearing in some personality theories Worry , thoughts and images of a negative nature related to anticipated potential threats Anxiety , a psychological and physiological state characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components Neurosis , a now-disused category of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delusions nor hallucinations Various mental disorders, such as Anxiety disorder and Shell shock "Nervousness", a song by the Gigolo Aunts from the album Tales from the Vinegar Side Anxiety;Nervousness;Nervousness; NetFront Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;Symbian_OS;PlayStation_Vita;VxWorks;WebKit;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Embedded_system;Japan;Mobile_phones;Personal_digital_assistant;WebKit;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;Unix;Firmware;Portable_Document_Format;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;MSN_TV;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;NetFront;NetFront; NetNewsWire Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;News_aggregator;Software_license;Proprietary_software;News_aggregator;Mac_OS_X;Podcast;Bloglines;ICal;IPhoto;Shareware;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Mac_App_Store;Macworld;Ars_Technica;Walter_Mossberg;The_Wall_Street_Journal;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;TidBITS;Macworld;Mac_Publishing;Macworld;Mac_Publishing;Ars_Technica;Walter_Mossberg;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;NetNewsWire;NetNewsWire; Netbook Netbooks are a category of small, lightweight, legacy-free , and inexpensive laptop computers. At their inception in late 2007 [ 1 ] as smaller notebooks optimized for low weight and low cost [ 2 ] — netbooks omitted certain features (e.g., the optical drive ), featured smaller screens and keyboards, and offered reduced computing power when compared to a full-sized laptop. Over the course of their evolution, netbooks have ranged in size from below 5" screen diagonal [ 3 ] to 12". [ 4 ] A typical weight is 1 kg ( 2.2 pounds ). Often significantly less expensive than other laptops , [ 5 ] by mid-2009, some wireless data carriers began to offer netbooks to users "free of charge", with an extended service contract purchase. [ 6 ] In the short period since their appearance, netbooks grew in size and features, and converged with smaller, lighter notebooks and subnotebooks . By August 2009, when comparing a Dell netbook to a Dell notebook, CNET called netbooks "nothing more than smaller, cheaper notebooks," noting, "the specs are so similar that the average shopper would likely be confused as to why one is better than the other," and "the only conclusion is that there really is no distinction between the devices." [ 7 ] However, by 2011, the increasing popularity of tablet computers , particularly the iPad , had led to a decline in netbook sales. [ 8 ] Laptop;Laptop;Tablet_computer;IPad;Linux;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Dell;Laptop;Cellular_network;Wired_Magazine;Australia;Adobe_Systems;Greece;Windows_XP;Open_source;Linux;Microsoft;Intel;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Linux;Windows_XP;Hard_disk_drive;Dell;Intel;Intel;Hard_disk_drive;Dell;Toshiba;Samsung;Embedded_systems;Watt;Intel;Intel;Intel;Intel;Intel;Nvidia;GPS;Laptop;QWERTY;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Linux;Microsoft;Linux;ARM_architecture;Google;Nokia;Linux;Mac_OS_X;YouTube;NPD_Group;Smartphone;GPS;Tethering;Mobile_phone;SIM_card;Tablet_computer;The_Wall_Street_Journal;PDF;The_New_York_Times;Forbes;ComputerWorld;Engadget;Ars_Technica;Microsoft;TechCrunch;Digital_object_identifier;New_York_Times;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Cloud_computing;Web_browser;Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Operating_system;IOS;Google_Apps;Internet;Web_service;Netbook;Netbook; Netflix Netflix, Inc. ( NASDAQ : NFLX ) is an American provider of on-demand Internet streaming media in the United States, Canada, [ 6 ] Latin America, the Caribbean, United Kingdom and Ireland and flat rate DVD-by-mail in the United States. The company was established in 1997 and is headquartered in Los Gatos, California . It started its subscription -based digital distribution service in 1999 [ 7 ] and by 2009 it was offering a collection of 100,000 titles on DVD and had surpassed 10 million subscribers. On February 25, 2007, Netflix announced the billionth DVD delivery. [ 8 ] In April 2011, Netflix announced 23.6 million subscribers in the United States and over 26 million worldwide. [ 9 ] By 2011, the total digital revenue for Netflix reached $1.5 billion. [ 10 ] NASDAQ;Streaming_media;North_America;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;Microsoft;NASDAQ;Video_on_demand;Streaming_media;Digital_distribution;Algorithm;The_New_York_Times;Video_game;Silverlight;Apple_Inc.;Roku;Digital_rights_management;Linux;Paramount_Pictures;Time_Warner;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;NBC_Universal;Warner_Bros.;Hulu;Facebook;Video_game;Paramount_Pictures;Warner_Bros._Television;Apple_Inc.;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;Boxee_Box;Microsoft;Roku;Samsung;Seagate_Technology;Sony;Google_TV;PlayStation_Vita;TiVo;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Internet_Explorer;Google_Chrome;Mac_OS_X;Google_Chrome;Boxee;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Apple_TV;MediaPortal;XBMC_Media_Center;XBMC;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Vista;Roku;Samsung;Google_TV;Apple_Computer;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Apple_Computer;ITunes;IPad;Digital_rights_management;English_language;Spanish_language;Brazil;Argentina;Chile;Colombia;Mexico;Amazon.com;LoveFilm;New_York_Times;False_advertising;Patent_infringement;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California;Patent_infringement;Social_networking;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;OS_X;IOS;Digital_rights_management;Closed_captioning;API;Rotten_Tomatoes;The_New_York_Times;IPhone;Cloud_computing;Content_delivery_network;Audiobook;LoveFilm;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Slashdot;YouTube;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Netflix;Netflix; Netgear_Digital_Entertainer Netgear 's Digital Entertainer line of products are digital media receivers that can pull multimedia content from home computers to the typical audio/video entertainment center . There are three products in the line, the EVA700, the HD EVA8000 and the current EVA9150 Digital Entertainer Elite. All support high definition video , the EVA700 via component output up to 1080i and the EVA8000/EVA9000 up to 1080p with both component and HDMI connectors. All models support audio , video , image and streaming audio and video formats and can can be networked via wired and wireless Ethernet . The EVA700 is Intel Viiv certified. Digital_media_receiver;Multimedia;Home_cinema;Sound;Video;Wireless;Ethernet;Intel;Windows_XP;Internet_radio;Universal_Serial_Bus;Digital_cameras;Remote_control;RCA_connector;Composite_video;Component_video;TRS_connector;Windows_Media_Audio;Audio_Video_Interleave;Xvid;WAV;Advanced_Audio_Coding;JPEG;BMP_file_format;Portable_Network_Graphics;GIF;Digital_video_recorder;HDMI;Server_Message_Block;FLAC;Matroska;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer; Netherlands – in Europe ( light green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( light green ) — [ Legend ] Location of the special municipalities of the Netherlands ( green circled ) in the Caribbean ( grey ) 52°19′N 05°33′E  /  52.317°N 5.55°E  / 52.317; 5.55 Official language(s) Recognised regional languages Frisian (in Friesland ), Papiamento (in Bonaire ), English (in Sint Eustatius and Saba ) 3 Ethnic groups (2012) 2.2% Indonesians , Constitutional monarchy , Unitary parliamentary representative democracy Beatrix der Nederlanden Prime Minister ( Demissionary ) Mark Rutte ( VVD ) Deputy Prime Minister (Demissionary) Maxime Verhagen ( CDA ) Current coalition (Demissionary) VVD–CDA coalition , a minority cabinet House of Representatives As result of the Eighty Years' War from the Habsburg Empire 41,543 km 2 ( 135th ) 16,730,007 [ 2 ] ( 61st ) 404.5/km 2 ( 28th ) $704.034 billion [ 3 ] $840.433 billion [ 3 ] 30.9 [ dated info ] Euro (€): Netherlands 5 , United States dollar ($): Caribbean Netherlands 6 CET and AST ( UTC +1 and −4) ^ The official motto is in French; the literal translation to English is "I will maintain", however, the meaning translates better as I will hold firm , or I will uphold (namely, the integrity and independence of the territory) ^ While Amsterdam is the constitutional capital, The Hague is the seat of the government. ^ Frisian ( Friesland ), [ 5 ] Papiamento ( Bonaire ) [ 6 ] and English ( Sint Eustatius and Saba ) [ 6 ] have a formal status in certain parts of the country. Yiddish and the Romani language are recognised as non-territorial languages. [ citation needed ] Dutch Low Saxon and Limburgish are recognised as regional languages by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. ^ Peace of Westphalia ^ Before 2002: Dutch guilder . ^ The United States dollar is the sole legal tender within the Caribbean Netherlands . Before 2011: Netherlands Antillean guilder . ^ The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. ^ 599 was the country code designated for the now dissolved Netherlands Antilles . The Caribbean Netherlands still use 599-7 (Bonaire), 599-3 (Sint Eustatius) and 599-4 (Saba). The Netherlands ( i / ˈ n ɛ ð ər l ə n d z / ; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdərˌlɑnt] ( listen ) ) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean . Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders [ 7 ] with Belgium , Germany and the United Kingdom . It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state . The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague . [ 8 ] The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland , although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto ; see terminology of the Netherlands ). The Netherlands is a geographically low-lying country, with about 20% of its area and 21% of its population located below sea level, [ 9 ] and 50% of its land lying less than one metre above sea level . [ 10 ] This distinct feature contributes to the country's name: in Dutch ( Nederland ), English, and in many other European languages (e.g. German: Niederlande , Croatian: Nizozemska , Welsh: Yr Iseldiroedd , Irish: An Ísiltír , Spanish: Países Bajos , French: Les Pays-Bas , Swedish: Nederländerna , Norwegian: Nederland , Italian: Paesi Bassi , Greek: Κάτω Χώρες , Finnish: Alankomaat and Catalan: Països Baixos ), its name literally means "(The) Low Countries " or "Low Country". Most of the areas below sea level are man-made, caused by centuries of extensive and poorly controlled peat extraction, lowering the surface by several meters. Even in flooded areas peat extraction continued through turf dredging. As from the late 16th century land reclamation started and large polder areas are now preserved through elaborate drainage systems with dikes , canals and pumping stations. Much of the Netherlands is formed by the estuary of three important European rivers, which together with their distributaries form the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta . Most of the country is very flat, with the exception of foothills in the far southeast and several low-hill ranges in the central parts. The Netherlands was one of the first countries to have an elected parliament . Among other affiliations, the country is a founding member of the EU, NATO , OECD and WTO . Netherlands has the ninth-highest per capita income in the world. With Belgium and Luxembourg it forms the Benelux economic union. The country is host to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and five international courts: the Permanent Court of Arbitration , the International Court of Justice , the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia , the International Criminal Court and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon . The first four are situated in The Hague , as is the EU's criminal intelligence agency Europol and judicial co-operation agency Eurojust . This has led to the city being dubbed "the world's legal capital". [ 11 ] The Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 13th of 157 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom . [ 12 ] In May 2011, the Netherlands was ranked as the "happiest" country according to results published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . [ 13 ] Europe;European_Union;European_Union;Belgium;Germany;Belgium;Germany;United_Kingdom;Belgium;Luxembourg;Belgium;Belgium;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;Eurozone;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;The_Washington_Post;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Netherlands;Denmark;United_Kingdom;Germany;Belgium;Belgium;Germany;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;Belgium;Argentina;Brazil;Cambodia;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Malta;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Netherlands;Netherlands; Netscape_Browser Netscape Browser is the name of a proprietary Windows web browser published by AOL , but developed by Mercurial Communications . It is the eighth major release in name of the Netscape series of browsers, originally produced by the defunct Netscape Communications Corporation. While Netscape Browser's version numbers start at 8, it is based on Mozilla Firefox , whereas Netscape 6 and 7 were based on Mozilla Application Suite , itself a complete rewrite of the codebase developed in versions 1 through 4 - Netscape Navigator and Netscape Communicator . As with other recent versions, it incorporates support for AOL Instant Messenger , and other AOL-related features. The Netscape Browser series was succeeded by Netscape Navigator 9 . However, on December 28, 2007, Netscape developers announced that AOL would discontinue the web browser on February 1, 2008. [ 1 ] Software_developer;AOL;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Web_browser;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Web_browser;AOL;Mozilla_Firefox;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Email_client;Mozilla_Thunderbird;XML;Mozilla_Firefox;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Camino;Kazehakase;OmniWeb;Mozilla_Firefox;Internet_Explorer;SeaMonkey;Open_Directory_Project;AOL;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;Netscape_Browser;Netscape_Browser; Netvibes Netvibes is a personalized dashboard publishing platform for the Web including digital life management, widget distribution services and brand observation rooms. Brand Monitoring – to track clients, customers and competitors across media sources all in one place, analyze live results with 3rd party reporting tools, and provide real-time media monitoring dashboards for brand clients. E-Reputation Management – to visualize real-time conversations and social activity feeds, and track new trending topics with “drag-and-follow” smart widgets. Product Marketing – to create interactive product microsites, with drag-and-drop publishing interface. Community Portals – to engage online communities by offering each user the ability to personalize their own unique startpage and send live community updates with instant push publishing tools Personalized Workspaces – to boost productivity by creating workplace dashboards that gather all essential company updates, industry news, and enterprise tools each team needs all in one place, personalized to support specific divisions (i.e. sales, marketing, HR) and localizations. San_Francisco;France;Slogan;Internationalization_and_localization;IGoogle;Pageflakes;ICal;Meebo;Flickr;Podcast;News_aggregator;Pageflakes;IGoogle;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Netvibes;Netvibes; Network_Browser Network Browser was an application that shipped with Mac OS 9 to allow users to connect to other computers and printers on a network, and access FTP servers, intended to replace the Chooser that shipped with previous versions. FTP;Apple_Chooser;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;Network_Browser;Network_Browser; Network_Operations_Center Television; Network_Utility Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Mac_OS_X;Unix;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Network_Utility;Network_Utility; Neurotransmitter_transporter Enzyme;Histamine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine;Enzyme;Inverse_agonist;Enzyme;Histamine;Histamine_antagonist;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Neurotransmitter_transporter; New_Age_music Not to be confused with New Wave music Traditional folk music Europe and United States , late 1960s Typical instruments piano , synthesizer , sampler , sequencer , computer , strings , found sounds (often bird song or whale song , waterfalls , etc), folk and ethnic instruments , acoustic guitar , flutes , harp , sitar , tamboura , tabla , organ Mainstream popularity High Worldwide, often connected with New Age spirituality Post-rock - Post-trip-hop - Trance Neoclassical (New Age) - Space music - tone poems - biomusic - Andean New Age New Age movement , meditation , environmentalism , List of New Age music artists New age music is ideal for acts such as yoga and meditation . [ 1 ] New Age music (also called instrumental pop ) is music of various styles intended to create artistic inspiration , relaxation , and optimism . It is used by listeners for yoga , massage , meditation , [ 2 ] and reading as a method of stress management [ 3 ] or to create a peaceful atmosphere in their home or other environments, and is often associated with environmentalism and New Age spirituality . [ 2 ] The harmonies in New Age music are generally modal , consonant , or include a drone bass. The melodies are often repetitive, to create a hypnotic feeling, and sometimes recordings of nature sounds are used as an introduction to a track or throughout the piece. Pieces of up to thirty minutes are common. New Age music includes both electronic forms, frequently relying on sustained synth pads or long sequencer -based runs, and acoustic forms, featuring instruments such as flutes, piano, acoustic guitar and a wide variety of non-western acoustic instruments. Vocal arrangements were initially rare in New Age music but as it has evolved vocals have become more common, especially vocals featuring Native American , Sanskrit , or Tibetan influenced chants, or lyrics based on mythology such as Celtic legends or the realm of Faerie . Classical_music;Electronic_music;Folk_music;World_music;Europe;United_States;Piano;Synthesizer;Music_sequencer;Computer;Acoustic_guitar;Electronic_music;Music_sequencer;Classical_music;Classical_music;Jazz;Electronica;World_music;Flamenco;Amazon.com;ITunes_Store;Classical_music;World_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Electronic_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;House_music;New_Age_music;New_Age_music; New_Jersey New Jersey ( i / n uː ˈ dʒ ɜr z i / ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York , on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Pennsylvania , and on the southwest by Delaware . New Jersey is the 4th least extensive , but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States . New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia . It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income . [ 8 ] The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. [ 9 ] The British later seized control of the region, [ 10 ] naming it the Province of New Jersey . It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands , Jersey , Carteret's birthplace. [ 11 ] New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War . In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Paterson , Newark , Trenton , and Elizabeth helped to drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey's position at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast, and Philadelphia, Baltimore , and Washington, D.C. to the southwest, fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the 1950s and beyond. United_States_House_of_Representatives;Sweden;Michigan;Costa_Rica;Spanish_language;Italian_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Korean_language;Verizon_Wireless;Newsweek;Massachusetts;United_Airlines;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Barack_Obama;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;National_Football_League;National_Football_League;Hip_hop_music;Jazz;FM_radio;New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;United_States;California;Indiana;Kansas;Massachusetts;Michigan;Guam;Puerto_Rico;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;New_Jersey;New_Jersey; New_Straits_Times The New Straits Times is an English-language newspaper published in Malaysia . It is Malaysia's oldest newspaper still in print (though not the first [ 1 ] ), having been founded as The Straits Times in 1845, and was reestablished as the " New Straits Times " in 1965. The paper served as Malaysia's only broadsheet format English language newspaper. However, following the heels of British newspapers The Times and The Independent , a tabloid version first rolled off the presses on 1 September 2004 and since 18 April 2005, the newspaper is published only in tabloid size, ending a 160-year-old tradition of broadsheet publication. The New Straits Times currently retails at RM 1.20 (~36 USD cents ). On 11 November 2011, 3D publication was introduced to the paper's print and online editions. The New Straits Times is printed by the New Straits Times Press , which also produced the English language afternoon newspaper, The Malay Mail , until 1 January 2008, as well as assorted Malay language newspapers, most notably the Berita Harian . The New Straits Times is part of Kumho Asiana's Media Prima group of companies. As of 1 January 2009, the Group Editor of the New Straits Times is Syed Nadzri Syed Harun, while Kamrul Idris Zulkifli is Deputy Group Editor. Executive Editors, as of 1 January 2009, Lee Ah Chai (News) and Chandra Segaran (Production) and Lim Thow Boon. English_language;Malaysia;Malaysia;United_States_dollar;Singapore;Malaysia;Singapore;Singapore;New_Straits_Times;New_Straits_Times; New_World_ROM New World ROM computers are Macintosh models that do not use a Macintosh Toolbox ROM on the logic board. Due to OS X not requiring the availability of the Toolbox, this allowed ROM sizes to shrink dramatically (typically from 4 MiB to 1 MiB ), and facilitated the use of Flash memory for system firmware instead of the now more expensive and less flexible Mask ROM that most previous Macs used. A facility for loading the Toolbox from the startup device was, however, made available, allowing the use of Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9 on New World machines. The New World architecture was developed for the Macintosh Network Computer , an unrealized project that eventually contributed several key technologies to the first-generation iMac. All PowerPC Macs from the iMac , the iBook , the Blue and White Power Mac G3 and the Bronze Keyboard PowerBook G3 forward are New World ROM machines, while all previous models (including the Beige Power Mac G3 and all other beige and platinum Macs) are Old World ROM machines. Intel based Macs are incapable of running Mac OS 9, and on these machines EFI is used instead of Open Firmware , which both New World and Old World machines are based on. New World ROM Macs are the first Macs where direct usage of the Open Firmware (OF) subsystem is encouraged. Previous PCI Power Macs used Open Firmware for booting, but the implementation was not complete; in these machines OF was only expected to probe PCI devices, then immediately hand control over to the Mac OS ROM. Because of this, versions 1.0.5 and 2.x had several serious bugs, as well as missing functionality (such as being able to load files from a HFS partition or a TFTP server). Apple also set the default input and output devices to ttya (the modem port on beige Macs), which made it difficult for normal users to get to Open Firmware; to do so it was necessary to either hook up a terminal, or change the Open Firmware settings from inside Mac OS using a tool such as Boot Variables or Apple's System Disk . The New World ROM introduced a much-improved version of the Open Firmware interpreter, version 3.0, which added many missing features, fixed most of the bugs from earlier versions, and had the capability to run CHRP boot scripts . The Toolbox ROM was embedded inside a CHRP script in the System Folder called "Mac OS ROM", along with a short loader stub and a copy of the Happy Mac icon suitable for display from Open Firmware. Once the ROM was loaded from disk, the Mac boot sequence continued as usual. As before, Open Firmware could also run a binary boot loader , and version 3.0 added support for ELF objects as well as the XCOFF files versions 1.0.5 and 2.0 supported. Also, version 3.0 (as well as some of the last releases of version 2.x, starting with the PowerBook 3400) officially supported direct access to the Open Firmware command prompt from the console (by setting the auto-boot? variable to false from Mac OS, or by holding down Command-Option-O-F at boot). One major difference between Old World ROM Macs and New World ROM Macs, at least in classic Mac OS, is that the Gestalt selector for the machine type is no longer usable; all New World ROM Macs use the same mach ID, 406 decimal, and the actual machine ID is encoded in the "model" and "compatible" properties of the root node of the Open Firmware device tree. The New World ROM also sets the "compatible" property of the root node to "MacRISC2" (machines that can boot classic Mac OS using "Mac OS ROM") or "MacRISC3" (machines that can only boot OS X or another Unix -like system). It is somewhat easier to boot a non-Mac-OS operating system on a New World system, and indeed OpenBSD 's bootloader only works on a New World system. The simplest way to distinguish a New World ROM Mac is that it will have a factory built-in USB port. No Old World ROM Mac had a USB port as factory equipment; instead, they used ADB for keyboard and mouse, and mini-DIN-8 "modem" and "printer" serial ports for other peripherals. Also, NewWorld ROM Macs generally do not have a built-in floppy drive . Apple_Macintosh;Macintosh_Toolbox;OS_X;Flash_memory;PowerPC;IMac;IBook;Old_World_ROM;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Power_Macintosh;Hierarchical_File_System;PowerBook;OS_X;Unix;USB;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;New_World_ROM;New_World_ROM; New_York_Times The_New_York_Times_Company;The_Wall_Street_Journal;USA_Today;The_New_York_Times_Company;International_Herald_Tribune;IOS;Wireless;The_Washington_Post;International_Herald_Tribune;Classical_music;Disney;USA_Today;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times_Company;Social_media;Laos;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post_Company;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Los_Angeles_Times;USA_Today;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Washington_Post;Video_game;Hong_Kong;Microsoft;Application_software;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;Subscription_business_model;Ombudsman;Newsweek;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times_Company;TechCrunch;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Newsweek;International_Standard_Book_Number;MTV;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;Tribune_Company;CNN;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;International_Herald_Tribune;About.com;United_States_dollar;Gannett_Company;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;Gannett_Company;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Washington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times; New_Zealand New Zealand / n juː ˈ z i l ə n d / new- ZEE -lənd , Māori : Aotearoa ) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ and numerous smaller islands . New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia , Fiji, and Tonga . Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species , many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals . With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface. Polynesians settled New Zealand in 1250–1300 CE and developed a distinctive Māori culture , and Europeans first made contact in 1642 CE. The introduction of potatoes and muskets triggered upheaval among Māori early during the 19th century, which led to the inter-tribal Musket Wars . In 1840 the British and Māori signed a treaty making New Zealand a colony of the British Empire . Immigrant numbers increased sharply and conflicts escalated into the New Zealand Wars , which resulted in much Māori land being confiscated in the mid North Island. Economic depressions were followed by periods of political reform, with women gaining the vote during the 1890s, and a welfare state being established from the 1930s. After World War II, New Zealand joined Australia and the United States in the ANZUS security treaty, although the United States later, until 2010, suspended the treaty after New Zealand banned nuclear weapons . New Zealand is part of the intelligence sharing among the Anglosphere countries, the UKUSA Agreement . New Zealanders enjoyed one of the highest standards of living in the world in the 1950s, but the 1970s saw a deep recession, worsened by oil shocks and the United Kingdom's entry into the European Economic Community . The country underwent major economic changes during the 1980s, which transformed it from a protectionist to a liberalised free-trade economy. Markets for New Zealand's agricultural exports have diversified greatly since the 1970s, with once-dominant exports of wool being overtaken by dairy products, meat, and recently wine. The majority of New Zealand's population is of European descent ; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and non-Māori Polynesians. English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages, with English predominant. Much of New Zealand's culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. Early European art was dominated by landscapes and to a lesser extent portraits of Māori. A recent resurgence of Māori culture has seen their traditional arts of carving , weaving and tattooing become more mainstream. Many artists now combine Māori and Western techniques to create unique art forms. The country's culture has also been broadened by globalisation and increased immigration from the Pacific Islands and Asia. New Zealand's diverse landscape provides many opportunities for outdoor pursuits and has provided the backdrop for a number of big budget movies. New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes; these have less autonomy than the country's long defunct provinces did. Nationally, executive political power is exercised by the Cabinet , led by the Prime Minister . Queen Elizabeth II is the country's head of state and is represented by a Governor-General . The Queen's Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau (a dependent territory ); the Cook Islands and Niue (self-governing but in free association ); and the Ross Dependency , which is New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica . New Zealand is a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation , Commonwealth of Nations , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Pacific Islands Forum , and the United Nations. Australia;Taiwan;English_language;Australian_English;Blues;Jazz;Country_music;Hip_hop_music;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;Record_chart;Palau;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;New_Zealand;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Australia;Canada;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;United_Kingdom;Australia;Chile;Fiji;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Japan;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;United_States;Australia;France;United_Kingdom;United_States;Guam;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;New_Zealand;New_Zealand; New_Zealand_Music_Awards The New Zealand Music Awards are conferred annually by Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ), for outstanding artistic and technical achievements in the recording field. The awards are one of the most significant awards that a group or artist can receive in music in New Zealand, and have been held annually since 1965. The awards show is presented by RIANZ , and Vodafone New Zealand is the current principal sponsor. A range of award sponsors and media partners also support the event each year. Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;Vodafone;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;Vodafone;New_Zealand;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards; News.com CNET (stylized as c|net ) is a tech media website that publishes news, articles, blogs, and podcasts on technology and consumer electronics . Originally founded in 1994 by Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie, it was the flagship brand of CNET Networks and became a brand of CBS Interactive through CNET Networks' acquisition in 2008. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] CNET originally produced content for radio and television in addition to its website and now uses new media distribution methods through its Internet television network , CNET TV , and its podcast and blog networks. CBS_Interactive;Slogan;CBS_Interactive;CBS_Interactive;Internet_television;CBS_Interactive;United_States;CNBC;Switzerland;ZDNet;Ziff_Davis;Ziff_Davis;Gartner;United_States_dollar;CBS_Interactive;Eric_Schmidt;Blog;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Reuters;CBS_Interactive;Last.fm;ZDNet;CNET;CNET; NewsAccess NewsAccess is a free news aggregator for Mac OS X . Like other major news aggregators it uses the standard three-paned interface similar to Apple Mail or Outlook Express . It is developed by Earthlink as part of its Total Access software suite. The unique feature of this application over others in its class is that it is LiveJournal savvy allowing feeds to be entered with the proprietary urls: lj:// username add a user's journal ljfrlist:// username add all user's friends' journals NewsAccess also filters LiveJournal feeds through the user's cookies to display filtered postings. News_aggregator;Mac_OS_X;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;Software;NewsAccess;NewsAccess; NewsFire Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mac_OS_X;Podcast;ITunes;Weblog;Freeware;Mac_OS_X;NetNewsWire;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;Software;NewsFire;NewsFire; News_aggregator RSS;Web_application;Podcast;Google_News;Push_technology;Portable_media_player;IPod;XML;Google_Reader;Feedly;Web_widget;Operating_system;Podcast;Broadcatching;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Open_Directory_Project;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;News_aggregator;News_aggregator; News_release A press release , news release , media release , press statement or video release is a written or recorded communication directed at members of the news media for the purpose of announcing something ostensibly newsworthy. Typically, they are mailed, faxed , or e-mailed to assignment editors at newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television stations, or television networks. Tom Kelleher states in his book, Public Relations Online: Lasting Concepts for Changing Media , that "given that your news-driven publics include bona fide journalists as well as others who read and report news online, the term news release seems to work better online than press release". Fraser Seitel also refers to press releases as being, "the granddaddy of public relations writing vehicles." [ 1 ] Websites have changed the way press releases are submitted. Commercial, fee-based press release distribution services, such as news wire services, or free website services co-exist, making news distribution more affordable and a level playing field for smaller businesses. Such websites hold a repository of press releases and claim to make a company's news more prominent on the web and searchable via major search engines. The use of press releases is common in the field of public relations (PR). Typically, the aim is to attract favorable media attention to the PR professional's client and/or provide publicity for products or events marketed by those clients. A press release provides reporters with an information subsidy containing the basics needed to develop a news story. Press releases can announce a range of news items, such as scheduled events, personal promotions, awards, new products and services, sales and other financial data, accomplishments, etc. They are often used in generating a feature story or are sent for the purpose of announcing news conferences , upcoming events or a change in corporation. A press statement is information supplied to reporters. This is an official announcement or account of a news story that is specially prepared and issued to newspapers and other news media for them to make known to the public. Blog;International_Standard_Book_Number; Newsknowledge NewsKnowledge is a commercial news aggregator providing full text news articles and headline news feeds for web sites and digital signage . NewsKnowledge was founded in 1996 and is based in Zürich , primarily providing commercial products for web syndication It is the owner of NewsIsFree .com, a free news feed directory and search engine. Their headline news products search and retrieve news headlines from more than 22,000 sources from around the world. NewsKnowledge offer up to 150,000 breaking news stories a day, dynamically hyperlinked to company, financial, and industry data. TNT N.V. , Toshiba , Schindler Group , and Sunrise use NewsKnowledge. Toshiba;News_aggregator;Newsknowledge;Newsknowledge; Newsweek United_States;The_Washington_Post_Company;English_language;Photograph;The_Washington_Post_Company;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Huffington_Post;Steven_Levy;The_Washington_Post_Company;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;BBC_News;The_Huffington_Post;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Huffington_Post;Vimeo;The_Wall_Street_Journal;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;CNN;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;Newsweek;Newsweek; Newton_OS Newton OS was the operating system for the Apple Newton PDAs produced by Apple from 1993-1997. Newton OS was written entirely in C++ and trimmed to be low power consuming and use the available memory efficiently. Similar to the original Apple Macintosh , many applications were written in the ROM of the Newton to save DRAM and flash space for user applications. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Flash_memory;Mac_OS_X;Pen_computing;QWERTY;Pen_computing;IOS;Ars_Technica;Open_Directory_Project;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS;Newton_OS;Newton_OS; Nextel Nextel Communications, Inc. , was a wireless service provider that later merged and became a subisidiary of Sprint Nextel Corporation that traces its roots to the 1987 foundation of FleetCall by Morgan O'Brien and Brian McAuley . FleetCall changed its name to Nextel Communications, Inc. in 1993. Nextel provided digital, wireless communications services, originally focusing on fleet and dispatch customers, but later marketed to all potential wireless customers. Nextel's network operated in the 800 MHz Specialized Mobile Radio band and used iDEN technology developed by Motorola. Nextel's iDen network offered a then unique push-to-talk "walkie-talkie" feature in addition to direct dialed voice calls. Nextel was one of the first providers in the United States to offer a national digital cellular coverage footprint. Prior to merging with Sprint Corporation in 2005, Nextel Communications, Inc. was a publicly traded company. Shares traded on the NASDAQ under the ticker symbol NXTL . Nextel was headquartered in Reston, Virginia , United States. [ 2 ] At the time of its 2005 merger with Sprint Communications, Nextel had over twenty million subscribers in the United States, and served 198 of the top 200 markets. Nextel Communications, Inc. offered post paid services under the Nextel brand and prepaid services under the Boost Mobile brand. On 30 May 2012,Sprint Nextel said that it would shut down the Nextel network as early as June 2013. [ 3 ] Sprint will deploy CDMA equipment on the 800 MHz spectrum formerly used by the iDEN network. Sprint will continue to offer pre-paid services under the Boost Mobile brand and will continue to offer push-to-talk services using CDMA equipment. NASDAQ;Sprint_Nextel;Sprint_Nextel;Sprint_Nextel;IDEN;NASDAQ;IDEN;Motorola;Push_to_talk;IDEN;Motorola;IDEN;Telus;Verizon_Wireless;Session_Initiation_Protocol;IDEN;Sprint_Nextel;Nextel;IDEN;CDMA;Motorola;Research_In_Motion;Sprint_Nextel;Sprint_Nextel;Sprint_Nextel;United_States_dollar; Nexus_Q Wi-Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ), NFC , Bluetooth , microUSB (for service and support), 10/ 100BASE-T Ethernet (RJ45). Google Play Music, Google Play Movies TV and YouTube . Diameter: 4.6 inches (116mm) [ 1 ] 2 pounds (923 grams) [ 1 ] The Nexus Q is a media-streaming entertainment device in the Google Nexus product family. The device runs version 4.0 of the Android operating system , Ice Cream Sandwich, and integrates with Google Play . Introduced by Google in June 2012, it will be available in the US at an introductory price of $299. The device has a spherical shape. [ 2 ] Launch was postponed because Google received feedback from users that the device had too few features for its price. [ 3 ] Google;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Bluetooth;Ethernet;Google_Play;YouTube;Backward_compatibility;Google_Play;The_New_York_Times;Google_TV;Apple_TV;Roku;Smart_TV;Digital_media_receiver;Engadget;Google_Talk;YouTube;Google_Play;Smartphone;Dell;Google;HTC_Corporation;Intel;Sony_Ericsson;Tablet_computer;Amazon.com;Dell;Google;HTC_Corporation;Kobo_Inc.;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung;Sony;Samsung;Sony;Google_TV;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Nexus_Q;Nexus_Q; Niaprazine Niaprazine ( Nopron ) is a sedative - hypnotic drug of the phenylpiperazine class. [ 1 ] It has been used in the treatment of sleep disturbances since the early 1970s in several European countries, including France , Italy , and Luxembourg . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is commonly used with children and adolescents on account of its favorable safety and tolerability profile and lack of abuse potential . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Originally believed to act as an antihistamine and anticholinergic , [ 10 ] niaprazine was later discovered to have no significant binding affinity for either the H 1 or the mACh receptors (K i = 1 μM), and was instead found to act as a potent and selective 5-HT 2A and α 1 -adrenergic receptor antagonist (K i = 75 nM and 86 nM, respectively). [ 11 ] It is virtually inactive at 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 2B , D 2 , and β-adrenergic , as well as at SERT and VMAT (K i = all 1 μM), but it does have some weak affinity for the α 2 -adrenergic receptor (K i = 730 nM), [ 11 ] likely acting as an antagonist there as well. Niaprazine has been shown to metabolize to the compound p FPP in a similar manner to how trazodone and nefazodone metabolize to m CPP . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] It is unclear what role, if any, p FPP plays in the clinical effects of niaprazine. [ 11 ] However, from animal studies it is known that p FPP, unlike niaprazine, does not produce sedative effects, and instead exerts a behavioral profile indicative of serotonergic activation. [ 12 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Sedative;Europe;France;Italy;Luxembourg;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Niaprazine;Niaprazine; Nicaragua Spanish_language;English_language;Spain;Mexico;Spanish_language;Honduras;Costa_Rica;Panama;Chile;Paraguay;El_Salvador;Crack_cocaine;European_Union;Malta;Venezuela;European_Union;Venezuela;Bolivia;Vietnam;Palau;Paraguay;Canada;Taiwan;Colombia;Venezuela;Costa_Rica;United_Kingdom;El_Salvador;Dance_music;Dominican_Republic;Major_League_Baseball;Major_League_Baseball;Computer;Computer_science;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Nicaragua;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Panama;North_America;Canada;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Panama;Puerto_Rico;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;United_States;Venezuela;European_Union;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Nicaragua;Nicaragua; Nielsen_Company Nielsen ( NYSE : NLSN ) is a global marketing and advertising research company headquartered in Lower Manhattan , New York City , USA. [ 1 ] Nielsen is active in over 100 countries, and employs some 32,000 people worldwide. Total revenues amounted to $5.1 billion in 2010. United_States;USD;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Harman_International_Industries;Nielsen_Company;Nielsen_Company; Nikon Nikon Corporation ( 株 式 会 社 ニ コ ン , Kabushiki-gaisha Nikon ? ) ( UK / ˈ n ɪ k ɒ n / or US / ˈ n aɪ k ɒ n / ; listen ( help · info ) [nikoɴ] ) ( TYO : 7731 ), also known as just Nikon , is a Japanese multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, specializing in optics and imaging . Its products include cameras , binoculars , microscopes , ophthalmic lenses , measurement instruments , and the steppers used in the photolithography steps of semiconductor fabrication , of which it is the world's second largest manufacturer. [ 2 ] The companies held by Nikon form the Nikon Group. [ 3 ] Among its products are Nikkor imaging lenses (for F-mount cameras, large format photography, photographic enlargers , and other applications), the Nikon F -series of 135 film SLR cameras, the Nikon D-series of digital SLR cameras, the Coolpix series of compact digital cameras, and the Nikonos series of underwater film cameras. Nikon's main competitors in camera and lens manufacturing include Canon , Casio , Kodak , Sony , Pentax , Panasonic , Fujifilm and Olympus . West Building of Nikon in NiShiOoi,Tokyo Founded in 25 July 1917 as Nippon Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha (日本光学工業株式会社 "Japan Optical Industries Co., Ltd."), the company was renamed Nikon Corporation, after its cameras, in 1988. Nikon is one of the companies of the Mitsubishi Group . [ 4 ] Camcorder;British_English;American_English;Sony;Autofocus;Thailand;Autofocus;System_on_a_chip;Raw_image_format;Autofocus;Autofocus;Video;Integrated_circuit;Liquid_crystal_display;Autofocus;Autofocus;Japan;Alpine_Electronics;Pioneer_Corporation;Roland_Corporation;Sony;Toshiba;Japan;Japan;Honda;Sony;Toshiba;Toyota;Japan;Japan;Honda;Pioneer_Corporation;Shionogi;Sony;Toshiba;Toyota;Nikon;Nikon; Nilay_Patel Nilay Patel is a technology journalist . Former managing editor of Engadget , he left in 2011 and went on to become managing editor of When Nilay Patel was four years old, he drove a Chrysler into a small pond because he was trying to learn how the gearshift worked. Years later, he became a technology journalist. He has thus far remained dry. Nilay most recently served as Managing Editor of Engadget, an award-winning technology publication with millions of devoted readers. During his four-year Engadget tenure, Nilay became well-known for his legal analysis, drawing upon his background as a lawyer to report and explain complex legal situations in everyday terminology — a niche that led to SAY Media naming Nilay one of 10 “voices that matter” in technology journalism. Nilay has appeared on CNN, CNN International, NPR, Fox News, MSNBC, Sky News, NHK, G4TV, TWiT, and many other news programs and podcasts. He also co-hosted the Engadget Podcast with fellow editors Joshua Topolsky and Paul Miller, and continues to serve as a regular roundtable panelist on The Engadget Show. Nilay received an AB in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 2003 and his J.D. from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 2006. The Verge . [ 1 ] Engadget;Nilay_Patel;Nilay_Patel; Nimbit Massachusetts;United_States;Massachusetts;Social_networking;Facebook;Digital_distribution;ITunes;Spotify;Compact_disc;DVD;PDF;Nimbit;Nimbit; Nine_Inch_Nails Nine Inch Nails (abbreviated as NIN , sometimes stylized as NIИ ) is an American industrial rock project, founded in 1988 by Trent Reznor in Cleveland , Ohio . As its main producer , singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist, Reznor is the only official member of Nine Inch Nails and remains solely responsible for its direction. [ 1 ] Nine Inch Nails' music straddles a wide range of genres. After recording a new album, Reznor (until the 2009 Wave Goodbye Tour ) usually assembles a live band to perform with him. The touring band features a revolving lineup that often rearranges songs to fit a live setting. On stage, Nine Inch Nails often employs visual elements to accompany performances, which frequently include light shows. [ 2 ] Underground music audiences warmly received Nine Inch Nails in its early years. Reznor produced several highly influential records in the 1990s that achieved widespread popularity: many Nine Inch Nails songs became radio hits; [ 3 ] two Nine Inch Nails recordings have won Grammy Awards ; and their entire catalog has reached record sales exceeding over 30 million albums worldwide, [ 4 ] with 11 million sales certified in the United States alone. [ 5 ] In 1997, Reznor appeared in Time magazine's list of the year's most influential people, and Spin magazine described him as "the most vital artist in music." [ 6 ] In 2004, Rolling Stone placed Nine Inch Nails at 94 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. [ 7 ] Despite this acclaim, the band has had several feuds with the corporate side of the recording industry. In 2007, these corporate entanglements resulted in Reznor announcing that Nine Inch Nails would split from its label and release future material independently. [ 8 ] Since 1989, Nine Inch Nails has made eight major studio releases. The most recent releases, Ghosts I–IV and The Slip , both released in 2008, were released under Creative Commons licenses ( BY-NC-SA ). Both were initially released digitally, with physical releases coming later. The digital release of The Slip was made available completely free of charge, and Ghosts , while also available for sale, can be acquired legally through means such as file-sharing due to its Creative Commons license. Nine Inch Nails has been nominated for twelve Grammy Awards and won twice for the songs " Wish " and " Happiness in Slavery ", in 1992 and 1995 respectively. United_States;Record_label;Trent_Reznor;Trent_Reznor;Grammy_Award;Rolling_Stone;Grammy_Award;Rolling_Stone;RIAA_certification;MTV;Extended_play;Extended_play;FTP;Extended_play;RIAA_certification;Pro_Tools;Video_game;Compact_Disc;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Portable_Document_Format;GarageBand;Pro_Tools;ACID_Pro;DVD;United_States;USA_Today;Gigabyte;USA_Today;Rolling_Stone;IPhone;IPod_touch;Drum_and_bass;Grammy_Award;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Rolling_Stone;Universal_Music_Group;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Extended_play;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Time_Warner;Nielsen_Company;International_Standard_Book_Number;Trent_Reznor;Rolling_Stone;Nielsen_Company;Los_Angeles_Times;Rolling_Stone;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Rolling_Stone;Nielsen_Company;Nielsen_Company;Nielsen_Company;Los_Angeles_Times;Rolling_Stone;Rolling_Stone;Nielsen_Company;The_New_York_Times;Trent_Reznor;Best_Buy;Rolling_Stone;CBS_Interactive;Rolling_Stone;USA_Today;Gannett_Company;Rolling_Stone;Reuters;Macworld;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;Trent_Reznor;Associated_Press;Rolling_Stone;Rolling_Stone;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;Nielsen_Company;NBC_Universal;Microsoft;BBC_News;The_New_York_Times_Company;International_Standard_Book_Number;Trent_Reznor;Trent_Reznor;Nine_Inch_Nails;Nine_Inch_Nails; Nintendo_Network The Nintendo Network is Nintendo 's second online service after Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection to provide online play for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U compatible games. It was announced on January 26, 2012, at an investor's conference. Nintendo 's president Satoru Iwata said, "Unlike Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, which has been focused upon specific functionalities and concepts, we are aiming to establish a platform where various services available through the network for our consumers shall be connected via Nintendo Network service so that the company can make comprehensive proposals to consumers." Nintendo's plans include personal accounts for Wii U, digitally distributed packaged software, and paid downloadable content. [ 1 ] Computing_platform;Website;Nintendo_eShop;Netflix;Hulu_Plus;Amazon_Instant_Video;YouTube;Netflix;Hulu_Plus;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_eShop;Netflix;Hulu;Nintendo_eShop;Amazon_Instant_Video;Hulu;Netflix;YouTube;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Nintendo_Network;Nintendo_Network; Nintendo_eShop The Nintendo eShop ( ニンテンドーeショップ , Nintendō e-Shoppu ? ) is an online service powered by Nintendo Network for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U . Launched on June 6, 2011 in North America and June 7, 2011 in Europe and Japan, the eShop was enabled by the release of a system update that added the functionality to the 3DS' Home Menu. [ 1 ] The Nintendo eShop features downloadable games, applications and information on upcoming film and game releases. Computing_platform;Website;Nintendo_Network;Wii_Shop_Channel;Netflix;Hulu_Plus;Nintendo_Network;Amazon_Instant_Video;YouTube;Nintendo_Network;Amazon_Instant_Video;Hulu;Netflix;YouTube;Nintendo_Network;Netflix;Hulu;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_eShop; Nintendogs Nintendogs ( ニンテンドッグス , Nintendoggusu ? ) is a real-time pet simulation video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console . It was first released in Japan , and was later released in North America , Australia , Europe , and other regions. It was originally released in three different versions: Dachshund Friends , Lab Friends ( Shiba Friends in Japan), and Chihuahua Friends . It has been re-released twice since then, first as a bundled release with a special edition Nintendo DS with a new version called Nintendogs: Best Friends , and then later as Nintendogs: Dalmatian Friends . Nintendogs uses the DS's touchscreen and built-in microphone. The touch screen allows the player to pet a dog, as well as to use various items that can be found or purchased. These range from balls and frisbees, to toys, to grooming supplies to keep the dogs happy. The microphone is used to call to the player's dog by speaking the name given to the dog in the beginning of the game as well as to teach the dog commands such as "sit" or "roll over". Players can bring their dogs on walks and to the park if they so choose. They may interact with other players in multi-player by using the DS's wireless linkup. It also uses the DS's internal clock and calendar to allow the dog to grow hungrier or dirtier based on the elapsed time. Nintendogs received mostly positive critical reception. It has an aggregate score of 85% at Game Rankings , [ 3 ] and has won many awards, including the 2006 Innovation Award from PC World and Best Handheld Game from the Associated Press . As of March 31, 2011, all versions of Nintendogs combined have sold 23.64 million copies worldwide, making it second on the Nintendo DS best-sellers list , behind only New Super Mario Bros. . [ 4 ] Because of Nintendogs' success, Nintendo has made several related products, including Nintendogs toys [ 5 ] and a series of Nintendogs trading cards. [ 6 ] At E3 2010, it was announced a sequel, titled Nintendogs + Cats , would be released for the Nintendo 3DS . Computing_platform;Japan;North_America;Europe;North_America;Europe;North_America;Video_game;Video_game_console;Japan;North_America;Australia;Europe;Associated_Press;Touchscreen;Eurogamer;GamePro;Entertainment_Weekly;BusinessWeek;Associated_Press;Video_game_console;Handheld_game_console;Video_game;Nintendogs;Nintendogs; Niperotidine ( Z )- N -(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)- N' -{2[({5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furyl}methyl)thio]ethyl}-2-nitroethylene-1,1-diamine CN(C)CC1=CC=C(O1)CSCCNC(=C[N+](=O)[O-])NCC2=CC3=C(C=C2)OCO3 C 20 H 26 N 4 O 5 S Y (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Niperotidine is a histamine antagonist selective for the H 2 subtype. It was trialled as a treatment for excessive gastric acidity, [ 1 ] but withdrawn after human trials showed liver damage . [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Histamine_antagonist;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Niperotidine;Niperotidine; Nissan Infiniti;British_English;Toyota;General_Motors;Renault;Infiniti;Renault;Infiniti;Honda;Renault;Renault;Infiniti;General_Motors;Infiniti;Japanese_language;Japanese_language;Japanese_language;Japanese_language;Japanese_language;Japanese_language;Japan;Brazil;Malaysia;Mexico;Philippines;Spain;Thailand;Taiwan;United_Kingdom;United_States;Renault;Infiniti;The_Wall_Street_Journal;International_Standard_Book_Number;Infiniti;Nissan;Infiniti;Nissan;Nissan;Nissan;Infiniti;Japan;Honda;Acura;Infiniti;Toyota;Japan;Japan;Honda;Sony;Toshiba;Toyota;Nikon;Japan;Japan;Honda;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Shionogi;Sony;Toshiba;Toyota; Nitrogen Nitrogen ( / ˈ n aɪ t r ɵ dʒ ə n / NY -trə-jən ) is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions , constituting 78.09% by volume of Earth's atmosphere . [ 1 ] The element nitrogen was discovered as a separable component of air, by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford , in 1772. Nitrogen is a common element in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total abundance in our galaxy and the Solar System . Its occurrence there is thought to be entirely due to synthesis by fusion from carbon and hydrogen in supernovas. Due to the volatility of elemental nitrogen and its common compounds with hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen is far less common on the rocky planets of the inner Solar System, and it is a relatively rare element on Earth as a whole. However, as is the case on Earth, nitrogen and its compounds occur commonly as gases in the atmospheres of planets and moons that have atmospheres. Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia , nitric acid , organic nitrates ( propellants and explosives ), and cyanides , contain nitrogen. The extremely strong bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry, causing difficulty for both organisms and industry in breaking the bond to convert the N 2 into useful compounds , but at the same time causing release of large amounts of often useful energy when the compounds burn, explode, or decay back into nitrogen gas. Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, primarily in amino acids and thus proteins and in the nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA ). The human body contains about 3% by weight of nitrogen, the fourth most abundant element after oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. Nitrogen resides in the chemical structure of almost all neurotransmitters , and is a defining component of alkaloids , biological molecules produced as secondary metabolites by many organisms. The nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere. Synthetically produced nitrates are key ingredients of industrial fertilizers , [ 1 ] and key pollutants in causing the eutrophication of water systems. Hydrogen;Carbon;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Chlorine;Carbon;Oxygen;CAS_registry_number;Oxygen;Infrared;Enzyme;Hydrogen;Integrated_circuit;Stainless_steel;Central_processing_unit;Enzyme;Excretion;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;YouTube;Hydrogen;Oxygen;Chlorine;Oxygen;Hydrogen;Hydrogen;Carbon;Oxygen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Nitrogen; Nitroxazepine Nitroxazepine (trade name Sintamil ) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was introduced by Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis ) for the treatment of depression in India in 1982. [ 1 ] It is also indicated for the treatment of nocturnal enuresis . [ 1 ] Nitroxazepine acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and has similar effects to imipramine , but with certain advantages, such as lower anticholinergic side effects . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Imipramine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Nitroxazepine;Nitroxazepine; Nizatidine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Pregnancy_category;Australia;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Australia;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Ranitidine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Cimetidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Niperotidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Pirenzepine;Telenzepine;Nizatidine;Nizatidine; Node_graph_architecture Node graph architecture is a type of software design which builds around modular node components which can be connected to form a graph . Often the software's underlying node graph architecture is also exposed to the end user as a 2 dimensional visualization of the node graph. The node graph architecture is popular in the film and computer games industry. There are often many different node types participating in the node graph. For example in the Nuke Manual they list hundreds of nodes. Each node type performs one specific task. For example Nuke's Merge node produces an output image in which a number of input images have been layered. By connecting many different node types together complex image effects can be produced. The node graph architecture often allows grouping of nodes inside other group nodes. This hides complexity inside of the group nodes, and limits their coupling with other nodes outside the group. This leads to a hierarchy where smaller graphs are embedded in group nodes. In Nuke the group node is simply called the Group node. In the paper Hierarchical Small Worlds in Software Architecture they argue that most large software systems are built in a modular and hierarchical fashion, and they use node graphs to analyze large software systems. In fact a large number of software analysis papers often use node graphs to analyze large software systems suggesting that node graphs are good models of the internal structure and operation of the software. Many commercial and non-commercial software systems allow users to visualize and interact with internal components via the node graph. Below are a number of node graph based software applications from the film and games industry. Autodesk_Maya;Node_graph_architecture;Node_graph_architecture; Noise_cancellation Active noise control ( ANC ), also known as noise cancellation , or active noise reduction ( ANR ), is a method for reducing unwanted sound . Graphical depiction of active noise reduction Sound;Digital_signal_processing;Bose_Corporation;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Active_noise_control;Active_noise_control; Nokia Nokia Corporation ( Finnish pronunciation: [ˈnokiɑ] , English / ˈ n ɒ k i ə / ) ( OMX : NOK1V , NYSE : NOK , FWB : NOA3 ) is a Finnish multinational communications and information technology corporation headquartered in Keilaniemi , Espoo , Finland . [ 3 ] Its principal products are mobile telephones and portable IT devices. It also offers Internet services including applications , games , music, maps, media and messaging through its Ovi platform, and free-of-charge digital map information and navigation services through its wholly owned subsidiary Navteq . [ 4 ] Nokia has a joint venture with Siemens , Nokia Siemens Networks , which provides telecommunications network equipment and services. [ 5 ] Nokia has around 122,000 employees across 120 countries, sales in more than 150 countries and annual revenues of around €38 billion. [ 1 ] As of 2012 [update] it is the world's second-largest mobile phone maker by unit sales (after Samsung ), with a global market share of 22.5% in the first quarter. [ 6 ] Nokia is a public limited-liability company listed on the Helsinki , Frankfurt , and New York stock exchanges. [ 7 ] It is the world's 143rd-largest company measured by 2011 revenues according to the Fortune Global 500 . [ 8 ] Nokia was the world's largest vendor of mobile phones from 1998 to 2012. [ 6 ] However, over the past five years it has suffered declining market share as a result of the growing use of smartphones, principally the Apple iPhone and devices running on Google 's Android operating system . As a result, its share price has fallen from a high of US$40 in 2007 to under US$3 in 2012. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Since February 2011, Nokia has had a strategic partnership with Microsoft , as part of which all Nokia smartphones will incorporate Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system (replacing Symbian ). Nokia unveiled its first Windows Phone handsets, the Lumia 710 and 800 , in October 2011. [ 11 ] Internet;Mobile_phones;Smartphone;List_of_Nokia_products;Vertu;Finland;Finland;Application_software;Samsung_Electronics;Apple_Inc;IPhone;Google;Operating_system;Microsoft;Windows_Phone;Capacitor;GSM;Cathode_ray_tube;Nokia_Communicator;Video_game_console;BlackBerry;Microsoft_Windows;Netbook;Operating_System;Camera_phone;Symbian_OS;Mobile_operating_system;Nokia_Lumia;Linux;Intel;Mobile_operating_system;Symbian_OS;Windows_Phone;Nokia_Lumia;Mobile_operating_system;Microsoft;Microsoft;Windows_Phone;Bing;IOS;IPhone;IPhone;Romania;Code_division_multiple_access;Google;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Vertu;Sega;Siemens_AG;ITunes;Romania;Hungary;Mexico;Finland;Siemens_AG;Linux;Touchscreen;Smartphone;Smartphone;Smartphone;GSM;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Code_division_multiple_access;Vertu;Symbian_OS;Open_source;GSM;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Siemens_AG;Canada;Finland;Finland;United_States;Switzerland;United_States;Finland;United_States;Finland;Finland;Finland;Finland;United_States;United_States;Canada;Germany;Finland;Norway;France;Finland;United_States;Finland;Finland;Switzerland;United_Kingdom;United_States;Flickr;Microsoft;Google;Apple_Inc.;Smartphone;WidSets;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Ringtone;Universal_Music_Group;Sony_BMG;IMAP;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Apple_Inc.;United_States_International_Trade_Commission;Stanford_University;List_of_Nokia_products;Mobile_phone;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Engadget;AOL;Der_Spiegel;Financial_Times;Mobile_phone;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_Communicator;Nokia_Asha;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Lumia;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Vertu;Nokia_Morph;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_phone_series;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;European_Union;Europe;BMW;Deutsche_Telekom;Finland;Sweden;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Nokia;Nokia; Nokia_3220 The Nokia 3220 is a GSM , Nokia Series 40 mobile phone . The Nokia 3220 was the first entry-level phone that offered full access to the Internet , with an XHTML browser and POP3 / IMAP email client . The tri-band camera phone uses GPRS and EDGE for its internet connections. The phone can be seen as an upgrade of the Nokia 3200 . Like the 3200, custom rear face plates can be created by the user. A stencil is available in the pack. While features such as infrared and a built-in FM radio are removed, new features such as rhythmic flashing lights (two on each side), wave messaging, voice dialing, themes, and a video recorder are added. With the addition of an optional face plate , when the phone is waved back and forth rapidly, a light message of text is produced in mid-air. An FM radio can be added on with the use of the phone's Pop-Port . The 3220 features a 16-bit (65,536) color screen, which is an improvement over the 3200's 12-bit (4096) color screen. The phone also has more internal memory than the 3200. The CIF camera is also upgraded to 0.3 megapixels VGA (640x480 resolution , for photos), and features video recording (128x96) capability. The phone has a built-in browser which seems to be very slow (in data processing) to many. It can download files of any format but cannot open SIS, SVG, WAV, MP3, MP4 etc. files. It downloads many files which are Copyright Protected. These files cannot be sent via MMS. This phone supports MMS under 100 kilobytes. The java games or applications must be under 120 kb or the phone cannot run them. It has a memory shortage and often causes Java applications to stop for the sake of "Out of Memory" problem. Supported formats: Image: JPG, JPEG, BMP, WBMP, PNG, GIF. Sound: MID, AMR, MP3 (only firmware v5.10 or higher). Java: JAR, JAD. Theme: NTH [ edit ] Versions Nokia 3220b for North America - GSM 850/1900 with GPRS and EDGE technology. Nokia 3220 for Europe / Asia /Africa - GSM 900/1800/1900 with GPRS and EDGE technology. List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Cellular_network;United_States;European_Union;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Operating_system;TFT_LCD;Camera_phone;Ringtones;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Mobile_phone;Internet;XHTML;IMAP;Email_client;Camera_phone;GPRS;EDGE;FM_radio;Face_plate;VGA;Image_resolution;North_America;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Europe;Asia;CNET;Nokia;Mobile_phone;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_Communicator;Nokia_Asha;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Lumia;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Vertu;Nokia_Morph;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_phone_series; Nokia_Asha The Nokia Asha series is a range of Nokia phones, ranging from low to mid-end phones. There are 10 phones at the moment, although a few still aren't released. It is Nokia's most recent range of feature phones which are appealing to a buyer looking to buy a good phone for a low price tag. Nokia; Nokia_Communicator Smartphone;Nokia;Nokia_Eseries;TFT_LCD;Symbian_OS;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia;Mobile_phone;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_Asha;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Lumia;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Vertu;Nokia_Morph;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_phone_series;Nokia_Communicator;Nokia_Communicator; Nokia_Cseries Nokia 's nomenclature can be traced back in 2005, when the Nseries line was introduced. [ 1 ] Because of the demands and peak of that line, Nokia again introduced another series of phones named Eseries , [ 2 ] made mostly for the enterprise market and to compete with Palm and BlackBerry . [ 3 ] In 2009, Nokia dropped their four-number naming scheme [ 4 ] and focused on their two existing lines, with additional two introduced during Nokia World [ 5 ] being the Xseries which is for entertainment and music enthusiasts, [ 6 ] while Cseries is what Nokia considers their "core" range of products. [ 7 ] A Chinese-exclusive range of devices named Tseries was introduced on 13 June 2011. [ 8 ] Two more series were introduced at Nokia World 2011 Asha which means "hope" and Lumia which means "light." [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Other series of phones include the N-Gage , [ 11 ] XpressMusic , [ 12 ] Navigator series, Prism , [ 13 ] Supernova [ 14 ] and the fashion-oriented Distinctly Bold [ 15 ] and L'Amour Collection. [ 16 ] Nokia;Palm_Inc.;BlackBerry;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Cseries;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;Nokia_Nseries;Smartphones;Tablet_computer;Megapixel;Bluetooth;FM_radio;RealPlayer;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;GSM;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Nokia_Communicator;Operating_system;Ringtones;BlackBerry;ActiveSync;Finland;Bluetooth;QWERTY;QWERTY;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Accelerometer;CNET;Wired_Magazine;GPS;GPS;Wireless;Instant_messaging;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;Proprietary_software;Subscriber_Identity_Module;MicroSD;QWERTY;CDMA;QVGA;LED;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;SIM_card;Nokia_Cseries;VGA;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;Disney;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;HDMI;GSM;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Windows_Phone;Ringtones;Windows_Phone;Nokia;Engadget;Nokia;Mobile_phone;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_Communicator;Nokia_Asha;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Lumia;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Vertu;Nokia_Morph;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_phone_series;Nokia_phone_series; Nokia_Eseries The Nokia Eseries consists of business-oriented smartphones, with emphasis on enhanced connectivity and support for corporate e-mail push services. All devices have advanced office features. Phones equipped with Wireless LAN also provide a VoIP client ( SIP Protocol). List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Cellular_network;Operating_system;Removable_media;Camera_phone;VGA;Ringtones;VoIP;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Nokia;Infrared;Bluetooth;ISync;Nokia;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;List_of_Nokia_products;Engadget;Flickr;Engadget;Nokia;Mobile_phone;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_Communicator;Nokia_Asha;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Lumia;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Vertu;Nokia_Morph;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_phone_series;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Eseries; Nokia_Internet_Tablet Nokia Internet Tablets is the name given to a range of Nokia mobile Internet appliances products. These tablets fall in the range between a personal digital assistant (PDA) and an Ultra-Mobile PC (UMPC), and slightly below Intel 's Mobile Internet device (MID). [ 1 ] Nokia;Personal_digital_assistant;Intel;Linux;Random_access_memory;Flash_memory;Operating_system;ARM_architecture;Bluetooth;ARM_architecture;Bluetooth;Secure_Digital;ARM_architecture;Bluetooth;Secure_Digital;ARM_architecture;Bluetooth;Secure_Digital;ARM_architecture;Bluetooth;RCA_connector;Global_Positioning_System;MicroSD;ARM_architecture;Pixel;RCA_connector;Tablet_computer; Nokia_Lumia The Nokia Lumia is a series of smartphones first introduced in 2011. The series consists of Nokia's Windows Phone devices. The name Lumia is the partitive plural form of the word Lumi, which means snow in the Finnish language . The lineup currently consists of the following: Nokia Lumia 610 , an entry-level phone released in April 2012 Nokia Lumia 710 , another entry-level phone released in November 2011 Nokia Lumia 800 , a midrange phone released in November 2011 Nokia Lumia 900 , a high-end phone released on April 8, 2012 Smartphones;Windows_Phone;Nokia;Nokia;Nokia;Nokia;Vox_Media;Engadget;AOL;Windows_Phone;Dell;Toshiba;HTC_Corporation;Nokia;Samsung;Nokia;Mobile_phone;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_Communicator;Nokia_Asha;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Vertu;Nokia_Morph;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_phone_series;Nokia_Lumia;Nokia_Lumia; Nokia_Morph List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Operating_system;Mobile_phone;Finland;Nokia;Nokia;Nokia;Mobile_phone;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_Communicator;Nokia_Asha;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Lumia;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Vertu;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_phone_series;Nokia_Morph;Nokia_Morph; Nokia_Nseries List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Camera_phone;VGA;Ringtones;Multimedia;Smartphone;Nokia;Megapixel;Smartphone;Camera_phone;Megapixel;Autofocus;Symbian_OS;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;Intel;Mobile_operating_system;Symbian_OS;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Xseries;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia;Mobile_phone;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_Communicator;Nokia_Asha;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Lumia;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Vertu;Nokia_Morph;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_phone_series;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Nseries; Nokia_Xseries Nokia 's nomenclature can be traced back in 2005, when the Nseries line was introduced. [ 1 ] Because of the demands and peak of that line, Nokia again introduced another series of phones named Eseries , [ 2 ] made mostly for the enterprise market and to compete with Palm and BlackBerry . [ 3 ] In 2009, Nokia dropped their four-number naming scheme [ 4 ] and focused on their two existing lines, with additional two introduced during Nokia World [ 5 ] being the Xseries which is for entertainment and music enthusiasts, [ 6 ] while Cseries is what Nokia considers their "core" range of products. [ 7 ] A Chinese-exclusive range of devices named Tseries was introduced on 13 June 2011. [ 8 ] Two more series were introduced at Nokia World 2011 Asha which means "hope" and Lumia which means "light." [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Other series of phones include the N-Gage , [ 11 ] XpressMusic , [ 12 ] Navigator series, Prism , [ 13 ] Supernova [ 14 ] and the fashion-oriented Distinctly Bold [ 15 ] and L'Amour Collection. [ 16 ] Nokia;Palm_Inc.;BlackBerry;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Cseries;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;Nokia_Nseries;Smartphones;Tablet_computer;Megapixel;Bluetooth;FM_radio;RealPlayer;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;GSM;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Nokia_Communicator;Operating_system;Ringtones;BlackBerry;ActiveSync;Finland;Bluetooth;QWERTY;QWERTY;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Accelerometer;CNET;Wired_Magazine;GPS;GPS;Wireless;Instant_messaging;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;Proprietary_software;Subscriber_Identity_Module;MicroSD;QWERTY;CDMA;QVGA;LED;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;SIM_card;Nokia_Cseries;VGA;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;Disney;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;HDMI;GSM;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Windows_Phone;Ringtones;Windows_Phone;Nokia;Engadget;Nokia;Mobile_phone;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_Communicator;Nokia_Asha;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Lumia;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Vertu;Nokia_Morph;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_phone_series;Nokia_phone_series; Nokia_phone_series Nokia 's nomenclature can be traced back in 2005, when the Nseries line was introduced. [ 1 ] Because of the demands and peak of that line, Nokia again introduced another series of phones named Eseries , [ 2 ] made mostly for the enterprise market and to compete with Palm and BlackBerry . [ 3 ] In 2009, Nokia dropped their four-number naming scheme [ 4 ] and focused on their two existing lines, with additional two introduced during Nokia World [ 5 ] being the Xseries which is for entertainment and music enthusiasts, [ 6 ] while Cseries is what Nokia considers their "core" range of products. [ 7 ] A Chinese-exclusive range of devices named Tseries was introduced on 13 June 2011. [ 8 ] Two more series were introduced at Nokia World 2011 Asha which means "hope" and Lumia which means "light." [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Other series of phones include the N-Gage , [ 11 ] XpressMusic , [ 12 ] Navigator series, Prism , [ 13 ] Supernova [ 14 ] and the fashion-oriented Distinctly Bold [ 15 ] and L'Amour Collection. [ 16 ] Nokia;Palm_Inc.;BlackBerry;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Cseries;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;Nokia_Nseries;Smartphones;Tablet_computer;Megapixel;Bluetooth;FM_radio;RealPlayer;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;GSM;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Nokia_Communicator;Operating_system;Ringtones;BlackBerry;ActiveSync;Finland;Bluetooth;QWERTY;QWERTY;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Accelerometer;CNET;Wired_Magazine;GPS;GPS;Wireless;Instant_messaging;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;Proprietary_software;Subscriber_Identity_Module;MicroSD;QWERTY;CDMA;QVGA;LED;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;SIM_card;Nokia_Cseries;VGA;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;Disney;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;HDMI;GSM;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Ringtones;List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Nokia;Operating_system;Windows_Phone;Ringtones;Windows_Phone;Nokia;Engadget;Nokia;Mobile_phone;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_Communicator;Nokia_Asha;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Lumia;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Vertu;Nokia_Morph;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_phone_series;Nokia_phone_series; Norah_Jones Norah Jones [ 1 ] (born Geethali Norah Jones Shankar ; March 30, 1979) is an American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress. She is the daughter of Indian sitar player Ravi Shankar and Sue Jones. She is also the paternal half-sister of Anoushka Shankar . [ 2 ] In 2002, she launched her solo music career with the release of the commercially successful and critically acclaimed album Come Away with Me , a fusion of jazz, pop, and country music , which was certified a diamond album in 2002, selling over 26 million copies, [ 3 ] The record earned Jones five Grammy Awards , including the Album of the Year , Record of the Year , and Best New Artist . [ 4 ] Her subsequent studio albums, Feels Like Home , released in 2004, Not Too Late , released in 2007, the same year she made her film debut in My Blueberry Nights , and her 2009 release The Fall all gained Platinum status after selling over a million copies [ 5 ] and were generally well received by critics. [ 6 ] Jones' fifth studio album, Little Broken Hearts was released on April 27, 2012. Jones has won nine Grammy Awards and was Billboard magazine's 60th-best-selling music artist of the 2000–2009 decade. [ 7 ] Throughout her career, Jones has won numerous awards and has sold 50 million albums worldwide. [ 8 ] Billboard named her the top jazz artist of the 2000–2009 decade, and establishing herself as one of the best-selling artists of all time . Jazz;Blues;Pop_music;Folk_music;Country_music;Soul_music;Musician;Guitar;Record_label;Country_music;HitQuarters;Musician;Jazz;Soul_music;Jazz;RIAA_certification;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;Country_music;Danger_Mouse;Country_music;Abbey_Road_Studios;Danger_Mouse;Johnny_Cash;Apple_Inc.;San_Francisco;IPod;NBC;Steve_Jobs;Saturday_Night_Live;HitQuarters;EMI;EMI;NME;The_Beatles;John_Legend;Grammy_Award;Coldplay;Coldplay;Coldplay;Norah_Jones;Norah_Jones; Norman_Winarsky Norman Winarsky is vice president of Ventures at SRI International and was a co-founder and board member of Siri . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] He is also a visiting scholar at Stanford University . [ 3 ] SRI_International;Stanford_University;SRI_International;Stanford_University;SRI_International;Stanford_University;SRI_International;SRI_International;Norman_Winarsky;Norman_Winarsky; North_America North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere . It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas . [ 2 ] It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 4.8% of the planet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July 2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529 million people across 23 independent states . North America is the third-largest continent in area, following Asia and Africa , and the fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and Europe . English_language;Spanish_language;French_language;Asia;Europe;Guatemala;United_Kingdom;Spain;France;Canada;Colombia;Panama;Mexico;Venezuela;Denmark;Mexico;California;San_Francisco;English_language;Canada;United_States;Mexico;France;Panama;Costa_Rica;Puerto_Rico;Nicaragua;El_Salvador;Honduras;Guatemala;United_States;Mexico;Canada;Dominican_Republic;Guatemala;Costa_Rica;Panama;El_Salvador;Honduras;European_Union;Canada;Denmark;Mexico;United_States;Netherlands;Dominican_Republic;France;Puerto_Rico;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;Panama;Mexico;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Canada;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Netherlands;Panama;United_States;Puerto_Rico;Asia;Asia;Europe;Europe;North_America;Asia;Europe;North_America;North_America; Nortriptyline InChI=1S/C19H21N/c1-20-14-6-11-19-17-9-4-2-7-15(17)12-13-16-8-3-5-10-18(16)19/h2-5,7-11,20H,6,12-14H2,1H3 Y Key:PHVGLTMQBUFIQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Nortriptyline is a second-generation tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) marketed as the hydrochloride salt under the trade names Sensoval , Aventyl , Pamelor , Norpress , Allegron , Noritren and Nortrilen . It is used in the treatment of major depression and childhood nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting). In addition, it is sometimes used for chronic illnesses such as chronic fatigue syndrome , chronic pain and migraine , and labile affect in some neurological conditions. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;Renal;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Sedation;United_Kingdom;Imipramine;Amitriptyline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Nortriptyline;Nortriptyline; Norway 59°56′N 10°41′E  /  59.933°N 10.683°E  / 59.933; 10.683 Official language(s) ( Bokmål and Nynorsk ) Recognised regional languages Northern Sami , Lule Sami , Kven and Southern Sami 86.2% Norwegians [ 1 ] Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Jens Stoltenberg ( AP ) President of the Storting Dag Terje Andersen ( AP ) Red-Green Coalition Dissolution of union with Sweden Restoration from German occupation 385,252 km 2 ( 61st 1 ) 15.5/km 2 ( 213th ) $265.911 billion [ 4 ] $483.650 billion [ 4 ] 25.8 ( low ) ( 5th ) Norwegian krone ( NOK ) Includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen . (Without these two areas, the area of Norway is 323,802 km 2 , placing it 67th in the world. [ 6 ] ) Two more TLDs have been assigned, but to date not used: .sj for Svalbard and Jan Mayen; .bv for Bouvet Island . This percentage is for the mainland and also includes glaciers [ 7 ] Norway i / ˈ n ɔr w eɪ / ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk )), officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula , Jan Mayen , the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island . [ note 1 ] Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. [ 9 ] It is the second least densely populated country in Europe . The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden ; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark . The capital city of Norway is Oslo . Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea , is home to its famous fjords . Two centuries of Viking raids tapered off following the adoption of Christianity by King Olav Tryggvason in 994. A period of civil war ended in the 13th century when Norway expanded its control overseas to parts of the British Isles , Iceland , and Greenland . Norwegian territorial power peaked in 1265, but competition from the Hanseatic League and the spread of the Black Death weakened the country. In 1380, Norway was absorbed into a union with Denmark that lasted more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a new constitution . Sweden then invaded Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its constitution in return for accepting the union under a Swedish king . Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence . Although Norway remained neutral in World War I , it suffered heavy losses to its shipping. Norway proclaimed its neutrality at the outset of World War II , but was nonetheless occupied for five years by the Third Reich . In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a founding member of NATO . Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes. In referenda held in 1972 and 1994 , Norway rejected joining the EU . Key domestic issues include immigration and integration of ethnic minorities , maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness . [ 2 ] [ 10 ] Norway is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy , with King Harald V as its head of state and Jens Stoltenberg as its prime minister . It is a unitary state with administrative subdivisions on two levels known as counties ( fylke ) and municipalities ( kommuner ). The Sámi people have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament and the Finnmark Act . Although having rejected European Union membership in two referenda, Norway maintains close ties with the union and its member countries, as well as with the United States . Norway remains one of the biggest financial contributors to the United Nations , [ 11 ] and participates with UN forces in international missions, notably in Afghanistan , Kosovo , Sudan and Libya . Norway is a founding member of the United Nations , NATO , the Council of Europe , and the Nordic Council ; a member of the European Economic Area , the WTO , and the OECD ; and is also a part of Schengen Area . Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum , natural gas , minerals , lumber , seafood , fresh water , and hydropower . The country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world. On a per-capita basis, it is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the Middle East , [ 12 ] [ 13 ] and the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country's gross domestic product . [ 14 ] The country maintains a Nordic welfare model with universal health care , subsidized higher education , and a comprehensive social security system. From 2001 to 2006, [ 15 ] and then again from 2009 through 2011, Norway has had the highest human development index ranking in the world. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] In 2011, Norway also ranked the highest on the Democracy Index . [ 18 ] Norwegian_krone;Europe;Sweden;Finland;Denmark;Denmark;Sweden;United_States;Denmark;Sweden;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;European_Union;Sweden;Finland;Europe;National_Geographic_Society;European_Union;Denmark;Sweden;Finland;Luxembourg;European_Union;European_Union;European_Union;Sweden;Europe;Poland;Poland;Germany;Sweden;Lithuania;United_Kingdom;Estonia;Sweden;Denmark;Finland;English_language;German_language;French_language;Spanish_language;Japanese_language;Italian_language;Heavy_metal_music;Folk_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;National_Geographic_Society;BBC_News;Norwegian_krone;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Denmark;Finland;Sweden;Estonia;Latvia;Lithuania;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Canada;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Kyrgyzstan;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Australia;Japan;Mongolia;Thailand;European_Union;Finland;Sweden;Denmark;Sweden;Norway;Norway; Norwegian_krone The krone [ˈkɾuːnə] ( sign : kr ; code : NOK ) is the currency of Norway and its dependent territories . The plural form is kroner . It is subdivided into 100 øre . The ISO 4217 code is NOK , although the common local abbreviation is kr . The name translates into English as " crown ". The Norwegian krone is the thirteenth most traded currency in the World by value. [ 1 ] Norway;Norway;Norway;Norway;Norway;United_States_dollar;Swedish_krona;Danish_krone;Danish_krone;Swedish_krona;Europe;European_Union;Danish_krone;Swedish_krona;Swiss_franc;Norwegian_krone;Norwegian_krone; Nothing_Real Nothing Real L.L.C , founded in October 1996 by Allen Edwards and Arnaud Hervas , developed high-end digital effects software for the feature film, broadcast and interactive gaming industries. Apple Inc. purchased Nothing Real in February 2002 for its flagship digital effects software, Shake . [ 1 ] Software;Apple_Inc.;United_States_dollar;Windows_NT;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;California;United_Kingdom;France;Japan;Nothing_Real;Nothing_Real; Notification_Center Notification Center is a feature in iOS [ 1 ] and OS X [ 2 ] that provides an overview of alerts from applications. It displays notifications until the user completes an associated action, rather than requiring instant resolution. Users may choose what applications appear in Notification Center, and how they are handled. Initially released alongside iOS 5 in October 2011, Notification Center was made available on Mac as part of OS X Mountain Lion in July 2012. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;IOS;OS_X;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Facebook;Mac_App_Store;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Notification_Center;Notification_Center; Novell_GroupWise Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Email;Instant_messaging;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Linux;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Outlook;Web_browser;Nokia;Mobile_device;ActiveSync;IPhone;IMAP;IMAP;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Instant_messaging;IChat;Kopete;Adium;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Novell_GroupWise;Novell_GroupWise; Noxiptiline InChI=1S/C19H22N2O/c1-21(2)13-14-22-20-19-17-9-5-3-7-15(17)11-12-16-8-4-6-10-18(16)19/h3-10H,11-14H2,1-2H3 Y Key:GPTURHKXTUDRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Noxiptiline ( Agedal , Elronon , Nogedal ), also known as noxiptyline and dibenzoxine , is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that was introduced in Europe in the 1970s for the treatment of depression . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It has imipramine -like effects, [ 4 ] acting as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor , among other properties. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Of the TCAs, noxiptiline has been shown to be one of the most effective, rivaling amitriptyline in clinical efficacy. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Europe;Imipramine;Amitriptyline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Noxiptiline;Noxiptiline; NuBus 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NuCalc NuCalc , also known as Graphing Calculator , is a computer software tool made by the company Pacific Tech . The tool can perform many graphing calculator functions. It can graph inequalities and vector fields , as well as functions in two, three, or four dimensions . It supports several different coordinate systems , and can solve equations . It is available for OS X (under the name Graphing Calculator) and Microsoft Windows . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Power_Macintosh;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Grapher;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;NuCalc;NuCalc; Nuance_Communications Nuance Communications is a multinational computer software technology corporation , headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts , USA , that provides speech and imaging applications. Current business products focus on server embedded speech recognition, telephone call steering systems, automated telephone directory services, medical transcription software systems, optical character recognition software, and desktop imaging software. The company also maintains a small division which does software and system development for military and government agencies. In October 2011, unconfirmed research suggested that its servers power Apple's iPhone 4S Siri voice recognition application. [ 3 ] As of 2008, the company is a result of organic growth , mergers , and acquisitions . Most notable was the "merger" of ScanSoft and Nuance in October 2005. Before the merger, the two companies competed in the commercial large scale speech application business. The officially termed "merger" was a de facto acquisition of Nuance by ScanSoft, though the combined company changed its name to Nuance following the transaction. Before 1999, ScanSoft was known as Visioneer, a hardware and software scanner company. In 1999, Visioneer bought ScanSoft — a Xerox spin-off — and adopted ScanSoft as the company name. The original ScanSoft had its roots in Kurzweil Computer Products , a software company that developed the first omni-font character recognition system. NASDAQ;United_States;Speech_recognition;PDF;Computer;Software;SRI_International;Speech_Recognition;Intel;Belgium;Austria;Harman_International_Industries;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Vodafone;Software;Google;Broadcom;Nvidia;Mobile_phone;Dell;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;Nuance_Communications;Nuance_Communications; NumPy NumPy is an extension to the Python programming language , adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices , along with a large library of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays. The ancestor of NumPy, Numeric, was originally created by Jim Hugunin with contributions from several other developers. In 2005, Travis Oliphant created NumPy by incorporating features of Numarray into NumPy with extensive modifications. NumPy is open source and has many contributors. Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Software_license;Open_source;Compiler;Algorithm;MATLAB;Simulink;Open_source;SciPy;Matplotlib;LAPACK;SciPy;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;SciPy;Matplotlib;NumPy;NumPy; Numerical_analysis Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to general symbolic manipulations ) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics ). One of the earliest mathematical writings is a Babylonian tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection(YBC 7289), which gives a sexagesimal numerical approximation of , the length of the diagonal in a unit square. Being able to compute the sides of a triangle (and hence, being able to compute square roots) is extremely important, for instance, in carpentry and construction. [ 2 ] Numerical analysis continues this long tradition of practical mathematical calculations. Much like the Babylonian approximation of , modern numerical analysis does not seek exact answers, because exact answers are often impossible to obtain in practice. Instead, much of numerical analysis is concerned with obtaining approximate solutions while maintaining reasonable bounds on errors. Numerical analysis naturally finds applications in all fields of engineering and the physical sciences, but in the 21st century, the life sciences and even the arts have adopted elements of scientific computations. Ordinary differential equations appear in the movement of heavenly bodies (planets, stars and galaxies) ; optimization occurs in portfolio management; numerical linear algebra is important for data analysis; stochastic differential equations and Markov chains are essential in simulating living cells for medicine and biology. Before the advent of modern computers numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables. Since the mid 20th century, computers calculate the required functions instead. These same interpolation formulas nevertheless continue to be used as part of the software algorithms for solving differential equations . Algorithm;Image_compression;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Fortran;MATLAB;LabVIEW;FreeMat;Scilab;GNU_Octave;Computer_algebra_system;Mathematica;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Linear_algebra;Control_theory;Applied_mathematics;Economics;Numerical_analysis;Numerical_analysis; Nvidia Coordinates : 37°22′14.62″N 121°57′49.46″W  /  37.3707278°N 121.9637389°W  / 37.3707278; -121.9637389 Santa Clara, California , USA Jen-Hsun Huang ( President , CEO) Graphics processing units 6,029 (2011) [ 1 ] Nvidia headquarters in Santa Clara Nvidia ( NASDAQ : NVDA ; / ɪ n ˈ v ɪ d i ə / in- VID -ee-ə ) [ 2 ] is an American global technology company based in Santa Clara, California . Nvidia is best known for its graphics processing units (GPUs). Nvidia and chief rival AMD Graphics Technologies (formerly ATI Technologies ) have dominated the high performance GPU market, pushing other manufacturers to smaller, niche roles. Nvidia's best known GPU product line labeled " GeForce " is in direct competition with AMD's " Radeon " products. In addition to GPU manufacturing, Nvidia provides parallel processing capabilities to researchers and scientists that allow them to efficiently run high-performance applications. They are deployed in supercomputing sites around the world. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] More recently, Nvidia has moved into the mobile computing market, where its Tegra processors powered phones and tablets, as well as auto infotainment systems. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In addition to AMD , its other competitors include Intel and Qualcomm . NASDAQ;Graphics_processing_unit;NASDAQ;Graphics_processing_unit;ATI_Technologies;GeForce;Intel;Personal_computer;GeForce;Microsoft;Xbox;Sony;GeForce;Sun_Microsystems;Xbox;Sony;ATI_Technologies;Forbes;PortalPlayer;Tablet_computer;Open_source;Proprietary_software;Free_software;Open_source;PowerPC;GeForce;The_Register;GeForce;Mobile_PCI_Express_Module;Video_game_console;Xbox;Central_processing_unit;PortalPlayer;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Vodafone;Software;Google;Nuance_Communications;Broadcom;Mobile_phone;Dell;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Nvidia;Nvidia; OBEX OBEX (abbreviation of OBject EXchange , also termed IrOBEX ) is a communications protocol that facilitates the exchange of binary objects between devices. It is maintained by the Infrared Data Association but has also been adopted by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group and the SyncML wing of the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA). One of OBEX's earliest popular applications was in the Palm III personal digital assistant . This PDA and its many successors use OBEX to exchange business cards, data, even applications. Although OBEX was initially designed for infrared, it has now been adopted by Bluetooth , and is also used over RS232 , USB , WAP , and in devices such as Livescribe smartpens. Personal_digital_assistant;Bluetooth;USB;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Bluetooth;Motorola;Samsung;Sony_Ericsson;HTC_Corporation;Nokia;Infrared;Bluetooth;Infrared;Bluetooth; ODBC_Administrator ODBC Administrator is a utility in the Mac OS X operating system for administering ODBC . This Apple-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Public Beta "Kodiak" 10.6 "Snow Leopard" 10.8 "Mountain Lion" iTunes ( version history ) Safari ( version history ) Bluetooth File Exchange Migration Assistant Remote Install Mac OS X Technology and user interface Apple Push Notification Service Grand Central Dispatch Uniform Type Identifier Classic Environment Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ODBC_Administrator oldid=469781775 " Categories : Macintosh stubs Mac OS X SQL data access Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Database;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;ODBC_Administrator;ODBC_Administrator; OMS_Video Video_compression;Sun_Microsystems;Vorbis;Vorbis;Video_compression;Theora;Codec;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;OMS_Video;OMS_Video; OSCAR_protocol OSCAR or O pen S ystem for C ommunic A tion in R ealtime is AOL 's flagship instant messaging and presence information protocol . Currently, OSCAR is in use for AOL's two main instant messaging systems: ICQ and AIM . Despite its name, the specifications for the protocol remain proprietary . AOL has gone to great lengths to keep competitors (namely Microsoft , XMPP , and Cerulean Studios ) from implementing compatible clients for their proprietary messaging systems. In 2002, AOL signed a contract with Apple, Inc. , allowing them to use OSCAR (as well as AOL's own code libraries) in their iChat application. This allowed iChat users to interact with ICQ and AIM users directly. The deal also permitted users of Apple's .Mac service to log into the AIM network using their .Mac email addresses. (This has carried over to Apple's MobileMe service.) As of 2009 [update] large parts of the protocol have been reverse-engineered and implemented by an ever-increasing number of third party clients. The OSCAR protocol can be used separately from AOL's network. In fact, AOL expands on the general concept of OSCAR, adding systems for service side buddy lists and icons, as well as features for file transfers (using Bonjour .) On March 6, 2006, AOL released the AIM SDK and launched a developer website, allowing developers to build plugins for AIM Triton , and build their own custom clients, which connect over the OSCAR protocol. They had not, at that point, however, released any information about the protocol itself. On March 5, 2008, AOL released portions of the OSCAR protocol documentation. Google also provides the ability to sign into AIM network via the Google Talk client built into Gmail . AOL;Instant_messaging;Presence_information;ICQ;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Microsoft;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Apple_Computer;IChat;.Mac;MobileMe;Reverse_engineering;SDK;Hexadecimal;Hexadecimal;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;TOC_protocol;Programming_language;Perl;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;OSCAR_protocol;OSCAR_protocol; OSType OSType (also known as ResType ) is the name of a four-byte sequence commonly used as an identifier in Mac OS . While the bytes can have any value, they usually display figures characterized in software programs such as those used in ASCII or Mac OS Roman character sets. OSType values are used to identify file data format types and the applications that created them. The separation of file types and creators allowed the coexistence of documents of the same format belonging to different applications; it is easy to reassign the ownership of any of these documents to any supporting application without changing its name or otherwise affecting its contents. Macintosh file systems have a separate area for metadata distinct from either the data or resource fork. The catalogue entry for each file stores just the creation and modification timestamp, the file type code (one OSType) and creator code (another OSType), fork length, and the file name. The resource fork of a file in a Macintosh file system stores an OSType identifier with each resource. OSTypes are also used to identify the type of data in places other than files: for instance, on the Clipboard , or in AppleEvents . They tend to have common meanings across these uses: for instance, 'TEXT' identifies a block of text (encoding unspecified, but usually ASCII or Mac Roman), while 'PICT' indicates a QuickDraw picture. Four byte identifiers are useful because they can be made up of four human-readable characters with mnemonic qualities, while still fitting in the four byte memory space typically allocated for integers in 32-bit systems. From a memory management standpoint, they're easier to handle than, for example, character strings of variable length. Compared to arbitrary 32-bit integer values, they are unambiguous since the byte-order is clearly defined. In programming, an OSType made of human-readable characters can be conveniently specified as a C multi-character literal, which allows you to specify an integer literal, whose bytes are made up of human-readable characters. Since OS X 10.3 , OSType signatures are one of several sources that may be examined to determine a Uniform Type Identifier and are no longer used as the primary data type signature. Other uses for OSTypes include: as Gestalt selector codes as record field IDs and event type and class IDs in AppleEvents for identifying components in the Component Manager as "atom" IDs in the QuickTime movie and image file formats as a localization-independent way of identifying standard folders in the Folder Manager in QuickDraw GX , they were used as gxTag types and also as types of collection items in the Collection Manager. as error codes in certain libraries, such as QuickTime FourCC is a system of data format identification used in some platform-independent multimedia containers , such as AIFF and RIFF . It inherits may codes from the OSType. Similar system is also used in TrueType font format. 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low;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Mac_OS;Newton_OS;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Unix;Operating_system;IRIX;Linux;QNX;VxWorks;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Operating_system;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;OS_X;OS_X; OS_X_Lion Mac OS X Lion [ 4 ] (version 10.7; marketed as OS X Lion ) [ 5 ] is the eighth major release of Mac OS X , Apple 's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. A preview of Lion was publicly unveiled at Apple's " Back to the Mac " event on October 20, 2010. It brings many developments made in Apple's iOS , such as an easily navigable display of installed applications, to the Mac, and includes support for the Mac App Store , as introduced in Mac OS X Snow Leopard version 10.6.6. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] On February 24, 2011, the first developer's preview of Lion (11A390) was released to subscribers of Apple's developers program. [ 8 ] Other developer previews were subsequently released, with Lion Preview 4 (11A480b) being released at WWDC 2011. [ 9 ] Lion achieved golden master status on July 1, 2011, [ 10 ] followed by its final release via the Mac App Store on July 20, 2011. Apple reported over 1 million Lion sales on the first day of its release. [ 11 ] As of October 2011, Mac OS X Lion has sold over 6 million copies worldwide. [ 12 ] OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Open_source;Software_license;Software_license_agreement;Apple_Software_Update;Computing_platform;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_App_Store;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Apple_Developer;WWDC;Peter_Oppenheimer;Mac_App_Store;Apple_Store;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;CPU;Hard_drive;AirDrop;AirDrop;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;FileVault;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Font_Book;ICal;IChat;Language;Mac_App_Store;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;QuickTime;TextEdit;Mac_OS_X_Server;Microsoft_Windows;TextEdit;Microsoft_Word;PowerPC;Adobe_Flash_Player;ISync;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Apple_Modem;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;Ars_Technica;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS;Macworld;Gizmodo;System_Profiler;Xcode;Mac_App_Store;ICloud;CNET;Apple_Inc.;AppleInsider;Apple_Inc.;Gizmodo;MacRumors;Ars_Technica;AppleInsider;Gizmodo;The_Register;Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS;Newton_OS;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Lion; OS_X_Mountain_Lion OS X Mountain Lion [ 2 ] (version 10.8) is the ninth major release of OS X , Apple Inc. 's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. OS X Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012. It gains features from iOS , such as Notes and Reminders as applications separate from Mail and Calendar , in addition to those iOS features introduced in Mac OS X Lion . OS X Mountain Lion replaces iChat with Messages , which includes support for iMessage , allowing users to send unlimited messages to other Macs (running 10.8 or later), iPhones , iPads and iPod Touches (running iOS 5 or later). It also includes the latest version of the Safari web browser, Safari 6 . Following a soft transition started with Mac OS X Lion, Apple now consistently refers to OS X Mountain Lion as "OS X" rather than "Mac OS X". [ 1 ] [ 2 ] OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Open_source;Software_license;Software_license_agreement;Mac_App_Store;Computing_platform;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Game_Center;Notification_Center;OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;IOS;Mac_OS_X_Lion;IChat;IMessage;Macintosh;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;Mac_OS_X_Lion;WWDC;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Xserve;IMac;Mac_Mini;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Notification_Center;Game_Center;Game_Center;IChat;IMessage;IOS;Notification_Center;ICal;IOS;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Apple_TV;Baidu;ICal;Youku;Tudou;Facebook;Digital_signature;Mac_App_Store;Mac_App_Store;ICloud;User_interface;IWork;Application_programming_interface;IChat;MobileMe;ICloud;RSS;Mac_App_Store;Apple_Software_Update;Mac_App_Store;Xgrid;Mac_App_Store;Nilay_Patel;Vox_Media;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;IDG;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;IDG;Apple_Inc.;ReadWriteWeb;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;IDG;Macworld;IDG;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;TechCrunch;AOL;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Macworld;IDG;Ars_Technica;Boy_Genius_Report;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;OS_X_Lion;Newton_OS;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS;Newton_OS;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion; Octriptyline Octriptyline ( SC-27,123 ) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that was never marketed. [ 1 ] Cavalla, J. F.; White, A. C.; British Patent, 1975, GB 1406481 . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Octriptyline;Octriptyline; Office_of_Fair_Trading United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Consumer_protection;Credit_card;European_Union;European_Commission;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Office_of_Fair_Trading;Office_of_Fair_Trading; Ogg Ogg is a free , open container format maintained by the Xiph.Org Foundation . The creators of the Ogg format state that it is unrestricted by software patents [ 4 ] and is designed to provide for efficient streaming and manipulation of high quality digital multimedia . The Ogg container format can multiplex a number of independent streams for audio , video , text (such as subtitles ), and metadata . In the Ogg multimedia framework, Theora provides a lossy video layer. The audio layer is most commonly provided by the music-oriented Vorbis format but other options include the human speech compression codec Speex , the lossless audio compression codec FLAC , and OggPCM . Before 2007, the .ogg filename extension was used for all files whose content used the Ogg container format. Since 2007, the Xiph.Org Foundation recommends that .ogg only be used for Ogg Vorbis audio files. The Xiph.Org Foundation decided to create a new set of file extensions and media types to describe different types of content such as .oga for audio only files, .ogv for video with or without sound (including Theora), and .ogx for multiplexed Ogg. [ 5 ] As of August 4, 2011, the current version of the Xiph.Org Foundation's reference implementation, is libogg 1.3.0. [ 2 ] Another version, libogg2, has been in development, but is awaiting a rewrite as of 2008. [ 6 ] Both software libraries are free software , released under the new BSD license . Ogg reference implementation was separated from Vorbis on September 2, 2000. [ 7 ] Because the format is free, and its reference implementation is not subject to restrictions associated with copyright , Ogg's various codecs have been incorporated into a number of different free and proprietary media players , both commercial and non-commercial, as well as portable media players and GPS receivers from different manufacturers. Filename_extension;Vorbis;Theora;Speex;FLAC;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Streaming_media;Sound;Video;Subtitles;Metadata;Theora;Vorbis;Speex;FLAC;Filename_extension;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Portable_media_player;GPS;File_format;Multiplexing;RealPlayer;DirectShow;Codec;File_format;DirectShow;Matroska;MPEG;Digital_audio_player;Free_Software_Foundation;Website;Blog;VLC_media_player;QuickTime;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;ITunes;IMovie;Windows_Media_Player;FFmpeg;CELT;Speex;Vorbis;Variable_bitrate;Lossless_data_compression;FLAC;WAV;Theora;DivX;Xvid;RealVideo;Windows_Media_Video;Lossless_data_compression;DOS;Vorbis;Theora;FLAC;CELT;Speex;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Ogg;Ogg; Ogg_Vorbis Vorbis is a free software / open source project headed by the Xiph.Org Foundation (formerly Xiphophorus company). The project produces an audio format specification and software implementation ( codec ) for lossy audio compression . Vorbis is most commonly used in conjunction with the Ogg container format [ 7 ] and it is therefore often referred to as Ogg Vorbis . Vorbis is a continuation of audio compression development started in 1993 by Chris Montgomery . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Intensive development began following a September 1998 letter from the Fraunhofer Society announcing plans to charge licensing fees for the MP3 audio format . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Vorbis project started as part of the Xiphophorus company's Ogg project (also known as OggSquish multimedia project). [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Chris Montgomery began work on the project and was assisted by a growing number of other developers. They continued refining the source code until the Vorbis file format was frozen for 1.0 in May 2000 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 14 ] and a stable version (1.0) of the reference software was released on July 19, 2002. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The Xiph.Org Foundation maintains a reference implementation, libvorbis , the latest official version of which is 1.3.3, released on February 3, 2012. [ 18 ] There are also some fine-tuned forks , most notably aoTuV , that offer better audio quality, particularly at low bitrates. These improvements are periodically merged back into the reference codebase. Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;Ogg;Matroska;WebM;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Open_source;Codec;Lossy_compression;Ogg;Digital_container_format;Source_code;Ogg;Free_software;Video_game;Jamendo;Spotify;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Audio;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Musepack;Windows_Media_Audio;LAME;Compact_disc;Variable_bit_rate;Matroska;WebM;Metadata;BSD_License;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_player;Samsung;Iriver;BSD_License;Google;Iriver;IPod;Rockbox;VLC_media_player;MPlayer;Winamp;Apple_Computer;ITunes;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Windows_Media_Player;DirectShow;Multimedia_framework;FFmpeg;Linux;XMMS;Xine;Filename_extension;Web_browser;Google_Chrome;SeaMonkey;WAV;Theora;FFmpeg;Libavcodec;Ogg;Playlist;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Free_Software_Foundation;Ogg;Theora;FLAC;CELT;Speex;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Vorbis;Vorbis; Ogle_DVD_Player Ogle is a DVD player for GNU / Linux , and other Unix-like operating systems . It is released as free software under the GNU GPL license . It was originally developed in 1999 by a few students at Chalmers Tekniska Högskola ( Chalmers University of Technology ) in Göteborg, Sweden, and maintained until late 2003. It was the first free software / open source DVD player able to play DVD menus [ 1 ] and can play CSS encrypted DVDs, [ 2 ] but does not play DVDs with ripping protection schemes such as ARccOS Protection that are common on movie DVDs from major studios. Ogle does not play anything other than DVDs. [ 1 ] Ogle runs from the command line, but with the FOX toolkit install it can be used with the Goggles GUI. [ 2 ] Ogle is copyright-licensed to the public under the GNU General Public License (GPL). 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;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Olanzapine;Olanzapine; Old_World_ROM Old World ROM Macintosh computers are the Macintosh models that use a Macintosh Toolbox ROM chip, usually in a socket (but soldered to the motherboard in some models). All Macs prior to the iMac , the iBook , the Blue and White Power Mac G3 and the Bronze Keyboard PowerBook G3 use Old World ROM, while the iMac, iBook, Blue and White G3, and Bronze Keyboard PowerBook G3, as well as all subsequent models until the introduction of the Intel -based EFI Models are New World ROM machines. In particular, the Beige Power Mac G3 and all other beige and platinum colored Power Macs are Old World ROM machines. In common use, the "Old World" designation usually applies to the early generations of PCI -based "beige" Power Macs (and sometimes the very first NuBus -equipped models), but not the older Motorola 68000 -based Macs; however, the Toolbox runs the same way on all three types of machines. PCI Power Macs with an Old World ROM contain an Open Firmware implementation, and a copy of the Macintosh Toolbox as an Open Firmware device. These machines are set to boot from this device by default, thus starting the normal Macintosh startup procedure. This can be changed, just as on New World ROM Macs, but with limitations placed on what devices and formats can be used; on these machines, particularly the early machines like the Power Macintosh 9500 , the Open Firmware implementation was just enough to enumerate PCI devices and load the Toolbox ROM , and these Open Firmware revisions have several bugs which must be worked around by boot loaders or nvramrc patches. The Open Firmware environment can be entered by holding the key combination ⌘ Cmd + ⌥ Option + O + F while booting. All Power Macs emulate an 68LC040 CPU inside a nanokernel ; this emulator is then used to boot the predominantly 68k-based Toolbox, and is also used to support applications written for the 68k processor. Once Toolbox is running, PPC machines can boot into MacOS directly. On all Old World ROM machines, once Toolbox is loaded, the boot procedure is the same. Toolbox executes a memory test, enumerates Mac OS devices it knows about (this varies from model to model), and either starts the on-board video (if present) or the option ROM on a NuBus or PCI video card. Toolbox then checks for a disk in the floppy drive, and scans all SCSI buses for a disk with a valid System Folder, giving preference to whatever disk is set as the startup disk in the parameter RAM . If a bootable disk is found, the Happy Mac logo is displayed, and control is handed over to the Mac OS. If no disk to boot from is present, an icon depicting a floppy disk with a blinking question mark in the middle will be displayed. If a hardware problem occurs during the early part of the boot process, the machine will display the Sad Mac icon with a hexadecimal error code and freeze; and on Macs made after 1987, this will be accompanied by the Chimes of Death sound. Since the Old World ROM usually boots to Toolbox, most OSes have to be installed using a boot loader from inside Mac OS ( BootX is commonly used for Linux installations). 68K-based Macs and NuBus Power Macs must have Mac OS installed to load another OS (even A/UX , which was an Apple product), usually with virtual memory turned off. PCI Power Macs can be configured to boot into Open Firmware, allowing the firmware to load a boot loader directly, or they can use a specially-prepared floppy disk to trick the Toolbox into loading a kernel (this is used for Linux installation floppy images). The simplest way to identify an Old World ROM Mac is that it will not have a factory built-in USB port. Only New World ROM Macs featured a USB port as factory equipment. Apple_Macintosh;Macintosh_Toolbox;IMac;IBook;Intel;New_World_ROM;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Power_Macintosh;NuBus;Macintosh_Toolbox;Icon;Linux;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Old_World_ROM;Old_World_ROM; Olopatadine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;MedlinePlus;Histamine_antagonist;Levocabastine;Antazoline;Thonzylamine;Azelastine;Pseudoephedrine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Olopatadine;Olopatadine; Ombudsman English_language;United_Kingdom;Spanish_language;European_Union;Sweden;United_States;German_language;French_language;German_language;French_language;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Consumer_protection;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;European_Union;Greece;French_language;German_language;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Republic_of_Ireland;Italian_language;Malta;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Republic_of_China;Ombudsman;Ombudsman; OmniVision_Technologies OmniVision Technologies Inc. is a corporation that designs and develops digital imaging products. Headquartered in Santa Clara , California , OmniVision Technologies has offices in the USA, Western Europe and Asia , including a design center and testing facility in Shanghai , China . [ 2 ] The company supplies Apple Inc. with the back-illuminated CMOS sensor found in the iPhone 4 's backside camera . [ 3 ] NASDAQ;California;California;Asia;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;OmniVision_Technologies;OmniVision_Technologies; OmniWeb Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Web_browser;Software_license;Proprietary_software;WebKit;Internet;Web_browser;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;Mozilla_Firefox;Camino;Microsoft_Windows;Sun_Microsystems;HTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Apple_Inc.;WebKit;WebKit;Universal_binary;FTP;Website;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;Web_browser;Email;HyperCard;HTML;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Camino;Kazehakase;Netscape_Browser;Mozilla_Firefox;Internet_Explorer;SeaMonkey;OmniWeb;OmniWeb; OnLive OnLive is a company offering a cloud gaming platform and a cloud desktop solution. [ 4 ] Both offerings are synchronized, rendered, and stored on remote servers and delivered via the Internet . The gaming platform is available using the OnLive Game System, [ 5 ] PCs running Microsoft Windows ( XP , Vista , 7 ), Intel -based Macs with Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later, Android devices and iOS devices. [ 6 ] Since the games are rendered on OnLive's servers, a low-end computer may be used to play any kind of game as long as it is able to play video. For that reason, the service is being seen as a competitor for the console market. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] All games on the service are available in 720p format. OnLive recommends an Internet connection of 5 Mbit/s or faster, and a 2 Mbit/s connection meets the minimum system requirements. [ 9 ] Over 50 publishers , such as Take-Two Interactive , Sega , Ubisoft , Epic Games , Atari , Codemasters , THQ , Warner Bros. , Kalypso Media , 2D Boy , Eidos Interactive , Disney Interactive Studios , and others have partnered with OnLive. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Over 300 games are available on the service, [ 12 ] a full list of which is available at list of OnLive video games . Cloud_computing;San_Francisco;California;Belgium;United_Kingdom;United_States;Internet;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Intel;Macintosh;Mac_OS_X;Sega;Warner_Bros.;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Intel;Mac_OS_X;IPad;Intel;Mac_OS_X;IPhone;Video_game_console;Bluetooth;HDMI;TOSLINK;TRS_connector;Ethernet;IPad;CPU;GPU;United_Kingdom;Belgium;Luxembourg;San_Francisco;Eurogamer;Macworld;Macintosh;Eurogamer;United_Kingdom;Computer_and_Video_Games;TechCrunch;Computer_and_Video_Games;Facebook;YouTube;Gaikai;Big_Fish_Games;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;OnLive;OnLive; OneRepublic OneRepublic is an American rock band from Colorado Springs, Colorado . [ 1 ] Formed in 2002 by Ryan Tedder and Zach Filkins , the band achieved massive success on MySpace , becoming the most prominent unsigned act on the website then. They signed onto Mosley Music Group in 2006, and released their debut album, Dreaming Out Loud in 2007. OneRepublic made radio history when with their first single, " Apologize ", received the largest amount of airplay in history with 10,331 plays in one week, the record only being broken again by " Bleeding Love " by Leona Lewis , a song Tedder also co-wrote. The remix version, featured on Timbaland 's album Shock Value was a smash hit internationally, reaching number-one in sixteen countries and gaining 10 million downloads subsequently earning them a Grammy Award nomination. [ 2 ] The band also achieved national success with their second single, " Stop and Stare ". Dreaming Out Loud was certified platinum in the United States , and gold in Austria, Australia and Canada . The band's second album, Waking Up , was released on November 17, 2009. [ 3 ] The lead single from the album, " All the Right Moves ", charted in the top 10 in Ireland , New Zealand , Switzerland and in the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Other singles from the album include, " Secrets ", " Marchin On ", and " Good Life ." Record_label;Sara_Bareilles;Ryan_Tedder;Rock_music;Ryan_Tedder;Grammy_Award;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;Irish_Singles_Chart;Ryan_Tedder;Ryan_Tedder;RIAA_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Rolling_Stone;Malaysia;Google;Faith_Hill;The_Beatles;United_States;Barack_Obama;Ryan_Tedder;Acoustic_guitar;Piano;Viola;Guitar;Cello;Facebook;Ryan_Tedder;OneRepublic;OneRepublic; Online_music_store An online music store is an online business which sells audio files, usually music, on a per-song and/or subscription basis. It may be differentiated from music streaming services in that the music store offers the actual music file , while streaming services offer partial or full listening without actually owning the source file. However, music stores generally offer partial streaming previews, some even with full length. Audio_file_format;Album;Music_video;Album;Universal_Music_Group;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Britney_Spears;Napster;File_sharing;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Sony_Music_Entertainment;EMI;Time_Warner;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;EMusic;ITunes_Store;Digital_audio_player;ITunes_Store;File_sharing;Steve_Jobs;ITunes_Store;Lossy_compression;FLAC;Digital_Rights_Management;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Comparison_of_online_music_stores;Music_industry;Open_Music_Model;Los_Angeles_Times;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Online_music_store;Online_music_store; OpenAxiom Axiom is a free , general-purpose computer algebra system . It consists of an interpreter environment, a compiler and a library, which defines a strongly typed, mathematically (mostly) correct type hierarchy. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Free_software;Computer_algebra_system;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;YouTube;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems; OpenCL Open Computing Language ( OpenCL ) is a framework for writing programs that execute across heterogeneous platforms consisting of central processing unit (CPUs), graphics processing unit (GPUs), and other processors. OpenCL includes a language (based on C99 ) for writing kernels (functions that execute on OpenCL devices), plus application programming interfaces (APIs) that are used to define and then control the platforms. OpenCL provides parallel computing using task-based and data-based parallelism. OpenCL is an open standard maintained by the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group . It has been adopted by Intel , Advanced Micro Devices , Nvidia , and ARM Holdings . OpenCL gives any application access to the graphics processing unit for non-graphical computing. Thus, OpenCL extends the power of the graphics processing unit beyond graphics (see general-purpose computing on graphics processing units ). Academic researchers have investigated automatically compiling OpenCL programs into application-specific processors running on FPGAs , [ 1 ] and commercial FPGA vendors are developing tools to translate OpenCL to run on their FPGA devices. [ 2 ] Software_design;Apple_Inc.;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Application_programming_interface;Software_license;Central_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit;Application_programming_interface;Intel;Nvidia;FPGA;Apple_Inc.;Trademark;IBM;Nvidia;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;DirectX;PowerVR;Software_development_kit;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Intel;Wolfram_Research;Mathematica;JavaScript;GPU;Web_browser;ARM_architecture;CPU;Intel;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;IBM;IBM;GeForce;Nvidia;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Nvidia;IBM;Mathematica;MATLAB;SourceForge;JavaScript;JavaScript;WebKit;SourceForge;SourceForge;.NET_Framework;SourceForge;SourceForge;SourceForge;SourceForge;OpenGL_ES;OpenCL;OpenCL; OpenCV OpenCV ( Open Source Computer Vision Library ) is a library of programming functions mainly aimed at real-time computer vision , developed by Intel , and now supported by Willow Garage and Itseez. It is free for use under the open source BSD license . The library is cross-platform . It focuses mainly on real-time image processing. If the library finds Intel's Integrated Performance Primitives on the system, it will use these proprietary optimized routines to accelerate itself. Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Open_source;Central_processing_unit;Facial_recognition_system;Gesture_recognition;Graphics_processing_unit;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS;SourceForge;DirectShow;Digital_camera;.NET_Framework;VXL;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;OpenCV;OpenCV; OpenEXR OpenEXR is a high dynamic range imaging image file format , released as an open standard along with a set of software tools created by Industrial Light and Magic (ILM), released under a free software license similar to the BSD license . It is notable for supporting 16-bits-per-channel floating point values ( half precision ), with a sign bit, five bits of exponent, and a ten-bit mantissa . This allows a dynamic range of over thirty stops of exposure. Both lossless and lossy compression of high dynamic range data is also supported. [ 1 ] High_dynamic_range_imaging;Lossless_data_compression;Autodesk_Softimage;Cinelerra;Adobe_After_Effects;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Mac_OS_X;Truevision_TGA;Pixar;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;OpenEXR;OpenEXR; OpenGL_ES OpenGL for Embedded Systems ( OpenGL ES ) is a subset of the OpenGL 3D graphics application programming interface (API) designed for embedded systems such as mobile phones , PDAs , and video game consoles . There is no GLUT or GLU . OpenGL ES is managed by the not-for-profit technology consortium , the Khronos Group, Inc . Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Application_programming_interface;Software_license;Application_programming_interface;Embedded_systems;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Video_game_console;Backward_compatibility;Application_programming_interface;QNX;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_PlayBook;WebOS;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;BlackBerry;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Samsung;WebOS;Nokia;QNX;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;OpenCL;OpenGL_ES;OpenGL_ES; OpenShot_Video_Editor OpenShot Video Editor is an open-source , video editing software package for Linux , built with Python , GTK , and the MLT Framework . The project was started in August 2008 by Jonathan Thomas, with the objective to provide a stable, free, and friendly to use video editor. Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing;Software_license;Free_software;Video_editing_software;Linux;FFmpeg;Digital_compositing;FFmpeg;Digital_zoom;Digital_compositing;HDV;AVCHD;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;YouTube;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Digital_compositing;CineFX;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;OpenShot_Video_Editor;OpenShot_Video_Editor; OpenTable OpenTable ( NASDAQ : OPEN ) is an American public company that offers online real-time restaurant-reservation service. It was founded by Chuck Templeton in San Francisco , California , in 1998. Reservations are free to end users; the company charges restaurants monthly and per-reservation fees for their use of the system. [ 1 ] In 1999, the website began operations serving a limited selection of restaurants in San Francisco. [ 2 ] It has since expanded to cover 25,000 restaurants in most U.S. states as well as in several major international cities. Reservations can be made online through its website at opentable.com . NASDAQ;San_Francisco;California;NASDAQ;San_Francisco;California;Google_Play;The_Washington_Post;The_New_York_Times;OpenTable;OpenTable; Open_Directory_Project The Open Directory Project ( ODP ), also known as Dmoz (from directory.mozilla.org , its original domain name ), is a multilingual open content directory of World Wide Web links. It is owned by Netscape but it is constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors. ODP uses a hierarchical ontology scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic are grouped into categories which can then include smaller categories. AOL;Sun_Microsystems;Unix;Slashdot;Free_software;Free_Software_Foundation;AOL;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Free_Software_Foundation;XML;Rolling_Stone;CNN;Internet_forum;Open_source;Slashdot;Netscape_Browser;AOL;Time_Warner;Asia;Entertainment_Weekly;NME;CNN;CNN;GameTap;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros._Television;Rotten_Tomatoes;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project; Open_Music_Model The Open Music Model is an economic and technological framework for the recording industry based on research conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It predicts that the playback of prerecorded music will be regarded as a service rather than individually sold products, and that the only system for the digital distribution of music that will be viable against piracy is a subscription-based system supporting file sharing and free of digital rights management . The research also suggests a price point of US$ 5 per month for unlimited downloads as the market clearing point. Since its publication, a number of its principles have been adopted throughout the recording industry. Digital_distribution;File_sharing;Digital_rights_management;United_States_dollar;File_sharing;Digital_rights_management;Monopoly;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Napster;Digital_distribution;Digital_rights_management;Germany;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Amazon.com;ITunes_Store;Spotify;Microsoft;Zune;Comparison_of_online_music_stores;File_sharing;Subscription_business_model;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;ReadWriteWeb;MacWorld;Kazaa;Broadcatching;Intellectual_property;Copyright_infringement;Digital_rights_management;Open_source_software;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Open_Music_Model;Open_Music_Model; Open_source In production and development, open source is a philosophy, or pragmatic methodology that promotes free redistribution and access to an end product's design and implementation details [ citation needed ] . Before the phrase open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; open source gained hold with the rise of the Internet , and the attendant need for massive retooling of the computing source code . [ citation needed ] Opening the source code enabled a self-enhancing diversity of production models, communication paths, and interactive communities. [ 1 ] The open-source software movement was born to describe the environment that the new copyright , licensing , domain , and consumer issues created. [ citation needed ] The open-source model includes the concept of concurrent yet different agendas and differing approaches in production, in contrast with more centralized models of development such as those typically used in commercial software companies. [ 2 ] A main principle and practice of open-source software development is peer production by bartering and collaboration, with the end-product, source-material, " blueprints ", and documentation available at no cost to the public. This model is also used for open source drug discovery [ 3 ] . Internet;Source_code;Software_developer;Monopoly;Internet;IBM;Operating_system;Free_software;Shareware;GIMP;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Operating_system;Linux;Operating_system;Unix;Linux;Operating_system;Operating_system;Free_and_open_source;Operating_system;Perl;Drupal;MediaWiki;Mobile_phone;Operating_system;Sun_Microsystems;SPARC;Pepsi;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;United_States;Personal_computer;Shareware;Freeware;Internet;Television;Linux;Blog;Software_license;IPTV;Connexions;Free_software;Linux;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;FORTRAN;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Free_Software_Foundation;Wired_News;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Intellectual_property;Copyright_infringement;Digital_rights_management;Open_Music_Model;Open_source_software;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Open_Music_Model;Free_Software_Foundation;Open_source;Open_source; Open_source_software Open-source software ( OSS ) is computer software that is available in source code form: the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under an open-source license that permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software. Open source software is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open-source software is the most prominent example of open-source development and often compared to (technically defined) user-generated content or (legally defined) open content movements. [ 1 ] A report by the Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Source_code;Open_source;English_language;Internet;Free_Software_Foundation;Trademark;Open_source;Mozilla_Firefox;Linux;Voice_over_IP;Technical_support;Proprietary_software;Drupal;Free_software;Free_software;Freeware;Scilab;Revision_control;Internet_Relay_Chat;Instant_messaging;SourceForge;GIMP;Sun_Microsystems;Sun_Microsystems;Open_source;Free_software;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;ZDNet;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Portable_Document_Format;Software_license;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Commercial_software;Shareware;Digital_distribution;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Intellectual_property;Copyright_infringement;Digital_rights_management;Open_Music_Model;Open_source_software;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation; Open_webOS Open webOS , formerly HP webOS or simply webOS, is a mobile operating system based on a Linux kernel , initially developed by Palm , which was later acquired by Hewlett-Packard . [ 2 ] The official name is webOS , uncapitalised, [ 3 ] but WebOS is also used. [ note 1 ] Palm launched webOS in January 2009. Various versions of webOS have been featured on several devices, including Pre , Pixi , and Veer phones and the HP TouchPad tablet. After the HP Touchpad's firesale, HP planed to make WebOS open source. It was then named Open WebOS to indicate that it's now open source. In the June update of the Open WebOS blog, WebOS released WebOS Community Edition also known as WebOS CE. It allowed people to modify the HP TouchPad to make it better and then use that knowledge to apply on Open WebOS. After WebOS Community Edition was released it was stated that Open WebOS will not be supporting existing WebOS devices therefore WebOS Community Edition would be the current WebOS's open source package where people can still keep WebOS alive by fixing bugs,security patches, and many more things. It was also stated that WebOS Community Edition will be available through Preware Installation. Software_developer;Linux;Software_release_life_cycle;ARM_architecture;User_interface;Software_license;Open_source;Mobile_operating_system;Palm_Pre;Palm_OS;Palm_Pre;Sprint_Nextel;Tablet_computer;Microsoft_Windows;Palm_Pre;Touchscreen;Cloud_computing;Application_software;Palm_OS;Ogg_Vorbis;FLAC;Graphical_user_interface;Linux_distribution;Software_development_kit;JavaScript;CSS;WebOS;Agilent_Technologies;CNN;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;Palm_Treo;WebOS;Palm_Pre;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Linux;Linux_distribution;Free_Software_Foundation;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;WebOS;Open_webOS;Open_webOS; OpeniBoot OpeniBoot is an open source implementation of Apple Inc. 's closed source bootloader iBoot. It allows the booting of unsigned code on supported iDevices (Linux Kernels). It can be controlled via OpeniBoot console (oibc) which can be connected to from a libusb enabled computer. Apple_Inc.;IDevices;IPhone;IPod_Touch;OpeniBoot;OpeniBoot; Opera_Mail Software_developer;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Email_client;Feed_aggregator;Software_license;Freeware;Email_client;Post_Office_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;RSS;Internet_Relay_Chat;HTML;Email;Spell_checker;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Software;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Opera_Mail;Opera_Mail; Operatic_pop Pop_music;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Operatic_pop; Operating_System An operating system ( OS ) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs . The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs require an operating system to function. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation , the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating systems can be found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers . Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android , BSD , iOS , Linux , Mac OS X , Microsoft Windows , [ 3 ] Windows Phone , and IBM z/OS . All these, except Windows and z/OS, share roots in UNIX . Video_game_console;IOS;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Embedded_system;Runtime_library;Personal_computer;Assembly_language;Runtime_library;IBM;IBM;Apple_Computer;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Apple_II;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS;CPU;Windows_NT;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;NeXT;Apple_Inc.;Free_software;Free_Software_Foundation;Unix;Unix;Linux;Free_software;Linux;Sun_Microsystems;Mac_OS_X;Steve_Jobs;NeXT;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Mac_OS;NeXT;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Linux;Linux_distribution;Linux;Google;Google;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Proprietary_software;Windows_NT;Mac_OS;Firmware;CPU;CPU;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Central_processing_unit;Infinite_loop;Windows_NT;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_NT;Linux;Application_programming_interface;Data_storage_device;Hard_drive;Windows_Vista;IP_address;IBM;User_interface;User_interface;Credit_card;Graphical_user_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Mac_OS;Windows_Vista;Free_software;Embedded_system;VxWorks;QNX;Symbian_OS;Palm_OS;Linux;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Dynamical_system;Formal_system;Global_Positioning_System;Control_theory;Operating_system;Operating_system; Operating_system An operating system ( OS ) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs . The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs require an operating system to function. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation , the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating systems can be found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers . Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android , BSD , iOS , Linux , Mac OS X , Microsoft Windows , [ 3 ] Windows Phone , and IBM z/OS . All these, except Windows and z/OS, share roots in UNIX . Video_game_console;IOS;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Embedded_system;Runtime_library;Personal_computer;Assembly_language;Runtime_library;IBM;IBM;Apple_Computer;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Apple_II;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS;CPU;Windows_NT;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;NeXT;Apple_Inc.;Free_software;Free_Software_Foundation;Unix;Unix;Linux;Free_software;Linux;Sun_Microsystems;Mac_OS_X;Steve_Jobs;NeXT;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Mac_OS;NeXT;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Linux;Linux_distribution;Linux;Google;Google;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Proprietary_software;Windows_NT;Mac_OS;Firmware;CPU;CPU;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Central_processing_unit;Infinite_loop;Windows_NT;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_NT;Linux;Application_programming_interface;Data_storage_device;Hard_drive;Windows_Vista;IP_address;IBM;User_interface;User_interface;Credit_card;Graphical_user_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Mac_OS;Windows_Vista;Free_software;Embedded_system;VxWorks;QNX;Symbian_OS;Palm_OS;Linux;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Dynamical_system;Formal_system;Global_Positioning_System;Control_theory;Operating_system;Operating_system; Opipramol InChI=1S/C23H29N3O/c27-19-18-25-16-14-24(15-17-25)12-5-13-26-22-8-3-1-6-20(22)10-11-21-7-2-4-9-23(21)26/h1-4,6-11,27H,5,12-19H2 Y Key:YNZFUWZUGRBMHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Opipramol ( Insidon , Pramolan , Ensidon , Oprimol ) is an antidepressant and anxiolytic used in Germany and other European countries. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although it is a member of the tricyclic antidepressants , opipramol's primary mechanism of action is much different in comparison. [ 2 ] Most TCAs act as reuptake inhibitors , but opipramol does not, and instead acts as a sigma receptor agonist , among other properties. [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Antidepressant;Germany;Europe;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Amitriptyline;Desipramine;Imipramine;Clocapramine;Gevotroline;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Opipramol;Opipramol; OptimFROG OptimFROG is a proprietary lossless audio data compression codec developed by Florin Ghido. OptimFROG is optimized for very high compression ratios, even for the price of slower encoding and decoding. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Encoder;Proprietary_software;Lossless_data_compression;Codec;Lossy_compression;WavPack;Metadata;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;OptimFROG;OptimFROG; Option_key The Option key is a modifier key present on Apple keyboards . It is located between the Control key and Command key on a typical Mac keyboard. There are two option keys on modern Mac desktop and notebook keyboards, one on each side of the space bar. Apple commonly uses the symbol U+2325 ⌥ option key to represent the Option key. From 1980 to 1984, on the Apple II family , this key was known as the closed apple key , and had a black line drawing of a filled-in apple on it. (See command key for information about the history and the "open apple".) Since the 1990s, "alt" typically appears on the key, as well, for use as an Alt key with non-Mac software, such as Unix and Windows programs. However, the Option key in a Mac operating system functions differently from the Alt key under other Unix-like systems or Microsoft Windows . Most notably, it is not used to access menus or hotkeys, but is instead used as a modifier for other command codes, and also to provide easier access to various accents and symbols. In this regard, it is akin to the AltGr key , found on some IBM-compatible PC keyboards. Command_key;Apple_Inc.;Command_key;Microsoft_Windows;Context_menu;ITunes;IPhoto;Menu_extra;MobileMe;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Adobe_Photoshop;SeaMonkey;Context_menu;Mac_OS_X;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Linux;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Apple_Keyboard;Command_key;Apple_Keyboard;Sun_Microsystems;Keyboard_layout;Option_key;Option_key; Optus SingTel Optus Pty Limited is the second largest telecommunications company in Australia , and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Singapore Telecommunications ( ASX : SGT ). The company primarily trades under the Optus brand, while maintaining several wholly owned subsidiary brands, such as Virgin Mobile Australia and Boost Mobile in the mobile telephony market, Uecomm in the network services market and Alphawest in the ICT services sector. To provide services, Optus owns and operates its own network infrastructure, as well as using the services of other network service providers , most notably Telstra Wholesale . It provides services both directly to end users and also acts as a wholesaler to other service providers. Through its OptusNet brand, it provides broadband , wireless and dial-up internet services. The company was originally known as Aussat Pty Limited prior to privatisation, when it became Optus Communications Pty Limited . It was later renamed to Cable Wireless Optus Pty Limited before changing again to its present name. Australia;Australia;Virgin_Mobile_Australia;Telstra;VoIP;Mobile_phone;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Virgin_Mobile_Australia;Telstra;Television;United_Kingdom;United_States;Telstra;Telstra;Telstra;Telstra;GSM;Vodafone_Australia;California;Philippines;International_Standard_Book_Number;ZDNet;Telstra;Virgin_Mobile_Australia;Vodafone_Australia;Thailand;Hong_Kong;Macau;Philippines;Malaysia;Australia;Singapore;SingTel;Taiwan;Optus;Optus; Orange_Music_Electronic_Company Orange Music Electronic Company is a British electric guitar and public address amplifier manufacturing company, famous for its distinctive sound and bright orange Tolex -like covering on amplifier heads and speaker cabinets. Orange also manufactures amplifiers for bass guitar, speaker cabinets for instrument amplifiers and combination (combo) amplifiers. Electric_guitar;Orange_Music_Electronic_Company;Orange_Music_Electronic_Company; Original_Sound_Quality Original Sound Quality (OSQ) is a audio file format developed in 2002 by Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH and implemented e.g. in their audio editing software Wavelab 4 (and following releases) for lossless audio data compression . In combination with good source material this format allows compression rates up to 50%. Because of that it is not comparable to other audio formats like MP3 , which reach compression rates up to 90% because of their lossy compression algorithms. Therefore OSQ is used rather for archiving then for daily use. When using this format it is important to know that OSQ is a proprietary format developed by Steinberg that is generally speaking not supported by other audio software tools. A possible alternative to OSQ might be the free codec FLAC . Audio_file_format;Data_compression;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Original_Sound_Quality;Original_Sound_Quality; Original_equipment_manufacturer Apple_Inc.;Toshiba;IBM;Contract_manufacturer;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Original_equipment_manufacturer; Orion_Platinum Orion is a music production suite developed by Synapse Audio Software for Microsoft Windows . The software supports all stages of music production, from composing and arranging music to mixing and mastering . Its features include multitrack audio recording , audio generation, audio effects, and a mixing desk with sub busses. It supports both traditional linear sequencing and pattern-based sequencing. Supported external interfaces include VST , DirectX , and ReWire . Audio output resolutions range from 16 bit/44.1 kHz to 32 bit/192 kHz, Stereo. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Application_software;DirectX;Digital_audio_workstation;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;GarageBand;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Soundtrack_Pro;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;Tracktion;Zynewave_Podium; Orphenadrine InChI=1S/C18H23NO/c1-15-9-7-8-12-17(15)18(20-14-13-19(2)3)16-10-5-4-6-11-16/h4-12,18H,13-14H2,1-3H3 Y Key:QVYRGXJJSLMXQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Orphenadrine (sold under the brand names : Norflex , Mephenamin , Disipal , Banflex , Flexon , Biorphen , Brocasipal , Dolan , Norgesic and others) is an anticholinergic drug of the ethanolamine antihistamine class with prominent CNS and peripheral actions used to treat painful muscle spasms, other similar conditions, as well as the treatment of some aspects of Parkinson's Disease . It is closely related to diphenhydramine . Therefore, it is related to other drugs used for Parkinson's like benztropine and trihexyphenidyl , and it is also structurally related to nefopam , [ 2 ] which is a centrally-acting yet non-opioid analgesic. The combination of anticholinergic effects and CNS penetration make orphenadrine useful for pain of all etiologies, including pain from: radiculopathy , muscle pain, and headaches [ citation needed ] . Orphenadrine has approximately 58% of the anticholinergic potency of atropine at equivalent doses. Orphenadrine is most often used against pain and muscle spasm of various etiologies including lumbago , sciatica , and injury. It is quite useful against allergic symptoms and other histamine-related effects, such as those from hay fever, other allergies, and histamine release from many opioid analgesics . Where available for prescription compounding, orphenadrine can also be prepared for topical administration and works slightly better than diphenhydramine for this purpose. The orphenadrine salt used for Parkinsonism is the hydrochloride, whereas the muscle relaxant tablet are the citrate. The manufacturers' descriptions of orphenadrine indicate that the salts are not interchangeable; one reason may be that the citrate can be irritating when injected. Euphoria is an effect reported by many patients and orphenadrine has been investigated for use against depression, as first reported in June 1958 in the American Journal of Psychiatry . [ 3 ] Like many first-generation antihistamines and chemically-similar anticholinergics, orphenadrine can also cause excitement and insomnia, particularly in children and the elderly. Orphenadrine also works on smooth muscle in a manner identical to that of dicyclomine , brand name Bentyl , and will impact Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a similar fashion. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Canada;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Diphenhydramine;Diphenhydramine;Cyclobenzaprine;Amitriptyline;Antimuscarinic;Cyclobenzaprine;Cyclobenzaprine;Cyclobenzaprine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;MedlinePlus;Benzatropine;Chlorphenoxamine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Etybenzatropine;Profenamine;Tropatepine;Cyclobenzaprine;Cimetidine;Cyclobenzaprine;Hydroxyzine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Cinnarizine;Flunarizine;Monatepil;Carbamazepine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Licarbazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Orphenadrine;Orphenadrine; OsiriX OsiriX is an image processing application dedicated to DICOM images (".dcm" / ".DCM" extension) produced by medical equipment ( MRI , CT , PET , PET-CT , ...). Osirix is complementary to existing viewers, in particular to nuclear medicine viewers. It can also read many other file formats: TIFF (8,16, 32 bits), JPEG, PDF, AVI, MPEG and Quicktime. It is fully compliant with the DICOM standard for image communication and image file formats. OsiriX is able to receive images transferred by DICOM communication protocol from any PACS or medical imaging modality (STORE SCP - Service Class Provider, STORE SCU - Service Class User, and Query/Retrieve) . Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Switzerland;Mac_OS_X;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;OsiriX;OsiriX; Outline_of_Apple_Inc. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Apple Inc. : Apple Inc. – American multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics , computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products are the Macintosh line of computers, the iPod , the iPhone and the iPad . Its best-known software includes the Mac OS X operating system ; the iTunes media browser. As of July 2011 [update] , Apple has 357 retail stores in ten countries, [ 1 ] and an online store . [ 2 ] Formerly known as Apple Computer, Inc. The box of the 3rd generation iPad . Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;IPad;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;ITunes;Apple_Store;IMac;Apple_TV;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook_family;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;IOS;IPad;IPhone;LED_backlit;Liquid_crystal_display;Software;ICloud;IPod_Touch;Portable_media_player;Personal_digital_assistant;Handheld_game_console;Mobile_device;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Mini;Flash_memory;FM_radio;Multitouch;IPod_Shuffle;Flash_memory;Apple_TV;Digital_media_receiver;Small_form_factor;Computer_networking_device;ITunes_Store;Netflix;YouTube;Flickr;MobileMe;MLB.tv;NBA_League_Pass;National_Hockey_League;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;ITunes;Widescreen;Television;Magic_Mouse;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;USB;Gigabit_Ethernet;IPad_accessories;Magic_Mouse;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;Trackpad;Gesture_recognition;Bluetooth;AA_batteries;Magic_Trackpad;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Macintosh;IPad;Bluetooth;USB;Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Ethernet;Local_area_network;USB;Cydia;Photo_editing_software;Digital_asset_management;Software_program;Database;Application_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Pro;Video_editing_software;ILife;Application_software;IPhoto;IMovie;IDVD;GarageBand;IWeb;IOS_jailbreaking;IOS_version_history;ITunes;ITunes_Store;IPod_game;Audiobook;Podcast;Ringtone;Application_software;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;IWork;Operating_system;IWork.com;ILife;ITunes;IMovie;IPhoto;Logic_Studio;OS_X;Unix;Graphical_user_interface;Operating_system;Macintosh;CPU;PowerPC;Intel;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Unix;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Cover_Flow;ITunes;Graphical_user_interface;Photo_Booth;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Macintosh;OpenCL;Graphics_processing_unit;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_App_Store;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;Mac_OS_X_Lion;List_of_Macintosh_software;ICal;Adobe_Photoshop;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Widget_engine;Application_software;FaceTime;Graphical_user_interface;Grapher;Software_program;Email_client;NeXT;Post_Office_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;MobileMe;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;ActiveSync;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Instant_messaging;Software_application;Photo_Booth;ISight;Webcam;Portable_Document_Format;QuickTime;Multimedia_framework;Digital_video;QuickTime_VR;Interactivity;Mac_OS_X;PowerPC;Macintosh;Computing_platform;Mac_OS_X_Lion;TextEdit;Open_source;List_of_Macintosh_games;Xsan;Fibre_Channel;PowerPC;Apple_Developer_Connection;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Genius_Bar;Application_software;Digital_distribution;Mobile_apps;ITunes_Store;IOS_SDK;Personal_computer;Macintosh;ITunes;Mac_App_Store;Digital_distribution;Stevenote;Apple_certification_programs;Macintosh;ICloud;Cloud_computing;Microsoft_Windows;ITunes_Store;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Macintosh;Local_area_network;Apple_Lossless;Trade_name;Zero_configuration_networking;Service_discovery;Local_area_network;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;ITunes;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Peter_Oppenheimer;Jonathan_Ive;Scott_Forstall;Software;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Bob_Mansfield;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;Database;FileMaker;Application_software;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_media_events;Steve_Jobs;Stevenote;Apple_Inc._advertising;Apple_Macintosh;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_community;Apple_Campus;California;Apple_Inc._litigation;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;CPU;Apple_Macintosh;PowerPC;Intel;Intel;PowerPC;Universal_binary;Apple_Inc.;Application_software;PowerPC;Intel;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS_X;Universal_binary;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X;PowerPC;Macintosh;Computing_platform;Mac_OS_X_Lion;PowerPC;Firmware;Mac_OS;Intel;Personal_computer;Operating_system;Microsoft;Pixar;Macworld;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;CNET;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;AOL;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;Ars_Technica;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.; Oxaprotiline InChI=1S/C20H23NO/c1-21-13-14(22)12-20-11-10-15(16-6-2-4-8-18(16)20)17-7-3-5-9-19(17)20/h2-9,14-15,21-22H,10-13H2,1H3 Y Key:FDXQKWSTUZCCTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Oxaprotiline , also known as hydroxymaprotiline , is a psychoactive drug and research chemical of the tetracyclic chemical class . Though investigated as an antidepressant , [ 1 ] it was never developed and marketed for clinical use. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Chemical_class;Antidepressant;Drug_development;Maprotiline;Maprotiline;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Oxaprotiline;Oxaprotiline; Oxatomide InChI=1S/C27H30N4O/c32-27-28-24-14-7-8-15-25(24)31(27)17-9-16-29-18-20-30(21-19-29)26(22-10-3-1-4-11-22)23-12-5-2-6-13-23/h1-8,10-15,26H,9,16-21H2,(H,28,32) Y Key:BAINIUMDFURPJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Oxatomide (R35443) is a first-generation antihistamine of the phenylpiperazine class. [ 1 ] It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1975. Oxatomide lacks any anticholinergic effects. [ 1 ] In addition to its H 1 receptor antagonism , it also possesses antiserotonergic actions. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Carbinoxamine;Clemastine;Chlorphenoxamine;Diphenylpyraline;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimetindene;Pheniramine;Talastine;Chloropyramine;Histapyrrodine;Mepyramine;Methapyrilene;Tripelennamine;Phenothiazine;Alimemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isothipendyl;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Oxomemazine;Promethazine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Levocetirizine;Niaprazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Ebastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Pyrrobutamine;Rupatadine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Loratadine;Terfenadine;Bamipine;Chloropyramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Clemastine;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Isothipendyl;Mepyramine;Promethazine;Thenalidine;Antazoline;Azelastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Olopatadine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Oxatomide;Oxatomide; Oxcarbazepine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Generic_drug;Carbamazepine;Liver;Drug_metabolism;Carbamazepine;Denmark;Spain;Portugal;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Carbamazepine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Oxitriptyline;Carbamazepine;Licarbazepine;Insomnia;Carbamazepine;Antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Oxcarbazepine;Oxcarbazepine; Oxitriptyline InChI=1S/C19H21NO2/c1-20(2)18(21)13-22-19-16-9-5-3-7-14(16)11-12-15-8-4-6-10-17(15)19/h3-10,19H,11-13H2,1-2H3 Y Key:VBEZUCAXMREMFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Oxitriptyline ( BS-7679 ) is an anticonvulsant of the tricyclic family which was never marketed. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic;Carbamazepine;Oxcarbazepine;International_Standard_Book_Number;Carbamazepine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Oxcarbazepine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Oxitriptyline;Oxitriptyline; Oxmetidine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Oxmetidine;Oxmetidine; Oxomemazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Phenothiazine;Chemical_class;Phenothiazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Oxomemazine;Oxomemazine; Oxygen Hydrogen;Carbon;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;CAS_registry_number;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Magnet;Hydrogen;Carbon;Nitrogen;Sweden;Nitrogen;Japan;California;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Enzyme;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;YouTube;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Hydrogen;Hydrogen;Carbon;Nitrogen;Chlorine;Oxygen;Oxygen; P.A._Semi P. A. Semi (originally "Palo Alto Semiconductor" [ 1 ] ) was a fabless semiconductor company founded in Santa Clara, California in 2003 by Daniel W. Dobberpuhl ( B.S. EE 1967 University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ) who was the lead designer for the DEC Alpha 21064 and StrongARM processors. The company employed a 150-person engineering team which included people who had previously worked on processors like Itanium , Opteron and UltraSPARC . Apple Inc acquired P.A. Semi for $278 million in April 2008. [ 4 ] United_States;Apple_Inc.;SPARC;Apple_Inc;Apple_Inc.;IBM;Motorola;Apple_Inc.;Intel;ARM_architecture;Steve_Jobs;IPod;IPhone;IPad;IBM;News.com;Forbes;The_Register;The_Register;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;P.A._Semi;P.A._Semi; PADD In the Star Trek fictional universe , LCARS ( / ˈ ɛ l k ɑr z / ; an acronym for Library Computer Access/Retrieval System ) is a computer operating system . Within Star Trek chronology, the term was first used in Star Trek: The Next Generation and in subsequent shows. In a real-world context, "LCARS" is frequently used to describe the style of the computer displays of the LCARS system, especially the screens from The Next Generation . Star_Trek;Star_Trek;Operating_system;Graphical_user_interface;IPad;Star_Trek;Star_Trek;Star_Trek;Star_Trek; PAL PAL , short for Phase Alternating Line , is an analogue television colour encoding system used in broadcast television systems in many countries. Other common analogue television systems are NTSC and SECAM . This page primarily discusses the PAL colour encoding system. The articles on broadcast television systems and analogue television further describe frame rates, image resolution and audio modulation. For discussion of the 625-line / 50 field (25 frame) per second television standard, see 576i . NTSC;Hertz;United_Kingdom;DVD;Composite_video;Hertz;Frame_rate;Progressive_scan;Progressive_scan;NTSC;Hertz;Composite_video;VCR;Albania;United_Kingdom;Australia;Bhutan;Brunei;Bulgaria;Cambodia;Cape_Verde;Fiji;The_Gambia;Gibraltar;Greece;Hong_Kong;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Laos;Liberia;Lithuania;Macau;Malawi;Malaysia;Mozambique;Namibia;Nepal;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Poland;Romania;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Slovakia;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;Thailand;United_Kingdom;Vietnam;Zimbabwe;Brazil;Argentina;Paraguay;Austria;Belgium;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Germany;Italy;Latvia;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Norway;Portugal;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;NTSC;Video;Video;NTSC;Surround_sound;Closed_captioning;Progressive_scan;Surround_sound;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Closed_captioning;MPEG_transport_stream;Video_on_demand;NTSC;NTSC;Composite_video;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;PAL;PAL; PAQ PAQ is a series of lossless data compression archivers that have evolved through collaborative development to top rankings on several benchmarks measuring compression ratio (although at the expense of speed and memory usage). Specialized versions of PAQ have won the Hutter Prize and the Calgary Challenge . [ 1 ] PAQ is free software distributed under the GNU General Public License . [ 2 ] Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;TIFF;JPEG;Gigabyte;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;BMP_file_format;JPEG;WAV;WAV;Free_software;Graphical_user_interface;KGB_Archiver;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;PAQ;PAQ; PCI_Express One device each on each endpoint of each connection. PCI Express switches can create multiple endpoints out of one endpoint to allow sharing one endpoint with multiple devices. Per lane (each direction): v1.x : 250 MB/s (2.5 GT/s) v2.x : 500 MB/s (5 GT/s) v3.0 : 1 GB/s (8 GT/s) v4.0 : 2 GB/s (16 GT/s) 16 lane slot (each direction): v1.x : 4 GB/s (40 GT/s) v2.x : 8 GB/s (80 GT/s) v3.0 : 16 GB/s (128 GT/s) Hotplugging interface Yes, if ExpressCard , PCI Express ExpressModule or XQD card Yes, with PCI Express External Cabling , such as Thunderbolt PCI Express ( Peripheral Component Interconnect Express ), officially abbreviated as PCIe , is a computer expansion bus standard designed to replace the older PCI , PCI-X , and AGP bus standards. PCIe has numerous improvements over the aforementioned bus standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance-scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (Advanced Error Reporting (AER) [ 1 ] ), and native hot-plug functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard support hardware I/O virtualization. The PCIe electrical interface is also used in a variety of other standards, most notably ExpressCard , a laptop expansion card interface. Format specifications are maintained and developed by the PCI-SIG (PCI Special Interest Group ), a group of more than 900 companies that also maintain the Conventional PCI specifications. PCIe 3.0 is the latest standard for expansion cards that is in production and available on mainstream personal computers . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Intel;Dell;IBM;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;Conventional_PCI;ExpressCard;Computer;Conventional_PCI;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;ExpressCard;Laptop;Conventional_PCI;Personal_computer;Gigabit_Ethernet;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Serial_ATA;USB;FireWire;USB;USB;Subscriber_Identity_Module;GSM;MacBook_Air;ExpressCard;PC_Card;CompactPCI;OpenCL;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;HyperTransport;HyperTransport;SATA;Fibre_Channel;IBM;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;Nvidia;Flash_memory;Serial_attached_SCSI;InfiniBand;HyperTransport;Conventional_PCI;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;PCI_Express;PCI_Express; PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation ( PXI ) is one of several modular electronic instrumentation platforms in current use. These platforms are used as a basis for building electronic test equipment, automation systems, modular laboratory instruments in science, and the like. PXI is based on industry-standard computer buses and permits flexibility in building equipment. Often modules are fitted with custom software to manage the system. Paper_Eleven;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;National_Instruments;ADLINK;Aeroflex;Agilent_Technologies;Geotest;National_Instruments;Pickering_Interfaces;Teradyne;BAE_Systems;LeCroy;Agilent_Technologies;Keithley_Instruments;Agilent;Agilent;Keithley_Instruments;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;LAN_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;Rack_unit;CompactPCI;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Linux;Automatic_test_equipment;CompactPCI;PCI_Express;Backward_compatibility;Backplane;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation; PCX PCX is an image file format developed by the now-defunct ZSoft Corporation of Marietta, Georgia . It was the native file format for PC Paintbrush (PCX = "Personal Computer eXchange") and became one of the first widely accepted DOS imaging standards, although it has since been succeeded by more sophisticated image formats, such as GIF , JPEG and PNG . PCX files commonly stored palette-indexed images ranging from 2 or 4 colors to 16 and 256 colors, although the format has been extended to record true-color (24-bit) images as well. Filename_extension;Lossless_data_compression;Graphics_Interchange_Format;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Pixel;Random_access_memory;Dithering;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;PCX;PCX; PC_Card In computing , PC Card is a now defunct form factor peripheral interface designed for laptop computers. Originally known as PCMCIA Card , short for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association , the PC Card standard as well as its successor ExpressCard ) was defined and developed by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA), which itself was created by a number of computer industry companies in 1986 by Jacob D. Holm . It was originally designed as a standard for memory-expansion cards to compete with the JEIDA memory card standard developed in Japan. In 1991 the two standards merged as JEIDA 4.1 or PCMCIA 2.0 (PC Card). PC Card was originally designed for computer storage expansion, but the existence of a usable general standard for notebook peripherals led to many kinds of devices being made available based on the form factor, including network cards , modems , and hard disks . The cards were also used in early digital SLR cameras, such as the Kodak DCS 300 series . However, their original use as storage expansion is no longer common. Many notebooks in the 1990s had two adjacent type-II slots, which allowed installation of two type-II cards or one, double-thickness, type-III card. The PC card port has been superseded by the faster ExpressCard interface, but some modern portable computers still use them [ which? ] . Two PC Card devices: Xircom RealPort (top) type III and 3Com (bottom) type II. ExpressCard;Laptop;ExpressCard;Hard_disk;ExpressCard;ExpressCard;IBM;Credit_card;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Flash_memory;Toshiba;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Central_processing_unit;Conventional_PCI;USB;ExpressCard;PCI_Express;USB;USB;ExpressCard;ExpressCard;USB;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Internet_Archive;ExpressCard;Microdrive;Secure_Digital;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;PC_Card;PC_Card; PC_Exchange PC Exchange was a utility program for Apple Macintosh computers. It was a control panel for the Mac OS that lets the operating system mount FAT file systems and mapped file extensions to the user-defined type and creator codes . It was first made available in 1992 as a commercial software product from Apple, but in 1993, it was no longer a commercial product on its own, and shipped with System 7 Pro as part of Apple's push to become more compatible with Microsoft Windows . It worked transparently, mounting the disks on the desktop as if they were normal Mac disks, with the exception of the large PC on the icon, in an IBM -like font . Originally only floppy disks were supported, but later versions added support for hard drives, CD-ROMs and other types of media. PC Exchange could also read the NTFS and HPFS file systems, but could not write to them. PC Exchange is not used in the current OS X , which natively understands file extensions and the FAT filesystem. This Apple-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PC_Exchange oldid=501464597 " Categories : Mac OS Compatibility layers Macintosh stubs Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS;Operating_system;File_Allocation_Table;Filename_extension;Type_code;Creator_code;Microsoft_Windows;IBM;Floppy_disk;OS_X;PC_Exchange;PC_Exchange; PC_Magazine Philippines;Ziff_Davis;Belgium;Brazil;Bulgaria;Greece;Mexico;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Software;Internet;Personal_digital_assistant;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Floppy_disk;Macworld;The_New_York_Times;Ziff_Davis;ExtremeTech;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;ZDNet;The_Register;Popular_Mechanics;Popular_Science;Ars_Technica;Gizmodo;Lifehacker;Slashdot;TechCrunch;Engadget;Mashable;ReadWriteWeb;PC_Magazine;PC_Magazine; PDF application/pdf application/x-pdf application/x-bzpdf application/x-gzpdf 'PDF ' (including a single space) Uniform Type Identifier ISO 32000-1 :2008 [ 1 ] Adobe PDF Reference Archives Portable Document Format ( PDF ) is a file format used to represent documents in a manner independent of application software , hardware , and operating systems . [ 2 ] Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it. In 1991, Adobe Systems co-founder John Warnock outlined a system called "Camelot" [ 3 ] that evolved into PDF. While the PDF specification has been available free of charge since at least 2001, [ 4 ] PDF was originally a proprietary format controlled by Adobe. It was officially released as an open standard on July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 32000-1 :2008. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting royalty-free rights for all patents owned by Adobe that are necessary to make, use, sell and distribute PDF compliant implementations. [ 6 ] Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;File_format;Application_software;Operating_system;Adobe_Systems;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Adobe_Acrobat;DjVu;De_facto_standard;SVG;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Adobe_Systems;Data_compression;Adobe_Acrobat;Gzip;TIFF;Portable_Network_Graphics;JPEG;Helvetica;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Adobe_Photoshop;JavaScript;Filename_extension;Type_code;Adobe_Systems;Filename_extension;Type_code;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;XML;Adobe_Systems;Digital_signature;International_Organization_for_Standardization;EPUB;XHTML;PDF;XML;Screen_reader;Microsoft_Outlook;Digital_rights_management;IP_address;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Acrobat;Google;Raster_graphics;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Free_software;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;IPad;PICT;Mac_OS;Portable_Network_Graphics;Free_Software_Foundation;DjVu;Microsoft;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;PICT;DjVu;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;HTML;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Portable_Document_Format;Portable_Document_Format; PICT PICT is a graphics file format introduced on the original Apple Macintosh computer as its standard metafile format. It allows the interchange of graphics (both bitmapped and vector ), and some limited text support, between Mac applications, and was the native graphics format of QuickDraw . The original version, PICT 1, was designed to be as compact as possible while describing vector graphics. To this end, it featured single byte opcodes , many of which embodied operations such as "do the previous operation again". As such it was quite memory efficient, but not very expandable. With the introduction of the Macintosh II and Color QuickDraw , PICT was revised to version 2. This version featured 16-bit opcodes and numerous changes which enhanced its utility. PICT 1 opcodes were supported as a subset for backward compatibility. Within a Mac application, any sequence of drawing operations could be simply recorded/encoded to the PICT format by opening a "Picture", then closing it after issuing the required commands. By saving the resulting byte stream as a resource , a PICT resource resulted, which could be loaded and played back at any time. The same stream could be saved to a data file on disk (with 512 bytes of unused header space added) as a PICT file. With the change to OS X and deprecation of QuickDraw, PICT was dropped in favor of Portable Document Format (PDF) as the native metafile format, though PICT support is retained by many applications as it is so widely supported on the Mac. Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Apple_Computer;Computer_graphics;Computer_graphics;File_format;Apple_Macintosh;QuickDraw;Macintosh_II;QuickDraw;Resource_fork;OS_X;Portable_Document_Format;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;PICT;PICT; PKZIP Software_design;Software_developer;List_of_software_categories;Compress;ARJ;DOS;Shareware;Microsoft_Windows;Internet;PowerPC;Encryption;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Freeware;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;PKZIP;PKZIP; PRWeb Vocus ( NASDAQ : VOCS ) is a publicly held company that provides on-demand software for public relations , marketing and communications professionals. Their software provides news monitoring and management, social media monitoring and management, press release distribution and reporting and analytics, and includes a media contacts database . Vocus software is used by more than 4,000 organizations worldwide, and is available in seven languages. Vocus is based in Beltsville , Maryland , but has offices throughout Europe and Asia. According to the Washington Post index, Vocus is one of the top 125 public companies headquartered in Washington D.C. and its suburbs. Vocus went public in 2005. NASDAQ;NASDAQ;Social_media;PRWeb;Natural_language_processing;RSS;Associated_Press;Vocus;Vocus; PXI PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation ( PXI ) is one of several modular electronic instrumentation platforms in current use. These platforms are used as a basis for building electronic test equipment, automation systems, modular laboratory instruments in science, and the like. PXI is based on industry-standard computer buses and permits flexibility in building equipment. Often modules are fitted with custom software to manage the system. 1 PXI Systems Alliance 1.1 Two major players in 2006 1.2 Market estimate 5 PXI Express patent 6 Further standards based on PXI [ edit ] PXI Systems Alliance P CI e X tensions for I nstrumentation (PXI) is a modular instrumentation platform originally introduced in 1997 by National Instruments . PXI is promoted by the 54-member PXI Systems Alliance (PXISA), whose sponsor members are (in alphabetical order) ADLINK , Aeroflex , Agilent Technologies , Geotest , Gigatronics , National Instruments , Pickering Interfaces and Teradyne . (Sep 2010) [ 1 ] Executive Members of the alliance include Alfautomazione , BAE Systems , CHROMA ATE Inc , GOEPEL electronic , LeCroy , MAC Panel , Virginia Panel Corp , and ZTEC Instruments . Another 40 associate member organizations that do not have voting rights are supporting PXI and use the PXI logo on their products and marketing material. (Sep 2010) [ 2 ] [ edit ] Two major players in 2006 In 2006 two major players, Agilent Technologies and Keithley Instruments entered the PXI test market. Acqiris ; was acquired by Agilent Nov 2006. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] PXIT ; an early PXI entrant (acquired by Agilent Nov 2006). Keithley Instruments ; launched a range of 35 Data Acquisition and Instrumentation PXI cards in Nov 2006. [ edit ] Market estimate The PXI worldwide market size, estimated in 2007, was 284 million USD and was expected to grow to over 520 million USD by 2010. The PXI market is also larger than the VME eXtensions for Instrumentation (VXI) market at an estimated size in 2007 of 233.2 million USD . [ 5 ] The LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation (LXI) standard has grown to 200 million USD within 2 years . [ 6 ] [ dubious – discuss ] . [ edit ] Overview PXI is designed for measurement and automation applications that require high-performance and a rugged industrial form-factor. With PXI, one can select the modules from a number of vendors and integrate them into a single PXI system, over 1150 module types available in 2006. A typical 3U PXI module measures approximately 100 x 160 mm (4x6") in size, and a typical 8-slot PXI chassis is 4U high and half rack width, full width chassis contain up to 18 PXI slots. PXI uses PCI-based technology and an industry standard governed by the PXI Systems Alliance (PXISA) to ensure standards compliance and system interoperability. There are PXI modules available for almost every conceivable test, measurement, and automation application, from the ubiquitous switching modules and DMMs, to high-performance microwave vector signal generation and analysis. There are also companies specializing in writing software for PXI modules, as well as companies providing PXI hardware-software integration services. PXI is based on CompactPCI , and it offers all of the benefits of the PCI architecture including performance, industry adoption, COTS technology. PXI adds a rugged CompactPCI mechanical form-factor, an industry consortium that defines hardware, electrical, software, power and cooling requirements, leaving nothing to chance. Then PXI adds integrated timing and synchronization that is used to route synchronization clocks, and triggers internally. PXI is a future-proof technology, and is designed to be simply and quickly reprogrammed as test, measurement, and automation requirements change. Most PXI instrument modules are register-based products, which use software drivers hosted on a PC to configure them as useful instruments, taking advantage of the increasing power of PCs to improve hardware access and simplify embedded software in the modules. The open architecture allows hardware to be reconfigured to provide new facilities and features that are difficult to emulate in comparable bench instruments. PXI system data bandwidth performance easily exceeds the performance of the older VXI test standard. There is debate within the technical community as to whether newer standards such as LXI will surpass PXI in both performance and overall cost of ownership. PXI modules providing the instrument functions are plugged into a PXI chassis which may include its own controller running an industry standard operating system such as Windows XP , Windows 2000 , or Linux (which is not yet PXI System Alliance approved), or a PCI-to-PXI bridge that provides a high-speed link to a desktop PC controller. Likewise, multiple PXI racks can be linked together with PCI bridge cards, to build very large systems such as multiple source microwave signal generator test stands for complex ATE applications. CompactPCI and PXI products are interchangeable, i.e. they can be used in either CompactPCI or PXI chassis, but installation in the alternate chassis type may eliminate certain clocking and triggering features. So for example you could mount a CompactPCI Network interface controller in a PXI rack to provide additional network interface functions to a test stand. Conversely, a PXI module installed in a CompactPCI chassis would not utilize the additional clocking and triggering features of the PXI module. [ edit ] PXI Express The PXI Systems Alliance has passed specification PXI-5, which specifies how to integrate PCI Express performance into both CompactPCI and PXI while preserving backward compatibility . Because PXI is based on CompactPCI, work began first on CompactPCI Express in early 2004. The CompactPCI Express specification defines the fundamental mechanical and electrical features of CompactPCI Express systems and, therefore, PXI Express systems. This includes the selection of connectors to support PCI Express, definitions of slots and board mechanicals, definitions of slot/board electrical signals, and compliance-testing requirements. The CompactPCI Express specification was released on June 27, 2005 and the PXI Express specification was completed in August 2005. PXI Express incorporates CompactPCI Express technology with enhancements for PXI compatibility, timing and synchronization, and system software frameworks. The attached figure shows the basic layout of a CompactPCI/PXI Express backplane and illustrates how PCI Express is integrated into backplanes while preserving compatibility with current PXI modules. PCI Express electrical lanes run from the system slot (either an embedded controller or MXI link ) to the hybrid slots, providing a high-bandwidth path from the controller to the backplane slots. In addition, the installation of an inexpensive PCI Express-to-PCI bridge on backplanes provides PCI signaling to all PXI and PXI Express hybrid slots. This ensures compatibility with PXI modules on the backplane. The system controller slot is capable of supporting up to a x16 PCI Express link, plus a x8 link, providing a total of Template:5,5 GByte/s transfer capacity to the PXI backplane. This is a more than 45 times improvement in PXI backplane throughput. A key new feature is the PXI Express hybrid slot, which delivers support for both PCI and PCI Express signaling by taking advantage of available pins on the high-density backplanes. This creates a level of backward compatibility not available in even desktop PC card-edge connectors. In this hybrid peripheral slot, you can install PXI modules that use PCI signaling, as well as future high-performance PXI Express modules, in the same slot. However PXI modules that have implemented the J2 backplane connector require minor factory modification by the instrument vendor to allow operation in the PXI Express hybrid slot (the majority of PXI cards implement J2). PCI Express uses the same driver and OS model as PCI, which ensures complete software compatibility among PCI-based systems (such as PXI) and PCI Express-based systems (for example, PXI Express). Neither vendors nor customers need to revise driver software or application software for PCI Express-based systems. Therefore, in addition to providing hardware compatibility through the hybrid slot, PXI Express systems also help engineers preserve existing software investments. [ edit ] MXI link A MXI link consist of a PXI card and a PCI/CompactPCI card that provides a PC with direct control over the PXI backplane and connected cards. It's transparent to software. Throughout at maximum Template:Nowrao using fiber-optic or copper cabling. With fiber-optics the maximum length is 200 m . [ 7 ] [ edit ] PXI Express patent National Instruments PXI Express, U.S. Patent 6,981,086 ; [1] [ edit ] Further standards based on PXI In September 2009 the PXImc standard was launched [2] Which enables multiple processors. Paper_Eleven;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;National_Instruments;ADLINK;Aeroflex;Agilent_Technologies;Geotest;National_Instruments;Pickering_Interfaces;Teradyne;BAE_Systems;LeCroy;Agilent_Technologies;Keithley_Instruments;Agilent;Agilent;Keithley_Instruments;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;LAN_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;Rack_unit;CompactPCI;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Linux;Automatic_test_equipment;CompactPCI;PCI_Express;Backward_compatibility;Backplane;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation; Package_manager In software , a package management system , also called package manager , is a collection of software tools to automate the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing software packages for a computer 's operating system in a consistent manner. It typically maintains a database of software dependencies and version information to prevent software mismatches and missing prerequisites. Packages are distributions of software, applications and data. Packages also contain metadata , such as the software's name, description of its purpose, version number, vendor, checksum , and a list of dependencies necessary for the software to run properly. Upon installation, metadata is stored in a local package database. Package management systems are designed to save organizations time and money through remote administration and software distribution technology that eliminate the need for manual installs and updates. This can be particularly useful for large enterprises whose operating systems are based on Linux and other Unix-like systems, typically consisting of hundreds or even thousands of distinct software packages; in the former case, a package management system is a convenience, in the latter case it becomes essential. [ 1 ] Synaptic , a popular graphical frontend for package management in Linux Software;Computer;Metadata;Linux;Synaptic_Package_Manager;Linux;Linux;Programming_language;Microsoft_Windows;Database;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Synaptic_Package_Manager;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Uniform_Resource_Locator; Page_orientation Page orientation is the way in which a rectangular page is oriented for normal viewing. The two most common types of orientation are portrait and landscape . The specific word definition comes from the fact that a close-up portrait of a person's face and upper body is more fitting for a canvas or photo where the height of the display area is greater than the width, and is more common for the pages of books . Landscape originally described artistic outdoor scenes where a wide view area is needed, but the upper part of the painting would be mostly sky and so is omitted. Page orientation is also used to describe the dimensions of a video display. The most common video display orientation is landscape mode, especially the 4:3 ratio, which is 4 units wide and 3 units tall, and the more recent 16:9 widescreen landscape display mode. Portrait screen orientation can also be selected for computers, but was uncommon until the introduction of Apple's iPad , and the most popular use is in mobile devices . However, portrait is preferred for editing page-layout work, in order to view the entire page on the screen at once without wasted space along the sides, and for script-writing, legal work (in drafting contracts etc.), and other applications where it is useful to see a maximum number of lines of text. It is also common in public information displays. IPad;Macintosh;Tablet_computer;Page_orientation;Page_orientation; Pageflakes Pageflakes was an Ajax -based startpage or personal web portal similar to Netvibes , My Yahoo! , iGoogle , Wikpage and Microsoft Live that operated from 2005 until January 2012. The site was organized into tabs, each tab containing user-selected modules called Flakes . Each Flake varied in content; information such as RSS/Atom feeds, Calendar, Notes, Web search, weather forecast, del.icio.us bookmarks, Flickr photos, social networking tools like Facebook , YouTube , Twitter , email and user-created modules. Pageflakes had 250,000 Flakes and over 130,000 Pagecasts (publicly shared pages created by users with individual URLs). Netvibes;IGoogle;Flickr;Facebook;YouTube;United_States;Netvibes;IGoogle;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Pageflakes;Pageflakes; Palau Palau ( i / p ə ˈ l aʊ / , sometimes spelled Belau or Pelew ), officially the Republic of Palau ( Palauan : Beluu ęr a Belau ), is an island country located in the western Pacific Ocean . Geographically part of the larger island group of Micronesia , with the country's population of around 21,000 people spread out over 250 islands forming the western chain of the Caroline Islands . The islands share maritime boundaries with Indonesia , the Philippines , and the Federated States of Micronesia . The most populous island in the group is Koror , with the capital city, Ngerulmud , located on nearby Babeldaob . The country was originally settled around 3,000 years ago by migrants from the Philippines , with a Negrito population sustained until around 900 years ago. The islands were first visited by Europeans in the 18th century, and were made part of the Spanish East Indies in 1885. Following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War in 1898, the islands were sold to Imperial Germany in 1899 under the terms of the German–Spanish Treaty , where they were administered as part of German New Guinea . The Imperial Japanese Navy conquered Palau during World War I , and the islands were later made a part of the Japanese-ruled South Pacific Mandate by the League of Nations . During World War II , skirmishes, including the major Battle of Peleliu , were fought between American and Japanese troops as part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign . Along with other Pacific Islands , Palau was made a part of the United States -governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947. Having voted against joining the newly-independent Federated States of Micronesia in 1979, the islands gained full sovereignty in 1994 under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Politically, Palau is a presidential republic in free association with the United States, with the US providing defense, funding, and access to social services. Legislative power is concentrated in the bicameral Palau National Congress . Palau's economy is based mainly on tourism , subsistence agriculture , and fishing , with a significant portion of Gross National Product (GNP) derived from foreign aid. The country's currency is the United States dollar . The islands' culture is derived from a mixture of Japanese, Micronesian, and Melanesian elements, with the majority of citizens of mixed Micronesian, Melanesian, and Austronesian descent, with significant groups descended from Japanese and Filipino settlers. The country's two official languages are Palauan , a member of the wider Sunda–Sulawesi language group , and English , with Japanese , Sonsorolese , and Tobian recognised as regional languages . English_language;Japanese_language;United_States;United_States_dollar;Philippines;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Philippines;United_States;United_States_dollar;English_language;Japanese_language;English_language;Spanish_language;Philippines;Spain;Japan;United_States;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;United_States;Republic_of_China;Albania;New_York_Times;Fox_News;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Guam;Europe;France;Guam;Australia;Philippines;Philippines;Guam;Taiwan;Taiwan;English_language;Japanese_language;Guam;Delta_Air_Lines;United_States;New_York_Times;Fox_News;New_York_Times;Fox_News;New_York_Times;BBC_News;National_Geographic_Society;The_New_York_Times;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Australia;Chile;Fiji;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Japan;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;United_States;Australia;France;New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;United_States;Guam;Namibia;Solomon_Islands;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Taiwan;Brunei;Cambodia;Fiji;Guam;Malaysia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Philippines;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Vietnam;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Palau;Palau; Palindrome A palindrome is a word, phrase, number , or other sequence of units that may be read the same way in either direction, with general allowances for adjustments to punctuation and word dividers . Composing literature in palindromes is an example of constrained writing . The word "palindrome" was coined from the Greek roots palin ( πάλιν ; "again") and dromos ( δρóμος ; "way, direction") by the English writer Ben Jonson in the 17th century. The Greek phrase to describe the phenomenon is karkinikê epigrafê ( καρκινικὴ επιγραφή ; " crab inscription"), or simply karkinoi ( καρκίνοι ; "crabs"), alluding to the movement of crabs, such as an inscription that may be read backwards. Classical_music;Extended_play;Heavy_metal_music;Adobe_Flash;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Palindrome;Palindrome; Palm_Inc Palm, Inc. , was a smartphone manufacturer headquartered in Sunnyvale, California , that was responsible for products such as the Pre and Pixi as well as the Treo and Centro smartphones . Previous product lines include the PalmPilot , Palm III, Palm V, Palm VII, Zire and Tungsten . While their older devices run Palm OS Garnet, four editions of the Treo run Windows Mobile . In early 2009 Palm announced a new operating system, webOS , replacing the original Palm OS Garnet in their newest devices. [ 1 ] On April 28, 2010, HP announced that it had agreed to acquire Palm for $1.2 billion. [ 2 ] The deal was completed on July 1, 2010. [ 3 ] The Palm global business unit was to be responsible for webOS software development and webOS based hardware products, from a robust smartphone roadmap to future slate PCs and netbooks. However, on August 18, 2011, HP announced that it would discontinue production of all webOS devices, including smartphones and tablets. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] On August 15, 2012, it was revealed that HP had created a wholly owned subsidiary, Gram, made up of the remaining components of Palm. [ 6 ] Software;United_States;United_States;Jon_Rubinstein;Palm_Pre;WebOS;Smartphone;Palm_Pre;Palm_Treo;Smartphone;Palm_OS;WebOS;Palm_OS;NASDAQ;United_States_dollar;Verizon_Wireless;Microsoft;WebOS;Palm_Pre;Sprint_Nextel;WebOS;Palm_OS;Personal_digital_assistant;WebOS;WebOS;Agilent_Technologies;CNN;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;Palm_Treo;WebOS;Palm_Pre; Palm_Inc. Palm, Inc. , was a smartphone manufacturer headquartered in Sunnyvale, California , that was responsible for products such as the Pre and Pixi as well as the Treo and Centro smartphones . Previous product lines include the PalmPilot , Palm III, Palm V, Palm VII, Zire and Tungsten . While their older devices run Palm OS Garnet, four editions of the Treo run Windows Mobile . In early 2009 Palm announced a new operating system, webOS , replacing the original Palm OS Garnet in their newest devices. [ 1 ] On April 28, 2010, HP announced that it had agreed to acquire Palm for $1.2 billion. [ 2 ] The deal was completed on July 1, 2010. [ 3 ] The Palm global business unit was to be responsible for webOS software development and webOS based hardware products, from a robust smartphone roadmap to future slate PCs and netbooks. However, on August 18, 2011, HP announced that it would discontinue production of all webOS devices, including smartphones and tablets. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] On August 15, 2012, it was revealed that HP had created a wholly owned subsidiary, Gram, made up of the remaining components of Palm. [ 6 ] Software;United_States;United_States;Jon_Rubinstein;Palm_Pre;WebOS;Smartphone;Palm_Pre;Palm_Treo;Smartphone;Palm_OS;WebOS;Palm_OS;NASDAQ;United_States_dollar;Verizon_Wireless;Microsoft;WebOS;Palm_Pre;Sprint_Nextel;WebOS;Palm_OS;Personal_digital_assistant;WebOS;WebOS;Agilent_Technologies;CNN;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;Palm_Treo;WebOS;Palm_Pre; Palm_OS Palm OS (also known as Garnet OS ) is a mobile operating system initially developed by Palm, Inc. , for personal digital assistants (PDAs) in 1996. Palm OS is designed for ease of use with a touchscreen -based graphical user interface . It is provided with a suite of basic applications for personal information management . Later versions of the OS have been extended to support smartphones . Several other licensees have manufactured devices powered by Palm OS. Following Palm's purchase of the Palm trademark, the currently licensed version from ACCESS was renamed Garnet OS . In 2007, ACCESS introduced the successor to Garnet OS, called Access Linux Platform and in 2009, the main licensee of Palm OS, Palm, Inc., switched from Palm OS to webOS for their forthcoming devices. WebOS;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;ARM_architecture;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Mobile_operating_system;Personal_digital_assistant;Touchscreen;Graphical_user_interface;Smartphone;WebOS;Proprietary_software;Mobile_operating_system;Smartphone;Handheld_game_console;GPS;Motorola;ARM_architecture;USB;Bluetooth;API;Virtual_keyboard;Wireless_Application_Protocol;SD_card;USB;ARM_architecture;NetFront;Samsung;QVGA;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Microsoft_Outlook;Bluetooth;Web_browser;Proxy_server;Palm_Treo;Smartphone;Smartphones;Internet;Freeware;Shareware;Microsoft;Computing_platform;Research_In_Motion;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;David_Pogue;Open_Directory_Project;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Palm_OS;Palm_OS; Palm_Pre Wi-Fi ( 802.11b/g ), Bluetooth 2.1+EDR , MicroUSB , A-GPS CDMA version: Dual band CDMA2000 / EV-DO Rev. A 800, 1900 MHz GSM version: Quad band GSM 850/900/1800/1900 MHz GPRS / EDGE Dual band UMTS 850/1900 or 900/2100 MHz HSDPA Hearing aid compatibility The Palm Pre (styled as palm prē [ 2 ] and pronounced as the English prefix pre , /ˈpriː/ ) is a multimedia smartphone that was designed and marketed by Palm with a multi-touch screen and a sliding keyboard. The smartphone was the first to use Palm's Linux based mobile operating system , webOS . [ 3 ] The Pre functions as a camera phone , a portable media player , and has location and navigation capabilities. The Pre also serves as a personal information manager , has a number of communication and collaboration applications, and has Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity built-in. [ 4 ] The Pre design team was led by Matias Duarte , Mike Bell , [ disambiguation needed ] Peter Skillman and Michael Abbott . [ 5 ] The Pre was launched in the United States of America on June 6, 2009 with Sprint , and later in Canada with Bell Mobility . A GSM version of the original Pre was launched later in 2009 on a number of networks in Europe and in Mexico. A revised model, the Palm Pre Plus, which doubled the available memory and internal storage, was launched on January 25, 2010, for Verizon Wireless and later released on AT T Mobility on May 16, 2010. The third generation of Palm Pre, the Palm Pre 2 , which uses HP webOS 2.0 was announced October 2010. The Palm Pre became the fastest selling phone in Sprint's history. List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Hertz;Underclocking;ARM_architecture;PowerVR;Megabyte;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Flash_memory;Gigabyte;Touchscreen;Accelerometer;Pixel;HVGA;Liquid_crystal_display;Camera_phone;LED;Geotagging;Assisted_GPS;Quad_band;GSM;GSM_frequency_ranges;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;UMTS_frequency_bands;Multimedia;Smartphone;Linux;Mobile_operating_system;WebOS;Camera_phone;Portable_media_player;GPS;Bluetooth;Sprint_Nextel;Bell_Mobility;GSM;Verizon_Wireless;Palm_Inc;Sprint_Nextel;IPhone;User_interface;Patent_infringement;Apple_Inc.;Verizon_Wireless;ARM_architecture;PowerVR;HVGA;Accelerometer;Proximity_sensor;Digital_camera;LED;HSDPA;Assisted_GPS;Verizon_Wireless;Tethering;Gigabyte;Flash_storage;Gigabyte;Flash_storage;WebOS;WebOS;Linux;Palm_OS;Virtual_keyboard;Microsoft_Outlook;ActiveSync;Cloud_computing;Microsoft_Outlook;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Macintosh;WebOS;CNET;Mobile_device;Ars_Technica;Palm_Treo;WebOS;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Multimedia;Dreambox;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;TiVo;Roku;Amazon_Kindle;Sony_Reader;Mobile_phone;Palm_Pre;Palm_Pre; Palm_Treo The Palm Treo / ˈ t r iː oʊ / was a line of smartphones originally developed by Handspring , which was bought by Palm, Inc. They were then manufactured and maintained by Palm, Inc. Treos had a number of integrated features such as the ability to check the calendar while talking on the phone, dial directly from a list of contacts, and send email messages. The most recent models include a built-in camera. Traditionally, Treos run Palm OS which allows synchronization with both Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows , but newer models also have editions that run Windows Mobile . Smartphone;Palm_OS;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Palm_OS;Palm_OS;Palm_Pre;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;CDMA;MicroSD;Bluetooth;GPS;GSM;GPRS;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;HSDPA;HTC_Corporation;Bell_Mobility;Telstra;CDMA;MicroSD;Bluetooth;GPS;Sprint_Nextel;Sprint_Nextel;CDMA;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Megapixel;Palm_OS;CDMA;GSM;GPRS;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;Bell_Mobility;Rogers_Wireless;Telstra;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Megapixel;GSM;GPRS;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Vodafone;CDMA;Megapixel;Palm_OS;CDMA;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;Telus;Rogers_Wireless;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Megapixel;GSM;GPRS;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;HSDPA;Telstra;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Megapixel;Palm_OS;GSM;GPRS;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Telstra;CDMA;Megapixel;CDMA;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;CDMA;Megapixel;Palm_OS;CDMA;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;CDMA;Megapixel;CDMA;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;CDMA;Megapixel;Palm_OS;HTC_Corporation;CDMA;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Megapixel;Palm_OS;GSM;GPRS;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Telstra;CDMA;Palm_OS;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;CDMA;Palm_OS;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Palm_OS;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Telstra;CDMA;Sprint_Nextel;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Personal_digital_assistant;Palm_OS;WebOS;Palm_Pre;Palm_Treo;Palm_Treo; Palringo Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Microsoft_Windows;IOS;Mac_OS_X;Windows_Phone;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Mac_OS_X;IOS;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Shareware;Instant_messaging;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;IOS;Java_ME;BlackBerry_OS;OSCAR_protocol;Windows_Live_Messenger;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Global_Positioning_System;Google_Maps;CNET;Macworld;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Palringo;Palringo; Panama Panama ( i / ˈ p æ n ə m ɑː / PAN -ə-mah ; Spanish : Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá [reˈpuβlika ðe panaˈma] ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America , it is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City . Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Nueva Granada , Ecuador , and Venezuela , named the Republic of Gran Colombia . When Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada remained joined. Nueva Granada later became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the Panama Canal to be built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama by the end of the century. [ 4 ] Revenue from canal tolls represents today a significant portion of Panama's GDP. Panama has the third- or fourth-largest economy in Central America and [ 5 ] it is also the fastest growing economy and the largest per capita consumer in Central America. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In 2010 Panama ranked 4th among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index , and 54th in the world in 2010. [ 8 ] As of 2010, Panama is the second most competitive economy in Latin America as well according to the Global Competitiveness Index from the World Economic Forum (WEF). Panama's jungle is home to an abundance of tropical plants, animals and birds – some of them to be found nowhere else in the world. [ 9 ] Spanish_language;Colombia;Spanish_language;North_America;Costa_Rica;Colombia;Ecuador;Venezuela;Venezuela;Jazz;Blues;Reggae;Rock_music;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Panama;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;North_America;Canada;Costa_Rica;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Puerto_Rico;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Panama;Panama; Pandora_Radio Pandora Media, Inc. is the operator of Pandora Internet Radio (also referred as Pandora Radio or simply Pandora ), an automated music recommendation service and "custodian" of the Music Genome Project whose service in full is only available in the United States , with limited access in Australia [ 3 ] and New Zealand [ 4 ] . The service plays musical selections similar to song suggestions entered by a user. The user provides positive or negative feedback for songs chosen by the service, which are taken into account for future selections. While listening, users are offered the ability to buy the songs or albums at various online retailers. Over 400 different musical attributes are considered when selecting the next song. These 400 attributes are combined into larger groups called focus traits. There are 2,000 focus traits. Examples of these are rhythm syncopation , key tonality , vocal harmonies , and displayed instrumental proficiency. The Pandora media player is based on OpenLaszlo . Pandora can also be accessed through many stand-alone players, such as the Roku DVP (formerly Netflix player), Reciva-based radios (from companies like Grace Digital , Sanyo , and Sangean ), Frontier Silicon-based connected audio systems, Slim Devices , and Sonos [ 5 ] product(s). On July 11, 2008, Pandora launched a mobile version of their software for the Apple iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch through the iTunes App Store. Pandora is also available for Android phones, [ 6 ] BlackBerry platforms, HP webOS (used on the Palm Pre , Palm Pixi , Palm Pre 2 , and HP Veer ), and Windows Mobile devices. Pandora was the provider for MSN Radio until MSN discontinued their internet radio service on June 18, 2008. [ 7 ] A modified version of Pandora has been made available for Sprint Nextel . The service has two subscription plans: a free subscription supported by advertisements, and a fee-based subscription without ads. There are also advertisements in Pandora Mobile for mobile phones and the Pandora in The Home computer appliance . Most users choose the free subscription. [ 8 ] As of IPO , Pandora had 800,000 tracks from 80,000 artists in its library, and 80 million users. [ 9 ] In May 2010, Pandora was named in Lead411's 2010 Hottest San Francisco Companies list. [ 10 ] In January 2011, Pandora met with investment banks to consider a possible $100 million IPO. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The company filed with the SEC for a $100mm IPO on February 11, 2011 and officially began trading on the New York Stock Exchange with ticker symbol "P" on June 15, 2011 at a price of $16/share. This gave them a valuation of nearly $2.6 billion. [ 13 ] During its 2011 fiscal year, Pandora reported $138 million in revenue with a $1.8 million net loss, excluding the cost of a special dividend associated with the IPO. [ 14 ] United_States;Australia;New_Zealand;Fiscal_year;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;United_States;Australia;New_Zealand;Netflix;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;BlackBerry;WebOS;Palm_Pre;Sprint_Nextel;San_Francisco;ITunes_Store;Amazon.com;DMCA;Windows_Vista;United_States;Podcast;Facebook;Windows_Vista;Netflix;WD_TV;Roku;Google_TV;Samsung;Sony;Rovi_Corporation;United_States;United_States_dollar;Deezer;Grooveshark;Last.fm;Rdio;Songza;Spotify;TechCrunch;TechCrunch;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Pandora_Radio;Pandora_Radio; Paper_Eleven Clone Manga is the homepage of webcomic artist Daniel Kim. During the course of this page's life, Kim has thus far completed four of his webcomics: "Nana's Everyday Life", "Paper Eleven", "April and May" and "H.H.". April and May appear alongside their daughter in a new strip "June In (...)" He has begun three new webcomics as well, "Penny Tribute", "Kanami" and "Momoka Corner". Kim is believed to be beginning a new webcomic in the future called "Maria's Sea," which he describes as bloody at the very least. Clone Manga has released several published graphic novels , including one that comprises "Paper Eleven," a comic Megatokyo co-creator Fred Gallagher specifically praised, calling it "remarkable" as well as lauding Dan Kim's story plotting skills as he prepared to write "Kanami". [ 1 ] Paper_Eleven; Paper_Toss Paper Toss is a game developed originally for the operating system iOS ( iPad , iPhone , iPod Touch ) by Backflip Studios , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] which has since been ported to Android . [ 4 ] It uses multi-touch input, and is available in two versions: free ad-supported and paid ad-free. [ 5 ] Computing_platform;IOS;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;IOS;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Paper_Toss;Paper_Toss; Paperclip A paper clip (or sometimes paperclip ) is an instrument used to hold sheets of paper together, usually made of steel wire bent to a looped shape. Most paper clips are variations of the Gem type introduced in the 1890s or earlier, characterized by the almost two full loops made by the wire. Common to paper clips proper is their utilization of torsion and elasticity in the wire, and friction between wire and paper. When a moderate number of sheets are inserted between the two "tongues" of the clip, the tongues will be forced apart and cause torsion in the bend of the wire to grip the sheets together. Too many sheets will cause the elastic limit of the material to be exceeded, resulting in permanent deformation. United_Kingdom;Norway;Germany;Germany;France;Floppy_disk;Apple_Macintosh;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Logitech;Email_client; Papua_New_Guinea Papua New Guinea ( PNG ; Tok Pisin : Papua Niugini ), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea , is a country in Oceania , occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua ). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean , in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia . The capital is Port Moresby . Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse countries on Earth. According to recent data, 841 different languages are listed for the country, although 11 of these have no known living speakers. [ 6 ] (A detailed series of language maps of Papua New Guinea may be found at Ethnologue) [ 7 ] There may be at least as many traditional societies, out of a population of about 6.2 million. It is also one of the most rural, as only 18% of its people live in urban centres. [ 8 ] The country is one of the world's least explored, culturally and geographically, and many undiscovered species of plants and animals are thought to exist in the interior of Papua New Guinea. [ 9 ] Strong growth in the mining and resource sector has led to PNG becoming the 7th fastest-growing economy in the world as of 2011. [ 10 ] Despite this, the majority of the population still live in traditional societies and practice subsistence-based agriculture . These societies and clans have some explicit acknowledgement within the nation's constitutional framework. The PNG Constitution expresses the wish for "traditional villages and communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society", [ 11 ] and for active steps to be taken in their preservation. After being ruled by three external powers since 1884, Papua New Guinea gained its independence from Australia in 1975. It remains a Commonwealth realm of Her Majesty Elizabeth II , Queen of Papua New Guinea. Many people live in extreme poverty , with about one third of the population living on less than US$1.25 per day. [ 12 ] English_language;Australia;Australia;Europe;Portugal;Spain;Germany;United_Kingdom;Australia;Solomon_Islands;New_Zealand;Solomon_Islands;Australia;English_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;Open_Directory_Project;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;Solomon_Islands;Australia;Brunei;Cambodia;Japan;Laos;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;United_States;Benin;Bhutan;Bolivia;Brunei;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Cape_Verde;Chad;Chile;Colombia;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;The_Gambia;Guatemala;Honduras;Laos;Liberia;Malawi;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mongolia;Mozambique;Namibia;Nepal;Nicaragua;Panama;Peru;Philippines;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Venezuela;Vietnam;Zimbabwe;Brazil;Costa_Rica;Cyprus;El_Salvador;Kyrgyzstan;Mexico;Ukraine;European_Union;Australia;Chile;Fiji;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Japan;New_Zealand;Palau;Solomon_Islands;United_States;Australia;France;New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;United_States;Guam;Taiwan;Brunei;Cambodia;Fiji;Guam;Malaysia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;New_Zealand;Palau;Philippines;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Vietnam;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Australia;Canada;Solomon_Islands;United_Kingdom;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;Brunei;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Papua_New_Guinea;Papua_New_Guinea; Paraguay Paraguay ( i / ˈ p ɛər ə ɡ w aɪ / , PAIR -ə-gwy ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish : República del Paraguay [reˈpuβlika ðel paɾaˈɣwai] , Guaraní : Tetã Paraguái [teˈtã paɾaˈɣwaj] ), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River , which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América , or the Heart of America . [ 7 ] The Guaraní have been living in Paraguay since before the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, when Paraguay became part of the Spanish colonial empire . Following independence from Spain in 1811, Paraguay was ruled by a series of dictators who followed isolationist and protectionist policies. This development was truncated by the disastrous Paraguayan War (1864–1870) in which the country lost 60% to 70% of its population and large amounts of territory. During a large part of the 20th century, Paraguay was ruled by Alfredo Stroessner , who led one of South America's longest lived military dictatorships . In 1989 Stroessner was toppled and free elections were celebrated in 1993. In 1994 Paraguay joined Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay to found Mercosur . As of 2009 the population was estimated at 6.3 million. The capital and largest city is Asunción . The official languages are Spanish and Guaraní , both being widely spoken in the country, with around 92% of the general population speaking Spanish and 98% speaking Guaraní. Though it remains one of region's poorest and least-developed countries, in 2010, Paraguay's economy grew by 14.5%, the largest economic expansion in Latin America, and the third fastest in the world after Qatar and Singapore . [ 8 ] By 2011, economic growth slowed but remained high, at 6.4%. [ 9 ] Spanish_language;Europe;Asia;Spain;Spanish_language;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Singapore;Brazil;Venezuela;Ecuador;Bolivia;Bolivia;Argentina;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Paraguay;Paraguay;Bolivia;Bolivia;Brazil;Argentina;Brazil;Paraguay;Argentina;Argentina;Argentina;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;France;Peru;Venezuela;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;Venezuela;Argentina;Brazil;Venezuela;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;Mexico;New_Zealand;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Peru;United_States;Venezuela;Paraguay;Paraguay; Parallel_ATA Parallel ATA ( PATA ), originally AT Attachment , is an interface standard for the connection of storage devices such as hard disks , floppy drives , and optical disc drives in computers . The standard is maintained by X3/ INCITS committee. [ 1 ] It uses the underlying AT Attachment ( ATA ) and AT Attachment Packet Interface ( ATAPI ) standards. The Parallel ATA standard is the result of a long history of incremental technical development, which began with the original AT Attachment interface, developed for use in early PC AT equipment. The ATA interface itself evolved in several stages from Western Digital 's original Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ) interface. As a result, many near-synonyms for ATA/ATAPI and its previous incarnations are still in common informal use. After the introduction of Serial ATA in 2003, the original ATA was renamed Parallel ATA , PATA for short. Parallel ATA cables have a maximum allowable length of only 18 in (457 mm). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Because of this limit, the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface. For many years ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application. It has largely been replaced by Serial ATA (SATA) in newer systems. Serial_ATA;Hard_disk;Floppy_disk;Computer;Serial_ATA;Serial_ATA;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;SCSI;SCSI;Floppy_disk;Gigabyte;Serial_ATA;Flash_memory;Operating_system;Conventional_PCI;Hard_drive;Hard_disk_drive;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;Serial_ATA;Operating_system;Personal_computer;SuperDisk;Floppy_disk;Hard_drive;Ethernet;Serial_ATA;SCSI;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Parallel_ATA;Parallel_ATA; Parallel_SCSI Parallel SCSI (formally, SCSI Parallel Interface , or SPI ) is one of the interface implementations in the SCSI family. In addition to being a data bus , SPI is a parallel electrical bus : There is one set of electrical connections stretching from one end of the SCSI bus to the other. A SCSI device attaches to the bus but does not interrupt it. Both ends of the bus must be terminated . SCSI;SCSI;ANSI;Hard_drive;Backward_compatibility;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Parallel_SCSI;Parallel_SCSI; Paramount_Pictures Paramount Pictures Corporation is a film and television production/distribution company founded in 1912 and currently owned by media conglomerate Viacom . It is the second oldest existing film studio in the world behind Gaumont Pictures , and the last major film studio still headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount is consistently ranked as one of the largest (top-grossing) movie studios. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). [ 3 ] CBS;Universal_Studios;Universal_Music_Group;Star_Trek;Warner_Bros.;CBS;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Universal_Studios;Warner_Bros.;Apple_Inc.;The_Beatles;MTV;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros.;Universal_Studios;NBCUniversal;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;NBC;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Walt_Disney_Pictures;NBCUniversal;Netflix;Universal_Studios;CBS;Warner_Bros.;Universal_Studios;NBCUniversal;Widescreen;CBS;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States_Copyright_Office;Sony;Universal_Studios;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros.;MTV;Country_Music_Television;Black_Entertainment_Television;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;Paramount_Pictures;Paramount_Pictures; Patent_application A patent application is a request pending at a patent office for the grant of a patent for the invention described and claimed by that application. An application consists of a description of the invention (the patent specification ), together with official forms and correspondence relating to the application. The term patent application is also used to refer to the process of applying for a patent, or to the patent specification itself (i.e. the content of the document filed with a view to initiating the process of applying for a patent [ 1 ] ). In order to obtain the grant of a patent, a person, either legal or natural, must file an application at a patent office with jurisdiction to grant a patent in the geographic area over which coverage is required. This will often be a national patent office but could be a regional body, such as the European Patent Office . Once the patent specification complies with the laws of the office concerned, a patent may be granted for the invention described and claimed by the specification. The process of "negotiating" or "arguing" with a patent office for the grant of a patent, and interaction with a patent office with regard to a patent after its grant, is known as patent prosecution . Patent prosecution is distinct from patent litigation which relates to legal proceedings for infringement of a patent after it is granted. Patent_infringement;Patent_infringement;Sweden;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;International_Standard_Book_Number;Patent_infringement;Patent_application;Patent_application; Patent_holding_company Patent holding companies are companies set up to administer, consolidate and license patents or otherwise enforce patent rights, such as through litigation. Some patent holding companies have been characterized pejoratively as patent trolls due to aggressive enforcement of their patent rights through litigation. United_States;Patent_infringement;Switzerland;Patent_holding_company;Patent_holding_company; Patent_infringement Patent infringement is the commission of a prohibited act with respect to a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. Permission may typically be granted in the form of a license . The definition of patent infringement may vary by jurisdiction, but it typically includes using or selling the patented invention. In many countries, a use is required to be commercial (or to have a commercial purpose) to constitute patent infringement. [ citation needed ] The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection [ 1 ] is defined in the claims of the granted patent. In other words, the terms of the claims inform the public of what is not allowed without the permission of the patent holder. Patents are territorial, and infringement is only possible in a country where a patent is in force. For example, if a patent is filed in the United States, then anyone in the United States is prohibited from making, using, selling or importing the patented item, while people in other countries may be free to make the patented item in their country. The scope of protection may vary from country to country, because the patent is examined by the patent office in each country or region and may have some difference of patentability , so that a granted patent is difficult to enforce worldwide. Patent_application;Trademark;License;Canada;Europe;Japan;United_Kingdom;United_States;Patent_application;European_Commission;Copyright_infringement;UK_Intellectual_Property_Office;Patent_infringement;Patent_infringement; Patrick_Stump Patrick Martin Stump (born on April 27, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter , composer , record producer , actor and music critic , best known as the lead singer /guitarist/composer of Fall Out Boy , an American rock band from Wilmette , Illinois . Since the band's hiatus, Stump has embarked on a solo career. Stump has been credited for being a soulful vocalist [ 4 ] suitable for R B, [ 5 ] as well as one of the best voices in pop punk , according to Billboard . [ 6 ] With Fall Out Boy he placed singles in the top 10 of the US Billboard Hot 100 and their 2007 album Infinity on High reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , with two more albums peaking in the top 10. The band toured extensively since their early days and have performed over 1300 shows since their inception in 2001. He has collaborated with an extensive lists of artists and has produced albums for other artists including Cobra Starship and Gym Class Heroes . Since Fall Out Boy's late 2009 hiatus he embarked on a solo project and released his debut solo album, Soul Punk , on October 18, 2011; on which he wrote all the songs, played all the instruments, as well as handling production and self-funding it. It served as an outlet for the music that he could not make with Fall Out Boy; he intends for the band to make more music in the future, but without set parameters. A remix of " This City " was released as the first single to iTunes and a music video has been created, featuring Lupe Fiasco . Soul Punk garnered a generally positive critical reception, with critics praising Stump's musical direction, musicianship and creativity. Stump released his debut 6-song EP titled Truant Wave on 22 February 2011. [ 7 ] His solo work is a major musical departure from the pop punk sound of Fall Out Boy. His influence by Michael Jackson and Prince among many other artists is evident through his soulful electronic sound, which he coined as "soul punk". He has toured in the US and played some dates in Europe in support of Soul Punk and Truant Wave . He supported Panic! at the Disco on their month-long US fall tour that began on October 9, 2011. Funk;Musician;Record_producer;Guitar;Piano;Synthesizer;Record_label;Fall_Out_Boy;Record_producer;Fall_Out_Boy;Rock_music;Extended_play;Fall_Out_Boy;Fall_Out_Boy;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Fall_Out_Boy;Fall_Out_Boy;Fall_Out_Boy;Fall_Out_Boy;NBC;Fall_Out_Boy;Fall_Out_Boy;United_Kingdom;France;Germany;MTV;Facebook;Fall_Out_Boy;Fall_Out_Boy;Patrick_Stump;Patrick_Stump; Paul_McCartney Sir James Paul McCartney , MBE , Hon RAM , FRCM (born 18 June 1942), is an English musician, singer, songwriter and composer. With John Lennon , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , he gained worldwide fame as a member of the Beatles , and his collaboration with Lennon is one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century. After the group's break-up , he pursued a solo career, forming the band Wings with his first wife, Linda , and singer-songwriter Denny Laine . Guinness World Records described McCartney as the "most successful composer and recording artist of all time", with 60 gold discs and sales of over 100 million albums and 100 million singles , and as the "most successful songwriter" in United Kingdom chart history. [ 1 ] More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song " Yesterday ", more than any other song in history. Wings' 1977 release " Mull of Kintyre ", is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK. McCartney has written or co-written 32 songs that have reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , and as of 2012 [update] he has sold over 15.5 million RIAA -certified units in the United States. McCartney has released an extensive catalogue of songs as a solo artist and has composed classical and electronic music. He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to such subjects as animal rights , seal hunting , landmines , vegetarianism , poverty and music education . McCartney married three times, and he is the father of five children. Rock_music;Pop_music;Classical_music;Electronica;Musician;Record_producer;Guitar;Record_label;Apple_Records;Capitol_Records;The_Beatles;John_Lennon;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;The_Beatles;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_education;George_Harrison;John_Lennon;Jazz;Blues_music;Folk_music;The_Beatles;Ringo_Starr;Classical_music;Music_video;Rock_music;Extended_play;EMI;Grammy_Award;Rolling_Stone;The_Guardian;Electronica;National_Football_League;Super_Bowl;ITunes;Motown;Soul_music;Acoustic_guitar;Folk_music;Electric_guitar;Blues;Heavy_metal_music;Pop_music;Gospel_music;Soul_music;Synthesizer;Vocal_music;Apple_Records;The_Guardian;Daily_Mail;Saturday_Night_Live;Ringo_Starr;Barack_Obama;Apple_Records;Music_recording_sales_certification;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Record_label;EMI;Capitol_Records;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Huffington_Post;Rolling_Stone;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Beatles;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Beatles;Ringo_Starr;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;John_Lennon;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Abbey_Road_Studios;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Apple_Records;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;John_Lennon;The_Beatles;George_Harrison;John_Lennon;Ringo_Starr;Led_Zeppelin;Paul_McCartney;Paul_McCartney; Paul_Otlet Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet ( / ɒ t ˈ l eɪ / ; French pronunciation: [ɔtle] ; 23 August 1868 – 10 December 1944) was an author, entrepreneur, visionary, lawyer and peace activist; he is one of several people who have been considered the father of information science , a field he called "documentation". Otlet created the Universal Decimal Classification , one of the most prominent examples of faceted classification . Otlet was responsible for the widespread adoption in Europe of the standard American 3x5 inch index card used until recently in most library catalogs around the world (by now largely displaced by the advent of online public access catalogs (OPAC)). Otlet wrote numerous essays on how to collect and organize the world's knowledge, culminating in two books, the Traité de Documentation (1934) and Monde: Essai d'universalisme (1935). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In 1907, following a huge international conference, Henri La Fontaine and Otlet created the Central Office of International Associations, which was renamed to the Union of International Associations in 1910, and which is still located in Brussels . They also created a great international center called at first Palais Mondial (World Palace), later, the Mundaneum to house the collections and activities of their various organizations and institutes. Otlet was also an idealist and peace activist, pushing internationalist political ideas that were embodied in the League of Nations and its International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (forerunner of UNESCO ), working alongside his colleague Henri La Fontaine , who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1913, to achieve their ideas of a new world polity that they saw arising from the global diffusion of information and the creation of new kinds of international organization. Belgium;Belgium;Henri_La_Fontaine;Melvil_Dewey;Vannevar_Bush;Henri_La_Fontaine;Mundaneum;Henri_La_Fontaine;Belgium;France;Italy;Henri_La_Fontaine;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Sweden;United_States;Switzerland;Mundaneum;Germany;Henri_La_Fontaine;Vannevar_Bush;Vannevar_Bush;The_New_York_Times;Portable_Document_Format;Portable_Document_Format;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;Paul_Otlet;Paul_Otlet; Paypal PayPal is a global e-commerce business allowing payments and money transfers to be made through the Internet. Online money transfers serve as electronic alternatives to paying with traditional paper methods, such as checks and money orders . PayPal is an acquirer , performing payment processing for online vendors, auction sites, and other commercial users, for which it charges a fee. It may also charge a fee for receiving money, proportional to the amount received. The fees depend on the currency used, the payment option used, the country of the sender, the country of the recipient, the amount sent and the recipient's account type. [ 2 ] In addition, eBay purchases made by credit card through PayPal may incur extra fees if the buyer and seller use different currencies. On October 3, 2002, PayPal became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay . [ 3 ] Its corporate headquarters are in San Jose , California, United States at eBay's North First Street satellite office campus. The company also has significant operations in Omaha, Nebraska , Scottsdale, Arizona , and Austin, Texas , in the United States , Chennai , Dublin , Kleinmachnow (near Berlin) and Tel Aviv . As of July 2007, across Europe , PayPal also operates as a Luxembourg-based bank. On March 17, 2010, PayPal entered into an agreement with China UnionPay (CUP), China 's bankcard association, to allow Chinese consumers to use PayPal to shop online. [ 4 ] PayPal is planning to expand its workforce in Asia to 2,000 by the end of the year 2010. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ dated info ] Between December 4–9, 2010, PayPal services were attacked in a series of denial-of-service attacks organized by Anonymous in retaliation for PayPal's decision to freeze the account of WikiLeaks citing terms of use violations over the publication of leaked US diplomatic cables . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Internationalization_and_localization;United_States;Europe;Asia;Canadian_dollar;Danish_krone;Norwegian_krone;Swedish_krona;Swiss_franc;Facebook;Credit_card;Luxembourg;European_Union;Credit_card;CNet;StubHub; PeaZip PeaZip is a free and open source [ 6 ] file manager and file archiver for Microsoft Windows and GNU / Linux . [ 7 ] It supports its native PEA archive format (featuring compression, multi volume split and flexible authenticated encryption and integrity check schemes) and other mainstream formats, with special focus on handling open formats . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] It supports over 150 file extensions (Version 4.5.1). [ 10 ] PeaZip is mainly written in Free Pascal , using Lazarus . PeaZip is released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS;Computing_platform;File_size;Megabyte;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Open_source;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Windows_Explorer;Context_menu;PAQ;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;FreeArc;FreeArc;PAQ;UPX;FreeArc;Gzip;PAQ;Xz;ARJ;Compress;FreeArc;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Xz;Compress;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;Rzip;StuffIt;PAQ;EPUB;PAQ;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;PeaZip;PeaZip; Peacock_Records Peacock Records was an American record label , started in 1949 by Don Robey in Houston, Texas , United States . " Hound Dog " by Big Mama Thornton was a hit for Peacock in 1953. [ 1 ] Other significant rhythm and blues artists on Peacock were Marie Adams, James Booker , Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown , Little Richard , Memphis Slim , and former gospel singer Jackie Verdell . The label also dabbled with jazz, releasing albums by vocalist Betty Carter and saxophonist Sonny Criss . In 1952, Robey gained control of the Duke Records label of Memphis, Tennessee . Duke/Peacock Records was formed. For a period of time in the early 1960s, Peacock released gospel music only, issuing singles and albums by some of America's most famous gospel artists, including The Dixie Hummingbirds , The Mighty Clouds Of Joy , The Five Blind Boys Of Mississippi , Reverend Cleophus Robinson, The Sensational Nightingales , The Gospelaires of Dayton, Ohio, The Pilgrim Jubilee Singers, and The Loving Sisters. At the end of 1963 the label launched the gospel subsidiary label Song Bird Records which featured Inez Andrews . In the later 1960s Peacock again began to issue secular soul singles by artists such as Jackie Verdell, the Inspirations, Little Frankie Lee , [ 2 ] Al 'TNT' Bragg and Bud Harper. This later Peacock label featured a bright multi-colored peacock tail on an otherwise blue label background, and it is these later records which are often sought by Northern soul collectors. The Duke/Peacock family of labels (which also included Back Beat and Sure Shot) was sold to ABC Dunhill Records of Los Angeles on May 23, 1973, with label founder Don Robey staying with ABC as a consultant until his death in 1975. The label name was changed to ABC/Peacock in 1974. After ABC was sold to MCA Records in 1979, MCA briefly operated an MCA/Songbird label with new signings including Little Anthony (of Little Anthony and the Imperials ) and Dan Peek (formerly of the group America ). The previous rosters of both ABC-Peacock and ABC-Songbird were dropped (MCA later reissued several Peacock and Song Bird albums at budget price). MCA briefly revived the Peacock name for a series of CD reissues ("Peacock Gospel Classics") in the late 1990s. Along with the MCA back catalog, the Peacock and Song Bird masters are now controlled by the Geffen Records unit of Universal Music Group . United_States;Record_label;United_States;Universal_Music_Group;Peacock_Records;Peacock_Records; Pegasus_Mail Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;DOS;Mac_OS;Computing_platform;Microsoft_Windows;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Email_client;Software_license;Freeware;Proprietary_software;Email_client;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Macintosh;Local_area_network;USB;HTML;Operating_system;ActiveX;JavaScript;Apple_Macintosh;IMAP;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;IMAP;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Outlook;Electronic_mailing_list;Linux_distribution;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;International_Standard_Book_Number;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Pegasus_Mail;Pegasus_Mail; Pen_computing Pen computing refers to a computer user-interface using a pen (or stylus ) and tablet, rather than devices such as a keyboard, joysticks or a mouse. Pen computing is also used to refer to the usage of mobile devices such as wireless tablet personal computers , PDAs and GPS receivers . The term has been used to refer to the usage of any product allowing for mobile communication. An indication of such a device is a stylus , generally used to press upon a graphics tablet or touchscreen , as opposed to using a more traditional interface such as a keyboard , keypad , mouse or touchpad . Historically, pen computing (defined as a computer system employing a user-interface using a pointing device plus handwriting recognition as the primary means for interactive user input) predates the use of a mouse and graphical display by at least two decades, starting with the Stylator [ 1 ] and RAND Tablet [ 2 ] systems of the 1950s and early 1960s. Mobile_device;Wireless;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Touchscreen;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Direct_manipulation;Newton_OS;Vannevar_Bush;Germany;Microsoft;IBM;FingerWorks;IPhone;Gesture_recognition;Pen_computing;Pen_computing; Pentium_M The Pentium M brand refers to a family of mobile single-core x86 microprocessors (with the modified Intel P6 microarchitecture ) introduced in March 2003 (during the heyday of the Pentium 4 desktop CPUs), and forming a part of the Intel Carmel notebook platform under the then new Centrino brand. The Pentium M processors had a maximum thermal design power (TDP) of 5–27 W depending on the model, and were intended for use in laptops (thus the "M" suffix standing for mobile ). They evolved from the core of the last Pentium III –branded CPU by adding the front-side bus (FSB) interface of Pentium 4, an improved instruction decoding and issuing front end, improved branch prediction, SSE2 support, and a much larger cache. The first Pentium M–branded CPU , code-named Banias , was followed by Dothan . The Pentium M-branded processors were succeeded by the Core -branded dual-core mobile Yonah CPU with a modified microarchitecture. Central_processing_unit;CPU;Shuttle_Inc.;Embedded_system;CPU;XScale;Intel_Consumer_Electronics;Sandy_Bridge;Sandy_Bridge;Pentium_M;Pentium_M; Pepsi Pepsi (stylized in lowercase as pepsi , formerly stylized in uppercase as PEPSI ) is a carbonated soft drink that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo . Created and developed in 1898 and introduced as "Brad's Drink", it was later renamed as Pepsi-Cola on June 16, 1903, then to Pepsi in 1961. United_States;Britney_Spears;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;Major_League_Baseball;Argentina;Canada;France;Mexico;Dominican_Republic;Guatemala;Japan;Video_game;Britney_Spears;Super_Bowl;Japan;Spanish_language;Canada;Brazil;Portugal;International_Standard_Book_Number;USA_Today;Los_Angeles_Times;Starbucks;Pepsi;Pepsi; Perathiepin InChI=1S/C19H22N2S/c1-20-10-12-21(13-11-20)17-14-15-6-2-4-8-18(15)22-19-9-5-3-7-16(17)19/h2-9,17H,10-14H2,1H3 Key:MYFNXITXHNLSJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Perathiepin is a neuroleptic drug of the tricyclic family which was developed in the 1960s but was never marketed. In animal studies it was found to possess central depressant , antihistamine , antiserotonergic , and analgesic effects. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic;Metitepine;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Perathiepin;Perathiepin; Perazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Chlorpromazine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Perazine;Perazine; Perian Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Computing_platform;PowerPC;List_of_software_categories;Multimedia_framework;Software_license;Open_source;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;Mac_OS_X;FFmpeg;Libavcodec;Ars_Technica;VLC_media_player;MPlayer;Flash_Video;Windows_Media_Audio;Dolby_Digital;WebM;Theora;SubStation_Alpha;SubRip;Flash_Video;MythTV;Matroska;Windows_Media_Components_for_QuickTime;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Multimedia;Software;Perian;Perian; Periciazine Pericyazine ( BAN ; also known as periciazine or propericiazine ) is a medication that belongs to the phenothiazine class of antipsychotics . It has also been studied in the treatment of opiate dependence. [ 1 ] Pericyazine is not approved for sale in the United States or Canada . It is commonly sold in the United Kingdom and Australia under the tradename Neulactil. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Phenothiazine;United_States;Canada;United_Kingdom;Australia;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine; Peripheral_Component_Interconnect Intel;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VESA_Local_Bus;PCI_Express;Megabyte;Computer;System_bus;Integrated_circuit;VESA_Local_Bus;PCI_Express;Universal_Serial_Bus;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;SCSI;Intel;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VESA_Local_Bus;Apple_Computer;Power_Macintosh;NuBus;Macintosh_Performa;PCI_Express;Firmware;Operating_system;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;PCI_Express;Megabyte;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Gigabit_Ethernet;SCSI;Rack_unit;Laptop;Direct_memory_access;Fast_Ethernet;Bluetooth;SCSI;SATA;CompactPCI;PCI_Express;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Conventional_PCI;Conventional_PCI; Perl Perl is a high-level , general-purpose , interpreted , dynamic programming language . Though Perl is not officially an acronym, [ 4 ] there are various backronyms in usage, such as: Practical Extraction and Reporting Language . [ 5 ] Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. [ 6 ] Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions and become widely popular amongst programmers. Larry Wall continues to oversee development of the core language, and the new addition to the Perl family, Perl 6 . Perl borrows features from other programming languages including C , shell scripting ( sh ), AWK , and sed . [ 7 ] The language provides powerful text processing facilities without the arbitrary data length limits of many contemporary Unix tools, [ 8 ] facilitating easy manipulation of text files . Perl gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language, in part due to its parsing abilities. [ 9 ] In addition to CGI, Perl is used for graphics programming , system administration , network programming , finance, bioinformatics , and other applications. Perl is nicknamed "the Swiss Army chainsaw of scripting languages" because of its flexibility and power. [ 10 ] In 1998, it was also referred to as the "duct tape that holds the Internet together", in reference to its ubiquity and perceived inelegance. [ 11 ] Programming_paradigm;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Procedural_programming;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Type_system;JavaScript;Operating_system;Software_license;Filename_extension;Unix;Programming_paradigm;Functional_programming;Procedural_programming;Fortran;Dynamic_typing;Amazon.com;Slashdot;Microsoft_Windows;Megabyte;Gzip;Operating_system;Unix;Source_code;CPAN;Microsoft_Windows;Source_code;SQL;Application_programming_interface;Data_set;American_National_Standards_Institute;SQL;Assembly_language;CPAN;Internet_Relay_Chat;CPAN;Perl_Data_Language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Google;CPAN;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;CPAN;CPAN;CPAN;CPAN;CPAN;International_Standard_Book_Number;CPAN;Free_software;Linux;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Perl;Perl; Perl_Data_Language PDL (which is an acronym for P erl D ata L anguage) is a set of array programming extensions to the Perl programming language which, like Perl, is free software . It is an extension to Perl v5 which is intended for scientific and other data intensive programming tasks. Perl's data structures are intended for small to medium sized analysis tasks: they embody simple data structures and include considerable behind-the-scenes magic for type conversion, variable size, and the like. Numerical tasks such as image processing and computer modeling of physical systems require more structured data, and PDL supplies this need by including more traditional array constructs and additional syntax to describe vector processes. On a computer with both Perl and PDL installed, any Perl script can use the PDL functionality by declaring " use PDL; ". Programming_paradigm;Array_programming;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Perl;Operating_system;Software_license;Perl;Free_software;Perl;Image_processing;Array_programming;MATLAB;NumPy;Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;GIF;MPEG;CPAN;FORTRAN;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Perl_Data_Language;Perl_Data_Language; Perphenazine InChI=1S/C21H26ClN3OS/c22-17-6-7-21-19(16-17)25(18-4-1-2-5-20(18)27-21)9-3-8-23-10-12-24(13-11-23)14-15-26/h1-2,4-7,16,26H,3,8-15H2 Y Key:RGCVKNLCSQQDEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Perphenazine is a typical antipsychotic drug . Chemically, it is classified as a piperazinyl phenothiazine . It has been in clinical use for decades. Perphenazine is roughly five times as potent as chlorpromazine ; [ 1 ] thus perphenazine is considered a medium-potency antipsychotic. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Chlorpromazine;Sedation;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Chlorpromazine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Perphenazine;Perphenazine; Personal_computer A personal computer ( PC ) is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end-user with no intervening computer operator. This contrasted with the batch processing or time-sharing models which allowed larger, more expensive minicomputer and mainframe systems to be used by many people, usually at the same time. Large data processing systems require a full-time staff to operate efficiently. Software applications for personal computers include, but are not limited to, word processing , spreadsheets , databases , Web browsers and e-mail clients, digital media playback, games , and myriad personal productivity and special-purpose software applications. Modern personal computers often have connections to the Internet , allowing access to the World Wide Web and a wide range of other resources. Personal computers may be connected to a local area network (LAN), either by a cable or a wireless connection. A personal computer may be a desktop computer or a laptop , tablet , or a handheld PC . Early PC owners usually had to write their own programs to do anything useful with the machines, even lacking an operating system . The very earliest microcomputers, equipped with a front panel , required hand-loading of a bootstrap program to load programs from external storage ( paper tape , cassettes, or eventually diskettes). Before very long, automatic booting from permanent read-only memory became universal. Today's users have access to a wide range of commercial software and free software , which is provided in ready-to-run or ready-to- compile form. Since the early 1990s, the Microsoft Windows™ operating systems and Intel hardware have dominated much of the personal computer market, first with MS-DOS and then with the " Wintel " (Windows + Intel) combination. Popular alternatives to Microsoft's Windows operating systems include Apple's Mac OS X and the free open-source Linux and BSD operating systems. AMD provides the major alternative to Intel's central processing units . Applications and games for PCs are typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or OS manufacturers, whereas software for many mobile phones and other portable systems is approved and distributed through a centralized online store. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In July and August 2011, marketing businesses and journalists began to talk about the 'Post-PC Era', in which the desktop form factor was being replaced with more portable computing such as netbooks , notebooks , tablets , and smartphones . [ 3 ] Desktop_computer;Computer;Web_browser;Internet;Local_area_network;Desktop_computer;Laptop;Tablet_computer;Operating_system;Commercial_software;Free_software;Compiler;Microsoft;Intel;Wintel;Windows;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Desktop_computer;SRI_International;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Microsoft;Windows;Cathode_ray_tube;Integrated_circuit;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Television;Desktop_computer;Laptop;Netbook;Smartphones;Microsoft_Windows;Netbook;Desktop_computer;Laptop;Local_area_network;Operating_system;Computer_graphics;Desktop_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Alienware;Logitech;Touchscreen;Intel;Netbook;Home_theater_PC;Home_theater_PC;Digital_video_recorder;Television;Media_server;Home_cinema;MythTV;Windows_Media_Center;SageTV;LinuxMCE;Laptop;Laptop;USB;Tablet_computer;Netbook;Desktop_computer;Laptop;Netbook;Netbook;Laptop;Web_application;Walt_Mossberg;CNET;Flash_memory;Laptop;Tablet_computer;Tablet_computer;Laptop;Touchscreen;IOS;Small_form_factor;Tablet_computer;Microsoft;Intel;Samsung;Operating_system;Personal_digital_assistant;Microsoft;Operating_system;Operating_system;Linux;Software;Freeware;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Global_Positioning_System;Image_scanner;Central_processing_unit;Random_access_memory;Hard_disk;Loudspeaker;Application_software;Desktop_computer;Hard_disk_drive;Central_processing_unit;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Cathode_ray_tube;Computer;Small_form_factor;Shuttle_Inc.;Power_supply;Central_processing_unit;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Motorola;PowerPC;Apple_Computer;IBM;Motorola;Intel;Integrated_circuit;Central_processing_unit;Firmware;Random_access_memory;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Hard_disk;Hard_disk_drive;Hard_disk_drive;Flash_memory;Hard_disk;Parallel_ATA;Serial_ATA;SCSI;ATI_Technologies;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Computer;Television;Cathode_ray_tube;TFT_LCD;Graphical_user_interface;QWERTY;Web_browser;USB;CD;DVD;Flash_memory;USB;Microphone;Image_scanner;Loudspeaker;Webcam;Algorithm;Application_software;Operating_system;Internet;Multimedia;Software;Operating_system;User_interface;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Software;Operating_system;Microsoft;Graphical_user_interface;Macintosh;OS_X;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Linux;Linux_distribution;Operating_system;Free_software;Open_source;Source_code;Dell;IBM;Sun_Microsystems;Desktop_computer;Mobile_phone;Portable_media_player;Application_software;GIMP;User_interface;Desktop_computer;Quiet_PC;NeXT;International_Standard_Book_Number;How_Stuff_Works;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Personal_computer;Personal_computer; Personal_digital_assistant A personal digital assistant ( PDA ), also known as a palmtop computer , or personal data assistant , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager . PDAs are largely considered obsolete with the widespread adoption of smartphones . [ 4 ] Nearly all current PDAs have the ability to connect to the Internet . A PDA has an electronic visual display , enabling it to include a web browser , all current models also have audio capabilities enabling use as a portable media player , and also enabling most of them to be used as mobile phones . Most PDAs can access the Internet, intranets or extranets via Wi-Fi or Wireless Wide Area Networks . Most PDAs employ touchscreen technology. The first PDA was released in 1986 by Psion , the Organizer II . Followed by Psion's Series 3 , in 1991, which began to resemble the more familiar PDA style. It also had a full keyboard. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The last generation of PDAs appear to have been manufactured around 2005, afterward PDAs became merged with phone capability to become smartphones. The term PDA was first used on January 7, 1992 by Apple Computer CEO John Sculley at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas , Nevada , referring to the Apple Newton . In 1996, Nokia introduced the first PDA with full mobile phone functionality, the 9000 Communicator , which became the world's best-selling PDA. The Communicator spawned a new category of PDAs: the "PDA phone", now called " smartphone ". Another early entrant in this market was Palm , with a line of PDA products which began in March 1996. Mobile_device;Smartphone;Internet;Web_browser;Portable_media_player;Mobile_phone;Intranet;Touchscreen;Apple_Computer;John_Sculley;Nokia;Smartphone;Touchscreen;Bluetooth;Thumb_keyboard;Email_client;Web_browser;Touchscreen;Virtual_keyboard;USB;Bluetooth;BlackBerry;Palm_Treo;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Palm_Pre;Secure_Digital;USB;MicroSD;USB;Ethernet;Bluetooth;Global_Positioning_System;Infrared;Operating_system;Microsoft_Outlook;Palm_OS;ActiveSync;IOS;Mac_OS_X;ISync;BlackBerry;Microsoft_Outlook;IBM_Lotus_Notes;MobileMe;WebOS;Cloud_computing;Google;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Lotus_Domino;Novell_GroupWise;Palm_OS;Symbian_OS;Linux;QNX;Global_Positioning_System;SQL;Accessibility;Speech_recognition;Samsung;BlackBerry;Apple_Inc.;IPod_touch;IPhone;Palm_OS;WebOS;Palm_Pre;Symbian_OS;Palm_Treo;Motorola;IOS;Laptop;Netbook;Palm_OS;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;International_Standard_Book_Number;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Personal_digital_assistant;Personal_digital_assistant; Peru Peru i / p ə ˈ r uː / ( Spanish : Perú ; Quechua : Perú ; [ 4 ] Aymara : Piruw ), officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú , pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu] ( listen ) ), is a country in western South America . It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia , on the east by Brazil , on the southeast by Bolivia , on the south by Chile , and on the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures , spanning from the Norte Chico civilization , one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire , the largest state in Pre-Columbian America . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty , which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions . Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes Mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin . It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 31%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles. The Peruvian population, estimated at 29.5 million, is multiethnic , including Amerindians , Europeans , Africans , and Asians . The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages . This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. Spanish_language;Spain;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Ecuador;Colombia;Brazil;Bolivia;Chile;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;France;Paraguay;Venezuela;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Paraguay;Venezuela;Bolivia;Colombia;Ecuador;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Paraguay;Venezuela;Mexico;Panama;Argentina;Brazil;Paraguay;Venezuela;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Mexico;New_Zealand;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;United_States;Venezuela;Peru;Peru; Peter_Jackson Sir Peter Robert Jackson , ONZ [ 1 ] [ 2 ] , KNZM [ 3 ] (born 31 October 1961) is a New Zealand film director, producer, actor, and screenwriter, who is well known for his The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001 to 2003), adapted from the novel by J. R. R. Tolkien . He won international attention early in his career with his " splatstick " horror comedies beginning with Bad Taste (1987) before coming to mainstream prominence with Heavenly Creatures (1994), for which he shared an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay nomination with his wife, Fran Walsh . Jackson has been awarded three Academy Awards in his career, including the award for Best Director in 2003; he also won the BAFTA , Golden Globe and Saturn Award for Best Direction the same year. His films also include Meet the Feebles (1989), Braindead (1992), Forgotten Silver (1995), The Frighteners (1996), King Kong (2005), [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The Lovely Bones (2009), and the upcoming Hobbit Trilogy which will include The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012), The Hobbit: There and Back Again (2013), and an untitled third film slated for a summer 2014 release. He is also the producer of District 9 (2009) and The Adventures of Tintin (2011). Jackson was made a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2002. He was later knighted (as a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit) by then Governor-General Anand Satyanand at a ceremony in Wellington in April, 2010. New_Zealand;The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy;The_Guardian;Miramax;Universal_Studios;The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy;Miramax;The_Daily_Telegraph;The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy;Universal_Studios;Visual_effects;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Reuters;Facebook;The_New_York_Times;Doctor_Who;Peter_Jackson;Peter_Jackson; Peter_Oppenheimer Peter Oppenheimer is Apple Inc.'s senior vice president and Chief Financial Officer . As CFO, Oppenheimer oversees the controller , treasury , investor relations , tax , information systems , internal audit , facilities, corporate development and human resources functions. He reports directly to Apple's CEO Tim Cook and serves on the company's executive committee. Apple_Inc.;Tim_Cook;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Peter_Oppenheimer;Peter_Oppenheimer; Peter_Rojas Peter Rojas (born March 18, 1975) is the co-founder of technology blogs Gizmodo and Engadget , as well as the video gaming blog Joystiq (2004). A 2006 article in New York magazine described him as "the best-compensated blogger in history". [ 1 ] Gizmodo;Engadget;Gizmodo;Engadget;Gizmodo;Engadget;AOL;Ryan_Block;Peter_Rojas;Peter_Rojas; Pharmacist Pharmacists, also known as druggists or chemists , are healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy , the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use. The role of the pharmacist has shifted from the classical "lick, stick, and pour" dispensary role (that is, "lick stick the labels, count pour the pills"), to being an integrated member of the health care team directly involved in patient care. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Pharmacists undergo university-level education to understand biochemical mechanisms of action of drugs, drug uses and therapeutic roles, side effects, potential drug interactions , and monitoring parameters. This is mated to education in anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. Professional interpretation and communication of this specialized knowledge to patients, physicians , and other health care providers are functions which pharmacists provide, and are central to the provision of safe and effective drug therapy. Among other licensing requirements, different countries require pharmacists to hold either a Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy or Doctor of Pharmacy degree. The most common pharmacist positions are that of a community pharmacist (also referred to as "retail pharmacist" or " dispensing chemist "), or a hospital pharmacist , where they instruct and counsel on the proper use and adverse effects of medically prescribed drugs and medicines. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In most countries, the profession is subject to professional regulation . Depending on the legal scope of practice , pharmacists may contribute to prescribing (also referred to as "pharmacist prescriber") and administering certain medications (e.g. immunizations in some jurisdictions). Pharmacists may also practice in a variety of other settings, including industry, research, academia, military, and government. Canada;Sweden;European_Union;British_English;Australian_English;Economics;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Pharmacist;Pharmacist; Phase_One_Media_Pro Phase One Media Pro (formerly Microsoft Expression Media ) is a commercial digital asset management cataloging program for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X operating systems. It is the next version of iView MediaPro which Microsoft acquired in June 2006, and sold again in May 2010 to Phase One in Denmark. The software is aimed at professionals and photo enthusiasts who need a photo manager that makes it easier to manage photo and video assets, especially very large high quality image files and libraries. Mac_OS_X;Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Digital_asset_management;Software_license;Shareware;Digital_asset_management;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Metadata;Phase_One_Media_Pro;Phase_One_Media_Pro; Phenindamine Phenindamine ( Nolahist , Thephorin ) is an antihistamine and anticholinergic closely related to cyproheptadine which is used to treat symptoms of the common cold and allergies , such as sneezing, itching, rashes, and hives . Its efficacy against some symptoms of opioid withdrawal was researched in the 1950s and 1960s in a number of countries; William S. Burroughs ' book Junkie mentions this technique (although in this case he claims to intravenously administer this drug, as the brand Thephorin , to his wife Joan to alleviate her withdrawal from chronic excessive use of amphetamine,which she obtained from then freely available Benzedrine inhalers). Like many other first-generation antihistamines, phenindamine has useful potentiating effects on many narcotic analgesics and is even more useful with those opioids which release histamine when in the body. Nolahist was originally manufactured in the USA by Carnrick Laboratories, and later by Amarin Pharmaceuticals. When that company ceased its American operations, its product line was acquired by Valeant , but they declined to resume manufacturing Nolahist. The last produced lot bore an expiration date of 10/2005, and the product is no longer available. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Cyproheptadine;Allergies;Cyproheptadine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Phenindamine;Phenindamine; Pheniramine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Hay_fever;Urticaria;Diphenhydramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dexbrompheniramine;Triprolidine;Brompheniramine;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Sedative;Pheniramine;Pheniramine; Phenothiazine 10 H -phenothiazine thiodiphenylamine, dibenzothiazine, dibenzoparathiazine, 10 H -dibenzo-[ b , e ]-1,4-thiazine, PTZ c1ccc2c(c1)Nc3ccccc3S2 InChI=1S/C12H9NS/c1-3-7-11-9(5-1)13-10-6-2-4-8-12(10)14-11/h1-8,13H Y Key: WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C12H9NS/c1-3-7-11-9(5-1)13-10-6-2-4-8-12(10)14-11/h1-8,13H Key: WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYAI yellow rhombic leaflets or diamond-shaped plates 185 °C, 458 K, 365 °F 371 °C, 644 K, 700 °F Solubility in water 0.00051 g/L (20 °C) [ 1 ] Solubility in other solvents benzene , ether , petroleum ether , chloroform , hot acetic acid , ethanol (slightly), mineral oil (slightly) N (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Phenothiazine is an organic compound that occurs in various antipsychotic and antihistaminic drugs. It has the formula S(C 6 H 4 ) 2 NH. This yellow tricyclic compound is soluble in acetic acid, benzene, and ether. The compound is related to the thiazine -class of heterocyclic compounds . Derivatives of the parent compound find wide use as drugs. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Antipsychotic;Methylene_blue;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Promethazine;Antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Promazine;Triflupromazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Thioridazine;Fluphenazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Trifluoperazine;Digital_object_identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Phenothiazine;Phenothiazine; Phenyltoloxamine InChI=1S/C17H21NO/c1-18(2)12-13-19-17-11-7-6-10-16(17)14-15-8-4-3-5-9-15/h3-11H,12-14H2,1-2H3 Y Key:IZRPKIZLIFYYKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Phenyltoloxamine is an antihistamine with sedative and analgesic effects. It is a member of the ethanolamine class of antihistaminergic agents and an anticholinergic . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Sedative;Diphenhydramine;Orphenadrine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Cimetidine;Cyclobenzaprine;Hydroxyzine;Orphenadrine;Diphenhydramine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Phenyltoloxamine;Phenyltoloxamine; Philip_W._Schiller Philip W. Schiller is the senior vice president of worldwide marketing at Apple Inc. [ 1 ] He is a prominent figure in Apple's public presentations. He aids Apple CEO Tim Cook and has been a member of the company's executive leadership team since Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997. Apple_Inc.;Tim_Cook;Steve_Jobs;IMac;IBook;IPod;Mac_OS_X;Stevenote;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Jobs;Macworld_Expo;WWDC;MacBook_Pro;IPhone;ILife;IWork;Digital_rights_management;ITunes_Music_Store;IBooks;ITunes_U;Macworld_Expo;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;John_Sculley;Steve_Jobs;Tim_Cook;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Jonathan_Ive;Scott_Forstall;Bertrand_Serlet;Bob_Mansfield;Philip_W._Schiller;Philip_W._Schiller; Philippines English_language;Spanish_language;Spain;United_States;Taiwan;Vietnam;Spain;United_States;Taiwan;Brunei;Portugal;Mexico;Australia;France;New_Zealand;Thailand;United_Kingdom;United_States;Vietnam;Malaysia;United_States;Japan;Palau;United_States;Japan;Singapore;Netherlands;Hong_Kong;Germany;Republic_of_China;Thailand;Asia;Spanish_language;Asia;Text_messaging;Short_message_service;Asia;Film;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Chinese_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;New_York_Times;The_Guardian;BBC_News;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;Project_Gutenberg;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;Australia;Taiwan;Brunei;Malaysia;Singapore;Papua_New_Guinea;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;United_States;Australia;Brunei;Cambodia;Japan;Laos;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;United_States;Benin;Bhutan;Bolivia;Brunei;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Cape_Verde;Chad;Chile;Colombia;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;The_Gambia;Guatemala;Honduras;Laos;Liberia;Malawi;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mongolia;Mozambique;Namibia;Nepal;Nicaragua;Panama;Papua_New_Guinea;Peru;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Venezuela;Vietnam;Zimbabwe;Brazil;Costa_Rica;Cyprus;El_Salvador;Kyrgyzstan;Mexico;Ukraine;Bhutan;Malaysia;Nepal;Sri_Lanka;Vietnam;Zimbabwe;European_Union;Taiwan;Brunei;Cambodia;Fiji;Guam;Malaysia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Vietnam;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Philippines;Philippines; Photo_Booth Photo Booth is a small software application for taking photos and videos with an iSight camera by Apple Inc. for Mac OS X and iOS (although only available on iPad 2 and the 3rd generation iPad ). Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;ISight;Webcam;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Adobe_Photoshop;Apple;IMac;MacBook_Air;MacBook;IBook;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Photo_Booth;Photo_Booth; Photo_Mechanic Photo Mechanic is a front-end photo ingesting, tagging, and browsing tool by Portland, Oregon-based company Camera Bits . Photo Mechanic allows the photographer to accomplish the initial capture of photos from the camera, to categorize photos into winners and losers, and to tag each photo with IPTC Information Interchange Model metadata . Retailing at approximately USD $150 (updates to an existing license $90), it is targeted for the professional photographer market, particularly photojournalism and stock photography. While Photo Mechanic has basic support for simple image edits, such as crops , it is meant to be used in concert with a dedicated photo editing program, such as Adobe Photoshop , and a back-end cataloging tool, such as iView Media Pro or Extensis Portfolio . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;Metadata;USD;Adobe_Photoshop;Nikon;Raw_image_format;Photo_Mechanic;Photo_Mechanic; Photo_editing_software In computer graphics , graphics software or image editing software is a program or collection of programs that enable a person to manipulate visual images on a computer . Computer graphics can be classified into two distinct categories: raster graphics and vector graphics . Many graphics programs focus exclusively on either vector or raster graphics, but there are a few that combine them in interesting ways. It is simple to convert from vector graphics to raster graphics, but going the other way is harder. Some software attempts to do this. In addition to static graphics, there are animation and video editing software. Most graphics programs have the ability to import and export one or more graphics file formats . The use of a swatch is a palette of active colours that are selected and rearranged by the preference of the user. A swatch may be used in a program or be part of the universal palette on an operating system, it is used to change the colour of a project, that may be text, image or video editing. Vector graphics animation can be described as a series of mathematical transformations that are applied in sequence to one or more shapes in a scene. Raster graphics animation works in a similar fashion to film-based animation, where a series of still images produces the illusion of continuous movement. Computer_graphics;Computer;Raster_graphics;Video_editing_software;Adobe_Photoshop;GIMP; Photodetector Digital_photography;LED;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Cathode_ray_tube;AC_power_plugs_and_sockets;Capacitor;Photodetector;Photodetector; Photograph JPEG;TIFF;Raw_image_format;Flickr;Picasa;Digital_photography;ISO;Aperture;Chromatic_aberration;Digital_photography;Digital_camera;Pixel;Computer_graphics;Photograph;Photograph; PiTiVi PiTiVi is an open source , non-linear video editor [ 1 ] developed by Collabora and contributors from the worldwide community. [ 2 ] It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License . PiTiVi is designed to be intuitive video editing software that integrates well in the GNOME desktop environment. It aims to be "a powerful, flexible video editor that can appeal to prosumers and professionals." [ 3 ] Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Open_source;Video_editing_software;Linux;Material_Exchange_Format;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;PiTiVi;PiTiVi; Piano The piano is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard . It is one of the most popular instruments in the world. Widely used in classical and jazz music for solo performances , ensemble use, chamber music and accompaniment , the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal . Although not portable and often expensive, the piano's versatility and ubiquity have made it one of the world's most familiar musical instruments. Pressing a key on the piano's keyboard causes a felt -covered hammer to strike steel strings . The hammers rebound, allowing the strings to continue vibrating at their resonant frequency . [ 1 ] These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a sounding board that more efficiently couples the acoustic energy to the air. The sound would otherwise be no louder than that directly produced by the strings. When the key is released, a damper stops the string's vibration. See the article on Piano key frequencies for a picture of the piano keyboard and the location of middle-C. In the Hornbostel-Sachs system of instrument classification, pianos are considered chordophones . The word piano is a shortened form of pianoforte (PF), the Italian word for the instrument (which in turn derives from the previous terms "gravicembalo col piano e forte" and fortepiano ). The musical terms "piano" and "forte" mean "quiet" and "loud," and in this context refers to the variations in volume of sound the instrument produces in response to a pianist 's touch on the keys: the greater a key press's velocity, the greater the force of the hammer hitting the string(s), and the louder the note produced. Musical_keyboard;Musical_instrument;Musical_keyboard;Musical_instrument;Classical_music;Jazz;Italian_language;Italy;United_States;Classical_music;MIDI;Electric_piano;MIDI;CD;Musical_keyboard;Equal_temperament;Jazz;Television;Electric_piano;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Piano;Piano; Picasa Picasa is an image organizer and image viewer for organizing and editing digital photos , plus an integrated photo-sharing website , originally created by a company named Lifescape [ 2 ] (which at that time may have resided at Idealab ) in 2002 and owned by Google since 2004. [ 3 ] "Picasa" is a blend of the name of Spanish painter Pablo Picasso , the phrase mi casa (spanish for "my house"), and "pic" for pictures (personalized art). [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In July 2004, Google acquired Picasa from its original author and began offering it as freeware . [ 3 ] Native applications for Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 and Mac OS X (Intel only) are available through Google Labs . For Linux , Google has bundled Wine with the Windows version to create an installation package rather than write a native Linux version, but this version is severely out of date (the latest Windows version, however, can be run with Wine ; see the Linux section). There is also an iPhoto plugin or a standalone program for uploading photos available for Mac OS X 10.4 and later. Software_design;Software_developer;Google;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Digital_photography;Software_license;Freeware;Digital_photography;Websites;Google;Freeware;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Linux;IPhoto;Linux;WebP;JPEG;Raw_image_format;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;Adobe_Photoshop_Album;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;IPhoto;Face_recognition;Exif;Geotagging;Flickr;Gigabyte;Microsoft_Windows;IPhoto;Linux;JPEG;Blog;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_image_viewers;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;YouTube;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Picasa;Picasa; Pickering_Interfaces Pickering Interfaces is a test and measurement company headquartered in Clacton-on-Sea , UK . Pickering designs, manufactures and markets a range of programmable switching, instrumentation and cabling products in the LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation , PXI , IEEE-488 , PCI and VXI platforms. These products are sold into the functional test, hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) and design verifications markets. Pickering is a privately owned company with design and manufacturing facilities in Clacton-on-Sea , UK and Trinec in the Czech Republic, together with additional company operated direct sales and support operations in the USA (East and West Coast), Germany, France, Sweden and China. UK;LAN_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;PXI;Conventional_PCI;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;PXI;Agilent;PXI;Pickering_Interfaces;Pickering_Interfaces; Pimethixene InChI=1S/C19H19NS/c1-20-12-10-14(11-13-20)19-15-6-2-4-8-17(15)21-18-9-5-3-7-16(18)19/h2-9H,10-13H2,1H3 Y Key:NZLVRVYNQYGMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Pimethixene is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the thioxanthene chemical class that is often used to treat hyperactivity , anxiety , sleep disorders , and allergy . It is also used for anesthesia and as a bronchodilator (to dilate the bronchi and bronchioles for more airflow). International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;International_Chemical_Identifier;Thioxanthene;Chemical_class;Anxiety;Thioxanthene;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Pimethixene;Pimethixene; Pinnacle_Commotion Apple_Computer;Final_Cut_Pro;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail; Pinnacle_Studio Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Application_software;DVD;Windows_Vista;IMovie;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Video_editing_software;Codec;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Pinnacle_Studio;Pinnacle_Studio; Pioneer_Corporation Pioneer Corporation ( パイオニア株式会社 , Paionia Kabushiki-kaisha ? ) ( TYO : 6773 ) is a multinational corporation that specializes in digital entertainment products, based in Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan . The company was founded in 1938 in Tokyo as a radio and speaker repair shop. Today, Pioneer is well known for technology advancements in the consumer electronics industry. Pioneer played a role in the development of interactive cable TV , the Laser Disc player, the first automotive Compact Disc player, the first detachable face car stereo, Supertuner technology, DVD and DVD recording , plasma display (branded as Kuro ), and Organic LED display (OLED). The company works with optical disc and display technology and software products and is also a manufacturer. Sharp Corporation took a 14% stake in Pioneer in 2007, [ 2 ] which has been reduced to 9%, but Sharp still remains the largest shareholder of Pioneer Corporation, followed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd. who owns roughly 4% of Pioneer shares following a memorandum between the two companies in 2010 to strengthen business ties. In March 2010, Pioneer stopped producing televisions, announced on 12 February 2009. [ 3 ] On June 25, 2009, Sharp Corporation agreed to form a joint venture on their optical business to be called "Pioneer Digital Design and Manufacturing Corporation". [ 4 ] Japan;Japan;Loudspeaker;Compact_Disc;DVD;Honda;CD;GPS;DVD;Europe;GPS;Hard_disk;Compact_disc;DVD;Japan;Alpine_Electronics;Nikon;Roland_Corporation;Sony;Toshiba;Japan;Japan;Honda;Nikon;Shionogi;Sony;Toshiba;Toyota;Pioneer_Corporation;Pioneer_Corporation; Piperacetazine InChI=InChI=1S/C24H30N2O2S/c1-18(28)20-7-8-24-22(17-20)26(21-5-2-3-6-23(21)29-24)13-4-12-25-14-9-19(10-15-25)11-16-27/h2-3,5-8,17,19,27H,4,9-16H2,1H3 Key:BTFMCMVEUCGQDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperacetazine is an antipsychotic prodrug , most notably used for schizophrenia [ 1 ] Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Piperacetazine;Piperacetazine; Piperoxan International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;France;Histamine;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Histamine_antagonist;Carbinoxamine;Clemastine;Chlorphenoxamine;Diphenylpyraline;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimetindene;Pheniramine;Talastine;Chloropyramine;Histapyrrodine;Mepyramine;Methapyrilene;Tripelennamine;Phenothiazine;Alimemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isothipendyl;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Oxomemazine;Promethazine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Levocetirizine;Niaprazine;Oxatomide;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Cyproheptadine;Deptropine;Ebastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Pyrrobutamine;Rupatadine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Loratadine;Terfenadine;Bamipine;Chloropyramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Clemastine;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Isothipendyl;Mepyramine;Promethazine;Thenalidine;Antazoline;Azelastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Olopatadine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Piperoxan;Piperoxan; Pipofezine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antidepressant;Sedative;Tricyclic_antidepressant;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Pipofezine;Pipofezine; Pipotiazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;United_Kingdom;Europe;Chlorpromazine;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Pipotiazine;Pipotiazine; Piquindone International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Losindole;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Piquindone;Piquindone; Pirandamine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Tricyclic;Antidepressant;Tandamine;Tandamine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Pirandamine;Pirandamine; Pirenzepine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Cimetidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Telenzepine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Pirenzepine;Pirenzepine; Pirolate International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Pirolate;Pirolate; Pitolisant International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Histamine;Inverse_agonist;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Pitolisant;Pitolisant; Pitrazepin 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Pixar File_format;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Film;Steve_Jobs;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;The_Walt_Disney_Company;The_Incredibles;Grammy_Award;Apple_Inc.;The_Incredibles;Disney_Channel;Mexico;The_Huffington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Huffington_Post;YouTube;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;Hulu;United_States_dollar;Walt_Disney_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;The_Incredibles;Steve_Jobs;The_Incredibles;Sony;Paramount_Pictures;Universal_Studios;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros.;United_States;The_Embassy_Visual_Effects;Japan;United_Kingdom;Italy;Pixar;Pixar; Pixel In digital imaging , a pixel , or pel , [ 1 ] ( picture element [ 2 ] ) is a physical point in a raster image , or the smallest, addressable element in a display device ; so it is the smallest, controllable element of a picture represented on the screen. The address of a pixel corresponds to its physical coordinates. LCD pixels are manufactured in a two-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares, but CRT pixels correspond to their timing mechanisms and sweep rates. Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color image systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue , or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black . In some contexts (such as descriptions of camera sensors), the term pixel is used to refer to a single scalar element of a multi-component representation (more precisely called a photosite in the camera sensor context, although the neologism sensel is sometimes used to describe the elements of a digital camera's sensor), [ 3 ] while in others the term may refer to the entire set of such component intensities for a spatial position. In color systems that use chroma subsampling , the multi-component concept of a pixel can become difficult to apply, since the intensity measures for the different color components correspond to different spatial areas in such a representation. The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix ("pictures") and el (for "element"); similar formations with el for "element" include the words voxel [ 4 ] and texel . [ 4 ] Liquid_crystal_display;Raster_graphics;Display_device;LCD;Cathode_ray_tube;Digital_camera;Pixels_per_inch;Image_resolution;Video_Graphics_Array;JPEG;Raster_graphics;Liquid_crystal_display;Digital_video;LCD;Cathode_ray_tube;LCD;Digital_camera;Digital_camera;Display_resolution;Display_resolution;Display_device;Cathode_ray_tube;Image_resolution;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Aperture;Chromatic_aberration;Photograph;Digital_photography;Digital_camera;Pixel;Pixel; Pixel_density Pixels per inch ( PPI ) or pixel density is a measurement of the resolution of devices in various contexts: typically computer displays , image scanners , and digital camera image sensors . PPI can also describe the resolution, in pixels, of an image to be printed within a specified space. Note, the unit is not square inches. For instance, a 100×100 pixel image that is printed in a 1-inch square has a resolution of 100 pixels per inch (PPI). Used in this way, the measurement is meaningful when printing an image. Good quality photographs usually require 300 pixels per inch when printed. The square shown above is 200 pixels by 200 pixels at zoom 100%. To determine a monitor's PPI, set the browser's zoom at 100%, then measure the width and height, in inches, of the square as displayed on a given monitor. Dividing 200 by the measured width or height gives the monitor's horizontal or vertical PPI, respectively, at the current screen resolution. Note: May not apply on mobile devices. Image_scanner;Digital_photography;Pixels_per_inch;Pixel;XGA;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;Netbook;Apple_Inc.;IMac;Image_scanner;Retina_display;Apple_Inc.;LG_Display;Pixel_density;Pixel_density; Pixels_per_inch Pixels per inch ( PPI ) or pixel density is a measurement of the resolution of devices in various contexts: typically computer displays , image scanners , and digital camera image sensors . PPI can also describe the resolution, in pixels, of an image to be printed within a specified space. Note, the unit is not square inches. For instance, a 100×100 pixel image that is printed in a 1-inch square has a resolution of 100 pixels per inch (PPI). Used in this way, the measurement is meaningful when printing an image. Good quality photographs usually require 300 pixels per inch when printed. The square shown above is 200 pixels by 200 pixels at zoom 100%. To determine a monitor's PPI, set the browser's zoom at 100%, then measure the width and height, in inches, of the square as displayed on a given monitor. Dividing 200 by the measured width or height gives the monitor's horizontal or vertical PPI, respectively, at the current screen resolution. Note: May not apply on mobile devices. Image_scanner;Digital_photography;Pixels_per_inch;Pixel;XGA;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;Netbook;Apple_Inc.;IMac;Image_scanner;Retina_display;Apple_Inc.;LG_Display;Pixel_density;Pixel_density; Pixlet Pixlet is a video codec created by Apple and based on wavelets , designed to enable viewing of full resolution, HD movies in real time at low DV data rates. According to Apple's claims, it allows for a 20-25:1 compression ratio . Similar to DV, it does not use interframe compression , making it suitable for previewing in production and special effects studios. It is designed to be an editing codec. However, this makes it poorly suited for broadcast use, due to high bitrates. When it was introduced by Steve Jobs at Worldwide Developers Conference 2003, it was said that the codec was developed in cooperation with the animation company Pixar . A Power Macintosh with at least a 1 GHz PowerPC G4 processor is required for real time playback of half resolution High-Definition Video (960x540). Pixlet, while part of the cross-platform QuickTime , is only available on Macs running Mac OS X v10.3 or later. Multimedia compression and container formats Sorenson Video, Spark MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3) ISO base media file format QuickTime File Format See Compression methods for methods and Compression software for codecs Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pixlet oldid=507400028 " Categories : Video codecs Wavelets Apple Inc. software Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Video_codec;Apple_Inc.;DV;Steve_Jobs;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Pixar;Power_Macintosh;QuickTime;Apple_Macintosh;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Pixlet;Pixlet; Pixo Sun_Microsystems;Apple_Inc.;Sun_Microsystems;IPod;Steve_Jobs;The_New_York_Times;Pixo;Pixo; Pizotifen International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Australia;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Amitriptyline;Antidepressant;Anxiety;Cyproheptadine;Sedation;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Nortriptyline;Imipramine;Carbamazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Pizotifen;Pizotifen; Pizzicato Pizzicato ( / ˌ p ɪ t s ɪ ˈ k ɑː t oʊ / ; Italian : pizzicato , translated as pinched , and sometimes roughly as plucked ) [ 1 ] is a playing technique that involves plucking the strings of a string instrument . The exact technique varies somewhat depending on the type of stringed instrument. On bowed string instruments it is a method of playing by plucking the strings with the fingers, rather than using the bow . This produces a very different sound from bowing, short and percussive rather than sustained. On a keyboard string instrument , such as the piano , pizzicato may be employed (although rarely seen) as one of the variety of techniques involving direct manipulation of the strings known collectively as " string piano ". On the guitar , it is a muted form of plucking, which bears an audible resemblance to pizzicato on a bowed string instrument with its relatively shorter sustain. For details of this technique, see palm mute . When a string is struck or plucked, as with pizzicato, sound waves are generated that do not belong to a harmonic series as when a string is bowed. [ 2 ] This complex timbre is called inharmonicity . The inharmonicity of a string depends on its physical characteristics, such as tension, stiffness, and length. The inharmonicity disappears when strings are bowed because the bow's stick-slip action is periodic, so it drives all of the resonances of the string at exactly harmonic ratios, even if it has to drive them slightly off their natural frequency. [ 3 ] Jazz;Double_bass;Italian_language;Piano;Guitar;Jazz;Double_bass;Classical_music;Italian_language;Violin;Viola;Guitar;Double_bass;Pizzicato;Pizzicato; Plain_text In computing , plain text is the contents of an ordinary sequential file readable as textual material without much processing, usually opposed to formatted text and to "binary files" in which some portions must be interpreted as binary objects (encoded integers, real numbers, images, etc.). The encoding has traditionally been either ASCII , one of its many derivatives such as ISO/IEC 646 etc., or sometimes EBCDIC . Unicode -based encodings such as UTF-8 and UTF-16 are gradually replacing the older ASCII derivatives limited to 7 or 8 bit codes. HTML;XML;Microsoft_Windows;DOS;Unix;Linux;SimpleText;Mac_OS;TextEdit;Mac_OS_X;DOS;Microsoft_Windows;Unix;Programming_language;IBM;ISO;Unix;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;File_format;Source_code;Digital_object_identifier;Plain_text;Plain_text; Plasma_protein_binding A drug's efficiency may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within blood plasma . The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse cell membranes or diffuse. Common blood proteins that drugs bind to are human serum albumin , lipoprotein , glycoprotein , α, β‚ and γ globulins . A drug in blood exists in two forms: bound and unbound. Depending on a specific drug's affinity for plasma protein, a proportion of the drug may become bound to plasma proteins, with the remainder being unbound. If the protein binding is reversible, then a chemical equilibrium will exist between the bound and unbound states, such that: Protein + drug ⇌ Protein-drug complex Notably, it is the unbound fraction which exhibits pharmacologic effects. It is also the fraction that may be metabolized and/or excreted. For example, the "fraction bound" of the anticoagulant warfarin is 97%. This means that of the amount of warfarin in the blood, 97% is bound to plasma proteins. The remaining 3% (the fraction unbound) is the fraction that is actually active and may be excreted. Protein binding can influence the drug's biological half-life in the body. The bound portion may act as a reservoir or depot from which the drug is slowly released as the unbound form. Since the unbound form is being metabolized and/or excreted from the body, the bound fraction will be released in order to maintain equilibrium. Since albumin is alkalotic, acidic and neutral drugs will primarily bind to albumin . If albumin becomes saturated, then these drugs will bind to lipoprotein. Basic drugs will bind to the acidic alpha-1 acid glycoprotein . This is significant because various medical conditions may affect the levels of albumin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins. International_Standard_Book_Number;Plasma_protein_binding;Plasma_protein_binding; Plasma_proteins Blood proteins , also termed serum proteins or plasma proteins , are proteins found in blood plasma . Serum total protein in blood is 7g/dl. They serve many different functions, including circulatory transport molecules for lipids hormones, vitamins and metals enzymes, complement components, protease inhibitors , and kinin precursors regulation of acellular activity and functioning and in the immune system. Separating serum proteins by electrophoresis is a valuable diagnostic tool as well as a way to monitor clinical progress. Often mentioned blood proteins: Structure of hemoglobin create oncotic pressure and transports other molecules participate in immune system alpha 1-antitrypsin neutralize trypsin that has leaked from the digestive system Regulatory proteins Regulation of few gene expression Other types of blood proteins include: Prealbumin Alpha 1 antitrypsin Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein Alpha 1 fetoprotein Haptoglobin Alpha 2 macroglobulin Ceruloplasmin Transferring C3/C4 Beta 2 microglobulin Beta lipoprotein Gamma globulin proteins C-reactive protein (CRP) alpha2-macroglobulin Other globulins, which are of three types- alpha, beta and gamma. Lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL , HDL ) All the plasma proteins are synthesized in liver except gamma globulins . 60% of plasma proteins are made up of the protein albumin, which are major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma which assists in the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins make up 35% of plasma proteins and are used in the transport of ions, hormones and lipids assisting in immune function. 4% is fibrinogen which is essential in the clotting of blood and can be converted into insoluble fibrin. Regulatory proteins which make up less than 1% of plasma proteins are proteins such as enzymes, proenzymes and hormones. Current research regarding blood plasma proteins is centered on performing proteomics analyses of serum/plasma in the search for biomarkers. These efforts started with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis [ 1 ] efforts in the 1970s and in more recent times this research has been performed using LC- tandem MS [ 2 ] [ 3 ] based proteomics . Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier; Plastic_Logic United_Kingdom;Germany;PDF;Financial_Times;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Plastic_Logic;Plastic_Logic; PlayBook The BlackBerry PlayBook is a tablet computer made by Research In Motion . [ 1 ] It was first released for sale on April 19, 2011, in Canada and the United States. The PlayBook is the first device to run BlackBerry Tablet OS , based on QNX Neutrino , and runs apps developed using Adobe AIR . [ 2 ] It was later announced that the BlackBerry Tablet OS would be merged with the existing BlackBerry OS to produce a new operating system, BBX (later renamed BlackBerry 10) that would be used universally across RIM's product line. A second major revision to the BlackBerry PlayBook OS was released in February 2012. [ 3 ] The PlayBook also supports Android OS applications, allowing them to be sold and installed through the BlackBerry App World store. [ 4 ] Early reviews were mixed saying that although the hardware was good, several features were missing. Shipments totalled approximately 500,000 units during the first quarter of sales and 200,000 in the following quarter. [ 5 ] Much of the 700,000 units shipped to retailers remained on the shelves for months, prompting RIM to introduce dramatic price reductions in November 2011 to increase sales. [ 6 ] Research_In_Motion;Contract_manufacturer;Tablet_computer;Portable_media_player;Operating_system;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Flash_memory;Pixel;Aspect_ratio;PowerVR;Microphone;Loudspeaker;Touchscreen;GPS;Accelerometer;Gyroscope;Magnetometer;HDMI;BlackBerry_App_World;Research_In_Motion;Contract_manufacturer;Tablet_computer;Portable_media_player;Operating_system;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Flash_memory;Pixel;Aspect_ratio;PowerVR;Microphone;Loudspeaker;Touchscreen;GPS;Accelerometer;Gyroscope;Magnetometer;HDMI;BlackBerry_App_World;Tablet_computer;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;Mobile_apps;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_App_World;Apple_Inc.;IPad;Research_In_Motion;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash;BlackBerry_App_World;Gyroscope;Magnetometer;Accelerometer;Adobe_Flash;Walt_Mossberg;The_Wall_Street_Journal;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;BlackBerry_Messenger;BlackBerry_Messenger;IOS;IPad;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Fiscal_year;Bloomberg_Businessweek;CNET;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_PlayBook; PlayNow.com PlayNow.com is an Online gambling website that is owned and operated by the British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC). Computing_platform;Personal_computer;Website;PlayNow.com;PlayNow.com; PlayStation_Store PlayStation Portable , The PlayStation Store is an online virtual market available to users of Sony 's PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita and PlayStation Portable game consoles via the PlayStation Network . The Store offers a range of downloadable content both for purchase and available free of charge. Available content includes full games, add-on content, playable demos , themes and game and movie trailers . The service is accessible through an icon on the XMB on the PS3 and PSP. The PS3 store can also be accessed on the PSP via a Remote Play connection to the PS3. The PSP store is also available via the PC application, Media Go . As of September 24, 2009, there have been over 600 million downloads from the PlayStation Store worldwide. [ 2 ] The PlayStation Store is updated with new content each Tuesday in North America, and each Wednesday in PAL regions. [ 3 ] In May 2010 this was changed from Thursdays to allow PSP games to be released digitally, closer to the time they are released on UMD . [ 4 ] The PlayStation Store was unavailable worldwide due to a PlayStation Network outage in April 2011. The service has been fully restored in Sony's American and European markets since June 2, 2011. [ 5 ] Computing_platform;Personal_computer;PlayStation_Vita;Website;PlayStation_Vita;Video_game_console;Media_Go;PAL;Microsoft;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Wii_Shop_Channel;Credit_card;USB;WAV;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Media_Go;Sony_Ericsson;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Digital_Rights_Management;Software_piracy;Microsoft_Windows;Australia;Australia;Austria;Austria;Belgium;Belgium;Brazil;Brazil;Bulgaria;Bulgaria;Canada;Canada;Czech_Republic;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Denmark;Finland;Finland;France;France;Germany;Germany;Greece;Greece;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Hungary;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Italy;Japan;Japan;Luxembourg;Luxembourg;Malaysia;Malaysia;Mexico;Mexico;Netherlands;Netherlands;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;Norway;Norway;Poland;Poland;Portugal;Portugal;Singapore;Singapore;Slovenia;Slovenia;Spain;Spain;Sweden;Sweden;Switzerland;Switzerland;Taiwan;Taiwan;Thailand;Thailand;Ukraine;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Wii_Shop_Channel;Nintendo_eShop;Video_game_console;Handheld_game_console;PlayStation_Vita;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;PlayStation_Store;PlayStation_Store; PlayStation_Vita The PlayStation Vita ( プレイステーション・ヴィータ , Pureisutēshon Vīta ? , officially abbreviated PS Vita ) is a handheld game console manufactured and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . [ 15 ] It is the successor to the PlayStation Portable as part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices. It was released in Japan and parts of Asia on December 17, 2011, [ 1 ] in Europe, North America, South America and Singapore [ 16 ] on February 22, 2012, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and in Australia on February 23, 2012. [ 5 ] It primarily competes with the Nintendo 3DS , as part of the eighth generation of gaming . A limited edition was released in North America on February 15, 2012, a week earlier than the official launch with the 3G model of the device (Wi-Fi model in Canada), with the game Little Deviants , a limited-edition carry case and a 4 GB memory card. [ 2 ] The handheld includes two analog sticks, a 5-inch (130 mm) OLED [ 17 ] multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , and supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi and optional 3G . Internally, the Vita features a four-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a four-core SGX543MP4+ graphics processing unit, as well as LiveArea software as its main user interface, which succeeds the XrossMediaBar . [ 10 ] [ 18 ] Handheld_game_console;Japan;North_America;North_America;Europe;Australia;Canada;Central_processing_unit;Touchscreen;Touchscreen;Touchpad;Backward_compatibility;Handheld_game_console;Touchscreen;Xbox;Sony;Electronic_Arts;Electronic_Arts;The_New_York_Times;IPhone;IPod_Touch;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Touchscreen;Graphics_processing_unit;Gyroscope;Accelerometer;Global_Positioning_System;Vodafone;SD_card;SD_card;Adobe_Flash;Japan;North_America;Europe;Sega;Electronic_Arts;Europe;Square_Enix;Japan;Europe;North_America;PlayStation_Store;PlayStation_Store;Facebook;Skype;Netflix;Music_Unlimited;Flickr;YouTube;Hulu_Plus;Crackle;PlayStation_Store;Eurogamer;Engadget;AOL;Gawker_Media;Gawker_Media;Computer_and_Video_Games;Gawker_Media;Gawker_Media;AOL;Gawker_Media;AOL;Gawker_Media;Eurogamer;Eurogamer;Gawker_Media;Eurogamer;Video_game_console;Handheld_game_console;PlayStation_Store;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Handheld_game_console;Nokia;Sega;Sony;PlayStation_Vita;PlayStation_Vita; Playlist In its most general form, a playlist is simply a list of songs . [ 1 ] They can be played in sequential or shuffled order. [ 2 ] The term has several specialized meanings in the realms of radio broadcasting and personal computers . Personal_computer;Software;Sequence;Imeem;Imeem;IPod;Celebrity;YouTube;Vimeo;XML;Winamp;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Microsoft;Windows_Media_Player;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Playlist;Playlist; Plug_and_play In computing , a plug and play device or computer bus , is one with a specification that facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system without the need for physical device configuration or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Plug and play devices can be due to boot-time assignment of device resources and to hotplug systems such as USB and IEEE 1394 (FireWire). [ 3 ] USB;Central_processing_unit;Apple_II;Direct_memory_access;NuBus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Conventional_PCI;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;PCI_Express;PC_Card;ExpressCard;USB;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Plug_and_play;Plug_and_play; PocketBook_International PocketBook International S.A. is a Hong Kong -based multinational company which produces e-book readers under the PocketBook brand. The company is headquartered in Kyiv , the capital of Ukraine . Its American headquarters are located in Overland Park, Kansas , a Kansas City suburb. The brand was introduced in 2007. The actual production started in late 2008. OEM manufacturer for PocketBook has been Taiwanese Netronix and, since Summer 2010, is Foxconn . As hardware production is outsourced, PocketBook is focused on its design and software development. It is a long-standing leader as comes to the amount of supported text formats, [ 2 ] though there do exist file converters. PB promotes legality of digital media by running Store.Obreey.com (from Ukrainian обрій, obreey (horizon)), Bookland.net [ 3 ] and Ebooks Shop. Ukraine;Liquid_crystal_display;Linux;United_States_dollar;Hong_Kong;Ukraine;Taiwan;Foxconn;Foxconn;LCD;USB;EPUB;FictionBook;FictionBook;HTML;PDF;Mobipocket;Digital_rights_management;EPUB;PDF;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;WAV;BMP_file_format;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Matroska;Audio_Video_Interleave;Accelerometer;Gyroscope;TFT_LCD;ARM_architecture;Flash_memory;Bluetooth;Linux;ARM_architecture;TRS_connector;TFT_LCD;TRS_connector;Comparison_of_tablet_computers;Tablet_computer;The_Daily_Telegraph;Engadget;SlashGear;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;PocketBook_International;PocketBook_International; PocketBook_eReader PocketBook International S.A. is a Hong Kong -based multinational company which produces e-book readers under the PocketBook brand. The company is headquartered in Kyiv , the capital of Ukraine . Its American headquarters are located in Overland Park, Kansas , a Kansas City suburb. The brand was introduced in 2007. The actual production started in late 2008. OEM manufacturer for PocketBook has been Taiwanese Netronix and, since Summer 2010, is Foxconn . As hardware production is outsourced, PocketBook is focused on its design and software development. It is a long-standing leader as comes to the amount of supported text formats, [ 2 ] though there do exist file converters. PB promotes legality of digital media by running Store.Obreey.com (from Ukrainian обрій, obreey (horizon)), Bookland.net [ 3 ] and Ebooks Shop. Ukraine;Liquid_crystal_display;Linux;United_States_dollar;Hong_Kong;Ukraine;Taiwan;Foxconn;Foxconn;LCD;USB;EPUB;FictionBook;FictionBook;HTML;PDF;Mobipocket;Digital_rights_management;EPUB;PDF;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;WAV;BMP_file_format;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Matroska;Audio_Video_Interleave;Accelerometer;Gyroscope;TFT_LCD;ARM_architecture;Flash_memory;Bluetooth;Linux;ARM_architecture;TRS_connector;TFT_LCD;TRS_connector;Comparison_of_tablet_computers;Tablet_computer;The_Daily_Telegraph;Engadget;SlashGear;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;PocketBook_International;PocketBook_International; PocketMac No reason has been cited for the Wikify tag on this article. You can insert a reason using the | reason = parameter, like this: {{ Wikify |reason=Your reason here}} Please replace HTML markup with wiki markup where appropriate. Add wikilinks. Where appropriate, make links to other articles by putting "[[" and "]]" on either side of relevant words (see WP:LINK for more information) and check that your links work as expected. Please do not link terms that most readers are familiar with, such as common occupations, well-known geographical terms, and everyday items. Format the lead. Create or improve the lead paragraph . Arrange section headers as described at Wikipedia:Guide to layout . Add an infobox if it is appropriate for the article. Clean up any linkrot / format the references and footnotes , using citation templates when appropriate. PocketMac Software is a small software developer and publisher that produces software primarily for Macintosh -based systems. The company, founded in 2000, is run by two brothers, Terence Goggin and Tim Goggin. It is headquartered in San Diego, CA Software_developer;Macintosh;Research_In_Motion;PocketMac;PocketMac; Pocket_Tunes Pocket Tunes by Normsoft, Inc. is shareware software used for playing music, Internet radio , podcasts , and other audio files for Palm OS 5 and Windows Mobile 5 or 6. Pocket Tunes supports MP3 , AAC , HE-AAC , WMA , and Windows Media DRM files. It also supports MTP for transferring audio files from computers to portable devices, and submission of the played tracks to Last.fm . Pocket Tunes for Windows Mobile includes software for copying files from a computer's iTunes library to the device. The Palm OS version also supports Ogg vorbis and PCM WAV . Pocket Tunes was released for Palm OS on December 5, 2002 and for Windows Mobile on June 2, 2008. Pocket Tunes is included in the ROM of some Palm devices, notably the Palm Centro and many models of Palm Treo . Pocket tunes is available as an application on the iPod Touch, iPhone as well as several apps on the iPad. Alternatives for Palm OS include RealPlayer ( freeware ), DioPlayer , The Core Pocket Media Player (mostly free software ), and AeroPlayer ( shareware ). Shareware;Internet_radio;Podcast;Palm_OS;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_DRM;Last.fm;ITunes;WAV;RealPlayer;Freeware;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;Free_software;Shareware;Pocket_Tunes;Pocket_Tunes; Pocket_eDGe Tablet_computer;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;Flash_memory;Universal_Serial_Bus;Tablet_computer;EnTourage_eDGe;Google;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Pocket_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe; Podcast Digital_video;PDF;EPub;IPod;Portable_media_player;Application_software;Software;Computer;Portable_media_player;The_Guardian;IPod;ITunes;Leo_Laporte;MTV;Apple_Inc;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Audiobook;RSS;Audiobook;Internet;Weblog;RSS;Audiobook;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;The_Guardian;Digital_object_identifier;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Podcast;Podcast; Podcaster A podcast is a type of digital media consisting of an episodic series of audio , video , PDF , or ePub files subscribed to and downloaded through web syndication or streamed online to a computer or mobile device. The word is a neologism derived from "broadcast" and "pod" from the success of the iPod , as podcasts are often listened to on portable media players . A list of all the audio or video files currently associated with a given series is maintained centrally on the distributor's server as a web feed , and the listener or viewer employs special client application software , known as a podcatcher , that can access this web feed, check it for updates, and download any new files in the series. This process can be automated so that new files are downloaded automatically. Files are stored locally on the user's computer or other device ready for offline use, giving simple and convenient access to episodic content. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In this way it is contrasted to webcasting ( Internet streaming ). As discussed by Richard Berry, podcasting is both a converged medium bringing together audio, the web and portable media player , and a disruptive technology that has caused some in the radio business to reconsider some established practices and preconceptions about audiences, consumption, production and distribution. [ 3 ] This idea of disruptiveness is largely because no one person owns the technology; it is free to listen and create content, which departs from the traditional model of 'gate-kept' media and production tools. [ 4 ] It is very much a horizontal media form: producers are consumers and consumers become producers and engage in conversations with each other. [ 5 ] Digital_video;PDF;EPub;IPod;Portable_media_player;Application_software;Software;Computer;Portable_media_player;The_Guardian;IPod;ITunes;Leo_Laporte;MTV;Apple_Inc;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Audiobook;RSS;Audiobook;Internet;Weblog;RSS;Audiobook;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;The_Guardian;Digital_object_identifier;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Podcast;Podcast; Podcasts A podcast is a type of digital media consisting of an episodic series of audio , video , PDF , or ePub files subscribed to and downloaded through web syndication or streamed online to a computer or mobile device. The word is a neologism derived from "broadcast" and "pod" from the success of the iPod , as podcasts are often listened to on portable media players . A list of all the audio or video files currently associated with a given series is maintained centrally on the distributor's server as a web feed , and the listener or viewer employs special client application software , known as a podcatcher , that can access this web feed, check it for updates, and download any new files in the series. This process can be automated so that new files are downloaded automatically. Files are stored locally on the user's computer or other device ready for offline use, giving simple and convenient access to episodic content. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In this way it is contrasted to webcasting ( Internet streaming ). As discussed by Richard Berry, podcasting is both a converged medium bringing together audio, the web and portable media player , and a disruptive technology that has caused some in the radio business to reconsider some established practices and preconceptions about audiences, consumption, production and distribution. [ 3 ] This idea of disruptiveness is largely because no one person owns the technology; it is free to listen and create content, which departs from the traditional model of 'gate-kept' media and production tools. [ 4 ] It is very much a horizontal media form: producers are consumers and consumers become producers and engage in conversations with each other. [ 5 ] Digital_video;PDF;EPub;IPod;Portable_media_player;Application_software;Software;Computer;Portable_media_player;The_Guardian;IPod;ITunes;Leo_Laporte;MTV;Apple_Inc;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Audiobook;RSS;Audiobook;Internet;Weblog;RSS;Audiobook;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;The_Guardian;Digital_object_identifier;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Podcast;Podcast; Podium_Sans Podium Sans was the typeface used on all models of iPod with color displays previous to the iPod lineup refresh on September 5, 2007. When the iPod photo was first announced Apple claimed [ 1 ] that the device featured a "new Myriad typeface," stating... Now in living color, it's easier to read than ever. That’s thanks in part to the clarity of the display – it offers 220x176-pixel resolution – and in part to the new Myriad typeface. The use of Adobe Myriad would have been the first example of Apple using the same font in branding and user interface and indeed the high-res advertising mock-ups clearly used the font. However, at the time few noticed that the font on the devices was missing Myriad's trademark features, such as its 'k' and 'K', its splayed 'M' and distinctive 'y'. Some of these changes, such as the straightening of the 'M', could be explained by Apple's designers simplifying the design to accommodate the small size and low resolution of the device compared to print, however other changes are harder to explain. Whether Podium Sans started life as Myriad or another humanist sans-serif font is up for debate, but Apple no longer mentions the Myriad typeface in connection with the iPod user interface. On newer models, such as the 3G iPod nano , iPod classic and iPod touch Podium Sans has been replaced with Helvetica Neue Bold, the same typeface used throughout the iPhone user interface. IPod_photo;Apple_Computer;IPod_nano;IPod_classic;IPod_touch;IPhone;Podium_Sans;Podium_Sans; Poland Europe;European_Union;German_language;Germany;Czech_Republic;Slovakia;Ukraine;Lithuania;European_Union;Ukraine;Austria;European_Union;Czech_Republic;Hungary;European_Union;Finland;European_Union;Austria;Lithuania;Ukraine;English_language;English_language;European_Union;Consumer_protection;Eurozone;Czech_Republic;United_Kingdom;Netherlands;Google;IBM;Intel;Microsoft;Motorola;Samsung;Italy;European_Union;Republic_of_Ireland;English_language;Folk_music;Hip_hop_music;Pop_music;Alternative_music;Ukraine;International_Standard_Book_Number;German_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;European_Union;Poland;Denmark;Sweden;Lithuania;Germany;Czech_Republic;Slovakia;Ukraine;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Germany;Latvia;Lithuania;Sweden;Czech_Republic;Slovakia;Bulgaria;Slovenia;Ukraine;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;Argentina;Brazil;Cambodia;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Malta;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Portugal;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Poland;Poland; Polycarbonate Polycarbonates ( PC ), known by the trademarked names Lexan , Makrolon , Makroclear and others, are a particular group of thermoplastic polymers . They are easily worked, molded , and thermoformed . Because of these properties, polycarbonates find many applications. Polycarbonates do not have a unique resin identification code and are identified as Other, 7. Oxygen;Watt;Hertz;Megahertz;Infrared;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Capacitor;Compact_Disc;DVD;Digital_audio_player;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Polycarbonate;Polycarbonate; Pop_music Pop music (a term that originally derives from an abbreviation of "popular") is a genre of popular music which originated in its modern form in the 1950s, deriving from rock and roll . [ 1 ] The terms popular music and pop music are often used interchangeably, even though the former is a description of music which is popular (and can include any style), whilst the latter is a specific genre containing qualities of mass appeal. [ 1 ] As a genre, pop music is very eclectic, often borrowing elements from other styles including urban , dance , rock , Latin and country ; [ 1 ] nonetheless, there are core elements which define pop. Such include generally short-to-medium length songs, written in a basic format (often the verse-chorus structure), as well as the common employment of repeated choruses, melodic tunes, and catchy hooks . [ 1 ] So-called "pure pop" music, such as power pop , features all these elements, utilising electric guitars , drums and bass for instrumentation; [ 1 ] in the case of such music, the main goal is usually that of being pleasurable to listen to, rather than having much artistic depth. [ 1 ] Pop music is generally thought of as a genre which is commercially recorded and desires to have a mass audience appeal. [ 1 ] Jazz;Folk_music;Dance_music;Classical_music;United_Kingdom;United_States;Synthesizer;Music_sequencer;Acoustic_guitar;Piano;Musical_instrument;Operatic_pop;Soundtrack;Dance_music;Rock_music;Country_music;Electric_guitar;Record_chart;Classical_music;Jazz;Rock_music;Country_music;Blues;United_Kingdom;The_Beatles;Rock_music;Gospel_music;Soul_music;Jazz;Country_music;Rock_music;Classical_music;Dance_music;Electronic_music;Microphone;MTV;Music_industry;Refrain;Pop_music;Pop_music; Popcornflix Popcornflix is a website and over-the-top (OTT) service offering free ad-supported streaming video of feature-length movies and webisodes . It is owned by Screen Media Ventures . [ 1 ] United_States;Website;Streaming_media;Boxee;Roku;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Popcornflix;Popcornflix; Popular_Mechanics Popular Mechanics is an American magazine , which was first published January 11, 1902 by H. H. Windsor , and has been owned since 1958 by the Hearst Corporation . There are nine international editions, including a now-defunct Latin American version that had been published for decades and a newer South African edition. Science;United_States;Archive;Google_Books;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Project_Gutenberg;CBS;NBC;Popular_Mechanics;Popular_Mechanics; Popular_Science Popular Science ( PopSci ) is an American monthly magazine with roots as far back as 1872 carrying articles for the general reader on science and technology subjects. Popular Science has won over 58 awards, including the ASME awards for its journalistic excellence in both 2003 (for General Excellence) and 2004 (for Best Magazine Section). PopSci has been translated into over 30 languages and goes out to at least 45 countries [ citation needed ] . Paramount_Pictures;Time_Warner;Science;Facebook;IPod_touch;Google_Books;Los_Angeles_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Google_Books;Wikisource;The_Register;PC_Magazine;Popular_Mechanics;Ars_Technica;Gizmodo;Lifehacker;Slashdot;TechCrunch;Engadget;Mashable;ReadWriteWeb;Popular_Science;Popular_Science; Portable_Document_Format application/pdf application/x-pdf application/x-bzpdf application/x-gzpdf 'PDF ' (including a single space) Uniform Type Identifier ISO 32000-1 :2008 [ 1 ] Adobe PDF Reference Archives Portable Document Format ( PDF ) is a file format used to represent documents in a manner independent of application software , hardware , and operating systems . [ 2 ] Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it. In 1991, Adobe Systems co-founder John Warnock outlined a system called "Camelot" [ 3 ] that evolved into PDF. While the PDF specification has been available free of charge since at least 2001, [ 4 ] PDF was originally a proprietary format controlled by Adobe. It was officially released as an open standard on July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 32000-1 :2008. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting royalty-free rights for all patents owned by Adobe that are necessary to make, use, sell and distribute PDF compliant implementations. [ 6 ] Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;File_format;Application_software;Operating_system;Adobe_Systems;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Adobe_Acrobat;DjVu;De_facto_standard;SVG;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Adobe_Systems;Data_compression;Adobe_Acrobat;Gzip;TIFF;Portable_Network_Graphics;JPEG;Helvetica;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Adobe_Photoshop;JavaScript;Filename_extension;Type_code;Adobe_Systems;Filename_extension;Type_code;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;XML;Adobe_Systems;Digital_signature;International_Organization_for_Standardization;EPUB;XHTML;PDF;XML;Screen_reader;Microsoft_Outlook;Digital_rights_management;IP_address;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Acrobat;Google;Raster_graphics;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Acrobat;Free_software;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;IPad;PICT;Mac_OS;Portable_Network_Graphics;Free_Software_Foundation;DjVu;Microsoft;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;PICT;DjVu;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;HTML;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Portable_Document_Format;Portable_Document_Format; Portable_Media_Player A portable media player ( PMP ) or digital audio player ( DAP ) is a consumer electronics device that is capable of storing and playing digital media such as audio, images, video, documents, etc. the data is typically stored on a hard drive , microdrive , or flash memory . In contrast, analog portable audio players play music from cassette tapes , or records . Often digital audio players are sold as MP3 players , even if they support other file formats . [ 1 ] Other types of electronic devices like cellphones , internet tablets , and digital cameras are sometimes referred as PMPs because of their playback capabilities. [ 2 ] This article focuses on portable devices that have the main function of playing media. Hard_disk;Microdrive;Flash_memory;Digital_camera;Kane_Kramer;Apple_Inc.;Hard_disk_drive;Creative_Technology;Microdrive;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Toshiba;Hard_disk_drive;User_interface;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Musicmatch_Jukebox;Microsoft;Creative_Technology;Zune;Flash_memory;Flash_memory;Hard_drive;Hard_disk_drive;DVD;Compact_disc;DVD;USB;Digital_video;Liquid_crystal_display;Microphone;Windows_Media_Audio;Advanced_Audio_Coding;WAV;Vorbis;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Digital_Rights_Management;JPEG;IPod;GIF;Portable_Network_Graphics;TIFF;Windows_Media_Video;Audio_Video_Interleave;DivX;Xvid;FM_radio;Japan;Lossy_compression;Firmware;Computer;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Digital_rights_management;Vorbis;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Speex;WAV;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;USB_mass_storage_device_class;Iriver;Xvid;Flash_memory;IPod_Touch;Hard_disk_drive;IPod;Zune;FM_radio;IPod_Nano;Flash_memory;Hard_disk_drive;Codec;Headphones;Headphones;Loudspeaker;IPod_Shuffle;LCD;IPod_Touch;Personal_computer;USB;Zune;ITunes;WiFi;Bluetooth;ITunes_Store;Digital_rights_management;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;TRS_connector;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;USB_mass_storage_device_class;CNET;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNET;EE_Times;CNET;CNET;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Portable_media_player;Portable_media_player; Portable_Network_Graphics Portable Network Graphics ( PNG / ˈ p ɪ ŋ / [ 2 ] PING ) is a bitmapped image format that employs lossless data compression . PNG was created to improve upon and replace GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) as an image-file format not requiring a patent license. The initialism PNG can also be interpreted as a recursive initialism for " P NG's N ot G IF". [ 2 ] PNG supports palette-based images (with palettes of 24-bit RGB or 32-bit RGBA colors), grayscale images (with or without alpha channel ), and full-color non-palette-based RGB[A] images (with or without alpha channel). PNG was designed for transferring images on the Internet, not for professional-quality print graphics, and therefore does not support non-RGB color spaces such as CMYK . PNG files nearly always use file extension PNG or png and are assigned MIME media type image/png ; it was approved for this use by the Internet Engineering Steering Group on 14 October 1996. [ 3 ] PNG was published as an ISO/IEC standard in 2004. [ 1 ] Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Lossless_data_compression;Raster_graphics;APNG;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Raster_graphics;Lossless_data_compression;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Data_compression;Graphics_Interchange_Format;APNG;DOS;JPEG;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Hexadecimal;DOS;APNG;Metadata;Aspect_ratio;Lossless_data_compression;Lossless_JPEG;APNG;Mozilla_Firefox;JPEG;Lossy_compression;TIFF;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Adobe_Photoshop;GIMP;Operating_system;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;IPhoto;Linux;Internet_Explorer;Free_Software_Foundation;GIF;APNG;Google_Chrome;Mozilla_Firefox;Camino;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X;IOS;Adobe_Photoshop;Metadata;Adobe_Photoshop;Open_source_software;Unix;Perl;Computer_graphics;APNG;Graphics_Interchange_Format;PC_Magazine;Adobe_Systems;International_Standard_Book_Number;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Portable_Network_Graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics; Portable_media_player A portable media player ( PMP ) or digital audio player ( DAP ) is a consumer electronics device that is capable of storing and playing digital media such as audio, images, video, documents, etc. the data is typically stored on a hard drive , microdrive , or flash memory . In contrast, analog portable audio players play music from cassette tapes , or records . Often digital audio players are sold as MP3 players , even if they support other file formats . [ 1 ] Other types of electronic devices like cellphones , internet tablets , and digital cameras are sometimes referred as PMPs because of their playback capabilities. [ 2 ] This article focuses on portable devices that have the main function of playing media. Hard_disk;Microdrive;Flash_memory;Digital_camera;Kane_Kramer;Apple_Inc.;Hard_disk_drive;Creative_Technology;Microdrive;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Toshiba;Hard_disk_drive;User_interface;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Musicmatch_Jukebox;Microsoft;Creative_Technology;Zune;Flash_memory;Flash_memory;Hard_drive;Hard_disk_drive;DVD;Compact_disc;DVD;USB;Digital_video;Liquid_crystal_display;Microphone;Windows_Media_Audio;Advanced_Audio_Coding;WAV;Vorbis;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Digital_Rights_Management;JPEG;IPod;GIF;Portable_Network_Graphics;TIFF;Windows_Media_Video;Audio_Video_Interleave;DivX;Xvid;FM_radio;Japan;Lossy_compression;Firmware;Computer;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Digital_rights_management;Vorbis;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Speex;WAV;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;USB_mass_storage_device_class;Iriver;Xvid;Flash_memory;IPod_Touch;Hard_disk_drive;IPod;Zune;FM_radio;IPod_Nano;Flash_memory;Hard_disk_drive;Codec;Headphones;Headphones;Loudspeaker;IPod_Shuffle;LCD;IPod_Touch;Personal_computer;USB;Zune;ITunes;WiFi;Bluetooth;ITunes_Store;Digital_rights_management;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;TRS_connector;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;USB_mass_storage_device_class;CNET;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNET;EE_Times;CNET;CNET;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Portable_media_player;Portable_media_player; PortalPlayer PortalPlayer , founded in 1999, was a fabless semiconductor company that supplied system-on-a-chip semiconductors, firmware and software for personal media players . The company handled semiconductor design and firmware development, while subcontracting the actual semiconductor manufacturing to merchant foundries . It gained recognition as the company with which Apple contracted for development of the original iPod . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The company went public with an IPO in November 2004 and traded on the NASDAQ under ticker symbol PLAY. [ 3 ] Sales to Apple grew to 90% of the company's gross revenue, which ultimately hurt the company when Apple switched media processor chip vendors in its iPod lines. [ 4 ] On January 5, 2007, NVIDIA Corporation announced that it had acquired PortalPlayer, Inc. for about $357 million. [ 5 ] . Digital_audio_player;Apple_Inc.;IPod;NASDAQ;IPod;ARM_architecture;Central_processing_unit;IPod;IPod;IPod;EE_Times;PortalPlayer;PortalPlayer; Portugal – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 38°46′N 9°9′W  /  38.767°N 9.15°W  / 38.767; -9.15 Official language(s) Recognised regional languages Ethnic groups (2007) 3.13% other ethnicities ( Cape Verdeans , Brazilians , Goans , Angolans , Ukrainians , and others) [ 1 ] Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic Aníbal Cavaco Silva ( PSD ) Pedro Passos Coelho (PSD) Assunção Esteves (PSD) Assembly of the Republic Conventional date for independence is 1139 De facto sovereignty 92,212 [ 2 ] km 2 ( 111th ) 10,581,949 [ 3 ] ( 77th ) $248.981 billion [ 5 ] ( 49 ) $23,361 [ 5 ] ( 41 ) $238.880 billion [ 5 ] ( 42 ) $22,413 [ 5 ] ( 35 ) Euro ( € ) 2 ( EUR ) Note that the Azores are in a different timezone dd-mm-yyyy, yyyy-mm-dd, yyyy/mm/dd Mirandese , spoken in some villages of the municipality of Miranda do Douro , was officially recognized in 1999 ( Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro ), since then awarding an official right-of-use Mirandese to the linguistic minority it is concerned. [ 8 ] The Portuguese Sign Language is also recognized. Before 1999: Portuguese escudo . Portugal i / ˈ p ɔr tʃ ʉ ɡ əl / ( Portuguese : Portugal , IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ] ), officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa ) is a country situated in Southwestern Europe . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country has a population of 10.6 million with almost half living in the two great metropolitan urban areas, the Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto , in the North , and the Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon , in the Center-South, constructed from the two main cities. The country is named after its today second largest city, Porto , whose Latin name was Portus Cale . [ 9 ] The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times : occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians , integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi , Buri , Vandals and the Visigoths . In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ . During the Christian Reconquista , Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state . [ 10 ] In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery , Portugal expanded western influence and established a global empire that included possessions in Africa , Asia , Oceania , and South America , becoming the world's major economic, political and military global power . The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history, [ 11 ] and also the longest lived of the European colonial empires, spanning almost 600 years, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415, to the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002. However, the country's international status was greatly reduced during the 19th century, especially following the Independence of Brazil , its largest colony in its history. After the 5 October 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established being then superseded by the "Estado Novo" authoritarian regime . Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974, after which Portugal's last overseas provinces became independent (most prominently Angola and Mozambique ); the last overseas territory, Macau , was ceded to China in 1999. Portugal is a developed country with a very high Human Development Index , the world's 19th-highest quality-of-life as of 2005, and a strong healthcare system . Portugal is one of the world's most globalized and peaceful nations: [ 12 ] a member of the European Union and the United Nations , and a founding member of the Latin Union , the Organization of Ibero-American States , OECD , NATO , Community of Portuguese Language Countries , the Eurozone and the Schengen Agreement . Europe;European_Union;Cape_Verde;Spain;Asia;Macau;European_Union;Eurozone;Cape_Verde;Brazil;Malaysia;Taiwan;Japan;Australia;New_Zealand;Spain;Netherlands;Cape_Verde;Asia;Zimbabwe;Macau;European_Union;Eurozone;Macau;Eurozone;Spain;Spain;Eurozone;Greece;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Spain;Germany;Macau;Macau;Macau;Asia;Eurozone;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;European_Commission;Reuters;Financial_Times;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chile;Costa_Rica;Czech_Republic;El_Salvador;Finland;Hungary;Italy;Japan;Lithuania;Mexico;Mongolia;Philippines;Poland;Romania;Sweden;United_States;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Mozambique;Macau;Philippines;Romania;Ukraine;European_Union;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Macau;Macau;Macau;Argentina;Brazil;Cambodia;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Malta;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Poland;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Portugal;Portugal; Post_Office_Protocol In computing, the Post Office Protocol ( POP ) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. [ 1 ] POP and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval. [ 2 ] Virtually all modern e-mail clients and servers support both. The POP protocol has been developed through several versions, with version 3 (POP3) being the current standard. Most webmail service providers such as Hotmail , Gmail and Yahoo! Mail also provide IMAP and POP3 service. Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Ethernet;IMAP;Internet;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Encryption;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Email;Post_Office_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol; PowerArchiver PowerArchiver is a proprietary file archiver for Microsoft Windows , developed by ConeXware Inc. It supports full read-write access to several different archive formats, including ZIP , 7z and Tar . Additionally, read-only (decompression) support includes RAR , ACE and various disk image formats. The evaluation version of the program remains functional for 40 days. Personal licenses are currently permitted free lifetime updates to all future versions of the software, while the business license is valid through two major versions. PowerArchiver's first public release was made in March 1999. It was advertised as a free archiving solution and was written in Borland Delphi . It turned into shareware in June 2001 with version 7. Prior to being PowerArchiver, the software was known as EasyZip. A command line version and a Microsoft Outlook plugin is also provided. PowerArchiver's user interface has been translated into 15 languages. The latest release of PowerArchiver fully supports Windows 7 and provides the user an option to use the Ribbon GUI , as featured in Microsoft Office 2007 and Windows 7. Users can revert back to the old-style toolbar if they wish. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Disk_image;Microsoft_Outlook;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Software;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;PowerArchiver;PowerArchiver; PowerBook Macintosh;Laptop;Computer;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;IBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Sony;Snow_White_design_language;Motorola;PowerPC;PowerBook_Duo;PowerBook_Duo;PowerBook_Duo;Random_access_memory;Hard_disk;Trackpad;Ethernet;PowerPC;Megabyte;Old_World_ROM;IMac;DVD;Universal_Serial_Bus;SCSI;New_World_ROM;FireWire;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;AirPort;IBook;Steve_Jobs;New_World_ROM;PowerPC;Apple_Inc.;Anodizing;AirPort;Bluetooth;MacBook_Pro;IBook;IMac;SuperDrive;Bluetooth;Engadget;Sony;Sony;Dell;Toshiba;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerBook;PowerBook; PowerBook_Duo The PowerBook Duo was a line of small subnotebooks manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from 1992 until 1997 as a more compact companion to the PowerBook line. Improving upon the PowerBook 100 's portability (its immediate predecessor and Apple's third smallest laptop), the Duo came in seven different models. They were the Duo 210, 230, 250, 270c, 280, 280c, and 2300c, with the 210 and 230 being the earliest, and 2300c being the final incarnation before the entire line was dropped in early 1997. Weighing in at a mere 4.1 pounds and slightly smaller at 10.9 × 8.5 in (280 × 220 mm) than a sheet of paper, only 1.4" thick, it was the lightest and smallest of all of Apple's PowerBooks of its time. Only the MacBook Air weighs less, though wider and deeper, but considerably thinner making it the second smallest subnotebook overall. The Duo had the most in common with the original MacBook Air which only included one USB 2.0 port, one video port (requiring an adapter) and one speaker port, but no ability for expansion. [ 1 ] The PowerBook Duo line was replaced by the PowerBook 2400 , which was slightly larger in size to the Duos, but still only the fifth smallest behind the 12 in (300 mm) PowerBook G4 which succeeded it as fourth smallest. Although both featured much more onboard functionality, they lacked docking ability. As of 2012 [update] , the subnotebook Apple offers is the MacBook Air. Apple_Computer;PowerBook;MacBook_Air;PowerPC;Central_processing_unit;NuBus;SCSI;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Floppy_disk;Snow_White_design_language;Tablet_computer;Apple_Computer;Mac_OS;IMac;List_of_Macintosh_software;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerBook_Duo;PowerBook_Duo; PowerCD Apple PowerCD is a CD player sold by Apple Computer in 1993 and discontinued several years later. It was a re-badged Philips -designed product which was sold in addition to Apple's speakers and also included a remote control . The PowerCD was capable of reading Kodak photo CDs , data CDs and audio CDs . It can connect to Apple Macintosh personal computers through SCSI and also to stereo systems and televisions . Today they are collectible items as they are relatively rare. [ citation needed ] Apple_Computer;Remote_control;Apple_Macintosh;Personal_computer;SCSI;Television;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Sony;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;IPod;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;International_Standard_Book_Number;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;PowerCD; PowerDVD CyberLink PowerDVD is a media player for Microsoft Windows ; several editions of the software are sold including "Ultra", "Deluxe" and "Standard". All editions support the viewing of DVD and the Ultra edition supports Blu-ray playback, including the playback of Blu-ray 3D content. [ 1 ] PowerDVD is distributed on physical media or by download from the Cyberlink website. It is often bundled with a variety of PC systems and peripheral devices (particularly optical drives). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Software_developer;CyberLink;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Microsoft_Windows;DVD;GPU;RealMedia;RealPlayer;SubStation_Alpha;Facebook;DivX;Xvid;Dolby_Digital;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Comparison_of_video_player_software;PowerDVD;PowerDVD; PowerDirector CyberLink PowerDirector [ 1 ] is a video editing software application for non-linear video editing , published by CyberLink Corporation . PowerDirector allows users to capture, edit and output from within the software and has semi-professional features suitable for the consumer level. Its main competitors are Adobe Premiere Pro and Elements , AVS Video Editor , Ulead VideoStudio , Pinnacle Studio ,and Sony Vegas Movie Studio . The program most resembles, but does not compete with, Apple iMovie , on Mac OS X . PowerDirector software can be purchased online or in popular computer retail stores. Software_developer;CyberLink;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;CyberLink;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;AVS_Video_Editor;Pinnacle_Studio;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Apple_Inc.;IMovie;Mac_OS_X;YouTube;IPod;DVD;HDV;AVCHD;Flickr;Original_equipment_manufacturer;PC_Magazine;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;PowerDirector;PowerDirector; PowerPC PowerPC (short for P erformance O ptimization W ith E nhanced R ISC – P erformance C omputing , sometimes abbreviated as PPC ) is a RISC architecture created by the 1991 Apple – IBM – Motorola alliance, known as AIM . PowerPC, as an evolving instruction set, has since 2006 been renamed Power ISA but lives on as a legacy trademark for some implementations of Power Architecture based processors. Originally intended for personal computers , PowerPC CPUs have since become popular as embedded and high-performance processors. PowerPC was the cornerstone of AIM's PReP and Common Hardware Reference Platform initiatives in the 1990s and while the architecture is well known for being used by Apple's Macintosh lines from 1994 to 2006 (before Apple's transition to Intel ), its use in video game consoles and embedded applications provided an array of uses. PowerPC is largely based on IBM's earlier POWER architecture, and retains a high level of compatibility with it; the architectures have remained close enough that the same programs and operating systems will run on both if some care is taken in preparation; newer chips in the POWER series implement the full PowerPC instruction set. Apple_Inc.;IBM;Motorola;Trademark;Personal_computer;Embedded_system;Macintosh;Operating_system;Microsoft;Sun_Microsystems;Unix;Microsoft;Intel;Operating_system;Sun_Microsystems;Microsoft;Windows_NT;Mac_OS;Cisco_Systems;Direct_memory_access;BAE_Systems;Embedded_system;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Unix;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Windows_NT;VxWorks;QNX;Linux;Apple_Inc.;BAE_Systems;Cisco_Systems;Motorola;Samsung;STMicroelectronics;P.A._Semi;Microsoft;Sony;Toshiba;Video_game_console;Apple_Computer;Microsoft;Sony;Toshiba;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Embedded_system;PowerPC;PowerPC; PowerVR PowerVR is a division of Imagination Technologies (formerly VideoLogic) that develops hardware and software for 2D and 3D rendering , and for video encoding , decoding , associated image processing and DirectX , OpenGL ES , OpenVG , and OpenCL acceleration. The PowerVR product line was originally introduced to compete in the desktop PC market for 3D hardware accelerators with a product with a better price/performance ratio than existing products like those from 3dfx Interactive . Rapid changes in that market, notably with the introduction of OpenGL and Direct3D , led to rapid consolidation; Most of the smaller players, like PowerVR, were pushed from the marketplace. PowerVR responded by introducing new versions with low-power electronics that were aimed at the laptop computer market. Over time this developed into a series of designs that could be incorporated into system-on-a-chip architectures suitable for handheld device use. In this form, PowerVR is a leading vendor in the mobile space, found in many embedded systems , palmtops , and smartphones . PowerVR accelerators are not manufactured by PowerVR, but instead their integrated circuit designs and patents are licensed to other companies, such as Texas Instruments , Intel , NEC , Renesas , Samsung , STMicroelectronics , Freescale , Apple , NXP Semiconductors (formerly Philips Semiconductors) , and many others. Image_processing;DirectX;OpenGL_ES;OpenCL;Embedded_system;Smartphone;Integrated_circuit;Samsung;STMicroelectronics;Apple_Inc.;Nvidia;Image_processing;OpenGL_ES;OpenCL;Sega;STMicroelectronics;Intel;Samsung;Renesas;IPhone;IPod;HDTV;OpenGL_ES;DirectX;IPad;IPod_touch;Apple_TV;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Palm_Pre;Intel;PlayStation_Vita;Apple_Inc.;DirectX;Hertz;Hertz;Gigabyte;DirectX;Hertz;Hertz;Gigabyte;DirectX;Hertz;Hertz;Gigabyte;Pixel;DirectX;Pixel;DirectX;OpenGL_ES;Application_programming_interface;Pixel;DirectX;Application_programming_interface;Pixel;DirectX;PowerVR;PowerVR; Power_Macintosh Power Macintosh , later Power Mac , is a line of Apple Macintosh workstation -class personal computers based on various models of PowerPC microprocessors that were developed, marketed, and supported by Apple Inc. from March 1994 until August 2006. The first models were the Power Macintosh 6100 , 7100 , and 8100 , which offered speeds ranging from 60 to 110 MHz . These machines replaced Apple's Quadra series of personal computers, and were housed in cases very similar to systems sold by Apple up to that point. The Power Mac went on to become the mainstay of Apple's top-end offerings for twelve years, through a succession of case designs, four major generations of PowerPC chips, and a great deal of press coverage, design accolades, and technical controversy. In August 2006, the Power Mac's retirement was announced at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference by Steve Jobs and Phil Schiller , making way for its Intel-based replacement, the Mac Pro . Macintosh;Personal_computer;PowerPC;Apple_Inc.;Megahertz;Macintosh_Quadra;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Steve_Jobs;Mac_Pro;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Mac_OS;Operating_system;Intel;IMac;PowerBook;IBook;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IMac;IBook;Xserve;Apple_Network_Server;Mac_Pro;PowerBook;MacBook_Pro;IMac;Mac_Pro;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Power_Macintosh;Power_Macintosh; Power_connector Power connector may refer to: AC power plugs and sockets Industrial power plug Blade connector , commonly found in cars for quick connection of wiring to electrical components IEC 60309 (BS 4343), so-called "Commando" plug and socket Molex connector , four-pin hard disk drive (HDD) connectors, also used for powering CD-ROM drives, burners etc. Berg connector , smaller four pin floppy disk drive (FDD) connectors, also used by some hard drives, and carrying the same power supplies as the HDD connectors AC_power_plugs_and_sockets;Power_connector;Power_connector; Power_supply Solar_power;Desktop_computer;Capacitor;Computer;Power_supply;Power_supply; Prank_call A prank call (also known as a crank call ) is a form of practical joke done over the telephone . Prank phone calls began to gain an America -wide following over a period of many years, as they gradually became a staple of the obscure and amusing cassette tapes traded amongst musicians , sound engineers , and media traders beginning in the late 1970s. Among the most famous and earliest recorded prank calls are the Tube Bar prank calls tapes, which centered around Louis "Red" Deutsch . Comedian Jerry Lewis was an incorrigible phone prankster, and recordings of his hijinks, dating from the 1960s and possibly earlier, still circulate throughout the country to this day. Even very prominent people have fallen victim to prank callers, as for example Elizabeth II , who was fooled by Canadian DJ Pierre Brassard posing as Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien , asking her to record a speech in support of Canadian unity ahead of the 1995 Quebec referendum . [ 1 ] Two other particularly famous examples of prank calls were made by the Miami -based radio station Radio El Zol . In one, they telephoned Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and spoke to him, pretending to be Cuban president Fidel Castro . [ 2 ] They later reversed the prank, calling Castro and pretending to be Chávez. Castro began swearing at the pranksters live on air after they revealed themselves. [ 3 ] Radio El Zol was fined $4,000 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the United States for the second prank. [ why? ] United_States;Musician;Sound;Venezuela;Internet_radio;Social_networking;YouTube;United_States;Skype;Caller_ID;VoIP;VoIP;Australia;Spain;Bolivia;United_States;Open_Directory_Project;Prank_call;Prank_call; PreSonus_Studio_One PreSonus Studio One is a music creation, production and mastering application for Mac OS X and Windows made by PreSonus . Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;MIDI;Software_synthesizer;Core_Audio;QuickTime;SoundCloud;MIDI;PreSonus_Studio_One;PreSonus_Studio_One; Predictive_text Predictive text is an input technology used where one key or button represents many letters, such as on mobile phones and in accessibility technologies. Each key press results in a prediction rather than repeatedly sequencing through the same group of "letters" it represents, in the same, invariable order. Predictive text could allow for an entire word to be input by single keypress. Predictive text makes efficient use of fewer device keys to input writing into a text message , an e-mail , an address book , a calendar , and the like. This article is about word completion on limited keyboards, such as mobile phone keyboards. For a similar article for general keyboards, see the article Autocomplete . The most widely used, general, predictive text systems are T9 , iTap , and LetterWise / WordWise . There are many unique ways to build a device that predicts text, but all predictive text systems have initial, linguistic settings that offer predictions that are re-prioritized to adapt to each user. This learning adapts, by way of the device memory, to a user's disambiguating feedback that results in corrective key presses, such as pressing a "next" key to get to the intention. Most predictive text systems have a user database to facilitate this process. Theoretically the number of keystrokes required per desired character in the finished writing is, on average, comparable to using a keyboard . This is approximately true providing that all words used are in its database, punctuation is ignored, and no input mistakes are made typing or spelling. [ 1 ] In practice, these factors are found to cause tremendous variance in the efficiency gain. [ 2 ] The theoretical keystrokes per character, KSPC, of a keyboard is KSPC=1.00, and of multi-tap is KSPC=2.03. Eatoni' LetterWise is a predictive multi-tap hybrid, which when operating on a standard telephone keypad achieves KSPC=1.15 for English. The choice of which predictive text system is the best to use involves matching the user's preferred interface style , the user's level of learned ability to operate predictive text software, and the user's efficiency goal. There are various levels of risk in predictive text systems, versus multi-tap systems, because the predicted text that is automatically written that provide the speed and mechanical efficiency benefit, could, if the user is not careful to review, result in transmitting misinformation. Predictive text systems take time to learn to use well, and so generally, a device's system has user options to set up the choice of multi-tap or of any one of several schools of predictive text methods. Mobile_phones;Accessibility;Short_message_service;Mobile_phone;Nuance_Communications;Motorola;Text_messaging;SMS_language;IPhone;Predictive_text;Predictive_text; Preference_Pane A Preference Pane (often abbreviated as prefpane ) is a special dynamically loaded plugin in Mac OS X . Introduced in Mac OS X v10.0 , the purpose of a Preference Pane is to allow the user to set preferences for a specific application or the system by means of a graphical user interface . Preference Panes are the OS X replacement to control panels . Prior to Mac OS X v10.4 , collections of Preference Panes featured a "Show All" button to show all the panes in the collection and a customizable toolbar to which frequently-used preference panes could be dragged. In Mac OS X v10.3 , the currently-active pane would also be highlighted in the toolbar when it was selected. With Mac OS X v10.4 , this functionality was dropped in favor of a plain Show All button and back/forward history arrows. System Preferences is an application whose sole purpose is the loading of various preference panes, for system configuration. Any application can be written to use prefpanes. Preference panes carry the .prefpane file extension . Mac_OS_X;Graphical_user_interface;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Preference_Pane;Preference_Pane; Pregnancy MedlinePlus;Renal;BBC_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Reuters;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Pregnancy;Pregnancy; Pregnancy_category The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy . It does not include any risks conferred by pharmaceutical agents or their metabolites that are present in breast milk. Every drug has specific information listed in its product literature. In the UK, while no preset categories are applied, the British National Formulary gives a table of drugs to be avoided or used with caution in pregnancy, and does so using a limited number of key phrases. [ 1 ] Pregnancy;United_States;Australia;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Pregnancy_category;Pregnancy_category; Presence_information In computer and telecommunications networks , presence information is a status indicator that conveys ability and willingness of a potential communication partner—for example a user --to communicate . A user's client provides presence information (presence state) via a network connection to a presence service , which is stored in what constitutes his personal availability record (called a presentity ) and can be made available for distribution to other users (called watchers ) to convey his availability for communication. Presence information has wide application in many communication services and is one of the innovations driving the popularity of instant messaging or recent implementations of voice over IP clients. Instant_messaging;Voice_over_IP;Instant_messaging;SIMPLE;Session_Initiation_Protocol;XML;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Instant_messaging;Google_Talk;Presence_information;Presence_information; Privacy_policy Privacy policy is a statement or a legal document ( privacy law ) that discloses some or all of the ways a party gathers, uses, discloses and manages a customer or client's data. Personal information can be anything that can be used to identify an individual, not limited to but including; name, address, date of birth, marital status, contact information, ID issue and expiry date, financial records, credit information, medical history, where you travel, and intentions to acquire goods and services. [ 1 ] In the case of a business it is often a statement that declares a party’s policy on how it collects, stores, and releases personal information it collects. It informs the client what specific information is collected, and whether it is kept confidential, shared with partners, or sold to other firms or enterprises. [ 2 ] Privacy policy is important to the modern state, because grounded in it is the individual's physical and moral autonomy. For this reason, it is worthy of constitutional protection. [ 3 ] The exact contents of a privacy policy will depend upon the applicable law and may need to address requirements across geographical boundaries and legal jurisdictions. Most countries have their own legislation and guidelines of who is covered, what information can be collected, and what it can be used for. In general, data protection laws in Europe cover the private sector as well as the public sector. Their privacy laws apply not only to government operations but also to private enterprises and commercial transactions. In North America, privacy laws (except in Quebec) apply only to the public sector, not to the private sector. However, most private sector organizations in North America have taken the initiative to develop their own privacy policies and codes of conduct. [ 4 ] European_Union;Federal_Aviation_Administration;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Amazon.com;Google;Facebook;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Privacy_policy;Privacy_policy; Privilege_escalation Privilege escalation is the act of exploiting a bug , design flaw or configuration oversight in an operating system or software application to gain elevated access to resources that are normally protected from an application or user . The result is that an application with more privileges than intended by the application developer or system administrator can perform unauthorized actions. Operating_system;Software_application;Microsoft_Windows;Executable;ARM_architecture;IPhone;Digital_rights_management;IPhone;IOS;IOS;IPhone;IPad;IPod_touch;IOS_jailbreaking;Cydia;Boot_ROM;Smartphones;Nokia;Sony;Internet_Explorer;Compiler;Firmware;ComputerWorld;Microsoft;Privilege_escalation;Privilege_escalation; ProCare Apple 'ProCare was a service offered by Apple Computer for use at Apple retail stores providing enhanced access to services from the Genius Bar . ProCare had an annual membership fee of US$ 99 for use with up to three Apple computers. Among the services included with membership were scheduling of GeniusBar reservations up to 14 days in advance (vs. 3 days for non-members) and faster turnaround times for in-store repairs. ProCare membership also included personalized setup of new machines, a yearly 'tune-up' and 'backup consultation'. ProCare previously included individualized training and instruction on a variety of topics relating to Apple computers and software, but as of May 2, 2007 this was spun off as a separate training service called One to One . [ 1 ] ProCare is no longer available for sale and is superseded by JointVenture from Apple [ 2 ] Genius_Bar;United_States_dollar;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;ProCare;ProCare; ProDOS Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;English_language;Apple_II;Personal_computer;User_interface;Software_license;Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;English_language;Apple_IIgs;Software_license;Operating_system;Apple_II_series;Apple_IIgs;Operating_system;Apple_II;Personal_computer;Floppy_disk;Apple_IIgs;Operating_system;Apple_III;AppleWorks;Apple_IIgs;Apple_IIe;Apple_IIgs;CPU;Apple_IIgs;Disk_image;Apple_Computer;Apple_III;Mac_OS;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;IOS;OS_X;Mac_OS;Newton_OS; Pro_Tools Pro Tools is a digital audio workstation platform for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X operating systems, developed and manufactured by Avid Technology . It is widely used by professionals throughout the audio industries for recording and editing in music production , film scoring , film, and television post production . Pro Tools can run as standalone software, or operate using a range of external A/D converters and internal PCI or PCIe audio cards with onboard DSP . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;WAV;AIFF;QuickTime;Surround_sound;Microsoft_Windows;Digital_signal_processing;Digital_signal_processing;Digital_signal_processing;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;PCI_Express;Core_Audio;Digital_audio_workstation;Logic_Pro;Logic_Pro;Sound_Tools;Intel;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;Logic_Pro;Renoise;Steinberg_Cubase;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Pro_Tools;Pro_Tools; Procedural_programming Procedural programming can sometimes be used as a synonym for imperative programming (specifying the steps the program must take to reach the desired state), but can also refer (as in this article) to a programming paradigm , derived from structured programming , based upon the concept of the procedure call . Procedures, also known as routines, subroutines , methods, or functions (not to be confused with mathematical functions, but similar to those used in functional programming ), simply contain a series of computational steps to be carried out. Any given procedure might be called at any point during a program's execution, including by other procedures or itself. [ 1 ] Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Imperative_programming;Programming_paradigm;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Prolog;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Logic_programming;Programming_paradigm;Programming_language;Open_Directory_Project;Programming_paradigm;Array_programming;Assembly_language;Dataflow_programming;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Logic_programming;Visual_programming_language;Procedural_programming;Procedural_programming; Prochlorperazine InChI=1S/C20H24ClN3S/c1-22-11-13-23(14-12-22)9-4-10-24-17-5-2-3-6-19(17)25-20-8-7-16(21)15-18(20)24/h2-3,5-8,15H,4,9-14H2,1H3 Y Key:WIKYUJGCLQQFNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Prochlorperazine ( Compazine , Stemzine , Buccastem , Stemetil , Phenotil ) is a dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist that belongs to the phenothiazine class of antipsychotic agents that are used for the antiemetic treatment of nausea and vertigo . It is also a highly potent typical antipsychotic , 10-20x more potent than chlorpromazine . It is also used to treat migraine headaches . Intravenous administration can be used to treat status migrainosus . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;United_Kingdom;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Phenothiazine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Prochlorperazine;Prochlorperazine; Product_teardown A product teardown , or simply teardown , is the act of disassembling a product, such as a television set, to identify its component parts and functions. For products having secret technology, such as the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 , the process may be secret. For others, including consumer electronics , the results are typically disseminated through photographs and component lists so that others can make use of the information without having to disassemble the product themselves. This information can be of interest to hobbyists, but can also be used commercially by the technical community to find out, for example, what semiconductor components are being utilized in consumer electronic products, such as the Wii video game console or Apple 's iPhone . Such knowledge can aid understanding of how the product works, including innovative design features, and can facilitate estimating the bill of materials (BOM). The financial community therefore has an interest in teardowns, as knowing how a company's products are built can help guide a stock valuation. Manufacturers are often not allowed to announce what components are present in a product due to non-disclosure agreements (NDA). Identifying semiconductor components in systems has become more difficult over the past years. The most notable change started with Apple's 8GB iPod nano, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] were repackaged with Apple branding. This makes it more difficult to identify the actual device manufacturer and function of the component without performing a 'decap' – removing the outer packaging to analyze the die within . Typically there are markings on the die inside the package that can lead experienced engineers to who actually created the device and what functionality it performs in the system. Teardowns have also been performed in front of a live studio audience at the Embedded Systems Conference (ESC). The first live teardown was performed on a Toyota Prius at the Embedded Systems Conference in San Jose, April 2006. Since that time, additional live teardowns have been performed, most recently being the Sony OLED TV, Gibson Self-Tuning Guitar, SuitSat space suit, and Sony Rolly MP3 player. [ 3 ] Major companies that publicize their teardowns include Portelligent and Semiconductor Insights, both of which write featured articles in EETimes and TechOnline on their findings. Both companies were acquired by TechInsights , a division of United Business Media in 2007. While Semiconductor Insights still remains focused on their other business opportunities, their teardown services, as well as Portelligent, are now part of TechOnline, which is a subgroup of United Business Media's TechInsights division. There also appear to be three main authors from these companies that write the articles. David Carey, President for Portelligent, Jeff Brown, Senior Analyst for Portelligent, and Gregory A. Quirk, Technical Marketing Manager for TechOnline. More recently TechInsights has completely merged Semiconductor Insights, the leading technical advisor to the global microelectronics industry for asserting intellectual property (IP) rights and developing and commercializing new technologies and products; Portelligent, the respected provider of teardown data and structured analyses of high volume portable consumer electronics products; and Sanguine Microelectronics, a high quality provider of integrated circuit reverse engineering services and information with an established footprint in Asia into a trading company now marketed as UBM TechInsights. This company is headquartered in Canada with operations around the world Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Reverse_engineering;Product_teardown;Product_teardown; Profanity The_Guardian;Digital_object_identifier;French_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Project_Gutenberg;Profanity;Profanity; Profenamine InChI=1S/C19H24N2S/c1-4-20(5-2)15(3)14-21-16-10-6-8-12-18(16)22-19-13-9-7-11-17(19)21/h6-13,15H,4-5,14H2,1-3H3 Y Key:CDOZDBSBBXSXLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Profenamine ( Parsidol , Parsidan , Parkin ), also known as ethopropazine , is a phenothiazine derivative used as an antiparkinsonian agent that has anticholinergic , antihistamine , and antiadrenergic actions. It is also used in the alleviation of the extrapyramidal syndrome induced by drugs such as other phenothiazine compounds, but, like other compounds with antimuscarinic properties, is of no value against tardive dyskinesia . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Plasma_protein_binding;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Phenothiazine;Phenothiazine;Benzatropine;Chlorphenoxamine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Tropatepine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Profenamine;Profenamine; Profibus Automation;Automation;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Profibus;Profibus; Programming_language A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine , particularly a computer . Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely. The earliest programming languages predate the invention of the computer , and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos [ citation needed ] . Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, with many more being created every year. Most programming languages describe computation in an imperative style, i.e., as a sequence of commands, although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming , use alternative forms of description. The description of a programming language is usually split into the two components of syntax (form) and semantics (meaning). Some languages are defined by a specification document (for example, the C programming language is specified by an ISO Standard), while other languages, such as Perl 5 and earlier, have a dominant implementation that is used as a reference . Computer;Algorithm;Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Perl;Algorithm;Computer;Algorithm;Algorithm;SQL;XML;HTML;Visual_programming_language;Type_system;Type_system;Assembly_language;Type_system;Type_system;Perl;JavaScript;Weak_typing;Perl;JavaScript;Natural_language_processing;SQL;Source_code;Compiler;Fortran;Prolog;Compiler;Compiler;Fortran;JavaScript;Perl;SQL;Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Procedural_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Assembly_language;English_language;Algorithm;Assembly_language;Fortran;Array_programming;Functional_programming;Prolog;Logic_programming;Type_system;Functional_programming;Internet;Perl;Website;SQL;Perl;Computer_science;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;American_National_Standards_Institute;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;SourceForge;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Programming_paradigm;Array_programming;Assembly_language;Dataflow_programming;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Logic_programming;Procedural_programming;Visual_programming_language;Programming_language;Programming_language; Programming_paradigm A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer programming . There are four main paradigms : object-oriented , imperative , functional and logic programming . [ 1 ] In addition, aspect-oriented programming aims specifically to increase modularity by allowing the separation of cross-cutting concerns. [ 2 ] Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Imperative_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Programming_language;Procedural_programming;Functional_programming;Programming_language;Perl;Programming_language;Logic_programming;Functional_programming;Central_processing_unit;Assembly_language;Embedded_system;FORTRAN;Algorithm;Imperative_programming;SQL;Logic_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Automated_reasoning;Imperative_programming;Dataflow_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Imperative_programming;Procedural_programming;Array_programming;Type_system;Digital_object_identifier;Programming_language;Programming_language;Software_design;Formal_methods;Software;Computer_science;Computer_science;Numerical_analysis;Algorithm;Programming_language;Compiler;Procedural_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Software_design;Formal_methods;Operating_system;Database;SQL;Automated_reasoning;Natural_language_processing;Computer_graphics;Image_processing;User_interface;Numerical_analysis;Programming_language;Array_programming;Assembly_language;Dataflow_programming;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Logic_programming;Procedural_programming;Visual_programming_language;Programming_paradigm;Programming_paradigm; Progressive_Graphics_File PGF ( Progressive Graphics File ) is a wavelet -based bitmapped image format that employs lossless and lossy data compression . PGF was created to improve upon and replace the JPEG format. It was developed at the same time as JPEG 2000 but with a focus on speed over compression ratio . [ citation needed ] PGF can operate at higher compression ratios without taking more encoding/decoding time and without generating the characteristic "blocky and blurry" artifacts of the original DCT -based JPEG standard. [ 1 ] It also allows more sophisticated progressive downloads . [ citation needed ] Filename_extension;Raster_graphics;Raster_graphics;Lossless_data_compression;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;JPEG_XR;JPEG;Image_compression;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Progressive_Graphics_File;Progressive_Graphics_File; Progressive_scan Progressive scanning (alternatively referred to as noninterlaced scanning ) is a way of displaying, storing, or transmitting moving images in which all the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence. This is in contrast to interlaced video used in traditional analog television systems where only the odd lines, then the even lines of each frame (each image called a video field ) are drawn alternately. The system was originally known as "sequential scanning" (a more technically correct description) when it was used in the Baird 240 line television transmissions from Alexandra Palace , United Kingdom in 1936. It was also used in Baird's experimental transmissions using 30 lines in the 1920s. DVD;Cathode_ray_tube;Television;Display_resolution;Cathode_ray_tube;Video;Video;NTSC;PAL;Surround_sound;Closed_captioning;Surround_sound;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Closed_captioning;MPEG_transport_stream;Video_on_demand;Progressive_scan;Progressive_scan; Project_Gutenberg Project Gutenberg ( PG ) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks ". [ 2 ] It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library . [ 3 ] Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books . The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, open formats that can be used on almost any computer. As of July 2012 [update] , Project Gutenberg claimed over 40,000 items in its collection. Wherever possible, the releases are available in plain text , but other formats are included, such as HTML , PDF , EPUB , MOBI , and Plucker . Most releases are in the English language , but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, including regional and language-specific works. Project Gutenberg is also closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders , an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts. HTML;PDF;EPUB;Mobipocket;English_language;Internet;Image_scanner;CD;DVD;Reference_work;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Portable_Document_Format;XML;EPUB;Trademark;European_Union;Google_Books;Internet_Archive;Wikisource;List_of_digital_library_projects;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Project_Gutenberg;Project_Gutenberg; Project_Mayo DivX, Inc. (formerly DivXNetworks, Inc. ), based in San Diego , California , now part of Sonic Solutions , a division of Rovi , was the corporation behind the MPEG-4 Part 2 -based codec , DivX . The company's codec has been downloaded over 240 million times since January 2003. DivX, Inc.'s offerings have expanded beyond the codec to include software for viewing and authoring DivX-encoded video. DivX, Inc. also licenses its technologies to manufacturers of consumer electronics devices and components used in these devices and certifies that these products are able to properly handle DivX-encoded video. NASDAQ;Sonic_Solutions;United_States;Jerome_Rota;Windows;Windows;Mac_OS;Mac_OS;United_States_dollar;DivX;Dr._DivX;DivX_Plus_HD;California;Sonic_Solutions;Rovi_Corporation;Codec;DivX;Jerome_Rota;DivX;Sonic_Solutions;Samsung_Electronics;Google;YouTube;Universal_Music_Group;California; Prolog Prolog is a general purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Prolog has its roots in first-order logic , a formal logic , and unlike many other programming languages , Prolog is declarative : the program logic is expressed in terms of relations, represented as facts and rules . A computation is initiated by running a query over these relations. [ 4 ] The language was first conceived by a group around Alain Colmerauer in Marseille , France , in the early 1970s and the first Prolog system was developed in 1972 by Colmerauer with Philippe Roussel. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Prolog was one of the first logic programming languages, [ 7 ] and remains the most popular among such languages today, with many free and commercial implementations available. While initially aimed at natural language processing , the language has since then stretched far into other areas like theorem proving , [ 8 ] expert systems , [ 9 ] games, automated answering systems, ontologies and sophisticated control systems . Modern Prolog environments support creating graphical user interfaces , as well as administrative and networked applications. Programming_paradigm;Logic_programming;Filename_extension;Logic_programming;Programming_language;France;Natural_language_processing;Graphical_user_interface;Imperative_programming;Software_design;ISO;Type_system;HTML;XML;Graphical_user_interface;Imperative_programming;French_language;Operating_system;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;SRI_International;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;SQL;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;Portable_Document_Format;Prolog;Prolog; Promazine InChI=1S/C17H20N2S/c1-18(2)12-7-13-19-14-8-3-5-10-16(14)20-17-11-6-4-9-15(17)19/h3-6,8-11H,7,12-13H2,1-2H3 Y Key:ZGUGWUXLJSTTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Promazine ( Sparine ) is a medication that belongs to the phenothiazine class of antipsychotics . An older medication used to treat schizophrenia , it is still prescribed, alongside newer agents such as olanzapine and quetiapine . It has predominantly anticholinergic side effects, though extrapyramidal side effects are not uncommon either. Promazine is not approved for human use in the United States. It is available in the US for veterinary use under the names Promazine and Tranquazine. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Plasma_protein_binding;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Phenothiazine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Phenothiazine;Chlorpromazine;Triflupromazine;Prochlorperazine;Trifluoperazine;Fluphenazine;Thioridazine;Mesoridazine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Promazine;Promazine; Promethazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;United_Kingdom;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Phenothiazine;Sedative;Insomnia;Australia;Switzerland;United_States;Sedative;Sedation;Hay_fever;Pseudoephedrine;Route_of_administration;Pseudoephedrine;UK;Pregnancy;Prochlorperazine;Antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Phenothiazine;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Clozapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Mepyramine;Thenalidine;Tripelennamine;Chloropyramine;Tolpropamine;Dimetindene;Clemastine;Bamipine;Isothipendyl;Diphenhydramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Promethazine;Promethazine; Property_list In the Mac OS X , iOS , NeXTSTEP , and GNUstep programming frameworks , property list files are files that store serialized objects . Property list files use the filename extension .plist , and thus are often referred to as p-list files. Property list files are often used to store a user's settings. They are also used to store information about bundles and applications , a task served by the resource fork in the old Mac OS. Filename_extension;Apple_Computer;NeXT;Mac_OS_X;Filename_extension;Application_software;Resource_fork;File_format;Mac_OS_X;Programming_language;Mac_OS_X;XML;Apple_Computer;Xcode;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Property_list;Property_list; Propiomazine InChI=1S/C20H24N2OS/c1-5-18(23)15-10-11-20-17(12-15)22(13-14(2)21(3)4)16-8-6-7-9-19(16)24-20/h6-12,14H,5,13H2,1-4H3 Y Key:UVOIBTBFPOZKGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Propiomazine ( Largon , Propavan , Indorm , Serentin , Indorm , Dorevane , Dorevan ) is an antihistamine blocking H1 receptors. It is used to treat insomnia , and to produce sleepiness or drowsiness and to relieve anxiety before or during surgery or other procedures and in combination with analgetics also during labor . Propiomazine is a phenothiazine , but is not used as a neuroleptic because it does not block dopamine receptors well. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Insomnia;Phenothiazine;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Propiomazine;Propiomazine; Propizepine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Tricyclic_antidepressant;France;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Propizepine;Propizepine; Proprietary_software Software_license;Reverse_engineering;Free_software;Commercial_software;Source_code;Algorithm;LAME;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Adobe_Systems;IWork;Open_source;Compiler;Central_processing_unit;Source_code;Programming_language;JavaScript;Shareware;Shareware;Application_programming_interface;European_Commission;IOS_SDK;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Commercial_software;Commercial_software;Free_software;Freeware;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Flash_Player;ITunes;Adobe_Photoshop;Mac_OS_X;Skype;WinRAR;Unix;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Retail_software;International_Standard_Book_Number;IBM;Digital_object_identifier;Adobe_Systems;International_Standard_Book_Number;European_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;Free_Software_Foundation;Microsoft;International_Standard_Book_Number;Software_license;Free_software;Freeware;Commercial_software;Shareware;Digital_distribution;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Linux_distribution;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software; Prores ProRes is a lossy video compression format developed by Apple Inc. for use in post production that supports up to 4k , it is the successor of the Apple Intermediate Codec and was introduced in 2007 with Final Cut Studio 2. [ 1 ] Lossy_compression;Video_compression;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Intermediate_Codec;Final_Cut_Studio;DNxHD_codec;CineForm;Variable_bitrate;Lossy_compression;Video_compression;Apple_Inc.;FFmpeg;Free_software;Libavcodec;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;Video_codec;Transcoding;DNxHD_codec;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Multimedia;Software; Prothipendyl N,N-dimethyl-3-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]benzothiazin-10-ylpropan-1-amine CN(C)CCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2SC3=C1N=CC=C3 Y (verify) (what is: Y / N ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Prothipendyl is an antipsychotic related to the phenothiazines . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;Chemical_formula;Antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Typical_antipsychotic;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Prothipendyl;Prothipendyl; Protriptyline International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Sedative;Anxiety;Dibenzocycloheptene;Urinary_retention;Sedation;Insomnia;Urticaria;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Ciproxifan;Inverse_agonist;Clozapine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Protriptyline;Protriptyline; Proud_Mary " Proud Mary " is a rock song written by American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist John Fogerty , and recorded by his band Creedence Clearwater Revival . The song was released as a single from the band's second studio album, Bayou Country , both released by Fantasy Records in January 1969 [ 1 ] (although another reference related to album liner notes [ 2 ] says just before Christmas, which would imply December 1968). The song became a hit in the United States, peaking at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1969, the first of five consecutive singles to peak at #2 for the group. [ 4 ] California;Record_label;Songwriter;John_Fogerty;Record_producer;John_Fogerty;Music_recording_sales_certification;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Rock_music;John_Fogerty;California;UK_Singles_Chart;Soul_music;Rock_music;Record_label;Songwriter;John_Fogerty;Record_producer;Rock_music;Soul_music;Record_label;Songwriter;John_Fogerty;Record_producer;Netherlands;UK_Singles_Chart;Rolling_Stone;United_States;Rolling_Stone;United_States;UK_Singles_Chart;Grammy_Award;John_Fogerty;Proud_Mary;Proud_Mary; Proximity_sensor A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation ( infrared , for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target. The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range". Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means to report a graduated detection distance. Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object. Proximity sensors are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines , compressors , and motors that use sleeve-type bearings . International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60947-5-2 defines the technical details of proximity sensors. A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch . Sensor;Infrared;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Infrared;Touch_screen;Proximity_sensor;Proximity_sensor; Proxy_server In computer networks , a proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application) that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource available from a different server. The proxy server evaluates the request as a way to simplify and control their complexity. Today, most proxies are web proxies , facilitating access to content on the World Wide Web . IP_address;JPEG;IP_address;Anonymity;Geolocation;Free_software;Free_software;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project;Proxy_server;Proxy_server; Proxyfan 4-[3-(benzyloxy)propyl]-1 H -imidazole 5-[3-(benzyloxy)propyl]-1 H -imidazole C1=CC=C(C=C1)COCCCC2=CN=CN2 Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Proxyfan is a histamine H3 receptor ligand which is a "protean agonist", producing different effects ranging from full agonist, to antagonist, to inverse agonist in different tissues, depending on the level of constitutive activity of the histamine H3 receptor. This gives it a complex activity profile in vivo which has proven useful for scientific research. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Proxyfan;Proxyfan; Pseudoephedrine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Australia;Canada;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;Renal;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Chemical_class;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Insomnia;Anxiety;Anxiety;Insomnia;Reserpine;Loratadine;Fexofenadine;Target_Corporation;California;Indiana;Kansas;Massachusetts;Michigan;New_Jersey;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;The_New_York_Times;Diphenylpyraline;Amineptine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Oxaprotiline;Tandamine;Histamine_antagonist;Levocabastine;Antazoline;Thonzylamine;Azelastine;Olopatadine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Pseudoephedrine;Pseudoephedrine; Psychomotor_retardation Psychomotor retardation (also known as "psychomotor impairment" or "motormental retardation") involves a slowing-down of thought and a reduction of physical movements in an individual. Psychomotor retardation can cause a visible slowing of physical and emotional reactions, including speech and affect . [ 1 ] This is most-commonly seen in people with major depression and in the depressed phase of bipolar disorder ; it is also associated with the adverse effects of certain drugs, such as benzodiazepines . [ 2 ] Particularly in an inpatient setting, psychomotor retardation may require increased nursing care to ensure adequate food and fluid intake and sufficient personal care. Informed consent for treatment is more difficult to achieve in the presence of this condition. PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Insomnia;Psychomotor_retardation;Psychomotor_retardation; PubChem Software_license;Database;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Chemical_Identifier;Molecular_mass;ChEMBL;ChemSpider;DrugBank;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubChem;PubChem; PubMed_Identifier PubMed is a free database accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez information retrieval system. PubMed was first released in January 1996. [ 1 ] Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier; Puerto_Rico Puerto Rico ( / ˌ p ɔr t ə ˈ r iː k oʊ / or / ˌ p w ɛər t ə ˈ r iː k oʊ / ), [ note 1 ] officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko] —literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands . Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques , Culebra , and Mona . The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles . However, it ranks third in population among that group of four islands, which also include Cuba , Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti ), and Jamaica . Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season. Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos , the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 . The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish , English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families. [ 13 ] The relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States dates back to the Spanish-American War , in which Spain, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 , ceded the island to the United States. Puerto Ricans became U.S. citizens in 1917, and the United States Congress legislates many aspects of Puerto Rican life. [ 14 ] However, the islanders may not vote in U.S. presidential elections. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Since 1947, Puerto Ricans have been able to elect their own governor . Its official languages are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. The island's current political status , including the possibility of statehood or independence , is widely debated in Puerto Rico. A referendum on statehood, independence, or continuance of the status quo will be held on November 6, 2012. Barack_Obama;United_States;Spain;Spain;Spain;United_States_dollar;Dominican_Republic;Spanish_language;English_language;French_language;Italy;Honduras;Nicaragua;Panama;Philippines;Guam;American_Civil_Liberties_Union;Spanish_language;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Latvia;Best_Buy;Portugal;Colombia;Venezuela;New_Jersey;Massachusetts;Major_League_Baseball;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;United_States_dollar;North_America;Canada;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Netherlands;Panama;United_States;Dominican_Republic;United_States;California;Indiana;Kansas;Massachusetts;Michigan;New_Jersey;Guam;Puerto_Rico;Puerto_Rico; Puretracks October 14, 2003 ( Canada ) October 13, 2004 ( USA ) Microsoft Windows Mac OS Ubuntu Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( http ://) Puretracks is a Canadian online music store , which launched officially on October 14, 2003. Puretracks works as a behind-the-scene music partner. Now a division of Somerset Entertainment, owned by Fluid Music, Puretracks has U.S. and Canadian licensing agreements with all major labels and hundreds of independent labels worldwide—enabling them to offer well over three million top music tracks across every genre. The majority of music is sold at 256 to 320 kbit/s MP3 files. [ 2 ] As of February 20, 2007, Puretracks is offering the majority of its collection in MP3 format without DRM , an approach advocated by theories such as the Open Music Model . Canada;United_States;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Audio_file_format;Windows_Media_Audio;Canada;Canada;Online_music_store;Digital_rights_management;Open_Music_Model;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Puretracks;Puretracks; Push_email Push email is used to describe email systems that provide an always-on capability, in which new email is actively transferred ( pushed ) as it arrives by the mail delivery agent (MDA) (commonly called mail server) to the mail user agent (MUA), also called the email client. Email clients include smartphones and, less strictly, IMAP personal computer mail applications. Email;Push_technology;Email_client;Smartphone;Post_Office_Protocol;WiFi;IMAP;BlackBerry;Research_In_Motion;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPod_Touch;ActiveSync;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Zimbra;Kerio_Connect;ICloud;Post_Office_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Push_technology;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Nseries;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Palm_Pre;WebOS;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;Kerio_Connect;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Novell_GroupWise;Zimbra;BlackBerry;Symbian_OS;Palm_OS;IMAP;Post_Office_Protocol;IMAP;SIM_lock;GSM;GSM;Smartphones;HTML;Facebook;Mobile_device;IMAP;Research_In_Motion;IMAP;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Push_email;Push_email; Push_technology Push , or server push , describes a style of Internet -based communication where the request for a given transaction is initiated by the publisher or central server . It is contrasted with pull , where the request for the transmission of information is initiated by the receiver or client . Internet;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Email;IMAP;BlackBerry;Microsoft;RSS;Web_application;Web_browser;Mozilla_Firefox;Internet_Explorer;HTML;Webcam;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;Streaming_media;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;Push_technology;Push_technology; Push_to_talk Push-to-talk ( PTT ), also known as Press-to-Transmit , is a method of conversing on half-duplex communication lines, including two-way radio , using a momentary button to switch from voice reception mode to transmit mode. CB radio with push-to-talk microphone switch For example, an air traffic controller usually talks on one radio frequency to all aircraft under his supervision. All can hear each other's transmissions and those of the controller, and take turns speaking, using procedure words such as "over" and "out". Thus they are aware of each other's actions and intentions, and do not hear any noise from the ones who are not speaking. Similar considerations apply to police radio , the use of business band radios on construction sites, and other situations requiring coordination of several parties. Citizens Band is another example of classic push to talk operation. Where a user may be too busy to handle a talk switch, for example in combat aircraft , voice operated switches are sometimes employed. Some systems use PTT ID to identify the speaker. Push to Talk over Cellular ( PoC ) is a service option for a cellular phone network which permits subscribers to use their phone as a walkie-talkie with unlimited range. A typical Push to Talk connection connects almost instantly. One significant advantage of PoC / PTT is that it allows a single person to reach an active talk group with a single button press; users need not make several calls to coordinate with a group. Mobile_phone;Session_Initiation_Protocol;GSM;CDMA;Personal_computer;IDEN;Verizon_Wireless;BlackBerry;Motorola;Nokia;Siemens_AG;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Push_to_talk;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network; PwnageTool PwnageTool is an iPhone jailbreaking application for Mac OS X that creates custom iOS firmware images to user-defined specifications. These firmware images often contain the APT interface Cydia as well as additional APT packages. [ citation needed ] Software_developer;IPhone_Dev_Team;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Mac_OS_X;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Apple_TV;IPod_Touch;ITunes;IPod_touch;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;IPhone_OS;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IBooks;IOS_version_history;IPod_Touch;Apple_TV;IOS_version_history;IPod_Touch;Apple_TV;IOS_version_history;IOS_version_history;IOS_version_history;IOS_version_history;IOS_version_history;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Freeware;Open_source;IPhone_Dev_Team;PwnageTool;PwnageTool; Pyrrobutamine Pyrrobutamine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Pyrrobutamine;Pyrrobutamine; QBittorrent Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Unix;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Free_software;Vuze;Mac_OS_X;Broadcatching;LimeWire;Vuze;Kazaa;Broadcatching;Open_Music_Model;QBittorrent;QBittorrent; QCELP Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction (QCELP), also known as Qualcomm PureVoice , is a speech codec developed in 1994 by Qualcomm to increase the speech quality of the IS-96A codec earlier used in CDMA networks. It was later replaced with EVRC since it provides better speech quality with fewer bits. The two versions, QCELP8 and QCELP13 , operate at 8 and 13 kilobits per second (Kbit/s) respectively. In CDMA systems, a QCELP vocoder converts a sound signal into a signal transmissible within a circuit. In wired systems, voice signals are generally sampled at 8 kHz (that is, 8,000 sample values per second) and then encoded by 8-bit quantization for each sample value. Such a system transmits at 64 kbit/s, an expensive rate in a wireless system. A QCELP vocoder with variable rates can reduce the rate enough to fit a wireless system by coding the information more efficiently. In particular, it can change its own coding rates based on the speaker's volume or pitch; a louder or higher-pitched voice requires a higher rate. Multimedia compression and container formats Sorenson Video, Spark MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3) ISO base media file format QuickTime File Format See Compression methods for methods and Compression software for codecs Data compression software The Unarchiver (decompression only) StuffIt Expander (decompression only) Lossless data compression * Freeware Advanced Audio Coder (FAAC) Windows Media Encoder Schrödinger (Dirac) Windows Media Encoder See also: compression methods and compression formats Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qualcomm_code-excited_linear_prediction oldid=478575103 " Categories : Speech codecs Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2009 All articles lacking sources Computing articles needing expert attention Articles needing expert attention from September 2011 All articles needing expert attention Filename_extension;Code_division_multiple_access;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS; QDesign Codec;Apple_Computer;QuickTime;QDesign;QDesign; QNX Software_developer;Research_In_Motion;Software_release_life_cycle;Embedded_system;PowerPC;SuperH;ARM_architecture;XScale;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Embedded_system;Research_In_Motion;Floppy_disk;PowerPC;SuperH;ARM_architecture;XScale;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Tablet_computer;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;Computer_science;Central_processing_unit;Unix;Application_programming_interface;Harman_International_Industries;Research_In_Motion;Tablet_computer;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;Cisco_Systems;Unix;Linux;Computer;International_Standard_Book_Number;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;VxWorks;Unix;Operating_system;IRIX;Linux;OS_X;VxWorks;QNX;QNX; QVGA The graphics display resolution describes the width and height dimensions of a display, such as a computer monitor , in pixels. Certain combinations of width and height are standardized and typically given a name and an initialism that is descriptive of its dimensions. A higher display resolution means that displayed content appears sharper . Display_resolution;VGA;VGA;VGA;Display_resolution;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Handheld_game_console;IBM;Video_Graphics_Array;Graphics_processing_unit;Digital_video;Digital_camera;Mobile_phone;Frames_per_second;XGA;Display_resolution;YouTube;Touch_screen;IPod_nano;IPhone;BlackBerry_Bold;Palm_Pre;Television;Video_Graphics_Array;VGA_connector;Personal_computer;Display_resolution;VGA;Netbook;Dell;Nokia;Aspect_ratio;Aspect_ratio;Mobile_phones;Video_Graphics_Array;IBM;VGA;XGA;IPhone;Tablet_computer;Display_resolution;Video_Graphics_Array;Central_processing_unit;XGA;Aspect_ratio;Operating_system;XGA;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;HDTV;Cathode_ray_tube;LCD;Sun_Microsystems;Megabyte;Apple_Computer;Macintosh_II;Widescreen;Laptop;Display_resolution;IBM;Aspect_ratio;Liquid_crystal_display;Sony;Cathode_ray_tube;Megabyte;Laptop;LCD;Display_resolution;Toshiba;Widescreen;Laptop;LCD;MacBook_Pro;Display_resolution;Display_resolution;Image_resolution;Widescreen;Widescreen;Display_resolution;Liquid_crystal_display;Television;Cathode_ray_tube;XGA;Liquid_crystal_display;Apple_Cinema_Display;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Display_resolution;Dell;Samsung;Display_resolution;IBM;Sony;Dell;Display_resolution;LG;Samsung;IBM;Digital_camera;Video_codec;Aspect_ratio;PlayStation_Vita;NTSC;Progressive_scan;Aspect_ratio;Liquid_crystal_display;Apple_LED_Cinema_Display;IMac;Pixel_density;Toshiba;Sony;Display_resolution;Digital_object_identifier;Engadget;BBC_News;Graphics_processing_unit;Video_Graphics_Array;Display_resolution;VGA; QWERTY QWERTY ( / ˈ k w ɜr t i / ) is the most common modern-day keyboard layout . The name comes from the first six letters ( keys ) appearing in the top left letter row of the keyboard, read left to right: Q-W-E-R-T-Y. The QWERTY design is based on a layout created for the Sholes and Glidden typewriter and sold to Remington in the same year, when it first appeared in typewriters . It became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, and remains in use on electronic keyboards due to the network effect of a standard layout and a belief that alternatives fail to provide very significant advantages. [ 1 ] The use and adoption of the QWERTY keyboard is often viewed as one of the most important case studies in open standards because of the widespread, collective adoption and use of the product, particularly in the United States. [ 2 ] Keyboard_layout;I;L;O;Exclamation_mark;Keyboard_layout;English_language;Operating_system;Option_key;Mobile_phones;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Keyboard_layout;QWERTY;QWERTY; Qmaster Apple Qmaster is a system made by Apple Inc. that provides automated work distribution and processing for high-volume projects created with certain digital visual effects software packages: Shake , Autodesk Maya , Final Cut Pro , Compressor , DVD Studio Pro and any UNIX command-line program. It processes such jobs on a cluster of Macintosh or Xserve computers . Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;Automation;Visual_effects;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Apple_Macintosh;Xserve;Computer;Final_Cut_Studio;Logic_Studio;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software; Qnext Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Instant_messaging;Linux;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Mobile_device;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Mobile_device;WebKit;Linux;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;WebKit;Web_browser;Mobile_device;Encryption;Linux;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Email;Email;VoIP;Video_conferencing;Instant_messaging;AOL;Facebook;Google_Talk;IChat;ICQ;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Windows_Live_Messenger;GIF;FTP;Encryption;Internet;ICQ;Linux;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Video_conferencing;File_sharing;Streaming_media;ITunes;Playlist;Playlist;Microsoft_Windows;Internet;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Facebook;Google_Talk;IChat;ICQ;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Instant_messaging;Photograph;Slideshow;Microsoft_Word;Adobe_Acrobat;ITunes;Windows_Media_Player;IPad;IPhone;Web_application;Internet;Intranet;IOS;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;LG;Motorola;Nokia;Samsung;Sony_Ericsson;Microsoft_Windows;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Instant_messaging;Centericq;Kopete;Miranda_IM;Web_application;Web_browser;BitlBee;Qnext;Qnext; Qtch qtch (.qtch) is a filetype used by QuickTime to store audio or video files streamed from a server on the client 's computer hard drive. The first 16 bytes are: Hex ; ASCII 00 00 00 50 71 74 63 68 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 ; ...Pqtch........ This file type seems to have been introduced with QuickTime Player 7.x. The file is normally stored in any sub-directories of the following location: C:\Documents and Settings\ username \Local Settings\Application Data\Apple Computer\QuickTime\downloads C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Local Settings\Application Data\Apple Computer\QuickTime\downloads\08\02\82580278-44f0f184-c8c435b8-526b4f79.qtch QuickTime;Streaming_media;Qtch;Qtch; Qtractor Qtractor is a hard disk recorder and digital audio workstation application for Linux . Qtractor is written in C++ and is based around the Qt4 library. Its author is Rui Nuno Capela, who is also responsible for the very widely [ by whom? ] used Qjackctl , Qsynth and Qsampler line of Linux audio software. Qtractor's intention is to provide digital audio workstation software simple enough for the average home user, and yet powerful enough for the professional user. Qtractor is currently under rapid development, and SVN versions are updated often with new features. Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License , Qtractor is a free and open source software application. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Digital_audio_workstation;Linux;Digital_audio_workstation;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Qtractor;Qtractor; Quad_band In telecommunications , a multi-band device (including dual-band , tri-band , quad-band and penta-band devices) is a communication device (especially a mobile phone ) that supports multiple radio frequency bands. All devices which have more than one channel use multiple frequencies; a band however is a group of frequencies containing many channels. Multiple bands in mobile devices support roaming between different regions where different standards are used for mobile telephone services. Where the bands are widely separated in frequency, parallel transmit and receive signal path circuits must be provided, which increases the cost, complexity and power demand of multi-band devices. Motorola;Mobile_phone;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands; Quantum_of_Solace Bolivia;Mexico;Panama;Chile;Italy;Austria;Monopoly;The_Beatles;Switzerland;Mexico;Peru;Chile;Austria;Graphical_user_interface;Sony_Ericsson;USD;Canada;United_States;The_Incredibles;Rotten_Tomatoes;The_Guardian;Canada;DVD;Entertainment_Weekly;MTV;The_Guardian;The_Daily_Telegraph;The_New_York_Times;Rotten_Tomatoes;USA_Today;USA_Today;The_Daily_Telegraph;The_Daily_Telegraph;The_Daily_Telegraph;The_Daily_Telegraph;Rotten_Tomatoes;Rolling_Stone;Associated_Press;The_Guardian;Sony;Entertainment_Weekly;Rotten_Tomatoes;Rotten_Tomatoes;The_Guardian;Rotten_Tomatoes;Quantum_of_Solace;Quantum_of_Solace; Quarter_VGA The graphics display resolution describes the width and height dimensions of a display, such as a computer monitor , in pixels. Certain combinations of width and height are standardized and typically given a name and an initialism that is descriptive of its dimensions. A higher display resolution means that displayed content appears sharper . Display_resolution;VGA;VGA;VGA;Display_resolution;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Handheld_game_console;IBM;Video_Graphics_Array;Graphics_processing_unit;Digital_video;Digital_camera;Mobile_phone;Frames_per_second;XGA;Display_resolution;YouTube;Touch_screen;IPod_nano;IPhone;BlackBerry_Bold;Palm_Pre;Television;Video_Graphics_Array;VGA_connector;Personal_computer;Display_resolution;VGA;Netbook;Dell;Nokia;Aspect_ratio;Aspect_ratio;Mobile_phones;Video_Graphics_Array;IBM;VGA;XGA;IPhone;Tablet_computer;Display_resolution;Video_Graphics_Array;Central_processing_unit;XGA;Aspect_ratio;Operating_system;XGA;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;HDTV;Cathode_ray_tube;LCD;Sun_Microsystems;Megabyte;Apple_Computer;Macintosh_II;Widescreen;Laptop;Display_resolution;IBM;Aspect_ratio;Liquid_crystal_display;Sony;Cathode_ray_tube;Megabyte;Laptop;LCD;Display_resolution;Toshiba;Widescreen;Laptop;LCD;MacBook_Pro;Display_resolution;Display_resolution;Image_resolution;Widescreen;Widescreen;Display_resolution;Liquid_crystal_display;Television;Cathode_ray_tube;XGA;Liquid_crystal_display;Apple_Cinema_Display;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Display_resolution;Dell;Samsung;Display_resolution;IBM;Sony;Dell;Display_resolution;LG;Samsung;IBM;Digital_camera;Video_codec;Aspect_ratio;PlayStation_Vita;NTSC;Progressive_scan;Aspect_ratio;Liquid_crystal_display;Apple_LED_Cinema_Display;IMac;Pixel_density;Toshiba;Sony;Display_resolution;Digital_object_identifier;Engadget;BBC_News;Graphics_processing_unit;Video_Graphics_Array;Display_resolution;VGA; Quartz_Composer Mac OS X v10.4 (Version 2.0) Mac OS X v10.5 (Version 3.0) Mac OS X v10.5 + iPhone SDK (Version 3.1) Mac OS X v10.6 (Version 4.0) Translation available Visual programming language / Software development tool Apple - Quartz Composer Quartz Composer is a node-based visual programming language provided as part of the Xcode development environment in Mac OS X for processing and rendering graphical data. Quartz Composer uses OpenGL (including GLSL ), OpenCL (only in Mac OS X 10.6 and later), Core Image , Core Video , JavaScript , and other technologies to build an API and a developer tool around a simple visual programming paradigm. Apple has embedded Quartz technologies deeply into the operating system . Compositions created in Quartz Composer can be played standalone in any QuickTime -aware application [ 1 ] (although only on Mac OS X 10.4 and later), as a system Screen Saver , [ 2 ] as an iTunes Visualizer, from inside the Quartz Composer application, or can be embedded into a Cocoa or Carbon application via supplied user interface widgets . Because Quartz Composer makes extensive use of hardware acceleration and pixel shaders , it is recommended to have a graphics card with at least 32 MB of VRAM . [ 3 ] While Quartz Composer is included with the iPhone SDK, there is currently no way of running Quartz Compositions on iOS devices. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;IOS_SDK;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Visual_programming_language;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Visual_programming_language;Xcode;Mac_OS_X;OpenCL;Core_Image;Core_Video;JavaScript;API;Operating_system;QuickTime;User_interface;GUI_widget;MIDI;Xcode;Option_key;Property_list;XML;Filename_extension;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Metadata;JPEG;GIF;Portable_Network_Graphics;TIFF;Truevision_TGA;OpenEXR;BMP_file_format;PDF;PICT;RSS;ITunes;MIDI;QuickTime;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Developer_Tools;Interface_Builder;Xcode;Dashcode;Quartz_Composer;Quartz_Composer; Quartz_Extreme Quartz Compositor is the windowing system in Mac OS X. It is responsible for presenting and maintaining rasterized, rendered graphics from the rest of the Core Graphics framework and other renderers in the Quartz technologies family. Internally, it is also known as WindowServer . [ 1 ] Quartz_Composer;QuickDraw;Core_OpenGL;Core_Image;Core_Animation;Core_Video;ColorSync;QuickTime;Core_Image;QuickTime;Raster_graphics;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Apple_Developer_Tools;Core_Image;Quartz_Composer;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Operating_system;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;GUI_widget;DirectX;Graphics_processing_unit;Graphical_user_interface; Question_answering Question Answering ( QA ) is a computer science discipline within the fields of information retrieval and natural language processing (NLP) which is concerned with building systems that automatically answer questions posed by humans in a natural language . A QA implementation, usually a computer program, may construct its answers by querying a structured database of knowledge or information, usually a knowledge base . More commonly, QA systems can pull answers from an unstructured collection of natural language documents. Some examples of natural language document collections used for QA systems include: a local collection of reference texts internal organization documents and web pages compiled newswire reports a set of Wikipedia pages a subset of World Wide Web pages QA research attempts to deal with a wide range of question types including: fact, list, definition, How , Why , hypothetical, semantically constrained, and cross-lingual questions. Closed-domain question answering deals with questions under a specific domain (for example, medicine or automotive maintenance), and can be seen as an easier task because NLP systems can exploit domain-specific knowledge frequently formalized in ontologies . Alternatively, closed-domain might refer to a situation where only a limited type of questions are accepted, such as questions asking for descriptive rather than procedural information. Open-domain question answering deals with questions about nearly anything, and can only rely on general ontologies and world knowledge. On the other hand, these systems usually have much more data available from which to extract the answer. Natural_language_processing;Database;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_base;Chatterbot;Unix;Natural_language_processing;Knowledge_base;Wolfram_Alpha;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Question_answering;Question_answering; Quetiapine InChI=1S/C21H25N3O2S/c25-14-16-26-15-13-23-9-11-24(12-10-23)21-17-5-1-3-7-19(17)27-20-8-4-2-6-18(20)22-21/h1-8,25H,9-16H2 Y Key:URKOMYMAXPYINW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Quetiapine ( / k w ɨ ˈ t aɪ . ə p iː n / kwi- TY -ə-peen ) (branded as Seroquel , Xeroquel , Ketipinor ), is an atypical antipsychotic approved for the treatment of schizophrenia , bipolar disorder , and as an add-on to treat depression . Annual sales are approximately $5.7 billion worldwide, with $2.9 billion in the United States. [ 1 ] The U.S. patent, [ 2 ] which was set to expire in 2011, received a pediatric exclusivity extension which pushed its expiration to March 26, 2012. [ 3 ] [ 1 ] The patent has already expired in Canada. There are now several generic versions of quetiapine, such as Quepin and Ketipinor . [ 4 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Atypical_antipsychotic;Generic_drug;United_States;Anxiety;Sedative;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Olanzapine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Chlorpromazine;Clozapine;Perphenazine;Anxiety;Antimuscarinic;Insomnia;Anxiety;Anxiety;Canada;European_Union;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Suicide;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;The_Washington_Post;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Bloomberg_L.P.;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;MedlinePlus;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiam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QuickDraw QuickDraw is the 2D graphics library and associated Application Programming Interface (API) which is a core part of the classic Apple Macintosh operating system . It was initially written by Bill Atkinson and Andy Hertzfeld . QuickDraw still exists as part of the libraries of Mac OS X , but has been largely superseded by the more modern Quartz graphics system. In Mac OS X v10.4 , QuickDraw has been officially deprecated . In Mac OS X v10.5 applications using QuickDraw cannot make use of the added 64-bit support. Core_OpenGL;Core_Image;Core_Animation;Core_Video;ColorSync;QuickTime;Computer_graphics;Application_programming_interface;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Computer;Raster_graphics;Pixel;Pixel;Application_programming_interface;Data_compression;Raster_graphics;Reverse_engineering;PICT;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_II;Central_processing_unit;Video;QuickTime;JPEG;ColorSync;PowerPC;Application_programming_interface;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;QuickDraw;QuickDraw; QuickTime QuickTime is an extensible multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc. , capable of handling various formats of digital video , picture, sound, panoramic images , and interactivity . The classic version of QuickTime is available for Windows XP and later, as well as Mac OS X Leopard and later operating systems. A more recent version, QuickTime X, is currently available on Mac OS X Snow Leopard , Lion , and Mountain Lion . 1.1 QuickTime Pro 2 QuickTime framework 4.1 QuickTime and MPEG-4 4.1.1 Profile support 4.1.2 Container benefits 5.1 QuickTime 1.x 5.2 QuickTime 2.x 5.3 QuickTime 3.x 5.3.1 QuickTime interactive 5.4 QuickTime 4.x 5.5 QuickTime 5.x 5.6 QuickTime 6.x 5.7 QuickTime 7.x 5.8 QuickTime X (QuickTime Player v10.x) 5.9 Platform support 6 Creating software that uses QuickTime 6.2 Previous versions 7 Bugs and vulnerabilities 10 External links [ edit ] Overview QuickTime is bundled with Mac OS X. QuickTime for Microsoft Windows has always been downloadable as a standalone installation, as well as being bundled with Apple's iTunes . Software development kits (SDKs) for QuickTime are available to the public with an Apple Developer Connection (ADC) subscription. It is available free of charge for both Mac OS X and Windows operating systems. There are some other free player applications that rely on the QuickTime framework, providing features not available in the basic QuickTime Player. For example, iTunes can export audio in WAV , AIFF , MP3 , AAC , and Apple Lossless . In addition, Mac OS X has a simple AppleScript which can be used to play a movie in full-screen mode., [ 1 ] but since version 7.2 full-screen viewing is now supported in the non-pro version. [ 2 ] [ edit ] QuickTime Pro QuickTime Player 7 is limited to only basic playback operations unless a QuickTime Pro license key is purchased from Apple. Apple's professional applications (e.g. Final Cut Studio , Logic Studio ) include a QuickTime Pro license. Pro keys are specific to the major version of QuickTime for which they are purchased and unlock additional features of the QuickTime Player application on Mac OS X or Windows. [ 3 ] Also, the Pro key does not entail any additional downloads. Features enabled by the Pro license include, but are not limited to: Editing clips through the cut, copy and paste functions, merging separate audio and video tracks, and freely placing the video tracks on a virtual canvas with the options of cropping and rotation. Saving and exporting ( encoding ) to any of the codecs supported by QuickTime. QuickTime 7 includes presets for exporting video to a video-capable iPod , Apple TV , and the iPhone . Saving existing QuickTime movies from the web directly to a hard disk drive. This is often, but not always, either hidden or intentionally blocked in the standard mode. It should be noted that two options exist for saving movies from a web browser: Save as source – This option will save the embedded video in its original format. (i.e., not limited to *.mov files.) Save as QuickTime movie – This option will save the embedded video in a *.mov file format no matter what the original container is/was. Mac OS X Snow Leopard includes QuickTime X. QuickTime Player X lacks cut, copy and paste and will only export to four formats, but its limited export feature is free. Users do not have an option to upgrade to a pro version of QuickTime X, but those who have already purchased QuickTime 7 Pro and are upgrading to Snow Leopard from a previous version of Mac OS X will have QuickTime 7 stored in the Utilities or user defined folder. Otherwise, users will have to install QuickTime 7 from the "Optional Installs" directory of the Snow Leopard DVD after installing the OS. Mac OS X Lion and OS X Mountain Lion also include QuickTime X. No installer for QuickTime 7 is included with these software packages, but users can download the QuickTime 7 installer from the Apple support site. [ edit ] QuickTime framework The QuickTime framework provides the following: Encoding and transcoding video and audio from one format to another. Decoding video and audio, then sending the decoded stream to the graphics or audio subsystem for playback. In Mac OS X, QuickTime sends video playback to the Quartz Extreme (OpenGL) Compositor . [ 4 ] A "component" plug-in architecture for supporting additional 3rd-party codecs (such as DivX ). As of early 2008, the framework hides many older codecs listed below [ where? ] from the user although the option to "Show legacy encoders" exists in QuickTime Preferences to use them. [ 5 ] The framework supports the following file types and codecs natively: [ 6 ] Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) Microsoft Adaptive DPCM (MS ADPCM) MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 (MP3) Pulse-code modulation (PCM) QCELP ( Qualcomm PureVoice ) Waveform Audio File Format (WAV) Audio Video Interleave (AVI) H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 [ 7 ] Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) Portable Network Graphics (PNG) [ edit ] PictureViewer PictureViewer is a component of QuickTime for Microsoft Windows and the Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9 operating systems. It is used to view picture files from the still image formats that QuickTime supports. In Mac OS X , it is replaced by Preview . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ edit ] File formats Main article: QuickTime File Format The native file format for QuickTime video, QuickTime File Format , specifies a multimedia container file that contains one or more tracks, each of which stores a particular type of data: audio, video, effects, or text (e.g. for subtitles). Each track either contains a digitally-encoded media stream (using a specific format) or a data reference to the media stream located in another file. The ability to contain abstract data references for the media data, and the separation of the media data from the media offsets and the track edit lists means that QuickTime is particularly suited for editing, as it is capable of importing and editing in place (without data copying). Other file formats that QuickTime supports natively (to varying degrees) include AIFF , WAV , DV-DIF , MP3 , and MPEG program stream . With additional QuickTime Components, it can also support ASF , DivX Media Format , Flash Video , Matroska , Ogg , and many others. [ edit ] QuickTime and MPEG-4 On February 11, 1998, the ISO approved the QuickTime file format as the basis of the MPEG-4 file format. [ citation needed ] The MPEG-4 file format specification was created on the basis of the QuickTime format specification published in 2001. [ 10 ] The MP4 ( .mp4 ) file format was published in 2001 as the revision of the MPEG-4 Part 1: Systems specification published in 1999 (ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001). [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In 2003, the first version of MP4 format was revised and replaced by MPEG-4 Part 14 : MP4 file format (ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003). [ 14 ] The MP4 file format was generalized into the ISO Base Media File Format ISO/IEC 14496-12:2004, which defines a general structure for time-based media files. It in turn is used as the basis for other multimedia file formats (for example 3GP , Motion JPEG 2000 ). [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] A list of all registered extensions for ISO Base Media File Format is published on the official registration authority website www.mp4ra.org . This registration authority for code-points in "MP4 Family" files is Apple Computer Inc. and it is named in Annex D (informative) in MPEG-4 Part 12. [ 18 ] By 2000, MPEG-4 formats became industry standards, first appearing with support in QuickTime 6 in 2002. Accordingly, the MPEG-4 container is designed to capture, edit, archive , and distribute media, unlike the simple file-as-stream approach of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 . [ 20 ] [ edit ] Profile support QuickTime 6 added limited support for MPEG-4; specifically encoding and decoding using Simple Profile (SP). Advanced Simple Profile (ASP) features, like B-frames , were unsupported (in contrast with, for example, encoders such as XviD or 3ivx ). QuickTime 7 supports the H.264 encoder and decoder. [ 21 ] [ edit ] Container benefits Because both MOV and MP4 containers can use the same MPEG-4 codecs, they are mostly interchangeable in a QuickTime-only environment. MP4, being an international standard, has more support. This is especially true on hardware devices, such as the Sony PSP and various DVD players; on the software side, most DirectShow / Video for Windows codec packs [ 22 ] [ 23 ] include an MP4 parser, but not one for MOV. In QuickTime Pro's MPEG-4 Export dialog, an option called "Passthrough" allows a clean export to MP4 without affecting the audio or video streams. QuickTime 7 now supports multi-channel AAC-LC and HE-AAC audio (used, for example, in the high-definition trailers on Apple's site [ 24 ] ), for both .MOV and .MP4 containers. Apple released the first version of QuickTime on December 2, 1991 as a multimedia add-on for System Software 6 and later. The lead developer of QuickTime, Bruce Leak , ran the first public demonstration at the May 1991 Worldwide Developers Conference , where he played Apple's famous 1984 TV commercial on a Mac, an astounding technological breakthrough at the time. Microsoft 's competing technology, Video for Windows did not appear until November 1992. [ edit ] QuickTime 1.x The original video codecs included: the Apple Video codec (also known as "Road Pizza"), suited to normal live-action video [ 25 ] . the Animation codec , which used run-length encoding and better suited cartoon-type images with large areas of flat color the Graphics codec, for 8-bit images, including ones that had undergone dithering The first commercial project produced using QuickTime 1.0 was the CD-ROM From Alice to Ocean . The first publicly visible use of QuickTime was Ben Jerry's interactive factory tour (dubbed The Rik Joe Show after its in-house developers). The Rik and Joe Show was demonstrated onstage at MacWorld in San Francisco when John Sculley announced QuickTime. Apple released QuickTime 1.5 for Mac OS in the latter part of 1992. This added the SuperMac -developed Cinepak vector-quantization video codec (initially known as Compact Video). It could play video at 320×240 resolution at 30 frames per second on a 25 MHz Motorola 68040 CPU. It also added text tracks, which allowed for captioning, lyrics and other potential uses. Apple contracted San Francisco Canyon Company to port QuickTime to the Windows platform. Version 1.0 of QuickTime for Windows provided only a subset of the full QuickTime API, including only movie playback functions driven through the standard movie controller. QuickTime 1.6 came out the following year. Version 1.6.2 first incorporated the "QuickTime PowerPlug" which replaced some components with PowerPC -native code when running on PowerPC Macs. [ edit ] QuickTime 2.x Apple released QuickTime 2.0 for System Software 7 in February 1994—the only version never released for free. It added support for music tracks, which contained the equivalent of MIDI data and which could drive a sound-synthesis engine built into QuickTime itself (using a limited set of instrument sounds licensed from Roland ), or any external MIDI-compatible hardware, thereby producing sounds using only small amounts of movie data. Following Bruce Leak 's departure to Web TV , the leadership of the QuickTime team was taken over by Peter Hoddie . QuickTime 2.0 for Windows appeared in November 1994 under the leadership of Paul Charlton . As part of the development effort for cross-platform QuickTime, Charlton (as architect and technical lead), along with ace individual contributor Michael Kellner and a small highly effective team including Keith Gurganus , ported a subset of the Macintosh Toolbox to Intel and other platforms (notably, MIPS and SGI Unix variants) as the enabling infrastructure for the QuickTime Media Layer (QTML) which was first demonstrated at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) in May 1996. The QTML later became the foundation for the Carbon API which allowed legacy Macintosh applications to run on the Darwin kernel in Mac OS X. The next versions, 2.1 and 2.5, reverted to the previous model of giving QuickTime away for free. They improved the music support and added sprite tracks which allowed the creation of complex animations with the addition of little more than the static sprite images to the size of the movie. QuickTime 2.5 also fully integrated QuickTime VR 2.0.1 into QuickTime as a QuickTime extension. On January 16, 1997, Apple released the QuickTime MPEG Extension (PPC only) as an add-on to QuickTime 2.5, which added software MPEG-1 playback capabilities to QuickTime. [ edit ] QuickTime 3.x The release of QuickTime 3.0 for Mac OS on March 30, 1998 introduced the now-standard revenue model of releasing the software for free, but with additional features of the Apple-provided MoviePlayer application that end-users could only unlock by buying a QuickTime Pro license code. Since the "Pro" features were the same as the existing features in QuickTime 2.5, any previous user of QuickTime could continue to use an older version of the central MoviePlayer application for the remaining lifespan of Mac OS to 2002; indeed, since these additional features were limited to MoviePlayer, any other QuickTime-compatible application remained unaffected. QuickTime 3.0 added support for graphics importer components that could read images from GIF , JPEG, TIFF and other file formats, and video output components which served primarily to export movie data via FireWire. Apple also licensed several third-party technologies for inclusion in QuickTime 3.0, including the Sorenson Video codec for advanced video compression, the QDesign Music codec for substantial audio compression, and the complete Roland Sound Canvas instrument set and GS Format extensions for improved playback of MIDI music files. It also added video effects which programmers could apply in real-time to video tracks. Some of these effects would even respond to mouse clicks by the user, as part of the new movie interaction support (known as wired movies ). [ edit ] QuickTime interactive During the development cycle for QuickTime 3.0, part of the engineering team was working on a more advanced version of QuickTime to be known as QuickTime interactive or QTi. Although similar in concept to the wired movies feature released as part of QuickTime 3.0, QuickTime interactive was much more ambitious. It allowed any QuickTime movie to be a fully interactive and programmable container for media. A special track type was added that contained an interpreter for a custom programming language based on 68000 assembly language . This supported a comprehensive user interaction model for mouse and keyboard event handling based in part on the AML language from the Apple Media Tool . The QuickTime interactive movie was to have been the playback format for the next generation of HyperCard authoring tool. Both the QuickTime interactive and the HyperCard 3.0 projects were canceled in order to concentrate engineering resources on streaming support for QuickTime 4.0, and the projects were never released to the public. [ edit ] QuickTime 4.x Apple released QuickTime 4.0 on June 8, 1999 [ 26 ] for Mac OS 7.5.5 through 8.6 (later Mac OS 9 ) and Windows 95 , Windows 98 , and Windows NT . Three minor updates (versions 4.0.1, 4.0.2, and 4.0.3) followed. [ 27 ] It introduced features that most users now consider basic: [ 28 ] Graphics exporter components, which could write some of the same formats that the previously-introduced importers could read. (GIF support was omitted, possibly because of the LZW patent .) Support for the QDesign Music 2 and MPEG-1 Layer 3 audio (MP3) QuickTime 4 was the first version to support streaming . It was accompanied by the release of the free QuickTime Streaming Server version 1.0. QuickTime 4 Player introduced brushed metal to the Macintosh user interface. On December 17, 1999, Apple provided QuickTime 4.1, this version's first major update. [ 26 ] Two minor versions (4.1.1 and 4.1.2) followed. [ 29 ] The most notable improvements in the 4.1.x family were: [ 30 ] Support for files larger than 2.0 GB in Mac OS 9. (This is a consequence of Mac OS 9 requiring the HFS Plus filesystem. [ citation needed ] ) Variable bit rate (VBR) support for MPEG-1 Layer 3 (MP3) audio Support for Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) Introduction of AppleScript support in Mac OS The requirement of a PowerPC processor for Mac OS systems. QuickTime 4.1 dropped support for Motorola 68k Macintosh systems. [ edit ] QuickTime 5.x QuickTime 5 was one of the shortest-lived versions of QuickTime, released in April 2001 and superseded by QuickTime 6 a little over a year later. This version was the last to have greater capabilities under Mac OS 9 than under Mac OS X, and the last version of QuickTime to support Mac OS versions 7.5.5 through 8.5.1 on a PowerPC Mac and Windows 95. Version 5.0 was initially only released for Mac OS and Mac OS X on April 14, 2001, and version 5.0.1 followed shortly thereafter on April 23, 2001, supporting Mac OS, Mac OS X, and Windows. [ 31 ] Three more updates to QuickTime 5 (versions 5.0.2, 5.0.4, and 5.0.5) were released over its short lifespan. QuickTime 5 delivered the following enhancements: [ 32 ] MPEG-1 playback for Windows, and updated MPEG-1 Layer 3 audio support for all systems. Sorenson Video 3 playback and export [ 33 ] (added with the 5.0.2 update). [ 34 ] Realtime rendering of effects transitions in DV files, including enhancements to DV rendering, multiprocessor support, and Altivec enhancements for PowerPC G4 systems. Flash 4 playback and export. A new QuickTime VR engine, adding support for cubic VR panoramas. [ edit ] QuickTime 6.x On July 15, 2002, Apple released QuickTime 6.0, providing the following features: [ 35 ] MPEG-4 playback, import, and export, including MPEG-4 Part 2 video and AAC Audio . Support for Flash 5, JPEG 2000 , and improved Exif handling Instant-on streaming playback MPEG-2 playback (via the purchase of Apple's MPEG-2 Playback Component) Scriptable ActiveX control QuickTime 6 was initially available for Mac OS 8.6 – 9.x, Mac OS X (10.1.5 minimum), and Windows 98, Me, 2000, and XP. Development of QuickTime 6 for Mac OS slowed considerably in early 2003, after the release of Mac OS X v10.2 in August 2002. QuickTime 6 for Mac OS continued on the 6.0.x path, eventually stopping with version 6.0.3. [ 36 ] QuickTime 6.1 6.1.1 for Mac OS X v10.1 and Mac OS X v10.2 (released October 22, 2002) [ 37 ] and QuickTime 6.1 for Windows (released March 31, 2003) [ 38 ] offered ISO -Compliant MPEG-4 file creation and fixed the CAN-2003-0168 vulnerability. Apple released QuickTime 6.2 exclusively for Mac OS X on April 29, 2003 to provide support for iTunes 4, which allowed AAC encoding for songs in the iTunes library. [ 39 ] (iTunes was not available for Windows until October 2003.) On June 3, 2003, Apple released QuickTime 6.3, delivering the following: [ 40 ] Support for 3GPP , including 3G Text, video, and audio (AAC and AMR codecs) Support for the .3gp, .amr, and .sdv file formats via separate component QuickTime 6.4, released on October 16, 2003 for Mac OS X v10.2, Mac OS X v10.3 , and Windows, added the following: [ 41 ] Addition of the Apple Pixlet codec (only for Mac OS X v10.3 and later) On December 18, 2003, Apple released QuickTime 6.5, supporting the same systems as version 6.4. Versions 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 followed on April 28, 2004 and October 27, 2004. These versions would be the last to support Windows 98 and Me. The 6.5 family added the following features: [ 42 ] 3GPP2 and AMC mobile multimedia formats Apple Lossless (in version 6.5.1) QuickTime 6.5.3 was released on October 12, 2005 for Mac OS X v10.2.8 after the release of QuickTime 7.0, fixing a number of security issues. [ edit ] QuickTime 7.x Initially released on April 29, 2005 in conjunction with Mac OS X v10.4 (for version 10.3.9 and 10.4.x), QuickTime 7.0 featured the following: [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Improved MPEG-4 compliance An H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codec (does not support the AVCHD H.264 AVC format from Sony HD camcorders) Support for Core Audio , a set of Application programming interfaces that supports high resolution sound and replaces Sound Manager [ 45 ] Support for using Core Image filters in Mac OS X v10.4 on live video (Not to be confused with Core Video ) Support for Quartz Composer (.qtz) animations Support for distinct decode order and display order QuickTime Kit Framework ( QTKit ), a Cocoa framework for QuickTime After a couple of preview Windows releases, [ 46 ] Apple released 7.0.2 as the first stable release on September 7, 2005 for Windows 2000 and Windows XP . Version 7.0.4, released on January 10, 2006 was the first universal binary version. But it suffered numerous bugs, including a buffer overrun , which is more problematic to most users. Apple dropped support for Windows 2000 with the release of QuickTime 7.2 on July 11, 2007. [ 47 ] The last version available for Windows 2000, 7.1.6, contains numerous security vulnerabilities. [ 48 ] References to this version have been removed from the QuickTime site, but it can be downloaded from Apple's support section. [ 49 ] Apple has not indicated that they will be providing any further security updates for older versions. QuickTime 7.2 is the first version for Windows Vista. Apple dropped support for Flash content in QuickTime 7.3, breaking content that relied on Flash for interactivity, or animation tracks. Security concerns seem to be part of the decision. [ 50 ] Flash flv files can still be played in QuickTime if the free Perian plugin is added. In QuickTime 7.3, a processor that supports SSE is required. QuickTime 7.4 does not require SSE. Unlike versions 7.2 and 7.3, QuickTime 7.4 cannot be installed on Windows XP SP1 system (its setup program checks if Service Pack 2 is installed). QuickTime 7.5 was released on June 10, 2008 [ citation needed ] . QuickTime 7.5.5 was released on September 9, 2008 [ citation needed ] , which requires Mac OS X v10.4 or higher, dropping 10.3 support. QuickTime 7.6 was released on January 21, 2009. [ citation needed ] Quicktime 7.7 was released on August 23rd, 2011. [ citation needed ] [ edit ] QuickTime X (QuickTime Player v10.x) QuickTime X (pronounced QuickTime Ten [ 51 ] ) was initially demonstrated at WWDC on June 8, 2009, and shipped with Mac OS X v10.6 . [ 52 ] It includes visual chapters, [ 53 ] conversion, sharing to YouTube and MobileMe, video editing, [ 54 ] capture of video and audio streams, screen recording, [ 55 ] GPU acceleration, and live streaming. [ 56 ] In addition, a screen recorder is featured which records whatever is on the screen. However, to prevent bootlegging the user is unable to record any video that is played on the DVD Player or purchased content from iTunes, thus being greyed out. [ citation needed ] The reason for the jump in numbering from 7 to 10 (X) was to indicate a similar break with the previous versions of the product that Mac OS X indicated. QuickTime X is fundamentally different from previous versions, in that it is provided as a Cocoa (Objective-C) framework and breaks compatibility with the previous QuickTime 7 C-based APIs that were previously used. QuickTime X was completely rewritten to implement modern audio video codecs in 64-bit. QuickTime X is a combination of two technologies: QuickTime Kit Framework (QTKit) and QuickTime X Player. QTKit is used by QuickTime player to display media. QuickTime X does not implement all of the functionality of the previous QuickTime as well as some [ which? ] of the codecs. When QuickTime X attempts to operate with a 32-bit codec or perform an operation not supported by QuickTime X, it will start a 32-bit helper process to perform the requested operation. The website Ars Technica revealed that QuickTime X uses QuickTime 7.x via QTKit to run older codecs that have not made the transition to 64-bit. [ 57 ] QuickTime 7 may still be required to support older formats on Snow Leopard such as QTVR, interactive QuickTime movies, and MIDI files. In such cases, a compatible version of QuickTime 7 is included on Snow Leopard installation disc and may be installed side-by-side with QuickTime X. Users who have a Pro license for QuickTime 7 can then activate their license. [ 58 ] A Snow Leopard-compatible version of QuickTime 7 may also be downloaded from Apple Support website. [ 59 ] The software got an increment with the release of Lion, and as of March 2012, the current version is v10.2. It contains more sharing options (email, YouTube , Facebook , Flickr etc.), more export options (including web export in multiple sizes, and export for iPhone 4/iPad/Apple TV (but not Apple TV 2)). It also includes a new way of fast forwarding through a video, magic mouse support for scrolling . [ citation needed ] [ edit ] Platform support System 6.0.7 - 7.0.1 (68K) System 7.1 - 8.1 (PPC) System 7.1.2 - 7.5.3 (PPC) System 7.5.5 - 8.5.1 10.0 [ 69 ] / 7.7.1 [ 70 ] (optional) 10.1 [ 71 ] / 7.7.1 [ 70 ] (optional) 10.2 [ citation needed ] / 7.7.1 [ 70 ] (optional) Windows 3.1x / Windows NT 3.1 - 3.51 5.0.5 [ 73 ] (6.3 unofficially) 6.1 [ 74 ] (6.5.2 unofficially) 7.1.6 [ 76 ] (7.2 unofficially) Windows XP / Vista / 7 7.7.2 [ 77 ] (current) [ edit ] Creating software that uses QuickTime [ edit ] QuickTime X QuickTime X provides the QTKit Framework on Mac OS 10.6 and greater. [ 78 ] [ edit ] Previous versions QuickTime consists of two major subsystems: the Movie Toolbox and the Image Compression Manager . The Movie Toolbox consists of a general API for handling time-based data, while the Image Compression Manager provides services for dealing with compressed raster data as produced by video and photo codecs. Developers can use the QuickTime software development kit ( SDK ) to develop multimedia applications for Mac or Windows with the C programming language or with the Java programming language (see QuickTime for Java ), or, under Windows, using COM / ActiveX from a language supporting this. The COM/ActiveX option was introduced as part of QuickTime 7 for Windows and is intended for programmers who want to build standalone Windows applications using high-level QuickTime movie playback and control with some import, export, and editing capabilities. This is considerably easier than mastering the original QuickTime C API. [ 79 ] QuickTime 7 for Mac introduced the QuickTime Kit (aka QTKit), a developer framework that is intended to replace previous APIs for Cocoa developers. This framework is for Mac only, and exists as Objective-C abstractions around a subset of the C interface. Mac OS X v10.5 extends QTKit to full 64-bit support. The QTKit allows multiplexing between Quicktime X and Quicktime 7 behind the scenes so that the user need not worry about which version of Quicktime they need to use. [ edit ] Bugs and vulnerabilities QuickTime 7.4 was found to disable Adobe 's video compositing program, After Effects . [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] This was due to the DRM built into version 7.4 since it allowed movie rentals from iTunes. QuickTime 7.4.1 resolved this issue. [ 83 ] Versions 4.0 through 7.3 contained a buffer overflow bug which could compromise the security of a PC using either the QuickTime Streaming Media client, or the QuickTime player itself. [ 84 ] The bug was fixed in version 7.3.1. Some versions of QuickTime prior to version 7.5.5 are known to be vulnerable to a cross-site scripting problem. [ citation needed ] QuickTime 7.6 has been found to disable Macintosh users' ability to play certain games, such as Civilization IV and The Sims 2 . There are fixes available from the publisher, Aspyr . [ 85 ] QuickTime 7 lacks support for H.264 Sample Aspect Ratio . [ 86 ] QuickTime X does not have this limitation; [ citation needed ] many Apple products (such as iTunes and Apple TV ) still use the older QuickTime 7 engine. [ citation needed ] [ edit ] See also QuickTime Alternative QuickTime Streaming Server QuickTime Broadcaster List of media players Comparison of video player software Xiph QuickTime Components Windows Media Components for QuickTime 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QuickTime_Alternative QuickTime Alternative is a codec package for Microsoft Windows for playing QuickTime media, normally only playable by the official QuickTime software distribution from Apple Inc. [ 3 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Computing_platform;Microsoft_Windows;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;List_of_software_categories;Video_codec;Software_license;Freeware;Codec;Microsoft_Windows;QuickTime;Apple_Inc.;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Firefox;Media_Player_Classic;Media_Player_Classic;Windows_XP;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;VLC_media_player;Ffdshow;Media_Player_Classic;VLC_media_player;QuickTime_Alternative;QuickTime_Alternative; QuickTime_Broadcaster QuickTime Broadcaster is an audio and video RTP / RTSP server by Apple Inc. for Mac OS X . It is separate from Apple's QuickTime Streaming Server , as it is not a service daemon but a desktop application. It is able to stream live video and audio over a network in any QuickTime supported streaming codec . The latest version delivers increased compatibility with Mac OS X Leopard and provides important bug fixes. New features include: H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10 video) live broadcasting 3G streaming support for sending live broadcasts to multimedia enabled cell phones Dramatically improved performance for streaming 640x480 30fps video Increased standards support including 3GPP and ISMA (Internet Streaming Media Alliance) Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Video;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;QuickTime;Codec;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Apple_Filing_Protocol;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;Xgrid;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;QuickTime_Broadcaster;QuickTime_Broadcaster; QuickTime_File_Format Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Apple_Inc.;Media_container;ISO_base_media_file_format;File_format;QuickTime;Advanced_Systems_Format;Matroska;Ogg;Sony_PSP;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;ISO_base_media_file_format;International_Organization_for_Standardization;ISO_base_media_file_format;ISO;ISO;ISO;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;QuickTime_File_Format;QuickTime_File_Format; QuickTime_Streaming_Server QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) is a server or service daemon that was built into Apple's Mac OS X Server until OS X Server 10.7. It delivers video and audio on request to users over a computer network , including the Internet . Its primary GUI configuration tool is QTSS Publisher and its web-based administration port is 1220. When used in conjunction with QuickTime Broadcaster , it is possible to deliver live real time video and audio to multiple users over networks. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X_Server;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X_Server;Video;Internet;QuickTime_Broadcaster;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Xgrid;QuickTime_Broadcaster;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;QuickTime_Streaming_Server; QuickTime_VR Filename_extension;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime_File_Format;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;Web_browser;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;QuickTime;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;QuickTime_VR;QuickTime_VR; QuickTime_for_Java QuickTime for Java or QTJ is a software library that allows software written in the Java programming language to provide multimedia functionality, by making calls into the native QuickTime library. In practice, it allows Java applications on Mac OS , Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows to support the capture, editing, playback, and export of many different media formats and codecs . QTJ has been deprecated by Apple [ 1 ] . Multimedia;QuickTime;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Codec;Apple_Computer;IBM;ITunes;Webcam;Camcorder;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Sorenson_codec;WAV;AIFF;DivX;Ogg_Vorbis;QuickDraw;QuickTime_for_Java;QuickTime_for_Java; Quick_Look Quick Look is a quick preview feature developed by Apple which was introduced in their operating system , Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard". It was announced and demonstrated at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference 2007. While OS X's Finder has always had icon previews, Quick Look allows users to look at the contents of a file in the Finder at full or near-full size, depending on the size of the document relative to the desktop. It can view files including, but not limited to: PDFs , HTML , QuickTime readable media , plain text and RTF text documents, Apple Keynote , Pages and Numbers , ODF documents, Microsoft Word , Excel , and PowerPoint files (including OOXML ), RAW camera images. Quick Look can also be opened in full screen and launched from the command line . Additionally, multi-page documents like PowerPoint slide shows can be navigated using the arrow keys. Quick Look technology is implemented throughout the Apple suite of software starting with Mac OS X v10.5 , including iChat Theater , Time Machine and the Cover Flow view on the Finder . Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;PDF;HTML;QuickTime;Plain_text;Microsoft_Word;Microsoft_Excel;Raw_image_format;IChat;Cover_Flow;Cover_Flow;AppleScript;Flash_Video;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Matroska;RealMedia;VOB;WavPack;XML;Linux;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Quick_Look;Quick_Look; Quiet_Internet_Pager QIP ( / ˈ k w ɪ p / ; [ 1 ] an acronym for Quiet Internet Pager ) is a multiprotocol instant messaging client . It is a closed source freeware program originally developed by Ilgam Zyulkorneev. [ 2 ] In 2008 it was bought by RosBusinessConsulting media group and named most popular RBC service in 2009. [ 3 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Freeware;Freeware;ICQ;Miranda_IM;OSCAR_protocol;ICQ;AOL_Instant_Messenger;OSCAR_protocol;ICQ;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Miranda_IM;Google_Talk;Symbian_OS;Symbian_OS;Symbian_OS;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Instant_messaging;Centericq;Kopete;Miranda_IM;Qnext;Web_application;Web_browser;BitlBee;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Quiet_Internet_Pager; Quiet_PC A quiet PC is a personal computer that makes little noise . Common uses for quiet PCs include video editing, sound mixing, home servers , and home theater PCs . A typical quiet PC uses quiet cooling and storage devices and energy-efficient parts. Like noise, the term "quiet PC" is subjective [ 1 ] and there is currently no standard definition for a "quiet PC". However, a general definition proposed by one site is that the sound emitted by such PCs should not exceed 30 dB A . [ 2 ] In addition to the average sound pressure level , the frequency spectrum and dynamics of the sound are important in determining if the sound of the computer is noticed . Sounds with a smooth frequency spectrum (lacking audible tonal peaks), and little temporal variation are less likely to be noticed. The character and amount of other sound in the environment also affects how much sound will be noticed or masked , so a computer may be quiet with relation to a particular environment or set of users. [ 1 ] Personal_computer;Home_theater_PC;Power_supply;Hard_disk_drive;Intel;Power_supply;Power_supply;Underclocking;Intel;Underclocking;Intel;Underclocking;Sandy_Bridge;Pentium_M;Graphics_processing_unit;ATI_Technologies;Thin_client;Seagate_Technology;Gigabyte;Parallel_ATA;PC_Card;Small_form_factor;Gigabyte;Linux;USB_flash_drives;Universal_Serial_Bus;Flash_memory;Random_access_memory;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Quiet_PC;Quiet_PC; Quintessential_Player Quintessential Player (also called QMP and formerly QCD ) is a freeware, multi-format media player developed by Paul Quinn. Quintessential Player began life in 1997 as a CD-only player for Windows, when it was known as Quintessential CD Player (hence the 'QCD' moniker associated with the player). Over the years, Quintessential Player gained support for playing MP3s and other audio formats, video playback, and an optional media library was added to the player. This latter addition gave rise to the use of the name Quintessential Media Player, or QMP for short. PC World Magazine has named Quintessential Player as one of their choices for 'Best Media Player', [ 1 ] and it has also been selected for inclusion in the Pricelessware list of best freeware. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Ogg;WAV;CD;CD;Ripping;Encoder;Streaming_media;Gracenote;Equalization;Music_visualization;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Multimedia;Software;Quintessential_Player;Quintessential_Player; Quinupramine Quinupramine ( Kevopril , Kinupril , Adeprim , Quinuprine ) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in Europe for the treatment of depression . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] On a pharmacological level, quinupramine acts in vitro as a strong muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist ( anticholinergic ) and H 1 receptor antagonist ( antihistamine ), moderate 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist , and weak serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor . [ 3 ] It has negligible affinity for the α 1 -adrenergic , α 2 -adrenergic , β-adrenergic , and D 2 receptors . [ 3 ] Clinically, quinupramine is reported to be stimulating similarly to imipramine , desipramine , and demexiptiline . [ 4 ] It can be inferred that its in vivo metabolites may have stronger effects on the reuptake of norepinephrine and/or serotonin than quinupramine itself. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Europe;Imipramine;Desipramine;Demexiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Quinupramine;Quinupramine; QuuxPlayer Software_developer;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Computing_platform;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;CNET;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;QuuxPlayer;QuuxPlayer; RAOP Apple_Inc.;AirPlay;AirPort_Express;Apple_TV;ITunes;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Jon_Lech_Johansen;AirPort_Express; RCA_connector Composite_video;Stereophonic_sound;Power_connector;Loudspeaker;Composite_video;Stereophonic_sound;Camcorder;Component_video;Electrical_impedance;Component_video;Europe;NTSC;PAL;DVD;Backward_compatibility;Composite_video;Component_video;Stereophonic_sound;HDMI;Composite_video;Surround_sound;Component_video;TRS_connector;TOSLINK;VGA_connector;Composite_video;F_connector;HDMI;TRS_connector;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Video_Graphics_Array;Component_video;Component_video;HDMI;HDMI;F_connector;RCA_connector;RCA_connector; REAPER REAPER ( R apid E nvironment for A udio P roduction, E ngineering, and R ecording ) is a digital audio workstation created by Cockos . It is distributed with an uncrippled evaluation license with a nag screen explaining the license cost . It is currently available for Microsoft Windows ( 98 / Me / 2000 / XP / Vista / 7 ) and Mac OS X ( 10.4 / 10.5 / 10.6 / 10.7 ). It also works under Wine . Version 4 of REAPER was released on August 3, 2011. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;Shareware;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X;API;Audio_Units;Local_area_network;Freeware;Shareware;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;REAPER;REAPER; REDCODE REDCODE RAW ( R3D ) is a proprietary multimedia audio/video file format owned by Red Digital Cinema Camera Company and featuring lossy compression for video contents and lossless for audio contents. It is used as native recording format of Red digital cameras and recorded on proprietary Hard Disk Drives , CompactFlash cards or SSD drives, but can be extracted from there and be trivially handled in any file-based audio/video, IT or home environments. Filename_extension;Type_code;Media_container;File_format;Lossy_compression;Codec;Codec;Raw_image_format;CineForm;Filename_extension;Filename_extension;Filename_extension;Filename_extension;XML;Hexadecimal;QuickTime;XML;SDK;JPEG;Exif;TIFF;Hexadecimal;QuickTime;Transcoding;Final_Cut_Pro;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_After_Effects;Sony;Sony_Vegas;Avid_DS;Eyeon_Fusion;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;REDCODE;REDCODE; RIAA_certification In the United States , the Recording Industry Association of America awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. [ 1 ] Other countries have similar awards (see music recording sales certification ). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the record label must request certification and pay a fee to have the sales of the recording audited. The audit is conducted against net shipments after returns (most often an artist's royalty statement is used), which includes albums sold directly to retailers and one-stops, direct-to-consumer sales (music clubs and mail order ) and other outlets.. Presently, an American RIAA-certified Gold record is a single or album that has sold 500,000 units (records, tapes or compact discs). Originally, the requirement for a Gold single was one million units sold and a Gold album represented $1 million in sales (at wholesale value). In 1975, the additional requirement of 500,000 units sold was added for Gold albums. Reflecting growth in record sales, the Platinum award was instituted in 1976 for albums selling one million units and singles selling two million units. The Multi-Platinum award was instituted in 1984, signifying multiple Platinum levels of albums and singles. In 1989, the sales thresholds for singles were reduced to 500,000 for Gold and 1,000,000 for Platinum, reflecting a decrease in sales of singles. In 1992, RIAA began counting each disc in a multi-disc set as one unit toward certification. Reflecting additional growth in music sales, the Diamond award was instituted in 1999 for albums or singles selling ten million units. Because of these changes in criteria, the sales level associated with a particular award depends on when the award was made. Nielsen SoundScan figures are not used in RIAA certification; the RIAA system predates Nielsen SoundScan and includes sales outlets Nielsen misses. Prior to Nielsen SoundScan, RIAA certification was the only audited and verifiable system for tracking music sales in the U.S.; it is still the only system capable of tracking 100% of sales (albeit as shipments less returns, not actual sales like Nielsen SoundScan). This system has allowed, at times, for record labels to promote an album as Gold or Platinum simply based on large shipments. For instance, in 1978 the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band soundtrack shipped platinum but was a sales bust, with two million returns. [ 2 ] Similarly, all four solo albums by the members of Kiss simultaneously shipped Platinum that same year but did not reach the top 20 of the Billboard 200 album chart. [ 3 ] The following year, the RIAA began requiring 120 days from the release date before recordings were eligible for certification, although that requirement has been reduced over the years and currently stands at 30 days. Sony was roundly criticized in 1995 for hyping Michael Jackson's double album HIStory as five times Platinum, based on shipments of 2.5 million and using the RIAA's recently adopted practice of counting each disc toward certification, while SoundScan was reporting only 1.3 million copies sold. [ 4 ] A similar discrepancy between shipments and sales was reported with The Lion King soundtrack. [ 5 ] United_States;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Album;Music_recording_sales_certification;Record_label;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Music_recording_sales_certification;The_Beatles;Spanish_language;The_Beatles;Garth_Brooks;Johnny_Cash;Led_Zeppelin;The_Beatles;Britney_Spears;Paul_McCartney;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Fall_Out_Boy;Capitol_Records;Led_Zeppelin;Garth_Brooks;Capitol_Records;The_Beatles;Apple_Records;Garth_Brooks;Capitol_Records;The_Beatles;Capitol_Records;Led_Zeppelin;Capitol_Records;The_Beatles;Capitol_Records;Britney_Spears;Garth_Brooks;Capitol_Records;Capitol_Records;Motown;Def_Leppard;Led_Zeppelin;The_Beatles;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;Capitol_Records;Kid_Rock;Led_Zeppelin;The_Beatles;Capitol_Records;Garth_Brooks;Capitol_Records;Led_Zeppelin;Motown;Norah_Jones;Garth_Brooks;Motown;Garth_Brooks;Capitol_Records;Def_Leppard;Capitol_Records;Britney_Spears;Music_recording_sales_certification;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification; RMVB RealMedia Variable Bitrate ( RMVB ) is a variable bitrate extension of the RealMedia multimedia container format developed by RealNetworks . As opposed to the more common RealMedia container, which holds streaming media encoded at a constant bitrate (CBR), RMVB is typically used for multimedia content stored locally. Files using this format have the file extension ".rmvb". RealMedia uses compression similar to MPEG-4 Part 10 codecs, [ 1 ] such as x264 . RMVB files are extremely popular for distributing Asian content, especially Chinese television episodes and movies. [ 2 ] For this reason, they have become noticeably present (though not entirely popular, partly due to their incompatibility with other media players) on file sharing platforms such as BitTorrent , eDonkey and Gnutella . [ citation needed ] On the Windows platform, the proprietary RealPlayer SP and the open-sourced Media Player Classic support RMVB, using an appropriate DirectShow filter or Real Alternative . On Linux and other Unix-like platforms, MPlayer , xine , and Totem are able to play RMVB files using the open-source, reverse-engineered RMVB implementation in FFmpeg . The format is also supported for playback by the cross-platform VLC media player . Filename_extension;RealNetworks;Variable_bitrate;RealMedia;Multimedia;Container_format;RealNetworks;RealMedia;Streaming_media;Constant_bitrate;File_sharing;Microsoft_Windows;RealPlayer;Media_Player_Classic;DirectShow;Linux;MPlayer;Xine;FFmpeg;VLC_media_player;Hexadecimal;RealMedia;RealMedia;RealVideo;RealAudio;Container_format;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Multimedia;Software;RMVB;RMVB; RSS RSS Rich Site Summary (originally RDF Site Summary , often dubbed Really Simple Syndication ) is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works—such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video—in a standardized format. [ 2 ] An RSS document (which is called a "feed", "web feed", [ 3 ] or "channel") includes full or summarized text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and authorship. RSS feeds benefit publishers by letting them syndicate content automatically. A standardized XML file format allows the information to be published once and viewed by many different programs. They benefit readers who want to subscribe to timely updates from favorite websites or to aggregate feeds from many sites into one place. RSS feeds can be read using software called an " RSS reader ", "feed reader", or " aggregator ", which can be web-based , desktop-based , or mobile-device-based. The user subscribes to a feed by entering into the reader the feed's URI or by clicking a feed icon in a web browser that initiates the subscription process. The RSS reader checks the user's subscribed feeds regularly for new work, downloads any updates that it finds, and provides a user interface to monitor and read the feeds. RSS allows users to avoid manually inspecting all of the websites they are interested in, and instead subscribe to websites such that all new content is pushed onto their browsers when it becomes available. Filename_extension;XML;Blog;Metadata;XML;Software;News_aggregator;News_aggregator;Web_application;Application_software;User_interface;Apple_Computer;AOL;Podcast;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Firefox;Backward_compatibility;ITunes;Microsoft;Internet_Explorer;HTML;XML;Microsoft_Windows;Broadcatching;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;International_Standard_Book_Number;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;RSS;RSS; RSSOwl RSSOwl is a news aggregator for RSS and Atom News feeds. It is written in Java , and is built on the Eclipse Rich Client Platform which uses SWT as a widget toolkit to allow it to fit in with the look and feel of different operating systems while remaining cross-platform . Released under the Eclipse Public License , RSSOwl is free software . In addition to its full text searches, saved searches, notifications and filters, [ 1 ] RSSOwl v2.1 synchronizes with Google Reader . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;News_aggregator;Software_license;News_aggregator;Free_software;Google_Reader;SourceForge;Universal_binary;Podcast;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;SourceForge;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;RSSOwl;RSSOwl; RSS_Bandit RSS Bandit is an open source RSS / Atom aggregator based on the Microsoft .NET framework . It was originally released as a code sample in a series of articles the Extreme XML column written by Dare Obasanjo on MSDN in 2003. The articles were Building a Desktop News Aggregator and Revamping the RSS Bandit application . A number of readers of the article liked the product so much that the code samples evolved into a fully featured Open Source project. It is currently hosted on SourceForge and the primary contributors are Dare Obasanjo and Torsten Rendelmann Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows;List_of_software_categories;News_aggregator;Software_license;.NET_Framework;Google_Reader;Google_Reader;Facebook;About.com;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;About.com;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;RSS_Bandit;RSS_Bandit; RSS_enclosure RSS enclosures are a way of attaching multimedia content to RSS feeds by providing the URL of a file associated with an entry, such as an MP3 file to a music recommendation or a photo to a diary entry. Unlike e-mail attachments , enclosures are merely hyperlinks to files, the actual file data is not embedded into the feed (unless a data URL is used). Support and implementation among aggregators varies: if the software understands the specified file format , it may automatically download and display the content, otherwise provide a link to it or silently ignore it. The addition of enclosures to RSS, as first implemented by Dave Winer in late 2000 [1] , was an important prerequisite for the emergence of podcasting , arguably the most common use of the feature as of 2012 [update] . In podcasts and related technologies enclosures are not merely attachments to entries, but provide the main content of a feed. Multimedia;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Feed_aggregator;File_format;Podcast;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;HTML;Broadcatching;Internet_television;Podcast;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;RSS_enclosure; RTAudio RTAudio is a Microsoft produced adaptive wide-band speech codec. It is used by Microsoft Office Communications Server (OCS) and the related OCS clients ( Microsoft Office Communicator , and Microsoft Live Meeting Console ). RTAudio was designed for real-time two-way Voice over IP ( VoIP ) applications. Some of the target applications include games, audio conferencing, and wireless applications over IP. RTAudio is the preferred Microsoft Real-Time audio codec and is the default voice codec for Microsoft ’s Unified Communications platforms. The RTAudio encoder is capable of encoding single-channel (mono), 16 bit per sample audio signals. The encoder can be configured to operate either in the Narrow Band mode (8 kHz sampling rate) or the Wide Band mode (16 kHz sampling rate). The RTAudio decoder has a built-in Jitter-Control module as well as an error concealment module. Microsoft;VoIP;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;RTAudio;RTAudio; RTSP Streaming_media;VCR;RealNetworks;RealNetworks;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Post_Office_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Ethernet;Uniform_Resource_Locator;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;RealNetworks;RealNetworks;VLC_media_player;FFmpeg;FFmpeg;Media_Player_Classic;MPlayer;MythTV;QuickTime;RealPlayer;Skype;Spotify;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Windows_Media_Player;Xine;JetAudio; RTVideo RTVideo is Microsoft 's default video codec for Office Communications Server 2007 and the Microsoft Office Communicator 2007 client. It is a Microsoft proprietary implementation of the VC-1 codec for real-time transmission purposes. Microsoft extensions to VC-1 are based on cached frame and SP-frame. Also it includes system-level enhancements for recovery of packet loss on IP networks - Forward error correction and error concealment. Microsoft;RTAudio;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;RTVideo;RTVideo; Rack_unit Rack_unit;Rack_unit; Radio_promotion International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Radio_promotion;Radio_promotion; Radiolocation GPS;Trilateration;GSM;CDMA;Verizon_Wireless;Assisted_GPS;Wireless;Television;North_America;Radiolocation;Radiolocation; Ramon_Llull View a machine-translated version of the Catalan article. Click [show] on the right for instructions. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|ca|Ramon Llull}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the Spanish Wikipedia . (January 2012) View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Click [show] on the right for instructions. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|es|Ramon Llull}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . Blessed Ramon Llull, T.O.S.F. writer, poet, theologian, mystic, mathematician, logician, martyr City of Mallorca (now Palma) Roman Catholic Church ( Third Order of St. Francis ) 1847 by Blessed Pope Pius IX al-Farabi , Avicenna , Ibn Sabin Giordano Bruno , Gottfried Leibniz [ 1 ] Ramon Llull ( Catalan pronunciation: [rəˈmon ˈʎuʎ] ), (ca. 1232 [ 2 ] – ca. 1315) ( Anglicised Raymond Lully , Raymond Lull , in Latin Raimundus or Raymundus Lullus or Lullius ) was a Majorcan writer and philosopher , logician and a Franciscan tertiary . He wrote the first major work of Catalan literature . Recently-surfaced manuscripts show him to have anticipated by several centuries prominent work on elections theory . He is sometimes considered a pioneer of computation theory, especially given his influence on Gottfried Leibniz . [ 1 ] Llull is well known also as a glossator of Roman Law. Within the Franciscan Order , he is honored as a martyr . He was beatified in 1857 by Pope Pius IX and his feast day was assigned to 30 June and is celebrated by the Third Order of St. Francis. Gottfried_Leibniz;Gottfried_Leibniz;Zairja;Gottfried_Leibniz;Computer;Gottfried_Leibniz;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Ramon_Llull;Ramon_Llull; Random_access_memory Random access memory ( RAM ) is a form of computer data storage . A random access device allows stored data to be accessed in any order in very nearly the same amount of time for any storage location or size of memory device. A device such as a magnetic tape requires increasing time to access data stored on parts of the tape that are far from the ends. Memory devices (such as floppy discs , CDs and DVDs ) can access the storage data only in a predetermined order, because of mechanical design limitations; the time to access a given part of the device varies significantly due to its physical location. Today, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits . Strictly speaking, modern types of DRAM are not random access, as data is read in bursts, although the name DRAM / RAM has stuck. However, many types of SRAM , ROM , OTP , and NOR flash are still random access even in a strict sense. RAM is often associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules ), where its stored information is lost if the power is removed. Many other types of non-volatile memory are RAM as well, including most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash . The first RAM modules to come into the market were created in 1951 and were sold until the late 1960s and early 1970s. Flash_memory;Compact_Disc;DVD;Integrated_circuit;Flash_memory;Cathode_ray_tube;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Central_processing_unit;Flash_memory;CPU;Integrated_circuit;Hard_drive;Embedded_systems;Operating_system;Kibibyte;IBM;Central_processing_unit;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus; Randomness Randomness has somewhat differing meanings as used in various fields. It also has common meanings which are connected to the notion of predictability (or lack thereof) of events. The Oxford English Dictionary defines 'random' as "Having no definite aim or purpose; not sent or guided in a particular direction; made, done, occurring, etc., without method or conscious choice; haphazard." This concept of randomness suggests a non- order or non- coherence in a sequence of symbols or steps , such that there is no intelligible pattern or combination. Applied usage in science, mathematics and statistics recognizes a lack of predictability when referring to randomness, but admits regularities in the occurrences of events whose outcomes are not certain. For example, when throwing 2 dice and counting the total, we can say 7 will randomly occur twice as often as 4. This view, where randomness simply refers to situations in which the certainty of the outcome is at issue, is the one taken when referring to concepts of chance, probability , and information entropy . In these situations randomness implies a measure of uncertainty and notions of haphazardness are irrelevant. The fields of mathematics, probability, and statistics use formal definitions of randomness. In statistics, a random variable is an assignment of a numerical value to each possible outcome of an event space. This association facilitates the identification and the calculation of probabilities of the events. A random process is a sequence of random variables describing a process whose outcomes do not follow a deterministic pattern, but follow an evolution described by probability distributions . These and other constructs are extremely useful in the probability calculus. Randomness is often used in statistics to signify well-defined statistical properties, such as a lack of bias or correlation . Monte Carlo methods , which rely on random input, are important techniques in science, as, for instance, in computational science . [ 1 ] Random selection is a method of selecting items (oftentimes called units) from a population where the probability of choosing a specific item is the proportion of those items in the population. For example, if we have a bowl of 100 marbles with 10 red (and any red marble is indistinguishable from any other red marble) and 90 blue (and any blue marble is indistinguishable from any other blue marble), a random selection mechanism would choose a red marble with probability 1/10. Note that a random selection mechanism that selected 10 marbles from this bowl would not necessarily result in 1 red and 9 blue. In situations where the population consists of items that are all distinguishable, a random selection mechanism would require equal probabilities for any item to be chosen. That is, if the section process is such that each member of a population, of say research subjects, has the same probability of being chosen then we can say the selection process is random. Random selection can be an official method to resolve tied elections in some jurisdictions [ 2 ] and is even an ancient method of divination , as in tarot , the I Ching , and bibliomancy . Its use in politics is very old, as office holders in Ancient Athens were chosen by lot, there being no voting. Data_compression;Science;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Randomness;Randomness; Ranitidine InChI=1S/C13H22N4O3S/c1-14-13(9-17(18)19)15-6-7-21-10-12-5-4-11(20-12)8-16(2)3/h4-5,9,14-15H,6-8,10H2,1-3H3/b13-9- Y Key:VMXUWOKSQNHOCA-LCYFTJDESA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Ranitidine ( / r ə ˈ n ɪ t ɨ d iː n / ; trade name Zantac ) is a histamine H 2 -receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. It is commonly used in treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Ranitidine is also used alongside fexofenadine and other antihistamines for the treatment of skin conditions such as hives . Ranitidine is also known to give false positives for methamphetamine on drug tests. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Australia;United_States;United_Kingdom;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine;Fexofenadine;Histamine;Cimetidine;Nitrogen;Famotidine;Nizatidine;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Cimetidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Roxatidine;Pirenzepine;Telenzepine;Ranitidine;Ranitidine; Raster_graphics In computer graphics , a raster graphics image, or bitmap , is a dot matrix data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of pixels , or points of color , viewable via a monitor , paper , or other display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying formats (see comparison of graphics file formats ). A bitmap corresponds bit -for-bit with an image displayed on a screen, generally in the same format used for storage in the display's video memory, or maybe as a device-independent bitmap . A bitmap is technically characterized by the width and height of the image in pixels and by the number of bits per pixel (a color depth , which determines the number of colors it can represent). The printing and prepress industries know raster graphics as contones (from "continuous tones") and refer to vector graphics as "line work". Smiley;Computer_graphics;Pixel;Cathode_ray_tube;Pixels_per_inch;GIMP;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Raster_graphics;Raster_graphics; RatDVD ratDVD is a proprietary media container file type that supports the same features as DVD-Video . Unlike other container formats like Matroska , it is designed to accurately mirror the exact feature set of standard DVDs, facilitating round-tripping back to the DVD-Video format. It is typically used to reencode a DVD movie, maintaining all menus and features while reducing significantly the overall size. A typical DVD (usually above 4 gigabytes ) can be compressed to about 1 or 2 GB, with some loss in video quality due to recompression. The file type is supported by a freeware application of the same name released only for Microsoft Windows , and is apparently no longer being maintained by its creator, with the latest version dating from 2005. ratDVD works by compressing a full DVD using a proprietary codec named "XEB". [ 1 ] The resulting ratDVD file can then be played directly in a computer (as long as the needed codec has been installed) by a DirectShow-compatible DVD player, or converted back into standard DVD format. ratDVDs are zip compressed archives containing XML, IFO, VSI, and XVO files. Matroska;DVD;Gigabyte;Microsoft_Windows;Codec;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;DirectShow;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;RatDVD;RatDVD; Raw_image_format Filename_extension;Digital_camera;Image_scanner;TIFF;JPEG;Metadata;Metadata;Metadata;Database;Nikon;Sony;Chromatic_aberration;Chromatic_aberration;JPEG;Digital_photography;Pixel;Image_scanner;Lossless_JPEG;JPEG;Lossless_data_compression;Proprietary_software;Reverse_engineering;Unix;API;API;Exif;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;FlashPix;GIMP;Backend;GIMP;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Photoshop_Lightroom;Picasa;Microsoft;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Live_Photo_Gallery;Nikon;Sony;Windows;Apple_Inc.;IPhoto;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Adobe_Photoshop;Picasa;Google;Nikon;Sony;Encryption;Open_source;Nikon;Adobe_Systems;Samsung;ISO;Nikon;Sony;Raster_graphics;JPEG;Image_compression;High_dynamic_range_imaging;Sony;Adobe_Systems;Nikon;Logitech;REDCODE;Samsung;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Raw_image_format;Raw_image_format; Rdio Rdio is an ad-free music subscription service available in the United States , Canada [ 1 ] , United Kingdom , France [ 3 ] , Germany , Brazil [ 4 ] (as Oi Rdio ), Australia , Spain , Portugal , Denmark , Finland , Sweden and New Zealand . It is available as a website and also has clients for the iPhone , iPod Touch iPad, Android , BlackBerry and Windows Phone mobile devices, which can play streaming music or cache songs for offline playback. [ 5 ] There are also clients for the Roku and Sonos systems. The web-based service also offers a native desktop client app for Mac OS X and Windows . [ 5 ] Its library has content from the four major record labels , as well as the Merlin Network and the aggregators IODA , INgrooves , The Orchard , IRIS Distribution , BFM Digital, Finetunes, and Catapult. [ 6 ] Rdio also offers social networking, allowing users to share playlists and follow others to see what music they listen to. Rdio was created by Skype founders Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis [ 7 ] and left private beta testing on August 3, 2010. [ 7 ] The founders were also behind music service Kazaa . [ 6 ] [ 8 ] This music-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Operating_system;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Windows_Phone;Mac_OS_X;Windows;Audio_file_format;Digital_Rights_Management;United_States;Canada;Brazil;Australia;New_Zealand;Germany;Spain;Portugal;United_Kingdom;Finland;Sweden;United_States;Canada;United_Kingdom;France;Germany;Brazil;Australia;Spain;Portugal;Denmark;Finland;Sweden;New_Zealand;IPhone;IPod_Touch;BlackBerry;Windows_Phone;Roku;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Skype;Kazaa;USA_Today;GigaOM;MacWorld;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Rdio;Rdio; ReZound Digital_audio_editor;Linux;Free_software;Rosegarden;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;ReZound;ReZound; ReadWriteWeb ReadWriteWeb ( RWW ) is a Web technology blog launched in 2003. RWW covers Web 2.0 and Web technology in general, and provides industry news, reviews, and analysis. Founded by Richard MacManus, [ 2 ] Technorati ranked ReadWriteWeb at number 12 in its list of top 100 blogs worldwide, as of October 9, 2010. [ 3 ] RWW was ranked #10 in the Techmeme leaderboards as of October 09, 2010. [ 4 ] MacManus is based in Lower Hutt , New Zealand , [ 5 ] but the officers and writers of RWW work from diverse locations, including Portland, Oregon [ 6 ] . Around September or October 2008, the New York Times technology section began syndicating RWW content online. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] RWW also has many international channels such as France, Spain, Brazil, and China. RWW was acquired by SAY Media in 2011. [ 9 ] Blog;New_Zealand;New_York_Times;TechCrunch;Mashable;Ars_Technica;ReadWriteWeb;ReadWriteWeb; RealAudio Filename_extension;RealNetworks;Streaming_media;Internet_radio;Filename_extension;RealVideo;RealMedia;Variable_bit_rate;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Open_source;MPlayer;FFmpeg;Windows_Media_Player;Streaming_media;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Uniform_Resource_Locator;MPlayer;VLC_media_player;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Ogg;Vorbis;Theora;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Microsoft;MPlayer;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;RealAudio;RealAudio; RealMedia RealMedia is a proprietary multimedia container format created by RealNetworks . Its extension is ".rm". It is typically used in conjunction with RealVideo and RealAudio and is used for streaming content over the Internet. Typically these streams are in CBR ( constant bitrate ), but a container for VBR ( variable bitrate ) streams, named RMVB (RealMedia variable bitrate), has been developed. Support of RealMedia is available in a wide variety of multimedia players for different architectures/platforms [ citation needed ] , including RealPlayer and the Real Alternative codec pack. The open source DAP firmware Rockbox has added support for reading RM containers as of 6 July 2009, although only certain formats used in RM files are playable. Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;RealNetworks;Multimedia;Container_format;Multimedia;RealNetworks;RealVideo;RealAudio;Streaming_media;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;RMVB;RealPlayer;Digital_audio_player;Rockbox;RealPlayer;Container_format;Comparison_of_video_player_software;RealVideo;RealAudio;RealNetworks;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Multimedia;Software;RealMedia;RealMedia; RealNetworks NASDAQ;United_States;RealPlayer;GameHouse;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Internet;United_States;RealAudio;RealVideo;RealPlayer;GameHouse;Microsoft;Internet;Streaming_media;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Digital_rights_management;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;CBS;Microsoft;RealMedia;Media_Player_Classic;United_States;IDG;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;RealNetworks;RealNetworks; RealPlayer Windows: 15.0.6.14 (August 2, 2012 ; 20 days ago ( 2012-08-02 ) ) OS X: 12.0.0.1703 (November 18, 2011 ; 8 months ago ( 2011-11-18 ) [ 1 ] ) Windows Mobile: 1.1 (July 30, 2009 ; 3 years ago ( 2009-07-30 ) [ 2 ] ) Android: 0.0.1.0 (August 14, 2012 ; 8 days ago ( 2012-08-14 ) ) [ ± ] Linux and Solaris versions discontinued [ 3 ] Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , Linux , Solaris , Android , Symbian and Palm OS IA-32 , x86-64 , ARM and MIPS Translation available English, Chinese ( Simplified and Traditional ), German, French, Korean, Italian, Japanese and Portuguese RealPlayer , by RealNetworks , is a cross-platform software product primarily used for the playing of recorded media. The media player is compatible with numerous formats within the multimedia realm, including MP3 , MPEG-4 , QuickTime , Windows Media , and multiple versions ( proprietary ) of RealAudio and RealVideo formats. [ 4 ] RealPlayer is also available for other operating systems (OS) and Linux , Unix , Palm OS , Windows Mobile and Symbian versions have been released. [ 5 ] The software is powered by an underlying open source media engine called Helix . [ 6 ] The latest current stable release is version RealPlayer SP 1.0. Software_developer;RealNetworks;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Palm_OS;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;RealNetworks;File_format;Multimedia;QuickTime;RealAudio;RealVideo;Operating_system;Linux;Unix;Palm_OS;Open_source;Streaming_media;Internet;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Facebook;YouTube;Metacafe;Adobe_Flash;BBC_iPlayer;Internet_Explorer;RealMedia;Advanced_Audio_Coding;WAV;IPod;Windows_Media_DRM;BBC_News;Flash_Video;YouTube;IPod;Xbox;Facebook;RealMedia;Microsoft;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;WAV;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Apple_Lossless;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;DVD;Video_CD;Audio_Video_Interleave;QuickTime;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash;Flash_Video;Playlist;JPEG;Adobe_Systems;Ogg;Vorbis;Theora;IBM;Winamp;IPod;Zune;IPhone;BlackBerry;QuickTime;WebKit;Freeware;Palm_OS;Sony;RealNetworks;RealMedia;Media_Player_Classic;Comparison_of_video_player_software;RealAudio;RealVideo;RealMedia;IDG;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;Tunewiki;RealPlayer;RealPlayer; RealVideo RealVideo is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and as of 2008 [update] is at version 10. [ 1 ] RealVideo is supported on many platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and several mobile phones. RealVideo is usually paired with RealAudio and packaged in a RealMedia (.rm) container. RealMedia is suitable for use as a streaming media format, that is one which is viewed while it is being sent over the network. Streaming video can be used to watch live television, since it does not require downloading the entire video in advance. RealNetworks;RealAudio;RealMedia;Streaming_media;Proprietary_software;Open_source;MPlayer;Variable_bit_rate;RMVB;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Macintosh;Linux;MPlayer;DirectShow;Ffdshow;FFmpeg;DirectShow;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;RealVideo;RealVideo; Rechargeable_battery A rechargeable battery , storage battery , or accumulator is a type of electrical battery . It comprises one or more electrochemical cells , and is a type of energy accumulator . It is known as a secondary cell because its electrochemical reactions are electrically reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of chemicals are commonly used, including: lead–acid , nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer). Rechargeable batteries have lower total cost of use and environmental impact than disposable batteries. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same sizes as disposable types. Rechargeable batteries have higher initial cost, but can be recharged very cheaply and used many times. Nokia;Mobile_phone;Stanford_University;Digital_object_identifier;Rechargeable_battery;Rechargeable_battery; Recommendation_system Recommender systems or recommendation systems (sometimes replacing "system" with a synonym such as platform or engine) are a subclass of information filtering system that seek to predict the 'rating' or 'preference' that a user would give to an item (such as music , books , or movies ) or social element (e.g. people or groups ) they had not yet considered, using a model built from the characteristics of an item (content-based approaches) or the user's social environment (collaborative filtering approaches). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Recommender systems have become extremely common in recent years. A few examples of such systems: When viewing a product on Amazon.com , the store will recommend additional items based on a matrix of what other shoppers bought along with the currently selected item. [ 3 ] Pandora Radio takes an initial input of a song or musician and plays music with similar characteristics (based on a series of keywords attributed to the inputted artist or piece of music). The stations created by Pandora can be refined through user feedback (emphasizing or deemphasizing certain characteristics). Netflix offers predictions of movies that a user might like to watch based on the user's previous ratings and watching habits (as compared to the behavior of other users), also taking into account the characteristics (such as the genre) of the film. Movie;Amazon.com;Pandora_Radio;Netflix;Collaborative_filtering;Last.fm;Pandora_Radio;Collaborative_filtering;Collaborative_filtering;Collaborative_filtering;Amazon.com;Last.fm;Facebook;Rotten_Tomatoes;Rovi_Corporation;Collaborative_filtering;Netflix;Collaborative_filtering;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number; Record_chart A record chart is a ranking of recorded music according to popularity during a given period of time. Examples of music charts are the Hit parade , Hot 100 or Top 40 . There are lots of different criteria used in different charts used to reflect popularity, commonly: sales of records , cassettes and compact discs ; the amount of radio airplay; and (recently) the number of downloads . Some charts are specific to a particular musical genre and most to a particular geographical location (although download charts are not easily pinned down in this way). The most common period of time covered by a chart is one week with the chart being printed or broadcast at the end of this time. Summary charts for years and decades are then calculated from their component weekly charts. Component charts have become an increasingly important way to measure the commercial success of individual songs. Sound_recording_and_reproduction;ARIA_Charts;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;Record_chart;Record_chart; Record_label A record label is a brand and a trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos . Most commonly, a record label is the company that manages such brands and trademarks, coordinates the production , manufacture , distribution , marketing and promotion, and enforcement of copyright protection of sound recordings and music videos; conducts talent scouting and development of new artists ("artists and repertoire" or " A R "); and maintains contracts with recording artists and their managers. The term "record label" derives from the circular label in the center of a vinyl record which prominently displays the manufacturer's name, along with other information. [ 1 ] Trademark;Music_videos;Record_producer;Music_industry;Album;Television;Internet;Music_video;Independent_record_label;Trademark;Warner_Music_Group;EMI;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;EMI;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;EMI;Sony_BMG;Universal_Music_Group;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Warner_Music_Group;Universal_Music_Group;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Warner_Music_Group;Universal_Music_Group;United_States;Independent_record_label;Nine_Inch_Nails;Nine_Inch_Nails;EMI;Paypal;Free_software;Open_source;Linux;White_label;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Record_label;Record_label; Record_producer A record producer is an individual working within the music industry , whose job is to oversee and manage the recording (i.e. "production") of an artist's music . A producer has many roles that may include, but are not limited to, gathering ideas for the project, selecting songs and/or musicians, coaching the artist and musicians in the studio, controlling the recording sessions, and supervising the entire process through mixing and mastering . Producers also often take on a wider entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, and negotiations. Today, the recording industry has two kinds of producers: executive producer and music producer ; they have different roles. While an executive producer oversees a project's finances, a music producer oversees the creation of the music. A music producer can, in some cases, be compared to a film director, with noted practitioner Phil Ek himself describing his role as "the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, like a director would a movie. The engineer would be more the cameraman of the movie." [ 1 ] The music producer's job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music. The scope of responsibility may be one or two songs or an artist's entire album – in which case the producer will typically develop an overall vision for the album and how the various songs may interrelate. In the US, before the rise of the record producer, someone from A R would oversee the recording session(s), assuming responsibility for creative decisions relating to the recording. With today's relatively easy access to technology, an alternative to the record producer just mentioned, is the so called 'bedroom producer'. With today's technological advances, it is very easy for a producer to achieve high quality tracks without the use of a single instrument; that happens in urban music (like hip hop, rap, etc.). Many established artists take this approach. This technology advancement is referred to as Electronic Music Production or EMP. Electronic Music Production simply put is producing Music electronically or producing music on a computer. In most cases the music producer is also a competent arranger, composer, musician or songwriter who can bring fresh ideas to a project. As well as making any songwriting and arrangement adjustments, the producer is also in charge of the creative mix. He or she will liaise with the sound engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording, whereas the music producer keeps an eye on the overall project's marketability. Denmark;Music_industry;Music_executive;Audio_engineering;Artists_and_repertoire;Electronic_music;Microphone;Songwriter;The_Beatles;George_Harrison;Native_Instruments;Music_executive;Musician;Audio_engineering;HitQuarters;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Musical_notation;Music_education;Music_industry;Musician;Extended_play;Album;Compilation_album;Record_label;Latin_American_music;Record_producer;Record_producer; Record_shop A record shop or record store is an outlet that sells recorded music . Although vinyl records and audio cassettes are no longer sold in the majority of music stores, in favour of compact discs and home video recordings products, people in some countries, like the UK, still use the term "record shop", in conjunction with "CD shop" or "music shop". Originally record shops were privately run and independent businesses, meaning that prices could differ greatly from town to town, store to store. Today music shops are largely chain owned and thus prices are fairly similar regardless of the wealth of the town. In the United Kingdom the national chain style of selling records and tapes took off with Our Price , itself originally a small independent business founded in the early 1970s that expanded nationwide. Competition (like any major business) is fierce, proven by the closure of Our Price in 2004 after several rival chains emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, including HMV , Virgin Megastore and Music and Video Club . Around the world, the traditional record stores (chain or independent) are currently suffering from mail order (most notably on the Internet), as well as supermarkets and box stores selling recorded music at prices way below the recommended dealer price as a loss leader , thus devaluing the product to a damaging degree, and digital downloads . Because of the above factors, several major chains in the UK and North America have closed or shrunk in recent years. In addition to Our Price, Andys Records , Music and Video Club and Media Play have ceased trading. Tower Records closed all its British and United States outlets in recent years. Even chains that are still major players such as Virgin have had to close some stores (most notably their ones at Gatwick and Heathrow airports). Virgin also had to drastically reduce their presence in the American market. Sam Goody , a major player for many years, has also closed dozens of stores recently, and Canada 's long-running Sam The Record Man finally closed the doors of its flagship store in downtown Toronto in the summer of 2007. In addition to shops that sell new product, many record shops specialize in second hand or used collectible records, which they purchase from the public or other dealers, and sell for a profit. It is not uncommon for such shops to contain several items priced in the hundreds or thousands of US dollars (or local equivalent) due to their rarity, as well as items that are fairly common for much less. This type of record shop has also faced fierce competition from Internet sites like E-Bay , where people can sell their own records and avoid "the middle man ". Spillers Records in Cardiff , Wales , founded in 1894 by Henry Spiller, is reputed to be the oldest record shop in the world. [ 1 ] It originally specialised in the sale of phonographs, cylinders and shellac discs. In 2006 it was reported that it could be forced to close by a sharp increase in the rent for its premises, but later moved to another location nearby. Rinehart's Music Video in Kirksville , Missouri holds the title of Oldest Record Store in America [ 2 ] They have been in the business of selling music recordings since 1897, when Edwin S. Rinehart started selling wax cylinders and Edison Phonographs, it remains in the family to this date. Over the years, they expanded their inventory to include all music and movie formats. They recently have branched out into video games. Netherlands;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Compact_disc;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;Canada;Online_music_store;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Record_shop;Record_shop; Recording_Industry_Association_of_America RIAA_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Intellectual_property;Music_industry;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;RIAA_certification;Spanish_language;ITunes_Store;Compact_Disc;IP_address;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;San_Francisco;Kazaa;Copyright_infringement;Music_Canada;The_New_York_Times;The_Register;The_Register;Ars_Technica;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America; Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand The Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) is a non-profit trade association of record producers , distributors and recording artists who sell music in New Zealand . Membership of RIANZ is open to any record label operating in New Zealand, and is dominated by the American and UK owned " Big Four " ( EMI , Sony , Universal and Warner Music ) who have four of the five full memberships to the RIANZ. [ 1 ] RIANZ has an additional 53 affiliate members. New_Zealand;Musician;New_Zealand;Record_label;Universal_Music_Group;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;New_Zealand;British_Phonographic_Industry;The_Beatles;Britney_Spears;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand; Recursion Recursion is the process of repeating items in a self-similar way. For instance, when the surfaces of two mirrors are exactly parallel with each other the nested images that occur are a form of infinite recursion. The term has a variety of meanings specific to a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic . The most common application of recursion is in mathematics and computer science , in which it refers to a method of defining functions in which the function being defined is applied within its own definition. Specifically this defines an infinite number of instances (function values), using a finite expression that for some instances may refer to other instances, but in such a way that no loop or infinite chain of references can occur. The term is also used more generally to describe a process of repeating objects in a self-similar way. Computer_science;Computer_science;Google;Computer_science;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Infinite_loop;Digital_object_identifier;Logical_atomism;Formal_system;Formal_system;Gottlob_Frege;David_Hilbert;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Recursion;Recursion; Red Red is the color of blood and strawberries . [ 3 ] It is next to orange at the end of the visible spectrum of light, and is commonly associated with danger, sacrifice, passion, love, anger, socialism and communism , and in China and many other cultures, with happiness. [ 4 ] Green;Peru;Peru;Malaysia;Sri_Lanka;Brazil;Vietnam;Violin;Malaysia;Sri_Lanka;Brazil;DVD;Compact_disc;United_Kingdom;Chinese_language;Green;Vietnam;Good_Friday;Australia;New_Zealand;Fiji;Canada;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Spain;Belgium;Canada;Denmark;Chile;Puerto_Rico;Switzerland;Major_League_Baseball;National_Hockey_League;National_Football_League;Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers;Italy;Alfa_Romeo;Ferrari;Mexico;Colombia;Ecuador;Puerto_Rico;Peru;Venezuela;Nepal;Benin;Zimbabwe;Japan;Philippines;Singapore;United_Kingdom;United_States;Italy;Republic_of_China;Europe;United_States;Air_France;Delta_Air_Lines;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Portable_Document_Format;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;TIME;Infrared;Green;Green;Green;Red;Red; Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers The Red Hot Chili Peppers are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983. The group's musical style primarily consists of rock with an emphasis on funk , as well as elements from other genres such as punk rock , and psychedelic rock . Live, they incorporate many aspects of jam rock due to the improvised nature of much of their performances. The band consists of founding members Anthony Kiedis (vocals) and Michael "Flea" Balzary (bass), longtime drummer Chad Smith , and guitarist Josh Klinghoffer , who joined in late 2009, following the departure of John Frusciante . The Red Hot Chili Peppers have won seven Grammy Awards and sold over 80 million albums worldwide. [ 1 ] In 2012 they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The band's original line-up featured guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons . Because of commitments to other bands, the two did not play on the debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers (1984). Cliff Martinez was the drummer for the first two records, and guitarist Jack Sherman played on the first album only. Slovak performed on two albums with the band, Freaky Styley (1985) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan (1987); he died of a heroin overdose in 1988, resulting in drummer Irons' departure. Parliament-Funkadelic guitarist DeWayne McKnight was brought in to replace Slovak though his tenure was short and he was replaced by John Frusciante in 1988. Former Dead Kennedys drummer D.H. Peligro was brought in to replace Irons though after a short tenure with the band he was out and replaced by Chad Smith that same year. The line-up of Flea, Kiedis, Frusciante and Smith was the longest-lasting, and recorded five studio albums starting with 1989's Mother's Milk . In 1990, the group signed with Warner Bros. Records and recorded under producer Rick Rubin the album Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991), which became the band's first commercial success. Frusciante grew uncomfortable with the success of the band and left abruptly in 1992, in the middle of the album tour . His use of heroin increased. After recruiting guitarist Arik Marshall to complete the tour, Kiedis, Flea, and Smith employed Jesse Tobias though after a few weeks he was replaced by Dave Navarro of Jane's Addiction for their subsequent album, One Hot Minute (1995). Although commercially successful, the album failed to match the critical or popular acclaim of Blood Sugar Sex Magik , selling less than half as well as its predecessor. Navarro left the band in 1998. Frusciante, fresh out of drug rehabilitation , rejoined the band that same year at Flea's request. The reunited quartet returned to the studio to record Californication (1999), which became the band's biggest commercial success with 15 million copies worldwide. That album was followed three years later by By the Way (2002), and then four years later by the double album Stadium Arcadium (2006), their first number one album in America. After a world tour, the group went on an extended hiatus. Frusciante announced he was amicably leaving the band to focus on his solo career. Josh Klinghoffer , who had worked both as a sideman for the band on their Stadium Arcadium tour and on Frusciante's solo projects, joined as lead guitarist in 2009 and the band spent the next year and a half recording their tenth studio album, I'm with You , which was released in 2011 and topped the charts in 18 different countries. California;Record_label;Rock_music;Funk;Grammy_Award;EMI;Funk;Michigan;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Grammy_Award;John_Lennon;Brazil;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;Grammy_Award;Barack_Obama;ITunes;Funk;The_Beatles;Led_Zeppelin;Led_Zeppelin;Reggae;Heavy_metal_music;Jazz;International_Standard_Book_Number;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Rolling_Stone;Rolling_Stone;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Facebook;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers; Reference_work View a machine-translated version of the German article. Click [show] on the right for instructions. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|de|Nachschlagewerk}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . The Brockhaus Enzyklopädie , the best known traditional reference book in German-speaking countries The Lexikon des Mittelalters (Dictionary of the Middle Ages), a specialised German encyclopedia Encyclopædia Britannica , 15th edition: volumes of the Propedia (green), Micropedia (red), Macropedia, and 2-volume Index (blue) A reference work is a book or serial publication to which you can refer for confirmed facts. [ 1 ] The information is intended to be found quickly when needed. Reference works are usually referred to for particular pieces of information, rather than read beginning to end. The writing style used in these works is informative; the authors avoid use of the first person, and emphasize facts. Many reference works are compiled by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors rather than by an individual author. Indexes are commonly provided in many types of reference work. Updated editions are usually published as needed, in some cases annually (e.g. Whitaker's Almanack , Who's Who . Reference works include dictionaries , thesauruses, encyclopedias , almanacs, bibliographies, and catalogs (e.g. catalogs of libraries, museums or the works of individual artists). [ 2 ] Many reference works are available in electronic form and can be obtained as software packages or online through the Internet . Software;Internet;Reference_work;Reference_work; Refrain A refrain (from Vulgar Latin refringere , "to repeat", and later from Old French refraindre ) is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in verse ; the " chorus " of a song . Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the villanelle , the virelay , and the sestina . The use of refrains is particularly associated with where the verse-chorus-verse song structure typically places a refrain in almost every song. The refrain or chorus often sharply contrasts the verse melodically , rhythmically , and harmonically , and assumes a higher level of dynamics and activity, often with added instrumentation. Chorus form, or strophic form , is a sectional and/or additive way of structuring a piece of music based on the repetition of one formal section or block played repeatedly. See also verse-chorus form . In music , a refrain has two parts: the lyrics of the song, and the melody . Sometimes refrains vary their words slightly when repeated; recognisability is given to the refrain by the fact that it is always sung to the same tune, and the rhymes , if present, are preserved despite the variations of the words. Such a refrain is featured in " The Star-Spangled Banner ," which contains a refrain which is introduced by a different phrase in each verse, but which always ends: O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. A similar refrain is found in the " Battle Hymn of the Republic ," which affirms in successive verses that "Our God," or "His Truth." is "marching on." Refrains usually, but not always, come at the end of the verse. Some songs, especially ballads , incorporate refrains into each verse. For example, one version of the traditional ballad The Cruel Sister includes a refrain mid-verse: There lived a lady by the North Sea shore, Lay the bent to the bonny broom Two daughters were the babes she bore. Fa la la la la la la la la. As one grew bright as is the sun, Lay the bent to the bonny broom So coal black grew the other one. Fa la la la la la la la. (Note : the refrain of 'Lay the Bent to the Bonny Broom' is not traditionally associated with the ballad of The Cruel Sister (Child #10). This was the work of 'pop-folk' group Pentangle on their 1970 LP 'Cruel Sister' which has subsequently been picked up by many folk singers as being traditional. Both the melody and the refrain come from the ballad known as Riddles Wisely Expounded (Child #1).) Here, the refrain is syntactically independent of the narrative poem in the song, and has no obvious relationship to its subject, and indeed little inherent meaning at all. The device can also convey material which relates to the subject of the poem. Such a refrain is found in Dante Gabriel Rossetti 's Troy Town : Heavenborn Helen, Sparta's queen, Had two breasts of heavenly sheen, The sun and moon of the heart's desire: All Love's lordship lay between, A sheen on the breasts I Love. Tall Troy's on fire! Phrases of apparent nonsense in refrains ( Lay the bent to the bonny broom? ), and solfege syllables such as fa la la , familiar from the Christmas carol Deck the Halls with Boughs of Holly , have given rise to much speculation. Some believe that the traditional refrain Hob a derry down O encountered in some English folksongs is in fact an ancient Celtic phrase meaning "dance around the oak tree." These suggestions remain controversial. Jazz;Jazz;Refrain;Refrain; Reggae Reggae is a music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. While sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to most types of Jamaican music , the term reggae more properly denotes a particular music style that originated following on the development of ska and rocksteady . Reggae is most easily recognized by the rhythmic accents on the off-beat , usually played by guitar or piano (or both), known as the skank . This pattern accents the second and fourth beat in each bar (or the "and"s of each beat depending on how the music is counted) and combines with the drums emphasis on beat three to create a unique feel and sense of phrasing in contrast to most other popular genres focus on beat one, the "downbeat". [ 1 ] The tempo of reggae is usually felt as slower than the popular Jamaican forms, ska and rocksteady, which preceded it. [ 2 ] It is this slower tempo, the guitar/piano offbeats, the emphasis on the third beat, and the use of syncopated, melodic bass lines that differentiates reggae from other music, although other musical styles have incorporated some of these innovations separately. Jazz;Guitar;Hip_hop_music;Jazz;The_Beatles;Jazz;Guitar;Staccato;Synthesizer;Synthesizer;United_Kingdom;Disc_jockey;Hip_hop_music;Motown;Funk;Funk;Motown;Soul_music;Hip_hop_music;Disc_jockey;Electronic_music;Hip_hop_music;Panama;Puerto_Rico;Hip_hop_music;Electronica;Rock_music;Venezuela;Brazil;Drum_and_bass;Germany;Italy;Spain;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Reggae;Reggae; Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods The regulation of therapeutic goods , that is drugs and therapeutic devices , varies by jurisdiction. In some countries, such as the United States , they are regulated at the national level by a single agency. In other jurisdictions they are regulated at the state level, or at both state and national levels by various bodies, as is the case in Australia . The role of therapeutic goods regulation is designed mainly to protect the health and safety of the population. Regulation is aimed at ensuring the safety, quality, and efficacy of the therapeutic goods which are covered under the scope of the regulation. In most jurisdictions, therapeutic goods must be registered before they are allowed to be marketed. There is usually some degree of restriction of the availability of certain therapeutic goods depending on their risk to consumers. United_States;Australia;Brazil;United_Kingdom;European_Union;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;International_Standard_Book_Number;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods; Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X Remote Install Mac OS X is a remote installer for use with MacBook Air laptops over the network. It works by having it run on a Macintosh or a Windows -based PC with an optical drive and then connecting over the network to a client MacBook Air (lacking an optical drive) to perform system software installs. Remote Install Mac OS X was released as part of Mac OS X 10.5.2 on February 12, 2008. Starting with the March 2009 version, the Mac mini also supports Remote Install, allowing the DVD drive to be replaced with a second hard drive. A support page is available on Apple's website describing Remote Install: http://support.apple.com/kb/HT2129 . With the launch of OS X Lion , Apple has omitted Remote Install. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A workaround is to enable Target Disk Mode . Software_design;Apple_Inc.;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Computing_platform;Macintosh;List_of_software_categories;MacBook_Air;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Personal_computer;Mac_mini;OS_X_Lion;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X; Remote_control Bluetooth;Wireless;Bluetooth;Television;Stereophonic_sound;DVD;United_States;DVD;Television;Microphone;Canadian_dollar;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_Inc.;Home_cinema;VCR;Digital_video_recorder;Television;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Touchscreen;Virtual_keyboard;Boxee;TiVo;VLC_media_player;Infrared;LED;Finland;Bluetooth;Personal_computer;Gesture_recognition;Touchscreen_remote_control;Remote_control;Remote_control; Removable_media In computer storage , removable media refers to storage media which are designed to be removed from the computer without powering the computer off. Some types of removable media are designed to be read by removable readers and drives. Examples include: Optical discs ( Blu-ray discs , DVDs , CDs ) Memory cards ( CompactFlash card , Secure Digital card , Memory Stick ) Floppy disks / Zip disks Paper data storage ( punched cards , punched tapes ) Some removable media readers and drives are integrated into computers, others are themselves removable. Removable media may also refer to some removable storage devices, when they are used to transport or store data. Examples include: External hard disk drives Compact_Disc;Secure_Digital;Floppy_disk;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Removable_media;Removable_media; Renal Liver;Liver;Hydrogen;Enzyme;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Liver; Renault Renault S.A. ( French pronunciation: [ʁəno] ) ( Euronext : RNO ) is a French vehicle manufacturer established in 1899. The company produces a range of cars and vans, and in the past, trucks, tractors, tanks, buses/coaches and autorail vehicles. Headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt , Renault owns the Romanian manufacturer Automobile Dacia and the Korean Renault Samsung Motors . Renault also owns subsidiaries RCI Banque (providing automotive financing) and Motrio (automotive parts). Renault Trucks , previously Renault Vehicules Industriels, has been part of Volvo Trucks since 2001. Renault Agriculture became 100% owned by German agricultural equipment manufacturer CLAAS in 2008. Carlos Ghosn is the current chairman and CEO and the French government owns a 15 percent share of Renault. [ 3 ] As part of the Renault-Nissan Alliance , the company is the fourth-largest automotive group. [ 4 ] Together Renault and Nissan are undertaking significant electric car development, investing 4 billion euros ($5.16 billion) in eight electric vehicles over the next 3–4 years. [ 3 ] The company's most successful cars to date are the Renault Clio and the Renault Mégane , [ citation needed ] and its core market is Europe. [ 5 ] The company is known for its role in motor sport, and its success over the years in rallying and Formula 1 . French_language;Volkswagen;Brazil;Argentina;Nissan;Nissan;General_Motors;General_Motors;Chrysler;General_Motors;International_Standard_Book_Number;France;France;STMicroelectronics;Renault;Renault; Renesas Renesas Electronics Corporation ( ルネサス エレクトロニクス株式会社 , Runesasu Erekutoronikusu Kabushiki Gaisha ? ) TYO : 6723 is a Japanese semiconductor manufacturer. It is based in Tokyo and has manufacturing, design and sales operations in around 20 countries. [ 3 ] Renesas is one of the world's largest manufacturers of semiconductor systems for mobile phones and automotive applications. It is the world's largest manufacturer of microcontrollers and the second largest manufacturer of application processors. [ 4 ] Renesas is also known for LCD drivers, RF ICs, mixed-signal integrated circuits and system-on-a-chip semiconductors. The largest stockholders and their ownership ratio of Renesas are as follows. [ 5 ] NEC Corporation ( TYO : 6701 ) Hitachi, Ltd. ( TYO : 6501 ) Mitsubishi Electric Corporation ( TYO : 6503 ) In early May 0f 2012, NEC transferred part of its stake in Renesas to its employee pension trust. As a result, the pension fund holds 32.4 percent of Renesas while NEC has 3.0 percent. [ 6 ] Japan;Japan;Mobile_phone;Flash_memory;SuperH;SuperH;Microdrive;Japan;Alpine_Electronics;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Roland_Corporation;Sony;Toshiba;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone; Renoise Renoise is a contemporary digital audio workstation (DAW) based upon the heritage and development of tracker software. Its primary use is the composition of music using sound samples , soft synths , and effects plug-ins. It is also able to interface with MIDI and OSC equipment. The main difference between Renoise and other music software is the characteristic vertical timeline sequencer used by tracking software. Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_synthesizer;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Core_Audio;Linux;MIDI;Digital_signal_processing;WAV;WAV;AIFF;FLAC;Ogg;Core_Audio_Format;Audio_Units;WAV;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Renoise;Renoise; Renting Renting , also known as hiring , is an agreement where a payment is made for the temporary use of a good, service or property owned by another. A gross lease is when the tenant pays a flat rental amount and the landlord pays for all property charges regularly incurred by the ownership. Spain;Australia;United_Kingdom;United_States;DVD;Compact_Disc;Computer;United_Kingdom;Canada;BusinessWeek;Renting;Renting; Republic_of_China Taiwan ( i / ˌ t aɪ ˈ w ɑː n / TY-WAHN ; Chinese : 臺 灣 or 台 灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ; see below ), officially the Republic of China ( ROC ; Chinese : 中 華 民 國 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá Mínguó ), is a state in East Asia . Originally based in mainland China , the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which makes up over 99% of its current territory, [ f ] as well as Penghu , Kinmen , Matsu , and other minor islands . Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural center of the country, [ 1 ] while New Taipei is the most populous city . The earliest evidence of Taiwan being inhabited is from the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch as Dutch Formosa in 1624 and the Spanish as Spanish Formosa in 1626. The Spanish were expelled from the island in 1644 by the Dutch. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga 's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning . The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan 's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war , Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895. The Republic of China was established in mainland China in 1912 and governed varying amounts of territory on the mainland until 1949. At the end of World War II in 1945, Japan surrendered Taiwan and associated islands to ROC forces. Following the Chinese civil war in the last three years, the Communist forces took control of mainland China and founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the ROC government moved to Taiwan. Since the founding of the PRC, international recognition of the ROC has gradually eroded as most countries switched recognition to the PRC. In 1971, the PRC assumed China's seat at the United Nations . Only 22 UN member states and the Holy See currently recognize the ROC as a sovereign state and maintain formal diplomatic relations with it, though it has informal ties with many other states. Officially, the ROC government has claimed sovereignty over all of "China", in a definition that includes mainland China and Mongolia , as well as Taiwan, via the ROC Constitution [ 21 ] but has not made retaking the mainland a political goal since 1992. [ 22 ] However, the government's stance on whether "retaking" or "reuniting" with China is desired or whether Taiwan and China are separate countries or are regions of one country depends on which administration is in power (See Politics below). Meanwhile, the PRC also officially asserts itself to be the sole legal representation of China and actively claims Taiwan to be under its sovereignty, denying the status and existence of ROC as a sovereign state. It has threatened the use of military force as a response to any formal declaration of Taiwanese independence , or if it deems peaceful reunification no longer possible. [ 23 ] Cross-strait relations between Taiwan and China as well as issues of national identity within the country are important factors in Taiwanese politics and a cause of social and political division among political parties and their respective supporters. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Taiwan evolved into a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage. Building on the infrastructure and education improvements initiated during the Japanese era, Taiwan has experienced rapid economic growth and industrialization during the latter half of the 20th century and is now an advanced industrial economy . It is one of the Four Asian Tigers and a member of the WTO and APEC . The 19th-largest economy in the world, [ 24 ] [ 25 ] its advanced technology industry plays a key role in the global economy. Taiwan is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, [ 26 ] public education, economic freedom, and human development. [ e ] [ 19 ] [ 27 ] Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese;Chinese_language;Japan;Philippines;Mongolia;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;Japan;European_Union;United_States;Ombudsman;United_States;France;Netherlands;Australia;Mongolia;Hong_Kong;Singapore;Thailand;Philippines;Malaysia;Vietnam;Finland;France;Japan;Science;Chinese_language;Chinese_language;Hong_Kong;Macau;Japanese_language;Major_League_Baseball;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Taiwan;Taiwan;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Hong_Kong;Macau;Japan;Mongolia;Hong_Kong;Macau;Vietnam;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;Australia;European_Union;Hong_Kong;Singapore;Hong_Kong;Macau;Malaysia;Singapore;Brunei;Cambodia;Fiji;Guam;Malaysia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Philippines;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Vietnam;Taiwan;Taiwan; Republic_of_Ireland – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 53°20.65′N 6°16.05′W  /  53.34417°N 6.2675°W  / 53.34417; -6.2675 Official language(s) Ethnic groups (2006) 13% others and unspecified [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Parliamentary republic From the United Kingdom Left the Commonwealth 70,273 km 2 ( 120th ) 4,588,252 [ 4 ] ( 119th ) 65.3/km 2 ( 142nd ) $181.595 billion [ 5 ] ( 55th ) $39,638 [ 5 ] ( 15th ) $217.669 billion [ 5 ] ( 42nd ) $47,513 [ 5 ] ( 14th ) 0.908 [ 6 ] ( very high ) ( 7th ) Euro ( € ) [ note 1 ] ( EUR ) IST ( WEST ) ( UTC +1) a. ^ Article 4 of the Constitution of Ireland declares that the name of the state is Ireland ; Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 declares that Republic of Ireland is "the description of the State". [ 7 ] b. ^ The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. Ireland ( / ˈ aɪər l ə n d / or / ˈ ɑr l ə n d / ; Irish : Éire , pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen ) ), also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Irish : Poblacht na hÉireann ), is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland . It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy , with an elected president serving as head of state . The head of government —called the Taoiseach —is nominated by the lower house of parliament ( Dáil Éireann ). The capital is Dublin in the east of the island. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east. The modern Irish state gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922 following a war of independence resulting in the Anglo-Irish Treaty , with Northern Ireland exercising an option to remain in the United Kingdom. Initially a dominion within the British Empire called the Irish Free State , a new constitution and the name of "Ireland" were adopted in 1937. In 1949 the remaining duties of the British monarch were removed and Ireland was declared a republic , with the description Republic of Ireland . Ireland had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the 20th century, but since 1999 they co-operate on a number of policy areas under the North-South Ministerial Council created under the Good Friday Agreement . Whilst Ireland today ranks amongst the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita, [ 8 ] the country was once one of the poorest in Europe. Economic protectionism was dismantled in the late 1950s and Ireland joined the European Economic Community in 1973. Economic liberalism from the late 1980s onwards resulted in rapid economic expansion, particularly from 1995 to 2007, which became known as the Celtic Tiger period. An unprecedented financial crisis beginning in 2008 ended this era of rapid economic growth. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index , [ 11 ] Ireland is also highly ranked for press , economic and political freedom. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a founding member of the Council of Europe and the OECD . It pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment and consequently is not a member of NATO , although it does participate in Partnership for Peace . Europe;European_Union;English_language;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Cyprus;Intel;Microsoft;Google;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;United_Kingdom;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;United_Kingdom;English_language;French_language;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;United_Kingdom;Canada;United_States;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Republic_of_Ireland;Republic_of_Ireland; Requirements_traceability Requirements traceability is a sub-discipline of requirements management within software development and systems engineering . Requirements traceability is concerned with documenting the life of a requirement and to provide bi-directional traceability between various associated requirements. It enables users to find the origin of each requirement and track every change that was made to this requirement. For this purpose, it may be necessary to document every change made to the requirement. It has been argued that even the use of the requirement after the implemented features have been deployed and used should be traceable [ 1 ] . MATLAB;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Requirements_traceability;Requirements_traceability; ResEdit ResEdit was a developer tool application for the Apple Macintosh , used to create and edit resources directly in the Mac's resource fork architecture. It was an alternative to tools such as REdit, [ 1 ] and the resource compiler Rez. For the average user, ResEdit was generally easier to use, because it used a graphical user interface . Although it had been intended to be a developer tool, power users often used it to edit icons, menus, and other elements of an application's GUI , customizing it to their own preferences. Resources on the Macintosh could be of many different types, and in fact any arbitrary data could be turned into a resource. While the system defined many standard formats for particular kinds of resources (for example, an icon, or a window template), programmers were also free to define their own. ResEdit included support for editing many of the standard types and for creating arbitrary resources with any structure a programmer might have dreamed up. ResEdit was one of the earliest examples of a GUI layout tool, an essential component for rapid application development . For example, the Mac OS defined a standard resource called a dialog template and a dialog items list (resource types 'DLOG' and 'DITL' respectively). In ResEdit, it was possible to simply create these types and add GUI elements to them in an almost WYSIWYG fashion, so that you could design a user interface directly as it would appear to the end user of your application. Later, the application code could create a functional dialog box using the stored resource data which would match the appearance you laid out in ResEdit. While hardly a revolutionary concept today, when ResEdit first appeared in the mid-1980s, this was a considerable innovation. ResEdit included standard editors for window templates ('WIND'), menus ('MENU'), dialog boxes, controls ('CNTL'), color palettes ('clut' and 'pltt'), icons ('ICON', 'cicn', 'ICN#'), and various other standard types. One of ResEdit's most powerful features (which first appeared with ResEdit version 2.0) was the ability to define arbitrary data structures as resources using a simple template building feature. Here, the programmer simply added elemental data types to a list to define a template (itself stored as a resource of type 'TMPL'). This template allowed ResEdit to build a GUI editor on the fly that would allow entry of data and package it into the structure defined in the template. It was then a simple matter for a programmer to define a matching data structure in a chosen programming language, such as C, load the resource in a standard manner and access the data as the defined C type. ResEdit included a number of predefined templates for many standard OS resources that did not require a graphical editor. ResEdit was never upgraded to run natively on Mac OS X (or, indeed, on PowerPC -based Macintoshes), as Apple now discourages the use of resource forks in new Mac OS X applications, preferring the more portable NeXT -derived application bundles . A long-standing third-party commercial alternative named Resorcerer remains available, and more recently there have been a number of attempts to build open-source Mac OS X-native resource editors, including one called ResKnife . ResEdit will run in Mac OS X's Classic compatibility mode , but Classic is neither available on Intel Macintosh computers , nor in Mac OS X v10.5 or later. However, an Intel Mac can run ResEdit via an emulator such as SheepShaver or Basilisk II . The last official version of ResEdit is 2.1.3, released in August 1994. Unofficial 'hacks' released as ResEdit 2.1.4 and up exist that add features such as the ability to edit data forks , but these are entirely unsupported by Apple. [1] Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Software_application;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Resource_fork;Compiler;Graphical_user_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;PowerPC;NeXT;Creator_code;Interface_Builder;Resource_fork;Type_code;Portable_Document_Format;MacBinary;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;ResEdit;ResEdit; Research_In_Motion Toronto_Stock_Exchange;NASDAQ;Thorsten_Heins;BlackBerry;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;QNX;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;NASDAQ;Wireless;BlackBerry;Smartphone;Thorsten_Heins;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Wireless;Motorola;Canadian_dollar;GSM;CDMA;IDEN;PocketMac;QNX;BlackBerry_PlayBook;Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Malaysia;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Google;BlackBerry_PlayBook;IPad;Patent_infringement;Palm_Treo;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Motorola;Motorola;Samsung;Sony_Ericsson;Motorola;Apple_Inc.;Google;HTC_Corporation;Motorola;Nokia;Samsung;Sony_Ericsson;International_Standard_Book_Number;BlackBerry;Thorsten_Heins;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Canada;Telus;Thomson_Reuters;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Research_In_Motion;Research_In_Motion; Reserpine InChI=1S/C33H40N2O9/c1-38-19-7-8-20-21-9-10-35-16-18-13-27(44-32(36)17-11-25(39-2)30(41-4)26(12-17)40-3)31(42-5)28(33(37)43-6)22(18)15-24(35)29(21)34-23(20)14-19/h7-8,11-12,14,18,22,24,27-28,31,34H,9-10,13,15-16H2,1-6H3/t18-,22+,24-,27-,28+,31+/m1/s1 Y Key:QEVHRUUCFGRFIF-MDEJGZGSSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Reserpine is an indole alkaloid [2] antipsychotic and antihypertensive drug that has been used for the control of high blood pressure and for the relief of psychotic symptoms, although because of the development of better drugs for these purposes and because of its numerous side-effects, it is rarely used today. [ 1 ] The antihypertensive actions of reserpine are a result of its ability to deplete catecholamines (among other monoamine neurotransmitters ) from peripheral sympathetic nerve endings. These substances are normally involved in controlling heart rate, force of cardiac contraction and peripheral resistance. [3] Reserpine mediated depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters in the synapses is often cited as evidence to the theory that depletion of the neurotransmitters causes subsequent depression in humans (c.f. monoamine hypothesis ). However, this claim is not without controversy. The reserpine-induced depression is considered by some researchers to be a myth, while others claim that teas made out of the plant roots containing reserpine have a calming, sedative action that can actually be considered anti depressant. [ 2 ] Notably, reserpine was the first compound shown to be an effective antidepressant in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. [ 3 ] Moreover, reserpine has a peripheral action in many parts of the body, resulting in a preponderance of the cholinergic part of the nervous system (GI tract, smooth muscles vessels). International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Chlorpromazine;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Reserpine;Reserpine; Resource_Interchange_File_Format The Resource Interchange File Format ( RIFF ) is a generic file container format for storing data in tagged chunks . It is primarily used to store multimedia such as sound and video, though it may also be used to store any arbitrary data. It was introduced in 1991 by Microsoft and IBM , and was presented by Microsoft as the default format for Windows 3.1 multimedia files. It is based on Electronic Arts ' Interchange File Format , introduced in 1985 on the Amiga 1000, the only difference being that multi- byte integers are in little-endian format, native to the 80x86 processor series used in IBM PCs, rather than the big-endian format native to the 68k processor series used in Amiga and Apple Macintosh computers, where IFF files were heavily used. (The specification for AIFF , the big-endian analogue of RIFF, was published by Apple Computer in 1988.) The Microsoft implementation is mostly known through container formats like AVI , ANI and WAV , which use RIFF as their basis. In 2010 Google introduced the WebP picture format, which uses RIFF as a container. [ 1 ] Microsoft;Electronic_Arts;Apple_Macintosh;AIFF;Apple_Computer;Audio_Video_Interleave;WAV;WebP;Gigabyte;Exif;Sony_Vegas;AIFF;WAV;Audio_Video_Interleave;WebP;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Resource_Interchange_File_Format; Resource_fork The resource fork is a construct of the Mac OS operating system used to store structured data in a file, alongside unstructured data stored within the data fork . A resource fork stores information in a specific form, such as icons, the shapes of windows, definitions of menus and their contents, and application code ( machine code ). For example, a word processing file might store its text in the data fork, while storing any embedded images in the same file's resource fork. The resource fork is used mostly by executables , but every file is able to have a resource fork. Mac_OS;Operating_system;Executable;Hierarchical_File_System;Hierarchical_File_System;Apple_Lisa;Internationalization_and_localization;Apple_Macintosh;Macintosh_File_System;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Database;Microsoft_Windows;Metadata;PowerPC;Operating_system;Server_Message_Block;OSType;PICT;Executable;PowerPC;Central_processing_unit;ResEdit;ResEdit;Internationalization_and_localization;Software;OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Xcode;Compiler;Source_code;API;Creator_code;ResEdit;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Server_Message_Block;FTP;MacBinary;Intel;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_NT;Portable_Network_Graphics;NeXT;OS_X;TIFF;ResEdit;Macintosh_File_System;Application_programming_interface;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Resource_fork;Resource_fork; Retail_software Retail software is computer software sold to end consumers , usually under restricted licenses. Until the 2000s with emergence of the Internet , retail software represented the vast majority of all end consumer software used and was referred to as shrinkware because software almost always ships in a shrinkwrapped box. An important historical event that led to the expansion of the market for retail software was the Open Letter to Hobbyists by Bill Gates in 1976. The most famous examples of retail software are the products offered on the IBM PC and clones in the 1980s and 90s, including famous programs like Lotus 123 , Word Perfect and the various parts that make up Microsoft Office . Microsoft Windows is also shrinkware, but is most often pre-installed on the computer. The rise of the Internet and software licensing schemes has dramatically changed the retail software market. Users are capable of finding shareware , freeware and free software products or use Web services as easily as retail. [ 1 ] Producers of proprietary software have shifted to providing much of their software and services via the Internet, including Google , Microsoft , Yahoo! , and Apple Inc. . Software is also becoming available as part of an integrated device, as well. OEM Pack - This is a licensed copy of software given by the software manufacturer to a computer manufacturer to pre-install on a computer being sold to a customer. A backup copy may or may not be provided on a CD to the end user along with the computer. Box Pack - This is a licensed copy of software that an end user buys off the shelf from any authorized retail outlet. They may sometimes be more highly priced than OEM versions as you generally get additional software along with the main software within the pack. Paper License - This is a scheme provided by the software manufacturer to companies or businesses that require large number of copies of particular software to be installed on multiple computers within the organization. Say for example, a company requires installing software on 50 computers in its office. Instead of buying 50 CDs and managing those 50 individually, the company can buy one copy of the software and request the software vendor to issue a paper license authorizing them to use it on 50 computers. The software vendor then charges them accordingly. This method is also much cheaper than buying 50 individual packs. Internet;Microsoft_Windows;Internet;Shareware;Freeware;Free_software;Google;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Proprietary_software;Software_license;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Commercial_software;Shareware;Digital_distribution;Retail_software;Retail_software; Retina_display Apple_Inc.;Liquid_crystal_display;Pixel_density;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;MacBook_Pro;LG_Display;Samsung;Trademark;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Display_resolution;IPod_Touch;MacBook_Pro;LG_Display;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Retina_display;Retina_display; Reuters Reuters ( pronounced /ˈrɔɪtərz/ ) is an international news agency headquartered in London , United Kingdom and a division of Thomson Reuters . Until 2008 the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc , which was also a provider of financial market data. Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by The Thomson Corporation in 2008, the Reuters news agency has been a part of Thomson Reuters, forming part of its Markets Division. Thomson_Reuters;United_Kingdom;Thomson_Reuters;United_Kingdom;Thomson_Reuters;Sierra_Leone;The_Washington_Post;The_New_York_Times;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;International_Standard_Book_Number;Thomson_Reuters;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;CNN;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;Financial_Times;The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;The_Mail_on_Sunday;ITV;ITV;BBC_iPlayer;ITV;TVCatchup;TiVo;Zattoo;EMI;British_Phonographic_Industry;Reuters;Reuters; Reverse_engineering Reverse engineering is the process of discovering the technological principles of a device, object, or system through analysis of its structure, function , and operation. [ 1 ] It often involves taking something (e.g., a mechanical device , electronic component , software program, or biological, chemical, or organic matter) apart and analyzing its workings in detail to be used in maintenance, or to try to make a new device or program that does the same thing without using or simply duplicating (without understanding) the original. Reverse engineering has its origins in the analysis of hardware for commercial or military advantage. [ 2 ] The purpose is to deduce design decisions from end products with little or no additional knowledge about the procedures involved in the original production. The same techniques are subsequently being researched for application to legacy software systems, not for industrial or defence ends, but rather to replace incorrect, incomplete, or otherwise unavailable documentation. [ 3 ] Software;Integrated_circuit;Patent_infringement;Application_programming_interface;Embedded_systems;Microsoft_Windows;Embedded_system;Microsoft_Windows;Japan;Patent_infringement;Copyright_infringement;EULA;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Automation;Computer_science;Engineering;Audio_engineering;Control_engineering;Reverse_engineering;Reverse_engineering; Revision_control Revision control , also known as version control and source control (and an aspect of software configuration management ), is the management of changes to documents, computer programs , large web sites, and other collections of information. Changes are usually identified by a number or letter code, termed the "revision number", "revision level", or simply "revision". For example, an initial set of files is "revision 1". When the first change is made, the resulting set is "revision 2", and so on. Each revision is associated with a timestamp and the person making the change. Revisions can be compared, restored, and with some types of files, merged. The need for a logical way to organize and control revisions has existed for almost as long as writing has existed, but revision control became much more important, and complicated, when the era of computing began. The numbering of book editions and of specification revisions are examples that date back to the print-only era. Today, the most capable (as well as complex) revision control systems are those used in software development , where a team of people may change the same files. Version control systems (VCS) most commonly run as stand-alone applications, but revision control is also embedded in various types of software such as word processors , [ citation needed ] spreadsheets, [ citation needed ] and in various content management systems . [ citation needed ] Revision control allows for the ability to revert a page to a previous revision, which is critical for allowing editors to track each other's edits, correct mistakes, and defend against vandalism and spam . Software tools for revision control are essential for the organization of multi-developer projects. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Visual_Studio;Xcode;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Proprietary_software;Revision_control;Revision_control; Rhythmbox Rhythmbox is an audio player that plays and helps organize digital music. Originally inspired by Apple 's iTunes , it is free software , designed to work well under the GNOME Desktop using the GStreamer media framework. However, Rhythmbox functions on desktop environments other than GNOME. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Apple_Computer;ITunes;Free_software;Internet_radio;Podcast;Playlist;Gapless_playback;IPod;Last.fm;Jamendo;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Gajim;AMSN;Emesene;Amazon.com;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Mozilla_Firefox;Web_browser;Jamendo;Magnatune;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;File_Roller;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Rhythmbox;Rhythmbox; Ringo_Starr Richard Starkey , MBE (born 7 July 1940), most commonly referred to by his stage name Ringo Starr , is an English musician and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for The Beatles . When the band formed in 1960, Starr was a member of another Liverpool band, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes . He joined The Beatles in August 1962, taking the place of Pete Best . In addition to his drumming, Starr is featured on lead vocals on a number of successful Beatles songs (in particular, " With a Little Help from My Friends ", " Yellow Submarine ", and The Beatles version of " Act Naturally "). He is credited as a co-writer of the songs " What Goes On " and " Flying ", and as the writer of " Don't Pass Me By " and " Octopus's Garden ". As drummer for The Beatles, Starr was musically creative, and his contribution to the band's music has received high praise from notable drummers in more recent times. Starr described himself as "your basic offbeat drummer with funny fills". [ 1 ] Drummer Steve Smith said that Starr's popularity "brought forth a new paradigm" where "we started to see the drummer as an equal participant in the compositional aspect" and that Starr "composed unique, stylistic drum parts for The Beatles songs". In 2011, Starr was picked as the fifth-best drummer of all-time by Rolling Stone readers. [ 2 ] Starr is the most documented and critically acclaimed actor among The Beatles, playing a central role in several of their films , and appearing in numerous other films, both during and after his career with The Beatles. After The Beatles' break-up in 1970, Starr achieved solo musical success with several singles and albums, and recorded with each of his fellow ex-Beatles as they too developed their post-Beatle musical careers. He has also been featured in a number of TV documentaries, hosted TV shows, narrated the first two series of the children's television series Thomas the Tank Engine Friends and portrayed "Mr. Conductor" during the first season of the PBS children's television series Shining Time Station . Since 1989, Starr has toured with twelve variations of Ringo Starr His All-Starr Band . Rock_music;Pop_music;World_music;Piano;Guitar;Record_label;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Rolling_Stone;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Abbey_Road_Studios;The_Beatles;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Denmark;Netherlands;Asia;Australia;New_Zealand;Sweden;Apple_Records;Apple_Records;Rolling_Stone;ITV;George_Harrison;Norah_Jones;World_Music_Awards;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Beatles;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Abbey_Road_Studios;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Apple_Records;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;George_Harrison;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Ringo_Starr; Ringtone A ringtone or ring tone is the sound made by a telephone to indicate an incoming call or text message . Not literally a tone nor an actual (bell-like) ring anymore, the term is most often used today to refer to customizable sounds used on mobile phones . Mobile_phone;Hertz;Hertz;Electrical_impedance;Trademark;Caller_ID;Japan;MIDI;Short_message_service;Nokia;Digital_audio_editor;Music_industry;Music_sequencer;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Advanced_Audio_Coding;IPhone;FLAC;BlackBerry;MIDI;Nokia;Vorbis;MIDI;QCELP;Japanese_language;CNET;CNN;The_New_York_Times;How_Stuff_Works;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Ringtone;Ringtone; Ringtones A ringtone or ring tone is the sound made by a telephone to indicate an incoming call or text message . Not literally a tone nor an actual (bell-like) ring anymore, the term is most often used today to refer to customizable sounds used on mobile phones . Mobile_phone;Hertz;Hertz;Electrical_impedance;Trademark;Caller_ID;Japan;MIDI;Short_message_service;Nokia;Digital_audio_editor;Music_industry;Music_sequencer;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Advanced_Audio_Coding;IPhone;FLAC;BlackBerry;MIDI;Nokia;Vorbis;MIDI;QCELP;Japanese_language;CNET;CNN;The_New_York_Times;How_Stuff_Works;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Ringtone;Ringtone; Ripping Ripping is the process of copying audio or video content to a hard disk , typically from removable media . The word is used to refer to all forms of media. Despite the name, neither the media nor the data is damaged after extraction. Digital Audio Extraction (DAE) is a more formal phrase applied to the ripping of Audio CDs . Ripping is distinct from simple file copying , in that the source audio/video to be "ripped" is not formatted for ease of use in a computer filesystem . For example, the hierarchy of files making up the audio/video data on a DVD-Video disc can be encoded into a single MPEG file. In addition, the copied data are often compressed with appropriate codecs . Ripping is often used to shift formats, and to edit, duplicate or back up media content. Media files released on the Internet may describe the source of the rip in their names, e.g. DVD-Rip . [ 1 ] Hard_disk;Removable_media;Codec;MPEG;Lossy_compression;Codec;Internet;Australia;New_Zealand;Spain;Sweden;Poland;United_Kingdom;Digital_rights_management;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_video_recorder;Digital_Rights_Management;Ripping;Ripping; Road_crew The road crew (or roadies ) are the technicians or support personnel who travel with a band on tour , usually in sleeper buses , and handle every part of the concert productions except actually performing the music with the musicians . This catch-all term covers many people: tour managers , production managers , stage managers , front of house and monitor engineers , guitar techs , bass techs , drum techs, keyboard techs, lighting techs , pyrotechnic techs, security / bodyguards , truck drivers, merchandise crew and caterers, among others. Musician;Audio_engineering;Ringo_Starr;Led_Zeppelin;Coldplay;Pro_Tools;Road_crew;Road_crew; Rock_music Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as " rock and roll " in 1950s America and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It has its roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by rhythm and blues and country music . Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as blues and folk , and incorporated influences from jazz , classical and other musical sources. Musically, rock has centered around the electric guitar , usually as part of a rock group with bass guitar and drums . Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature utilizing a verse-chorus form , but the genre has become extremely diverse and common musical characteristics are difficult to define. Like pop music , lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. The dominance of rock by white, male musicians has been seen as one of the key factors shaping the themes explored in rock music. Rock places a higher degree of emphasis on musicianship, live performance, and an ideology of authenticity than pop music. By the late 1960s, referred to as the "golden age" [ 1 ] or "classic rock" [ 2 ] period, a number of distinct rock music sub-genres had emerged, including hybrids like blues rock , folk rock , country rock , and jazz-rock fusion , many of which contributed to the development of psychedelic rock influenced by the counter-cultural psychedelic scene. New genres that emerged from this scene included progressive rock , which extended the artistic elements; glam rock , which highlighted showmanship and visual style; and the diverse and enduring major sub-genre of heavy metal , which emphasized volume, power and speed. In the second half of the 1970s, punk rock both intensified and reacted against some of these trends to produce a raw, energetic form of music characterized by overt political and social critiques. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of other sub-genres, including New Wave , post-punk and eventually the alternative rock movement. From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge , Britpop , and indie rock . Further fusion sub-genres have since emerged, including pop punk , rap rock , and rap metal , as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock / post-punk and synthpop revivals at the beginning of the new millennium. Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major sub-cultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the " hippie " counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the protest song , rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity. Jazz;Folk_music;Country_music;Blues;Soul_music;United_Kingdom;United_States;Electric_guitar;Acoustic_guitar;Synthesizer;New_Age_music;Heavy_metal_music;Country_music;Blues;Folk_music;Jazz;Classical_music;Electric_guitar;Pop_music;Heavy_metal_music;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Electric_guitar;Piano;Synthesizer;Pop_music;Soul_music;Gospel_music;Country_music;Electric_guitar;Blues_music;John_Lennon;Soul_music;Soul_music;Motown;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;Pop_music;Blues;Led_Zeppelin;Heavy_metal_music;Jazz;Heavy_metal_music;Led_Zeppelin;Led_Zeppelin;United_States;MTV;Heavy_metal_music;Def_Leppard;Bob_Seger;Kid_Rock;Heavy_metal_music;Fall_Out_Boy;Jazz;Electronic_music;Heavy_metal_music;Nine_Inch_Nails;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;Kid_Rock;MTV;Coldplay;Coldplay;Fall_Out_Boy;Heavy_metal_music;Funk;NME;Film;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;Nielsen_Company;Nielsen_Company;Open_Directory_Project;Comedy_rock;Heavy_metal_music;Rock_music;Rock_music; Rockbox Rockbox is a free and open source replacement for the standard firmware in various forms of digital audio players (DAPs). It offers an alternative to the player's operating system , in many cases without removing the original firmware, which provides a plug-in architecture for adding various enhancements and functions. Enhancements include personal digital assistant (PDA) functions, applications, utilities, and games. Rockbox can also retrofit video playback functions on players first released in mid-2000. Rockbox includes a voice-driven user-interface suitable for operation by blind and visually impaired users. Rockbox runs on a wide variety of devices with very different hardware abilities: from early Archos players with 1-bit character cell -based displays, to modern players with high resolution color displays, digital optical audio hardware and advanced recording abilities. Software_developer;Assembly_language;Open_source;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Firmware;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Software_license;Open_source;Firmware;Operating_system;Personal_digital_assistant;Central_processing_unit;Iriver;ARM_architecture;Toshiba;Operating_system;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Mobile_operating_system;Google;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Vorbis;Advanced_Audio_Coding;RealMedia;Musepack;Dolby_Digital;RealMedia;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Audio;Speex;WavPack;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;WavPack;Shorten;Apple_Lossless;WAV;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Adaptive_DPCM;Digital_rights_management;Gapless_playback;Last.fm;Firmware;JPEG;Cover_Flow;Solitaire;Assembly_language;ARM_architecture;SuperH;IPod_Nano;IPod_Mini;IPod_Classic;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Nokia;MicroSD;Liquid_crystal_display;Frame_rate;Encoder;Image_resolution;Rockbox;Rockbox; Rocket_docket A rocket docket refers to a court or other tribunal that is noted for its speedy disposition of cases and controversies that come before it, often by maintaining strict adherence to the law as pertains to filing deadlines, etc. The term was originally applied to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia , [ 1 ] after Judge Albert V. Bryan Jr. , who ran the federal courthouse in Alexandria, decided that justice was being dispensed too slowly for his liking. The court earned the nickname among attorneys practicing there in the 1960s, who told stories of Bryan ruling on the spot when motions were argued, and trying entire cases in one afternoon. Later the term was applied to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas . [ 2 ] Other jurisdictions that have been characterized as rocket dockets include the United States District Court for the Northern District of California ; the United States District Court for the Southern District of California ; the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ; and the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin . [ 3 ] The U.S. Patent Trademark Office has designated its expedited examination of design patent applications as a rocket docket. [ 4 ] In Jefferson County ( Louisville ), Kentucky a team of prosecutors is assigned to the Progressive Criminal Justice Plan, referred to as the "rocket docket," for speedy resolution of certain criminal matters. [ 5 ] Another notable "rocket docket" court involves Lee County, Florida ( Fort Myers ), home of numerous foreclosure proceedings due to the collapse of the Florida housing market, where on some days the court hears up to 1,000 cases per day (assuming an 8-hour day, this equates to less than 30 seconds per case) and the entire case consists of two questions: 1) Is the homeowner behind on mortgage payments? 2) Is the homeowner still in the house? Whereupon the judge allows the homeowner 60 days to work out a matter with the bank or lose the house. [ 6 ] United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Rocket_docket;Rocket_docket; Rogers_Wireless Wireless;IPhone;BlackBerry;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Short_message_service;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Canadian_dollar;Mobile_phone;GSM;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;GSM;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;GSM;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Evolved_HSPA;Bell_Mobility;Smartphone;Apple_Inc.;Motorola;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Sony_Ericsson;BlackBerry;IPhone;Windows_Phone;Universal_Serial_Bus;Tablet_computer;Windows_Phone;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;IPhone;BlackBerry;Smartphone;Bell_Mobility;Bell_Mobility;IPad;Best_Buy;Smartphone;Ars_Technica;Bell_Mobility;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;Defunct;Canadian_dollar;Fiscal_year;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Rogers_Wireless;Rogers_Wireless; Rogue_Amoeba Rogue Amoeba Software, LLC is a Macintosh software company that produces audio software, specializing in applications for audio capture. Rogue Amoeba's best-known products are Audio Hijack and Audio Hijack Pro. The Audio Hijack programs allow for users to capture and record audio from any program running under Mac OS X . The Pro version adds support for VST , Audio Unit , and LADSPA plugins, among other features. Other software by Rogue Amoeba includes Nicecast, Airfoil, and Fission. Nicecast combines Audio Hijack's ability to capture audio with the open source Icecast streaming media system to enable users to broadcast audio from any program over the internet. Airfoil allows for the transmission of any audio through the remote speaker system of Apple's AirPort Express , which currently only supports audio from iTunes . Fission is an audio file editor designed to be simple and user-friendly. It has basic operations like fading and splitting, and can edit MP3 files without losing quality to recompression. Their programs have won numerous awards, including "Best of Show" at the 2004 San Francisco Macworld Conference Expo , [ 1 ] two O'Reilly Mac OS X Innovators Awards, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and two Macworld "Eddy" awards. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Apple_Macintosh;Software;Mac_OS_X;Audio_Units;Streaming_media;AirPort;ITunes;Macworld;Macworld;Rogue_Amoeba;Rogue_Amoeba; Roku Digital_media_receiver;Secure_Digital;Ethernet;Internet_radio;Netflix;Linux;Break.com;CNBC;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Flickr;Picasa;Popcornflix;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Pandora_Radio;Amazon_Instant_Video;Hulu_Plus;Netflix;NBA_League_Pass;National_Hockey_League;Rdio;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Multimedia;Dreambox;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;TiVo;Amazon_Kindle;Sony_Reader;Mobile_phone;Palm_Pre;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Roku;Roku; Roland_Corporation Roland Corporation ( ローランド株式会社 , Rōrando Kabushiki Kaisha ? ) TYO : 7944 is a Japanese manufacturer of electronic musical instruments , electronic equipment and software . It was founded by Ikutaro Kakehashi in Osaka on April 18, 1972, with ¥33 million in capital. In 2005, Roland's headquarters relocated to Hamamatsu in Shizuoka Prefecture . Today it has factories in Italy , Taiwan , Japan , and the USA . As of March 31, 2010, it employed 2,699 employees. [ 1 ] It has existed in different forms since 1960, making it relatively old among still-operating manufacturers of musical electronics. Known for hundreds of popular synthesizers, drum machines, and other instruments, Roland was one of the top names in professional music equipment in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Japan;Japan;Software;Italy;Taiwan;Japan;United_States;Electric_guitar;Japan;Music_sequencer;Guitar;Synthesizer;MIDI;Synthesizer;MIDI;Synthesizer;Electronic_dance_music;Apple_II;Synthesizer;Synthesizer;House_music;Floppy_disk;Floppy_disk;Digital_audio_workstation;Floppy_disk;Floppy_disk;Floppy_disk;Music_sequencer;Japan;Alpine_Electronics;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Sony;Toshiba;Roland_Corporation;Roland_Corporation; Rolling_Stone Rolling Stone is a U.S.-based magazine devoted to music , liberal politics , and popular culture that is published every two weeks. Rolling Stone was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner , who is still editor and publisher, and music critic, Ralph J. Gleason . The magazine was known for its political coverage beginning in the 1970s, with the enigmatic and controversial gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson . Rolling Stone magazine changed its format in the 1990s to appeal to younger readers, [ 2 ] often focusing on young television or film actors and pop music. This led to criticism that the magazine was emphasizing style over substance. [ 3 ] In recent years, the magazine has resumed its traditional mix of content, including in-depth political stories. It also has expanded content to include acclaimed coverage of financial and banking issues. As a result, the magazine has seen its circulation increase and its reporters invited as experts to network television programs of note. [ 4 ] United_States;English_language;John_Lennon;San_Francisco;USA_Today;Associated_Press;The_Beatles;Led_Zeppelin;Led_Zeppelin;Facebook;Steven_Levy;George_Harrison;The_New_York_Times;John_Lennon;The_Beatles;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Argentina;Bolivia;Paraguay;Australia;Brazil;Bulgaria;Chile;Chinese_language;Colombia;Colombia;Ecuador;Panama;Venezuela;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;Mexico;Spain;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;The_Washington_Post;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Rolling_Stone; Rolling_Stones The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962 and one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The group's earliest line-up consisted of Brian Jones (guitar, harmonica), Ian Stewart (piano), Mick Jagger (lead vocals, harmonica), Keith Richards (guitar, vocals), Bill Wyman (bassist) and Charlie Watts (drummer). Since 1993, the band has consisted of Jagger, Richards, Watts and guitarist Ronnie Wood . In studio and live performances, Darryl Jones (bassist) and Chuck Leavell (keyboardist) also serve as a regular contributors. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, the Rock Hall states; "critical acclaim and popular consensus has accorded them the title of the “World’s Greatest Rock and Roll Band.” [ 1 ] They were ranked number 4 in Rolling Stone magazine's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, and their worldwide sales are estimated at more than 200 million albums. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] First popular in Europe, The Rolling Stones quickly became successful in North America during the British Invasion of the mid-1960s. They have released twenty-two studio albums in the United Kingdom (24 in the United States), eleven live albums (twelve in the US), and numerous compilations. [ 3 ] Their album Sticky Fingers (1971) began a string of eight consecutive studio albums reaching number one in the United States. Their most recent album of new material, A Bigger Bang , was released in 2005. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked the Rolling Stones at number ten on " The Billboard Top All-Time Artists ", and as the second most successful group in the Billboard Hot 100 chart. [ 5 ] The emergence of The Rolling Stones has been credited for the greater international popularity of the primitive urban blues typified by Chess Records' artists such as Muddy Waters , who wrote " Rollin' Stone ", the song from which the band drew its name. [ 6 ] The Rolling Stones' endurance and relevance, critic and musicologist Robert Palmer said, is due to their being "rooted in traditional verities, in rhythm-and-blues and soul music" while "more ephemeral pop fashions have come and gone". [ 7 ] Rock_music;Blues;Record_label;Rock_music;Rolling_Stone;The_Beatles;EMI;John_Lennon;Bootleg_recording;Country_music;Acoustic_guitar;Sun_Microsystems;Best_Buy;Fiji;Rolling_Stone;World_music;Compilation_album;IMAX;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number; Rolling_shutter Rolling shutter is a method of image acquisition in which each frame is recorded not from a snapshot of a single point in time, but rather by scanning across the frame either vertically or horizontally. In other words, not all parts of the image are recorded at exactly the same time, even though the whole frame is displayed at the same time during playback. This produces predictable distortions of fast-moving objects or when the sensor captures rapid flashes of light. This is in contrast with global shutter in which the entire frame is exposed for the same time window. This method is implemented by rolling (moving) the shutter across the exposable image area instead of exposing the image area all at the same time. The shutter could be either mechanical or electronic . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The advantage of this method is that the image sensor can continue to gather photons during the acquisition process, thus increasing sensitivity. It is found on some film cameras (such as the Graflex Speed Graphic ), as well as digital still and video cameras using CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) sensors (thus forming a type of digital artifact ), and is most noticeable when imaging extreme conditions of motion or the fast flashing of light. While some CMOS sensors use a global shutter, [ 3 ] the majority found in the consumer market utilize a rolling shutter. Rolling shutters can cause such effects as: Wobble . This phenomenon (also known as the jello effect) is most common in hand-held shots at telephoto settings, and most extreme in cases when the camera is vibrating, possibly due to being attached to a moving vehicle, for instance. The rolling shutter causes the image to wobble unnaturally and bizarrely. Skew . The image bends diagonally in one direction or another as the camera or subject moves from one side to another, exposing different parts of the image at different times. Essentially, skew is a very minor manifestation of the wobble phenomenon described above. Smear . This effect can be easily viewed with a cell phone camera and a fan/propeller. The smear of each blade is caused by the propeller rotating at the same or near the same speed that the frame is read by the camera. Viewed perpendicular to a fan spinning clockwise, the blades on the left side appear thinner than usual while the blades on the right side appear thicker and can even appear as if they aren't connected at the center. Partial Exposure . If a camera flash goes off in the shot, the quick nature of the flash may only be present for some of the rows of pixels in a given frame. So as an example, the top 1/3 of the picture may be brightly lit by a flash, while the bottom 2/3 of the picture is dark and unlit as the time it took for the flash to occur was only sequenced in a short amount of time as the CMOS imager sequences a frame. The difference between the two distinct parts of the frame can look odd. Similar problems can arise with emergency vehicle lights, some fluorescent lighting, or any extreme situation where very fast motion or very fast bursts of light are seen in the time between when the CMOS chip sequentially records a frame. Spatial and temporal aliasing . CCDs (charge-coupled devices) are alternatives to CMOS sensors. CCDs use what is referred to as global shutters which take a snapshot representing a single point of time and do not suffer from these motion artifacts. [ 4 ] The effects of a rolling shutter can prove difficult for visual effects filming. The process of matchmoving establishes perspective in a scene based on a single point in time, however this is difficult with a rolling shutter that provides multiple points in time within the same frame. Final results depend on the readout speed of the sensor and the nature of the scene being filmed; as a rule of thumb, higher end cinema cameras will have faster readout speeds and therefore milder rolling shutter artifacts than low end cameras. Rolling_shutter;Rolling_shutter; Romania Europe;European_Union;German_language;European_Union;Hungary;Ukraine;Bulgaria;European_Union;Hungary;Greece;Bulgaria;Hungary;European_Union;Bulgaria;European_Union;Bulgaria;Greece;European_Union;European_Union;Ukraine;Hungary;European_Union;Poland;Czech_Republic;Europe;Bulgaria;Greece;Watt;North_America;Asia;Italian_language;French_language;Spanish_language;German_language;English_language;French_language;Hungary;Europe;Violin;YouTube;Canada;Spain;Europe;YouTube;United_States;United_Kingdom;YouTube;Facebook;Germany;United_States;Italy;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Netherlands;France;Luxembourg;German_language;Finland;French_language;United_States;United_States;Language;Musical_instrument;United_States;Romania;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Bulgaria;Ukraine;Albania;Bulgaria;Greece;Italy;Slovenia;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;Hungary;Ukraine;Hungary;Bulgaria;Romania;Romania; Ron_Brinkmann Ron Brinkmann (born in 1964), a visual effects supervisor and a founding employee of Sony Imageworks . While there he was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects for his work on the movie Speed . He later co-founded Nothing Real , a software company that produced the digital compositing application Shake . Nothing Real was acquired in 2002 by Apple . Brinkmann is also the author of the book, 'The Art and Science of Digital Compositing' ( ISBN 0-12-133960-2 ). He is a regular guest in the podcast ' This Week in Photography '. Visual_effects;Sony;Nothing_Real;Digital_compositing;Apple_Computer;Ron_Brinkmann;Ron_Brinkmann; Ronald_Sugar Canada;United_States;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Canada;Ronald_Sugar;Ronald_Sugar; Ronald_Wayne Apple_Inc.;Steve_Wozniak;Steve_Jobs;Apple_I;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;IBooks;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_Computer;The_Next_Web;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Ronald_Wayne;Ronald_Wayne; Rosegarden Rosegarden is a free software digital audio workstation program developed for Linux with ALSA and QT4 . It acts as an audio and MIDI sequencer , scorewriter and musical composition and editing tool. It is intended to be a free alternative to such applications as Cubase . Software synthesizer is available as a plugin, and it is possible to use external MIDI synthesizer, hardware or software (such as FluidSynth or TiMidity++ ) in order to make any sound from MIDI compositions. Recent versions of Rosegarden support the DSSI software synthesizer plugin interface, and can use some Windows VST plugins through an adapter. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Digital_audio_workstation;Linux;Sound_recording;Music_sequencer;Software_synthesizer;MIDI;MusE;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Rosegarden;Rosegarden; Rotten_Tomatoes Rotten Tomatoes is a website devoted to reviews, information, and news of films , widely known as a film review aggregator . Its name derives from the cliché of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes or vegetables at a poor stage performance. The company is currently owned by Flixster , a Warner Bros. company since May 2011. As of 2007, the website's editor-in-chief is Matt Atchity. [ 3 ] Internet_forum;Warner_Bros.;Time_Warner;Website;Film;Warner_Bros.;United_States;USA_Today;Warner_Bros.;Internet_forum;United_Kingdom;Australia;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros._Television;Time_Warner;Asia;Entertainment_Weekly;NME;CNN;CNN;GameTap;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros._Television;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;Rotten_Tomatoes;Rotten_Tomatoes; RouteNote RouteNote is a digital music distribution service founded in 2008. Designed and built to take advantage of the shift towards independent and self-publication through online and mobile music outlets, RouteNote is partnered with some of the biggest retailers on the web to give artists massive and immediate availability for their tracks. RouteNote offers musicians and other rights holders the opportunity to place their music into digital retailers such as iTunes , AmazonMP3 , Zune Marketplace , Rhapsody , eMusic and others for sale. RouteNote offers two models, a free version and a premium version. RouteNote's Free option allows artists to sign up and send their music to partners without any upfront fees. The artist receives worldwide distribution, 100% ownership, free UPC and ISRC codes and keeps 85% (originally 90%) of the net revenues. RouteNote's Premium option offers the same service as the free version, but instead of receiving 85% of the net revenues the artist receives 100% of the net revenues. The RouteNote Premium option also offers some exclusive opportunities with specialised partners. Music_industry;United_Kingdom;ITunes;EMusic;CNet;EMusic;ITunes;EMusic;Spotify;Deezer;Napster;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;RouteNote;RouteNote; Route_of_administration A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug , fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body. [ 1 ] Gastrointestinal_tract;Gastrointestinal_tract;Gastrointestinal_tract;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Route_of_administration;Route_of_administration; Rovi_Corporation 1983 (as Macrovision) 2009 (as Rovi Corporation) Santa Clara, California , United States ( President and CEO ) Media guide and program guide for television US$ 136,022,040 (2010-1-13) Rovi Corporation is a United States-based company that provides guidance technology, entertainment data, copy protection, industry standard networking and media management technology for digital entertainment devices and services. Its customers include consumer electronics manufacturers, cable television and satellite television operators, movie studios and online entertainment portals and content distributors. [ 1 ] Rovi was known as Macrovision Solutions Corporation ( Macrovision ) until it changed its name in July 2009. [ 2 ] NASDAQ;United_States_dollar;Digital_video_recorder;Portable_media_player;Sonic_Solutions;DivX;Portable_media_player;Metadata;NTSC;Closed_captioning;VCR;Television;Intellectual_property;Digital_rights_management;Sonic_Solutions;Rovi_Corporation;Rovi_Corporation; Roxatidine InChI=1S/C19H28N2O4/c1-16(22)25-15-19(23)20-9-6-12-24-18-8-5-7-17(13-18)14-21-10-3-2-4-11-21/h5,7-8,13H,2-4,6,9-12,14-15H2,1H3,(H,20,23) Y Key:SMTZFNFIKUPEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Roxatidine acetate is a specific and competitive H 2 receptor antagonist. The antisecretory effect of roxatidine acetate is mediated by its main metabolite, roxatidine. Pharmacodynamic studies revealed that 150 mg of roxatidine acetate were optimal in suppressing gastric acid secretion, and that a single bedtime dose of 150 mg was more effective than a dose of 75 mg twice daily in terms of inhibiting nocturnal acid secretion. [ 1 ] Roxatidine acetate has no antiandrogenic effects and does not influence drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. [ citation needed ] It is currently sold in South Africa under the tradename Roxit. Structure of roxatidine, the metabolite and active pharmaceutical ingredient . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Drug_metabolism;Enzyme;PubMed_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Cimetidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Ranitidine;Pirenzepine;Telenzepine;Roxatidine;Roxatidine; Rsync Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Computing_platform;Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Software_application;Windows;Data_compression;Recursion;Free_software;Algorithm;Data_compression;Disk_image;Gzip;Hierarchical_File_System;Rsync;Rsync; RubyGems RubyGems is a package manager for the Ruby programming language that provides a standard format for distributing Ruby programs and libraries (in a self-contained format called a "gem"), a tool designed to easily manage the installation of gems, and a server for distributing them. It is analogous to EasyInstall for the Python programming language . RubyGems is now part of the standard library from Ruby version 1.9. Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Package_manager;Software_license;Package_manager;MacRuby;Programming_language;RubyGems;RubyGems; Runtime_library In computer programming , a runtime library is a special program library used by a compiler , to implement functions built into a programming language , during the execution ( runtime ) of a computer program . This often includes functions for input and output, or for memory management. When the source code of a computer program is translated into the respective target language by a compiler, it would cause an extreme enlargement of program code if each command in the program and every call to a built-in function would cause the in-place generation of the complete respective program code in the target language every time. Instead the compiler often uses compiler-specific auxiliary functions in the runtime library that are mostly not accessible to application programmers. Depending on the compiler manufacturer, the runtime library will sometimes also contain the standard library of the respective compiler or be contained in it. Also some functions that can be performed only (or are more efficient or accurate) at runtime are implemented in the runtime library , e.g. some logic errors, array bounds checking, dynamic type checking, exception handling and possibly debugging functionality. For this reason, some programming bugs are not discovered until the program is tested in a "live" environment with real data, despite sophisticated compile-time checking and pre-release testing. In this case, the end user may encounter a runtime error message. Usually the runtime library realizes many functions by accessing the operating system . Many programming languages have built-in functions that do not necessarily have to be realized in the compiler, but can be implemented in the runtime library . So the border between runtime library and standard library is up to the compiler manufacturer. Therefore a runtime library is always compiler-specific and platform -specific. The concept of a runtime library should not be confused with an ordinary program library like that created by an application programmer or delivered by a third party or a dynamic library, meaning a program library linked at run time. For example, the programming language C requires only a minimal runtime library, but defines a large standard library (called C standard library ) that each implementation has to deliver. Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runtime_library oldid=471161065 " Categories : Computer libraries Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from October 2008 All articles lacking sources Compiler;Programming_language;Source_code;Operating_system;Runtime_library;Runtime_library; Rupatadine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Rupatadine;Rupatadine; Rutube Rutube is a web video streaming service targeted to Russian speakers. The web site includes videos created by private individuals and licensed programming from entertainment companies that are hosted directly on Rutube, and videos that have been viewed on Facebook. As of April 2012, just under 14.5 million unique users per month viewed video clips hosted on Rutube (from a subset of Russian users aged 12-54). [ 1 ] . Rutube's overall monthly global traffic, as reported by representatives from Rutube, consists of 30 million unique visitors who viewed over 168 million video clips. [ 2 ] Unregistered users on Rutube, can view, share, and search for videos. Registered users via Facebook can perform additional functions such as discovering videos their friends have watched on Facebook, uploading videos, commenting, and liking videos. Internationalization_and_localization;YouTube;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Rutube;Rutube; Ryan_Block Ryan Block (born June 25, 1982) is a technology journalist and critic. He was the editor-in-chief of AOL ’s Engadget [ 1 ] before he co-founded the popular community site gdgt . [ 2 ] Originally from southern California , he moved to Jersey City, New Jersey in 2001, [ 3 ] but only lived there for two or three months while he was looking for a place to live in New York . He then lived in Manhattan and Brooklyn for several years. [ 4 ] Block joined technology news website Engadget as a part-time reporter in June 2004, and started full time in June 2005. [ 3 ] He went on to replace the site's creator Peter Rojas as editor-in-chief in 2007. [ 5 ] On May 16, 2007, Block posted a leaked internal email from Apple in which it was revealed that the iPhone and Mac OS X Leopard would both be delayed. The email was later confirmed as fake by Apple PR , but it was reported that its posting by Engadget took $4 billion off Apple's market cap . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Block has since noted that the approximate $4b market cap drop was almost immediately pushed back up after he posted that the email was forged. [ 8 ] In July 2008 Block posted on Engadget that he would be stepping down as editor-in-chief to create a new company, leaving then Associate Editor Joshua Topolsky in charge. [ 9 ] On 1 July 2009, [ 10 ] using $550,000 in initial seed financing received from Betaworks and True Ventures , Block and Rojas launched gdgt; a discussion forum that generates reviews and answers questions about thousands of gadgets . [ 11 ] Block is a regular panelist on The Engadget Show , [ 12 ] and has appeared on Leo Laporte's This Week in Tech 21 times. Block lives in San Francisco, California with his fiancée, Veronica Belmont . [ 13 ] Engadget;AOL;Engadget;Peter_Rojas;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Engadget;Joshua_Topolsky;Leo_Laporte;Engadget;Forbes;Forbes;Engadget;Engadget;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Engadget;Ryan_Block;Ryan_Block; Ryan_Tedder United_States;Musician;Songwriter;Record_producer;Acoustic_guitar;Electric_guitar;Drums;Piano;Record_label;OneRepublic;Sara_Bareilles;Grammy_Award;Record_producer;OneRepublic;The_Beatles;OneRepublic;MTV;Rock_music;Pop_music;Dance_music;Brit_Awards;OneRepublic;OneRepublic;Colbie_Caillat;OneRepublic;OneRepublic;Los_Angeles_Times;BBC_News;MTV;OneRepublic;Colbie_Caillat;Ryan_Tedder;Ryan_Tedder; Rzip The rzip program is huge-scale data compression software designed around initial LZ77 -style string matching on a 900 MB dictionary window, followed by bzip2 -based Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT) and entropy coding ( Huffman ) on 900 kB output chunks. Data_compression;PDF;Rsync;Gzip;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;FreeArc;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Rsync;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Xz;Compress;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;StuffIt;PAQ;EPUB;PAQ;Rzip;Rzip; SATA Serial ATA ( SATA or Serial AT Attachment ) is a computer bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives . Serial ATA was designed to replace the older parallel ATA (PATA) standard (often called by the old name IDE ), offering several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (7 conductors instead of 40), native hot swapping , faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol. SATA host-adapters and devices communicate via a high-speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors. In contrast, parallel ATA (the redesignation for the legacy ATA specifications) used a 16-bit wide data bus with many additional support and control signals, all operating at much lower frequency. To ensure backward compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications, SATA uses the same basic ATA and ATAPI command-set as legacy ATA devices. SATA has replaced parallel ATA in consumer desktop and laptop computers , and has largely replaced PATA in new embedded applications. SATA's market share in the desktop PC market was 99% in 2008. [ 2 ] PATA remains widely used in industrial and embedded applications that use CompactFlash storage, though even there, the new CFast storage standard is based on SATA. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from The Serial ATA International Organization (aka. SATA-IO, serialata.org). The SATA-IO group collaboratively creates, reviews, ratifies, and publishes the interoperability specifications, the test cases, and plug-fests. As with many other industry compatibility standards, the SATA content ownership is transferred to other industry bodies: primarily the INCITS T13 subcommittee ATA, the INCITS T10 subcommittee ( SCSI ); a subgroup of T10 responsible for Serial Attached SCSI (SAS). The complete specification from SATA-IO. [ 5 ] The remainder of this article will try to use the terminology and specifications of SATA-IO. Parallel_ATA;Hard_disk_drive;Parallel_ATA;Computer;SCSI;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows_XP;Intel;Hard_disk_drive;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Power_connector;LED;USB;FireWire;FireWire;ESATAp;ExpressCard;ESATAp;FireWire;Netbook;Parallel_ATA;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;SCSI;ESATAp;Parallel_ATA;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;SCSI;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Fibre_Channel;InfiniBand;Universal_Serial_Bus;Engadget;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Encryption;Flash_memory;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;Samsung_Electronics;SATA;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Serial_ATA;Serial_ATA; SBus SBus is a computer bus system that was used in most SPARC -based computers (including all SPARCstations ) from Sun Microsystems and others during the 1990s. It was introduced by Sun in 1989 to be a high-speed bus counterpart to their high-speed SPARC processors, replacing the earlier (and by this time, outdated) VMEbus used in their Motorola 68020 - and 68030 -based systems and early SPARC boxes. When Sun moved to open the SPARC definition in the early 1990s, SBus was likewise standardized and became IEEE-1496. In 1997 Sun started to migrate away from SBus to the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, and today SBus is no longer used. [ 1 ] The industry's first 3rd party SBus cards were announced in 1989 by Antares Microsystems. These were: a 10Base-2 Ethernet Controller, a SCSI-SNS Host Adapter, a Parallel Port, and an 8-Channel Serial Controller. The specification was published by Edward H. Frank and James D. Lyle. [ 1 ] A technical guide to the bus was published in 1992 in book form by Lyle, [ 2 ] who founded Troubador Technologies. Sun also published a set of books as a "developer's kit" to encourage third-party products. [ 3 ] At the peak of the market over 250 manufacturers were listed in the SBus Product Directory, which was renamed to the SPARC Product Directory in 1996. SBus is in many ways a "clean" design. It was targeted only to be used with SPARC processors, so most cross-platform issues were not a consideration. SBus is based on a big-endian 32-bit address and data bus, can run at speeds ranging from 16.67 MHz to 25 MHz, and is capable of transferring up to 100 MB/s. Devices are each mapped onto a 28-bit address space (256 MB). Only eight masters are supported, although there can be an unlimited number of slaves. When the 64-bit UltraSPARC was introduced, SBus was modified to use clock doubling and transfer two 32-bit data words per cycle to produce a 200 MB/s 64-bit bus. This variant of the SBus architecture used the same 96-pin connector as the older one. SBus cards had a very compact form factor for the time. A single-width card was 3 inches (76 mm) wide by 5 inches (130 mm) long and is designed to be mounted parallel to the motherboard. This allowed for three expansion slots in the slim " pizza box " enclosure of the SPARCstation 1 . [ 4 ] The design also allows for double- or triple-width cards that take up two or three slots, as well as double-height (two 3x5 inch boards mounted in a "sandwich" configuration) cards. SBus was originally announced as both a system bus and a peripheral interconnect that allowed input and output devices relatively low latency access to memory. [ 5 ] However, soon memory and Central processing unit (CPU) speeds outpaced I/O performance. Within a year some Sun systems used MBus , another interconnection standard, as a CPU-memory bus. The SBus served as an input/output bus for the rest of its lifetime. Sun_Microsystems;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;SPARC;Sun_Microsystems;VMEbus;Motorola;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;System_bus;Central_processing_unit;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;SBus;SBus; SCSI Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Macintosh;Sun_Microsystems;Parallel_ATA;Macintosh_Quadra;FireWire;Serial_ATA;Serial_Storage_Architecture;Parallel_SCSI;ISCSI;Serial_ATA;ExpressCard;USB;Integrated_circuit;Operating_system;Parallel_SCSI;ISCSI;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Unix;Linux;Serial_ATA;Serial_Storage_Architecture;Serial_attached_SCSI;ISCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Serial_ATA;ISCSI;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;Parallel_SCSI;USB_mass_storage_device_class;Fibre_Channel;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Hertz;Megabyte;Megabit;Megabit;Megabyte;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;SCSI;SCSI; SDK A software development kit ( SDK or " devkit ") is typically a set of software development tools that allows for the creation of applications for a certain software package, software framework , hardware platform, computer system , video game console , operating system , or similar platform. It may be something as simple as an application programming interface (API) in the form of some files to interface to a particular programming language or include sophisticated hardware to communicate with a certain embedded system . Common tools include debugging aids and other utilities often presented in an integrated development environment (IDE). SDKs also frequently include sample code and supporting technical notes or other supporting documentation to help clarify points from the primary reference material. SDKs may have attached licenses that make them unsuitable for building software intended to be developed under an incompatible license. For example, a proprietary SDK will probably be incompatible with free software development , while a GPL -licensed SDK could be incompatible with proprietary software development. LGPL SDKs are typically safe for proprietary development. A software engineer typically receives the SDK from the target system developer. Often the SDK can be downloaded directly via the Internet . Many SDKs are provided for free to encourage developers to use the system or language. Sometimes this is used as a marketing tool. An SDK for an operating system add-on (for instance, QuickTime for Mac OS ) may include the add-on software itself, to be used for development purposes, if not necessarily for redistribution. An interesting situation arises here between platforms where it is possible to develop applications that can at least start up on a system configuration without the add-on installed, and use a Gestalt -style run-time environment query to determine if the add-on is present, and ones where the application will simply fail to start. In other words, it is possible to build a single binary that will run on configurations with and without the add-on present, albeit operating with reduced functionality in the latter situation. Providers of SDKs for specific systems or subsystems may sometimes substitute a more specific term instead of software . For instance, both Microsoft and Apple provide driver development kits ( DDK ) for developing device drivers . Application_software;Software;Video_game_console;Operating_system;Application_programming_interface;Programming_language;Embedded_system;License;Internet;QuickTime;Mac_OS;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Application_programming_interface;Software_development_kit;Software_development_kit; SDRAM Dynamic_random_access_memory;System_bus;Computer;Samsung_Electronics;Megabyte;Megabit;Intel;San_Francisco;Samsung;Samsung;SDRAM; SDXC Secure Digital or ( SD ) is a non-volatile memory card format for use in portable devices. The Secure Digital standard is maintained by the SD Card Association (SDA). SD technologies have been implemented in more than 400 brands across dozens of product categories and more than 8,000 models. [ 1 ] The Secure Digital format includes four card families available in three different form factors. The four families are the original, Standard-Capacity (SDSC), the High-Capacity ( SDHC ), the eXtended-Capacity ( SDXC ), and the SDIO , which combines input/output functions with data storage. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The three form factors are the original size, the "mini" size, and the "micro" size (see illustration). There are many combinations of form factors and device families. Electrically passive adapters allow the use of a smaller card in a host device built to hold a larger card. Host devices that comply with newer versions of the specification provide backward compatibility and accept older SD cards, but older host devices do not recognize newer cards. The SDA uses several trademarked logos to enforce compliance with its specifications and assure users of compatibility. [ 5 ] This article explains several factors that can prevent the use of a newer SD card: A newer card may offer greater capacity than the host device can handle. A newer card may use a file system the host device cannot navigate. Use of an SDIO card requires the host device be designed for the input/output functions the card provides. The organization of the card was changed starting with the SDHC family. Some vendors produced SDSC cards above 1 GB before the SDA had standardized a method of doing so. Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Backward_compatibility;Trademark;Terabyte;Sony;Sony;Camcorder;Toshiba;Palm_Treo;GPS;FM_radio;Digital_camera;Bluetooth;Ethernet;Digital_rights_management;Symbian_OS;USB;USB;Camcorder;Digital_camera;Digital_camera;Camcorder;Video_game_console;Mobile_phones;Personal_digital_assistant;USB;FireWire;Floppy_disk;Toshiba;Nikon;Samsung;Sony;Sony;Camcorder;Personal_computer;Hard_disk;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Toshiba;Digital_rights_management;Sony;Trademark;DVD;Megabyte;Motorola;Mobile_phones;Trademark;Open_source;Bluetooth;Linux;Embedded_system;USB;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;NAND_flash;NAND_flash;Flash_memory;Hard_disk;Personal_computer;Disk_Utility;Microsoft;Linux;HFS_Plus;Mac_OS_X;HFS_Plus;Microsoft_Windows;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;NAND_flash;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Megabit;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Digital_rights_management;USD;USD;USD;USD;USD;Gigabyte;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;File_Allocation_Table;Flash_memory;ExpressCard;Microdrive;PC_Card;Secure_Digital;Secure_Digital; SD_Card Secure Digital or ( SD ) is a non-volatile memory card format for use in portable devices. The Secure Digital standard is maintained by the SD Card Association (SDA). SD technologies have been implemented in more than 400 brands across dozens of product categories and more than 8,000 models. [ 1 ] The Secure Digital format includes four card families available in three different form factors. The four families are the original, Standard-Capacity (SDSC), the High-Capacity ( SDHC ), the eXtended-Capacity ( SDXC ), and the SDIO , which combines input/output functions with data storage. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The three form factors are the original size, the "mini" size, and the "micro" size (see illustration). There are many combinations of form factors and device families. Electrically passive adapters allow the use of a smaller card in a host device built to hold a larger card. Host devices that comply with newer versions of the specification provide backward compatibility and accept older SD cards, but older host devices do not recognize newer cards. The SDA uses several trademarked logos to enforce compliance with its specifications and assure users of compatibility. [ 5 ] This article explains several factors that can prevent the use of a newer SD card: A newer card may offer greater capacity than the host device can handle. A newer card may use a file system the host device cannot navigate. Use of an SDIO card requires the host device be designed for the input/output functions the card provides. The organization of the card was changed starting with the SDHC family. Some vendors produced SDSC cards above 1 GB before the SDA had standardized a method of doing so. Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Backward_compatibility;Trademark;Terabyte;Sony;Sony;Camcorder;Toshiba;Palm_Treo;GPS;FM_radio;Digital_camera;Bluetooth;Ethernet;Digital_rights_management;Symbian_OS;USB;USB;Camcorder;Digital_camera;Digital_camera;Camcorder;Video_game_console;Mobile_phones;Personal_digital_assistant;USB;FireWire;Floppy_disk;Toshiba;Nikon;Samsung;Sony;Sony;Camcorder;Personal_computer;Hard_disk;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Toshiba;Digital_rights_management;Sony;Trademark;DVD;Megabyte;Motorola;Mobile_phones;Trademark;Open_source;Bluetooth;Linux;Embedded_system;USB;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;NAND_flash;NAND_flash;Flash_memory;Hard_disk;Personal_computer;Disk_Utility;Microsoft;Linux;HFS_Plus;Mac_OS_X;HFS_Plus;Microsoft_Windows;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;NAND_flash;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Megabit;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Digital_rights_management;USD;USD;USD;USD;USD;Gigabyte;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;File_Allocation_Table;Flash_memory;ExpressCard;Microdrive;PC_Card;Secure_Digital;Secure_Digital; SD_card Secure Digital or ( SD ) is a non-volatile memory card format for use in portable devices. The Secure Digital standard is maintained by the SD Card Association (SDA). SD technologies have been implemented in more than 400 brands across dozens of product categories and more than 8,000 models. [ 1 ] The Secure Digital format includes four card families available in three different form factors. The four families are the original, Standard-Capacity (SDSC), the High-Capacity ( SDHC ), the eXtended-Capacity ( SDXC ), and the SDIO , which combines input/output functions with data storage. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The three form factors are the original size, the "mini" size, and the "micro" size (see illustration). There are many combinations of form factors and device families. Electrically passive adapters allow the use of a smaller card in a host device built to hold a larger card. Host devices that comply with newer versions of the specification provide backward compatibility and accept older SD cards, but older host devices do not recognize newer cards. The SDA uses several trademarked logos to enforce compliance with its specifications and assure users of compatibility. [ 5 ] This article explains several factors that can prevent the use of a newer SD card: A newer card may offer greater capacity than the host device can handle. A newer card may use a file system the host device cannot navigate. Use of an SDIO card requires the host device be designed for the input/output functions the card provides. The organization of the card was changed starting with the SDHC family. Some vendors produced SDSC cards above 1 GB before the SDA had standardized a method of doing so. Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Backward_compatibility;Trademark;Terabyte;Sony;Sony;Camcorder;Toshiba;Palm_Treo;GPS;FM_radio;Digital_camera;Bluetooth;Ethernet;Digital_rights_management;Symbian_OS;USB;USB;Camcorder;Digital_camera;Digital_camera;Camcorder;Video_game_console;Mobile_phones;Personal_digital_assistant;USB;FireWire;Floppy_disk;Toshiba;Nikon;Samsung;Sony;Sony;Camcorder;Personal_computer;Hard_disk;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Toshiba;Digital_rights_management;Sony;Trademark;DVD;Megabyte;Motorola;Mobile_phones;Trademark;Open_source;Bluetooth;Linux;Embedded_system;USB;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;NAND_flash;NAND_flash;Flash_memory;Hard_disk;Personal_computer;Disk_Utility;Microsoft;Linux;HFS_Plus;Mac_OS_X;HFS_Plus;Microsoft_Windows;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;NAND_flash;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Megabit;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Digital_rights_management;USD;USD;USD;USD;USD;Gigabyte;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;File_Allocation_Table;Flash_memory;ExpressCard;Microdrive;PC_Card;Secure_Digital;Secure_Digital; SGD The Singapore dollar or Dollar ( sign : $ ; code : SGD ) is the official currency of Singapore . It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively S$ to distinguish it from other dollar -denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents . Chinese_language;Singapore;Brunei;Chinese_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Singapore;Malaysia;Brunei;United_States_dollar;Swiss_franc;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Singapore;Brunei;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;Asia;Bhutan;United_States_dollar;Singapore;Brunei;United_States_dollar;Cyprus; SHAPE_Services SHAPE.AG (formerly SHAPE Services ) is a cross-platform independent software vendor and web-based services provider. The company develops instant messaging , social networking , productivity, entertainment, games, media and location-based applications for Apple iPhone , [ 1 ] iPod Touch and iPad , [ 2 ] BlackBerry , [ 3 ] Windows Phone / Windows Mobile , Android , Symbian S60 , UIQ , J2ME , and HP / Palm webOS mobile platforms. Germany;Instant_messaging;Social_networking;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;BlackBerry;Windows_Phone;WebOS;Germany;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Skype;SHAPE_Services;SHAPE_Services; SILK SILK is an audio compression format and audio codec used by Skype . It is developed by Skype Limited . SILK is a replacement for the SVOPC codec. It has been extended to the Opus codec. Filename_extension;Skype;SVOPC;Executable;Software_development_kit;SVOPC;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Skype_protocol;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;SILK;SILK; SIMPLE SIMPLE , the session initiation protocol for instant messaging and presence leveraging extensions , is an instant messaging (IM) and presence protocol suite based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) managed by the IETF . [ 1 ] Contrary to the vast majority of IM and presence protocols used by software deployed today, SIMPLE is an open standard like XMPP . Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Post_Office_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Ethernet;Instant_messaging;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;XML;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;SIMPLE;SIMPLE; SIM_card A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module ( SIM ) is an integrated circuit that securely stores the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and the related key used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers ). A SIM is embedded into a removable SIM card, which can be transferred between different mobile devices. SIM cards were first made the same size as a credit card (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm × 0.76 mm). The development of physically-smaller mobile devices prompted the development of a smaller SIM card, the mini-SIM card. Mini-SIM cards have the same thickness as full-size cards, but their length and width are reduced to 25 mm × 15 mm. A SIM card contains its unique serial number (ICCID), international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network, a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords: a personal identification number (PIN) for ordinary use and a personal unblocking code (PUK) for PIN unlocking. Integrated_circuit;Mobile_phone;Computer;Operating_system;Credit_card;IPad;GPRS;CDMA;GSM;GSM;CDMA;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;SIM_lock;Tethering;PC_Magazine;YouTube;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol; SIM_lock A SIM lock , simlock , network lock or subsidy lock is a capability built into mobile phones by mobile phone manufacturers. Network providers use this capability to restrict the use of these phones to specific countries and network providers. Generally, phones can be locked to accept only SIM cards with certain International Mobile Subscriber Identities (IMSIs); IMSIs may be restricted by: Mobile country code (MCC; e.g., will only work with SIM issued in one country) Mobile network code (MNC; e.g., AT T Mobility , T-Mobile , Vodafone , Bell Mobility etc.) Mobile subscriber identification number (MSIN; i.e., only one SIM can be used with the phone) Additionally, some phones, especially Nokia phones can lock group IDs which are used in voice group call service . In most countries, mobile phones are shipped with country and/or network provider locks. [ citation needed ] Most mobile phones can be unlocked to work with any GSM , such as O 2 or Orange (in the UK), but the phone may still display the original branding and may not support features of the new carrier; besides the locking, phones may also have firmware installed on them which is specific to the network provider. For example, a Vodafone or Telstra branded phone in Australia will display the relevant logo and may only support features provided by that network (e.g. Vodafone Live!). This firmware is installed by the service provider and is separate from the locking mechanism. Most phones can be unbranded by reflashing a different firmware version, a procedure recommended for advanced users only. The reason many network providers SIM lock their phones is that they offer phones at a discount to customers in exchange for a contract to pay for the use of the network for a specified time period, usually between one and three years. This business model allows the company to recoup the cost of the phone over the life of the contract. Such discounts are worth up to several hundred US dollars. If the phones were not locked, users might sign a contract with one company, get the discounted phone, then stop paying the monthly bill (thus breaking the contract) and start using the phone on another network or even sell the phone for a profit. SIM locking curbs this, by prohibiting change of network (using a new SIM). SIM locking is very common if subsidised phones are sold with prepaid contracts. Mobile_phone;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Vodafone;Bell_Mobility;GSM;Firmware;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Sony_Ericsson;IMEI;Firmware;IMEI;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Bell_Mobility;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;DMCA;IMEI;Mobile_phone;SIM_lock;SIM_lock; SINGULAR Singular (typeset Singular ) is a computer algebra system for polynomial computations with special emphasis on the needs of commutative algebra , algebraic geometry , and singularity theory . Singular is free software released under the GNU General Public License . Problems in non-commutative algebra can be tackled with the Singular offspring Plural. Singular was designed by Gert-Martin Greuel, Gerhard Pfister and Hans Schönemann. Computer_algebra_system;Free_software;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Free_software; SMS_language Internet;Email;Instant_messaging;Text_messaging;English_language;Mobile_operating_system;Emoticon;Predictive_text;Smartphone;QWERTY;Language;Internet_Relay_Chat;Digital_object_identifier;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;SMS_language;SMS_language; SPARC SPARC (from S calable P rocessor Arc hitecture) is a RISC instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Sun Microsystems and introduced in mid-1987. SPARC is a registered trademark of SPARC International, Inc. , an organization established in 1989 to promote the SPARC architecture, manage SPARC trademarks, and provide conformance testing . Implementations of the original 32-bit SPARC architecture were initially designed and used in Sun's Sun-4 workstation and server systems, replacing their earlier Sun-3 systems based on the Motorola 68000 family of processors. Later, SPARC processors were used in SMP and CC-NUMA servers produced by Sun Microsystems , Solbourne and Fujitsu , among others, and designed for 64-bit operation. SPARC International was intended to open the SPARC architecture to make a larger ecosystem for the design, which has been licensed to several manufacturers, including Texas Instruments , Atmel , Cypress Semiconductor , and Fujitsu . As a result of SPARC International, the SPARC architecture is fully open and non-proprietary. In March 2006 the complete design of Sun Microsystems' UltraSPARC T1 microprocessor was released in open-source form at OpenSPARC.net and named the OpenSPARC T1. In 2007 the design of Sun's UltraSPARC T2 microprocessor was also released in open-source form as OpenSPARC T2. [ 1 ] The most recent commercial iterations of the SPARC processor design are the Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. 's "Venus" 128 GFLOP SPARC64 VIIIfx introduced June 2009, which is used in the 8 petaFLOPS Japanese supercomputer " K computer ", and the SPARC T4 introduced by Oracle Corporation in September 2011; both are 8 core devices running at 2.0GHz and over 2.5GHz respectively. Sun_Microsystems;Sun_Microsystems;Sun_Microsystems;Sun_Microsystems;Operating_system;Linux;Windows_NT;Open_source;Source_code;Verilog;Software_license_agreement;Open_source;LINPACK;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sun_Microsystems;The_New_York_Times;The_Register;The_Register;The_Register;Nvidia;Open_Directory_Project;ARM_architecture;SuperH;Sun_Microsystems;SPARC;SPARC; SQL SQL ( / ˈ ɛ s k juː ˈ ɛ l / "S-Q-L"; [ 3 ] sometimes referred to as Structured Query Language ) is a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS). Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus , [ 4 ] its scope includes data insert, query, update and delete , schema creation and modification, and data access control. SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd 's relational model , as described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". [ 5 ] Despite not adhering to the relational model as described by Codd , it became the most widely used database language. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language , it also includes procedural elements. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standards (ISO) in 1987. Since then, the standard has been enhanced several times with added features. However, issues of SQL code portability between major RDBMS products still exist due to lack of full compliance with, or different interpretations of, the standard. Among the reasons mentioned are the large size and incomplete specification of the standard, as well as vendor lock-in . Programming_paradigm;Software_developer;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Software_release_life_cycle;Type_system;Operating_system;Filename_extension;Filename_extension;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Procedural_programming;Technical_standard;American_National_Standards_Institute;IBM;Trademark;United_Kingdom;Imperative_programming;Microsoft;Perl;Backward_compatibility;American_National_Standards_Institute;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;XML;XQuery;API;.NET_Framework;XQuery;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Stanford_University;Database;XQuery;IBM;Fortran;Hard_disk_drive;Floppy_disk;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Standard_Book_Number;File_Allocation_Table;Multibus;JBIG;Prolog;Prolog;Prolog;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;JPEG_XR;Portable_Document_Format;SQL;SQL; SRI_International SRI International ( SRI ), founded as Stanford Research Institute , is a nonprofit research institute headquarted in Menlo Park, California . The trustees of Stanford University established SRI in 1946 as a center of innovation to support economic development in the region. SRI is now one of the largest contract research institutes in the world. The institute formally separated from Stanford University in 1970 and became known as SRI International in 1977. SRI describes its mission as discovery and the application of science and technology for knowledge, commerce, prosperity, and peace. [ 1 ] It performs client-sponsored research and development for government agencies, commercial businesses, and private foundations. It also licenses its technologies, [ 2 ] forms strategic partnerships, and creates spin-off companies. [ 3 ] SRI's headquarters are located near the Stanford University campus. Physicist Curtis Carlson has been SRI's president and CEO since 1998. As of 2012, SRI generated approximately $585 million in revenue and employs about 2,200 people. [ 1 ] Sarnoff Corporation , a wholly owned subsidiary of SRI since 1988, was fully integrated into SRI in January 2011. [ 4 ] SRI International Sarnoff is used as a brand name for business activities based in Princeton, New Jersey . SRI's focus areas include biomedical sciences, chemistry and materials, computing, Earth and space systems, economic development, education and learning, energy and environmental technology , security and national defense, as well as sensing and devices. [ 5 ] SRI has received more than 1,000 patents and patent applications worldwide. [ 6 ] Stanford_University;Norman_Winarsky;United_States_dollar;Stanford_University;Stanford_University;California;Raster_graphics;Graphical_user_interface;Liquid_crystal_display;Sensor;Internet;Internet;DARPA;Patent_infringement;GPS;Speech_recognition;Apple_Inc.;DARPA;CALO;Adam_Cheyer;Norman_Winarsky;Menlo_Ventures;Signal_processing;Speech_recognition;Natural_language_processing;Electronic_Arts;CALO;Adam_Cheyer;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Telecommunications_device_for_the_deaf;Nuance_Communications;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;The_New_York_Times;CNET;CNET;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Ars_Technica;ZDNet;Stanford_University;Bloomberg_L.P.;CNN;Stanford_University;Stanford_University;Digital_object_identifier;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;DARPA;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;John_Markoff;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;SRI_International;SRI_International; STDU_Viewer STDU Viewer is a compact viewer for PDF , WWF , DjVu , Comic Book Archive (CBR or CBZ), FB2 , XPS , TCR , MOBI , AZW , multi-page TIFF , TXT , PalmDoc ( PDB ), EMF , WMF , BMP , GIF , JPG , JPEG , PNG , PSD , PCX , DCX files [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . It works under Microsoft Windows, and is free for non-commercial usage. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;File_size;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;French_language;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;PDF;DjVu;Mobipocket;TIFF;BMP_file_format;GIF;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;PCX;PCX;Freeware;Page_orientation;Adobe_Acrobat;EPUB;HTML;Comparison_of_image_viewers;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Freeware;Commercial_software;Adobe_Acrobat;STDU_Viewer;STDU_Viewer; STD_Bus No reason has been cited for the Wikify tag on this article. You can insert a reason using the | reason = parameter, like this: {{ Wikify |reason=Your reason here}} Please replace HTML markup with wiki markup where appropriate. Add wikilinks. Where appropriate, make links to other articles by putting "[[" and "]]" on either side of relevant words (see WP:LINK for more information) and check that your links work as expected. Please do not link terms that most readers are familiar with, such as common occupations, well-known geographical terms, and everyday items. Format the lead. Create or improve the lead paragraph . Arrange section headers as described at Wikipedia:Guide to layout . Add an infobox if it is appropriate for the article. Clean up any linkrot / format the references and footnotes , using citation templates when appropriate. STD Bus is a computer bus popular with industrial control applications but has also been used in computing applications. The STD Bus has been called "STD-80" as well: this has created a popular confusion that the bus contains 80 pins; however, it refers to its bus being related to the Zilog Z80 series processors in practical use. The STD Bus stands for "Simple to Design", not "Standard", which is also another common confusion. Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;STD_Bus;STD_Bus; STMicroelectronics STMicroelectronics ( NYSE : STM ) is an French - Italian multinational electronics and semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . It is Europe's largest semiconductor chip maker based on revenue. While STMicroelectronics corporate headquarters and the headquarters for EMEA region are based in Geneva, the holding company, STMicroelectronics N.V. is registered in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The company’s US headquarters is in Coppell, Texas . Headquarters for the Asia-Pacific region is in Singapore whilst Japan and Korea operations are headquartered in Tokyo . The company headquarters for the Greater China region is in Shanghai . Switzerland;Integrated_circuit;United_States_dollar;France;Italy;Switzerland;Netherlands;Singapore;Italy;France;Bangalore;Motorola;Intel;Samsung;Toshiba;Infineon;Renesas;Flash_memory;Flash_memory;Hard_disk_drive;Personal_computer;Embedded_systems;Motorola;Switzerland;France;Malta;Malaysia;Shenzhen;Hong_Kong;Philippines;United_Kingdom;DVD;GPS;Italy;Italy;Singapore;DVD;GPS;United_States;Czech_Republic;France;Germany;Canada;Canada;Italy;Bangalore;Belgium;Finland;Finland;Finland;Finland;France;California;Flash_memory;Nokia;Integrated_circuit;Finland;Italy;Italy;France;France;Renault;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;STMicroelectronics;STMicroelectronics; SVG Scalable Vector Graphics ( SVG ) is a family of specifications of an XML -based file format for two-dimensional vector graphics , both static and dynamic (i.e., interactive or animated ). The SVG specification is an open standard that has been under development by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) since 1999. SVG images and their behaviors are defined in XML text files. This means that they can be searched, indexed, scripted , and, if need be, compressed . As XML files, SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor , but it is often more convenient to create them with drawing programs such as Inkscape . All major modern web browsers —including Mozilla Firefox , Internet Explorer 9 , Google Chrome , Opera , and Safari —have at least some degree of support for SVG and can render the markup directly. Earlier versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) do not support SVG natively. [ 3 ] Filename_extension;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Software_release_life_cycle;XML;XML;File_format;Interactivity;Data_compression;Web_browser;Mozilla_Firefox;Google_Chrome;Adobe_Systems;Raster_graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;JPEG;Accessibility;HTML;Portable_Document_Format;Cascading_Style_Sheets;XHTML;Adobe_Systems;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;JavaScript;Gzip;Adobe_Systems;Sun_Microsystems;MPEG;XML;Personal_digital_assistant;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;XML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Hexadecimal;JavaScript;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Metadata;Raster_graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;JPEG;Google;HTML;Mozilla_Firefox;Camino;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Apple_Inc.;Google_Chrome;OmniWeb;Google;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Flash;Raster_graphics;Portable_Network_Graphics;Free_software;Internet_Explorer;Google_Chrome;GIMP;Sun_Microsystems;IPhone;WebKit;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Nokia;Application_programming_interface;Sony_Ericsson;Motorola;Samsung;LG;Embedded_system;Application_programming_interface;Graphics_processing_unit;Microsoft;Adobe_Systems;Microsoft;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Microsoft;WebKit;Sourceforge;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems;Microsoft;Google;Open_Directory_Project;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;MathML;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;XHTML;XML;XQuery;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT; SVOPC SVOPC (ang. Sinusoidal Voice Over Packet Coder ) is a compression method for audio which is used by VOIP applications. It is a lossy speech compression codec designed specifically towards communication channels suffering from packet loss . It uses more bandwidth than best bandwidth-optimised codecs, but it is packet loss resistant instead. Skype Limited developed a codec called 'SVOPC' for Skype. It was first used in Skype 3.2 beta 53, released on March 28, 2007. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Starting with Skype 4.0, SVOPC is replaced by SILK . VOIP;Lossy_compression;Codec;SILK;Embedded_system;SILK;Skype_protocol;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Multimedia;Software;SVOPC;SVOPC; SVP The abbreviation SVP may refer to: In science and mathematics : Saturation vapor pressure , the partial pressure of water vapor in the atmosphere when measured above a flat surface Shortest vector problem , the problem of finding the smallest non-zero vector in a lattice space Small Volume Parenterals , an administration method of drugs in pharmacology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology , a society of paleontologists In politics and law : Swiss People's Party ( Schweizerische Volkspartei ), a conservative political party in Switzerland Südtiroler Volkspartei (South Tyrolean People's Party), a political party representing the German and Ladin-speaking population of South Tyrol, Italy Sexually violent predator , a legal classification that can imprison a person even if they have served a complete jail sentence In entertainment : Save percentage , a goalkeeping statistic used by some sports leagues Secure Video Processor , a hardware based content-protection system Sega Virtua Processor , a processor added to some Sega MegaDrive games Struški Večeri na Poezijata (Struga Poetry Evenings), an international poetry festival held in Struga, Republic of Macedonia Scott Van Pelt , an ESPN commentator and radio host SmoothVideo Project , a software for motion interpolation Other uses include: S'il vous plaît , French for "Please" (literally, "if it pleases you") Society of Saint Vincent de Paul , a Roman Catholic charity Senior Vice President , a variant title of vice president in organizations with many vice presidents Soil Vent Pipe (British building industry), or the Drain-waste-vent system This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SVP oldid=500440478 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Article Feedback Blacklist French_language;SVP;SVP; SVT_Play Video_on_demand;RealVideo;Flash_Video;Joost;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;SVT_Play;SVT_Play; 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SageTV SageTV Media Center was a proprietary , commercial DVR (Digital Video Recording) and HTPC (Home theater PC) software for Mac OS X , Windows and Linux . It requires that the host computer have a hardware-based TV tuner card . The SageTV software has an integrated Electronic Programming Guide (EPG) that is updated via the Internet. The program provides a television interface for DVR, music, and photos on Windows and Linux. SageTV Media Center typically records in standard MPEG2, making it possible to transfer recordings to laptops or other devices. It also has a built-in conversion feature to transcode files into other formats compatible with iPod, PSP, cell phones and other portable devices. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A "lite" version is commonly shipped as part of an OEM software bundle. Both the lite and regular versions offer a Java API . SageTV Placeshifter allows the user to watch TV from any high speed internet connection, similar to the Slingbox . As of Version 6, the SageTV Placeshifter is available for Windows, Linux and Macintosh platforms. The SageTV Media Extender set-top allows other TVs to connect to SageTV over a home network. There is also the ability to use the Hauppauge MediaMVP with SageTV by purchasing a MediaMVP Client License . On Saturday, June 18, 2011, Jeffrey Kardatzke, CTO Founder of the company, announced in a SageTV forum post that his company has been acquired by Google and an official press release followed later that same day, and since then the SageTV products have no longer been available for purchase. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Digital_video_recorder;Proprietary_software;Digital_video_recorder;Home_theater_PC;Software;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;API;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;SageTV;SageTV; Samsung Samsung Group ( Hangul : 삼성그룹 ; Hanja : 三星그룹 ; Korean pronunciation: [sam.sʌŋ ɡɯ'ɾup̚] ) is a South Korean multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Samsung Town , Seoul . It comprises numerous subsidiaries and affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol . Notable Samsung industrial subsidiaries include Samsung Electronics (the world's largest information technology company measured by 2011 revenues ), [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Samsung Heavy Industries (the world's second-largest shipbuilder measured by 2010 revenues), [ 5 ] Samsung Engineering and Samsung C T (respectively the world's 35th- and 72nd-largest construction companies), and Samsung Techwin (a weapons technology and optoelectronics manufacturer). [ 6 ] Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance (the world's 14th-largest life insurance company), [ 7 ] Samsung Everland (the oldest theme park in South Korea) [ 8 ] and Cheil Worldwide (the world's 19th-largest advertising agency measured by 2010 revenues). [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Samsung produces around a fifth of South Korea's total exports [ 11 ] and its revenues are larger than many countries' GDP ; in 2006, it would have been the world's 35th-largest economy. [ 12 ] The company has a powerful influence on South Korea's economic development, politics, media and culture, and has been a major driving force behind the " Miracle on the Han River ". [ 13 ] [ 14 ] United_States_dollar;Samsung_Electronics;Korean_language;Samsung_Electronics;Korean_language;United_States;Malaysia;Taiwan;Intel;Liquid_crystal_display;Sony;TFT_LCD;Renault;Renault;Hard_disk_drive;Seagate_Technology;Nokia;Switzerland;Sony;Sony;Samsung_Electronics;Singapore;Toshiba;Seagate_Technology;Cathode_ray_tube;Google_News;BBC_News;Bloomberg_L.P.;Bloomberg_Businessweek;Bloomberg_L.P.;The_Guardian;Samsung_Electronics;Samsung_Electronics;Samsung;Samsung; Samsung_Apps Samsung Apps , is an application store for Samsung mobile TV users. The store first opened in June 2010, after the company released its Samsung Wave smartphone. [ 1 ] After ten months, it saw its 100 millionth download [ 1 ] . United_Kingdom;France;Italy;Mac_App_Store;Google_Play;Samsung_Apps;Samsung_Apps; Samsung_Electronics Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. ( Korean : 삼성전자, KRX : 005930 , KRX : 005935 , LSE : SMSN , LSE : SMSD ) is a South Korean multinational electronics and information technology company headquartered in Suwon , South Korea. [ 2 ] It is the flagship subsidiary of the Samsung Group and has assembly plants and sales networks in 61 countries across the world, employing over 200,000 people. [ 3 ] It is the world's largest mobile phone maker , world's largest television manufacturer and world's second-largest semiconductor chip maker (after Intel Corporation ). Samsung has dominated the world television market in the latter half of the 21st century's first decade, having sold the most televisions globally from 2006 to 2010 (projections in 2010 indicated that this trend would continue). In the global LCD panel market, the company has maintained the leading sales position for eight years in a row. [ 4 ] In 2009, the company became the world's-largest IT producer, surpassing the previous leader, Hewlett-Packard . [ 5 ] Its sales revenue in the areas of display devices ( LCD and LED ) and memory chips is the world's highest. [ 6 ] With the introduction of the Samsung Galaxy S mobile phone, the company's smartphone lineup was first place in terms of global sales figures for 2011. [ 7 ] Samsung has also established a prominent position in the tablet computer market, with the release of the Android -powered Samsung Galaxy Tab to compete with the iPad from Apple . [ 8 ] Korean_language;Korean_language;Korean_language;LCD;LED;Integrated_circuit;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;IPad;Apple_Inc.;Japan;Sony;BusinessWeek;BusinessWeek;Hard_disk_drive;Seagate_Technology;Portable_media_player;SDRAM;Flash_memory;Integrated_circuit;Data_storage_device;Hard_disk_drive;Smart_TV;Application_software;Nokia;Digital_camera;Camcorder;Hard_disk_drive;Toshiba;LG_Display;LG_Display;Dell;Nokia;Sony;Sony;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Dynamic_random_access_memory;European_Commission;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;IPad;Patent_infringement;Financial_Times;Samsung;BusinessWeek;BusinessWeek;BusinessWeek;Associated_Press;The_New_York_Times;EE_Times;Reuters;ZDNet;Korean_language;BBC_News;Reuters;Reuters;European_Commission;The_Daily_Telegraph;BBC_News;Samsung;United_States_dollar;Samsung;HTC_Corporation;Foxconn;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Vodafone;Software;Google;Nuance_Communications;Broadcom;Nvidia;Mobile_phone;Dell;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;Encryption;Flash_memory;Toshiba;SATA;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Cisco_Systems;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Samsung_Electronics;Samsung_Electronics; Samsung_Papyrus The Samsung Papyrus is a portable e-book reader. Plastic Logic Reader Adobe Digital Editions Sony Reader Library Atlantis Word Processor This electronics-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsung_Papyrus oldid=474043284 " Categories : Dedicated e-book devices Electronics stubs Samsung;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Samsung_Papyrus;Samsung_Papyrus; Samurize Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;Perl;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Samurize;Samurize; San_Francisco United_States;California;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Mexico;Led_Zeppelin;CNN;National_Football_League;Super_Bowl;Major_League_Baseball;Moscone_Center;Philippines;Hispanics_in_the_United_States;USA_Today;United_Airlines;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;News_release;News_release;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Yerba_Buena_Center_for_the_Arts;Moscone_Center;California;California;United_States;Puerto_Rico;United_States;Puerto_Rico;Shenzhen;Bangalore;Hong_Kong;San_Francisco;San_Francisco; San_Francisco_Canyon_Company San Francisco Canyon Company was a software developer company that was contracted by Apple Computer in 1992 to port the QuickTime technology to Microsoft Windows . They made their first release of QuickTime for Windows in November 1992. In July 1993, Intel contracted the San Francisco Canyon Company to improve the performance of Microsoft 's Video for Windows technology on Intel processors. By the end of 1993, Intel and Microsoft had combined their efforts to improve Video for Windows by creating a joint technology called Display Control Interface that was included in version 1.1d of Video for Windows. The lawsuit " Apple Computer v. San Francisco Canyon Co. ", filed on December 6, 1994, alleged that the San Francisco Canyon Company used some of the code developed under contract to Apple in their additions to Video for Windows. Apple expanded the lawsuit to include Intel and Microsoft on February 10, 1995, alleging that Microsoft and Intel knowingly used the software company to aid them in stealing several thousand lines of Apple's QuickTime code in their effort to improve the performance of Video for Windows. On March 3, 1995, a Federal judge issued a temporary restraining order that prohibited Microsoft from distributing its current version of Video for Windows. [ 1 ] Microsoft subsequently released version 1.1e of Video for Windows, which removed all of the code contributed by the San Francisco Canyon Company, stating in the release notes "does not include the low-level driver code that was licensed from Intel Corporation". Later testimony in the United States v. Microsoft case revealed that, at the time, Apple was threatening Microsoft with a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over the allegedly stolen code, and in return Bill Gates was threatening with the cancellation of Office for the Mac. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In August 1997, Apple and Microsoft announced a settlement deal. Apple would drop all current lawsuits, including all lingering issues from the "Look Feel" lawsuit and the "QuickTime source code" lawsuit, and agree to make Internet Explorer the default browser on the Macintosh unless the user explicitly chose the bundled Netscape browser. In return, Microsoft agreed to continue developing Office, Internet Explorer, and various developer tools and software for the Mac for the next 5 years, and purchase $150 million of non-voting Apple stock. The companies also agreed to mutual collaboration on Java technologies, and to cross-license all existing patents, and patents obtained during the five-year deal, with one another. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Software_developer;Apple_Computer;QuickTime;Microsoft_Windows;Intel;Microsoft;Video_for_Windows;The_New_York_Times;San_Francisco_Canyon_Company;San_Francisco_Canyon_Company; Sandy_Bridge Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;Intel;Central_processing_unit;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;Dell;Digital_rights_management;ZDNet;PC_Magazine;Pentium_M;XScale;Intel_Consumer_Electronics;Sandy_Bridge;Sandy_Bridge; Sara_Bareilles Sara Beth Bareilles ( / b ə ˈ r ɛ l ɪ s / bə- REL -is ; born December 7, 1979) [ 1 ] is an American singer-songwriter and pianist . She achieved mainstream success in 2007 with the hit single " Love Song ", which brought her into the number one spot on the Billboard Pop 100 chart. [ 2 ] She has sold over 1 million records in the United States alone and has been nominated for a Grammy Award three times. [ 3 ] In the third season of NBC's The Sing-Off , Bareilles was a celebrity judge alongside Ben Folds and Shawn Stockman of Boyz II Men . In February of 2012, VH1 placed Bareilles in the #80 spot of the Top 100 Greatest Women in Music. [ 4 ] United_States;Musician;Piano;Guitar;Record_label;United_States;Grammy_Award;Ben_Folds;ITunes;UK_Singles_Chart;San_Francisco;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;NBC;Jazz;Soul_music;Piano;Guitar;Irish_Singles_Chart;OneRepublic;Norah_Jones;Barack_Obama;Grammy_Award;Sara_Bareilles;Sara_Bareilles; Sarah_McLachlan Sarah Ann McLachlan , OC , OBC (born January 28, 1968) is a Canadian musician, singer and songwriter. [ 2 ] Known for her emotional ballads and mezzo-soprano vocal range, [ 3 ] as of 2009, she has sold over 40 million albums worldwide. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] McLachlan's best-selling album to date is Surfacing , for which she won two Grammy Awards (out of four nominations) and four Juno Awards . In addition to her personal artistic efforts, she founded the Lilith Fair tour, which showcased female musicians. The Lilith Fair concert tours took place from 1997 to 1999, and resumed in the summer of 2010. Since 2006 she has also been known as a highly visible supporter of the ASPCA , as well as various other charities. She also provided the singing voice for Jessie in Toy Story 2. Canada;Pop_music;Record_label;Grammy_Award;Juno_Award;Canada;Juno_Award;John_Lennon;Grammy_Award;Juno_Award;Faith_Hill;ITunes_Store;Juno_Award;Grammy_Award;Entertainment_Weekly;NBC;Rovi_Corporation;International_Standard_Book_Number;NME;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;CNN;Sarah_McLachlan;Sarah_McLachlan; Satellite_imagery Satellite imagery consists of photographs of Earth or other planets made by means of artificial satellites . United_States;Kansas;United_States;Image_resolution;Image_processing;Sensor;Google_Maps;Open_source;Google;Satellite_imagery;Satellite_imagery; Saturday_Night_Live Saturday Night Live (abbreviated as SNL ) is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol . [ 1 ] The show premiered on NBC on October 11, 1975, under the original title of NBC's Saturday Night . The show revolves around a series of sketches which parody American culture and politics , [ 2 ] performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest who usually delivers an opening monologue and takes part in sketches with the cast, and features a musical guest who also performs. SNL normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, " Live from New York, it's Saturday Night! ", beginning the show proper. [ 4 ] Michaels left the series in 1980 to explore other opportunities, and he was replaced by Jean Doumanian who led the show to disastrous reviews and was replaced by Ebersol after one season. Ebersol continued to run the show until 1985, when Michaels returned and where he has remained since. Many of SNL ' s cast found national stardom while appearing on the show and achieved success in film and television, both in front of and behind the camera. In particular, SNL has helped launch the careers of Dan Aykroyd , John Belushi , Chevy Chase , Jimmy Fallon , Will Ferrell , Tina Fey , Julia Louis-Dreyfus , Eddie Murphy , Bill Murray , Mike Myers , Amy Poehler and Adam Sandler . Additionally others associated with the show such as writers have gone on to successful careers, including Conan O'Brien , Max Brooks , Stephen Colbert , Larry David , Al Franken , Bob Odenkirk , Sarah Silverman , and Robert Smigel . Broadcast from Studio 8H at NBC's headquarters in the GE Building , SNL has aired 724 episodes since its debut and ended its thirty-seventh season on May 19, 2012, making it one of the longest-running network television programs in the United States as of 2012. The show format has been developed and recreated in several countries including Spain, Italy, Brazil, Japan, and South Korea, each meeting with different levels of success. Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films although only two met with critical and financial success: The Blues Brothers (1980) and Wayne's World (1992). The show has been marketed in other ways including home media releases of seasons, books, and documentaries about the behind-the-scenes activities of running and developing the show. Throughout its more than three decades on air, Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards, including 28 Primetime Emmy Awards , a Peabody Award , and three Writers Guild of America Awards . In 2000, it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame . It was ranked tenth on TV Guide ' s " 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time " list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All- TIME ." In 2012, it received 14 Emmy nominations bringing the show to a total of 168, giving it the most Emmy nominations in television history. The live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship, with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers and guests alike. Comedy;United_States;Broadway_Video;NBC;NBC;NBC;Paramount_Pictures;Broadway_Video;Paramount_Pictures;George_Harrison;Barack_Obama;Broadway_Video;Frame_rate;Broadway_Video;Spain;Italy;Japan;Barack_Obama;NBC_Universal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Paramount_Pictures;Universal_Studios;NBC_Universal;Universal_Studios;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Music_video;NBC;NBC;NBC;AOL;Broadway_Video;NBC;USA_Today;Gannett_Company;NBC;Gawker;USA_Today;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Gawker;NBC;The_Huffington_Post;Entertainment_Weekly;Rolling_Stone;CBS;NBC;International_Standard_Book_Number;Entertainment_Weekly;Los_Angeles_Times;Tribune_Company;Entertainment_Weekly;The_Huffington_Post;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Broadway_Video;Broadway_Video;Comedy;CBS;NBC;Saturday_Night_Live;Saturday_Night_Live; SciPy SciPy is an open source library of algorithms and mathematical tools for the Python programming language that grew out of Travis Oliphant's original collection of extension modules for Python which he released in 1999 under the name Multipack (named for the netlib packages that it brought together such as ODEPACK, QUADPACK, and MINPACK). SciPy contains modules for optimization , linear algebra , integration , interpolation , special functions , FFT , signal and image processing , ODE solvers and other tasks common in science and engineering. It has a similar audience to applications such as MATLAB , GNU Octave , and Scilab . SciPy is currently distributed under the BSD license and its development is sponsored by an open community of developers. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Software_license;Open_source;Linear_algebra;Signal_processing;Image_processing;MATLAB;GNU_Octave;Scilab;NumPy;Matplotlib;MATLAB;SymPy;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;SciPy;SciPy; Science Mathematical statistics Classical physics · Modern physics Applied physics · Computational physics Atomic physics · Nuclear physics Particle physics · Experimental physics Theoretical physics Condensed matter physics Mechanics · Classical mechanics Quantum mechanics ( introduction ) Continuum mechanics · Rheology Solid mechanics · Fluid mechanics Plasma physics · Thermodynamics General relativity · Special relativity String theory · M-theory Acid-base reaction theories · Alchemy Analytical chemistry · Astrochemistry Biochemistry · Crystallography Environmental chemistry · Food chemistry Geochemistry · Green chemistry Inorganic chemistry · Materials science Molecular physics · Nuclear chemistry Organic chemistry · Photochemistry Physical chemistry · Radiochemistry Solid-state chemistry · Stereochemistry Supramolecular chemistry Surface science · Theoretical chemistry Astrophysics · Cosmology Galactic astronomy · Planetary geology Planetary science · Stellar astronomy Atmospheric sciences · Ecology Environmental science · Geodesy Geology · Geomorphology Geophysics · Glaciology · Hydrology Limnology · Mineralogy · Oceanography Paleoclimatology · Palynology Physical geography · Soil science Anatomy · Astrobiology · Biochemistry Biogeography · Biological engineering · Biophysics Behavioral neuroscience · Biotechnology Botany · Cell biology · Conservation biology · Cryobiology Developmental biology Ecology · Ethology · Ethnobiology Evolutionary biology ( introduction ) Genetics ( introduction ) Gerontology · Immunology · Limnology Marine biology · Microbiology Molecular biology · Neuroscience Paleontology · Parasitology · Physiology Radiobiology · Soil biology Systematics · Theoretical biology Toxicology · Zoology Behavioural sciences Anthropology · Archaeology Criminology · Demography Economics · Education Human geography · History International relations · Law Linguistics · Political science Psychology · Sociology Agricultural · Aerospace · Biomedical Chemical · Civil · Computer Electrical · Fire protection · Genetic Industrial · Mechanical · Military Mining · Nuclear · Operations research Robotics · Software Healthcare sciences Biological engineering · Dentistry Epidemiology · Health care · Medicine Nursing · Pharmacy · Social work Veterinary medicine Interdisciplinarity Applied physics · Artificial intelligence Bioethics · Bioinformatics · Biomedical engineering · Biostatistics Cognitive science · Computational linguistics Cultural studies · Cybernetics Environmental science · Environmental social science Environmental studies · Ethnic studies Evolutionary psychology · Forestry Library science · Logic Mathematical biology · Mathematical physics Scientific modelling · Neural engineering Science and technology studies Science studies · Semiotics · Sociobiology Systems theory · Transdisciplinarity Philosophy of science Science (from Latin scientia , meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe . [ 1 ] In an older and closely related meaning (found, for example, in Aristotle ), "science" refers to the body of reliable knowledge itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained ( see History and philosophy below ). [ 2 ] Since classical antiquity science as a type of knowledge was closely linked to philosophy . In the early modern era the words "science" and "philosophy" were sometimes used interchangeably in the English language . By the 17th century, natural philosophy (which is today called " natural science ") was considered a separate branch of philosophy . [ 3 ] However, "science" continued to be used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as library science or political science . In modern use, "science" more often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is "often treated as synonymous with 'natural and physical science', and thus restricted to those branches of study that relate to the phenomena of the material universe and their laws, sometimes with implied exclusion of pure mathematics. This is now the dominant sense in ordinary use." [ 4 ] This narrower sense of "science" developed as scientists such as Johannes Kepler , Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton began formulating laws of nature such as Newton's laws of motion . In this period it became more common to refer to natural philosophy as "natural science". Over the course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with scientific method , a disciplined way to study the natural world, including physics , chemistry , geology and biology . It is in the 19th century also that the term scientist was created by the naturalist-theologian William Whewell to distinguish those who sought knowledge on nature from those who sought knowledge on other disciplines. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the origin of the word "scientist" to 1834. This sometimes left the study of human thought and society in a linguistic limbo, which was resolved by classifying these areas of academic study as social science . Similarly, several other major areas of disciplined study and knowledge exist today under the general rubric of "science", such as formal science and applied science . Computer_science;Economics;Engineering;English_language;Gottfried_Leibniz;Carbon;Magnet;Engineering;United_States;Vannevar_Bush;United_Kingdom;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Science;Science; Science_and_technology_in_Canada Science and technology in Canada consists of three distinct but closely related phenomena: the diffusion of technology in Canada, scientific research in Canada innovation, invention and industrial research in Canada Automation;Computer_science;Engineering;Audio_engineering;Control_engineering;Canada;Canadian_dollar;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Science_and_technology_in_Canada;Science_and_technology_in_Canada; Scilab Scilab is an open source , cross-platform numerical computational package and a high-level , numerically oriented programming language . It can be used for signal processing , statistical analysis , image enhancement , fluid dynamics simulations, numerical optimization , and modeling, simulation of explicit and implicit dynamical systems and (if the corresponding toolbox is installed) symbolic manipulations. MATLAB code, which is similar in syntax, can be converted to Scilab. Scilab is one of several open source alternatives to MATLAB . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Fortran;Operating_system;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Internationalization_and_localization;German_language;English_language;Spanish_language;French_language;Italian_language;Japanese_language;Chinese_language;List_of_software_categories;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Software_license;Open_source;Numerical_analysis;Programming_language;Signal_processing;Image_processing;Dynamical_system;MATLAB;MATLAB;Programming_language;Dynamic_typing;Fortran;Signal_processing;Image_processing;Dynamical_system;Simulink;MATLAB;Open_source;Free_Software_Foundation;MATLAB;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Scilab;Scilab; Scott_Forstall Scott Forstall is the senior vice president of iOS Software at Apple Inc . Stanford_University;Apple_Inc;Apple_Inc;Stanford_University;Computer_science;NeXT;Mac_OS_X;User_interface;Mac_OS_X;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;SRI_International;Apple_Inc.;CNN;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Scott_Forstall;Scott_Forstall; Scottish_English English_language;American_English;American_English;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Multimedia;British_English;American_English;Canadian_English;Australian_English;Australian_English;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Scottish_English;Scottish_English; Screen_Sharing Screen Sharing is a VNC client by Apple Inc. included as part of Mac OS X v10.5 . It allows remote observance or control of any Macintosh machine on the local network that has Screen Sharing activated. It may also be used over the Internet via iChat . Because Screen Sharing is a VNC client, it may also be used to control any computer running a VNC server if the IP address of the target computer is known and accessible. Apple's Back to My Mac feature of MobileMe service offers Wide-Area Bonjour to allow Screen Sharing and File Sharing access beyond LAN. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Apple_Inc.;IChat;IP_address;MobileMe;Apple_Remote_Desktop;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Software;Screen_Sharing;Screen_Sharing; Screen_reader Application_software;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;VoiceOver;Linux;Open_source;Graphical_user_interface;Operating_system;Application_programming_interface;Microsoft_Word;Smartphone;CSS;Language;Metadata;Speech_recognition;Screen_reader;Screen_reader; Screen_rotation Page orientation is the way in which a rectangular page is oriented for normal viewing. The two most common types of orientation are portrait and landscape . The specific word definition comes from the fact that a close-up portrait of a person's face and upper body is more fitting for a canvas or photo where the height of the display area is greater than the width, and is more common for the pages of books . Landscape originally described artistic outdoor scenes where a wide view area is needed, but the upper part of the painting would be mostly sky and so is omitted. Page orientation is also used to describe the dimensions of a video display. The most common video display orientation is landscape mode, especially the 4:3 ratio, which is 4 units wide and 3 units tall, and the more recent 16:9 widescreen landscape display mode. Portrait screen orientation can also be selected for computers, but was uncommon until the introduction of Apple's iPad , and the most popular use is in mobile devices . However, portrait is preferred for editing page-layout work, in order to view the entire page on the screen at once without wasted space along the sides, and for script-writing, legal work (in drafting contracts etc.), and other applications where it is useful to see a maximum number of lines of text. It is also common in public information displays. IPad;Macintosh;Tablet_computer;Page_orientation;Page_orientation; Screenlets Screenlets is the name of both a set of independently-developed widget applications and the widget engine which runs them. The engine runs primarily on X11-based compositing window managers , most notably with Compiz on Linux . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Widget_engine;Software_license;Widget_engine;Linux;Web_widget;HTML;JavaScript;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Apple_Inc.;GDesklets;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Screenlets;Screenlets; Scunthorpe_problem The Scunthorpe problem occurs when a spam filter or search engine blocks e-mails or search results because their text contains a string of letters that are shared with an obscene word. While computers can easily identify strings of text within a document, broad blocking rules may result in false positives , causing innocent phrases to be blocked. AOL;Google;Associated_Press;News.com;Daily_Mail;The_Guardian;Scunthorpe_problem;Scunthorpe_problem; SeaMonkey SeaMonkey is a free and open source [ 3 ] cross-platform Internet suite . It is the continuation of the former Mozilla Application Suite , based on the same source code. Core Mozilla project source code is licensed under a disjunctive tri-license that gives the choice of one of the three following sets of licensing terms: Mozilla Public License , version 1.1 or later, GNU General Public License , version 2.0 or later, GNU Lesser General Public License , version 2.1 or later. [ 4 ] The development of SeaMonkey is community-driven, in contrast to the Mozilla Application Suite, which until its last released version (1.7.13) was governed by the Mozilla Foundation . The new project-leading group is the SeaMonkey Council . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;JavaScript;Operating_system;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Web_browser;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Internet_Relay_Chat;HTML;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;IRIX;Trademark;Linux;Mozilla_Firefox;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Netherlands;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Freeware;Commercial_software;Mac_OS_X;IWeb;Microsoft_Windows;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Camino;Kazehakase;OmniWeb;Netscape_Browser;Mozilla_Firefox;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Web_browser;Camino;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;Internet_Explorer;HyperCard;Email;HTML;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;SeaMonkey;SeaMonkey; Seagate_Technology Seagate Technology ( NASDAQ : STX ) is an American technology company, one of the world's largest manufacturers of hard disk drives . [ 2 ] Incorporated in 1978 as Shugart Technology , Seagate is currently incorporated in Dublin , Ireland and has its principal executive office in Cupertino , California . [ 3 ] Seagate has been a leader in the development of the hard disk drives since releasing the 5 MB ST-506 drive in 1980, the first 5.25-inch hard drive. They were a major supplier in the microcomputer market during the 1980s, especially after the introduction of the IBM XT in 1983. In 1989 they finalized the purchase of Control Data Corporation 's Imprimis division, makers of the well regarded Wren product line. This gave Seagate access to the Wren's voicecoil-based technology. In 1991 they introduced the 7,200 RPM Barracuda line, which remains their high-end offering to this day. They purchased Maxtor in 2006. NASDAQ;Hard_disk_drive;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;United_States;Hard_disk_drive;California;Hard_disk_drive;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Original_equipment_manufacturer;IBM;Fibre_Channel;Xbox;Laptop;NASDAQ;USD;The_New_York_Times;United_States_dollar;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Starbucks;Vodafone;Hard_disk_drive;Toshiba;Apple_Inc.;IBM;JVC;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Seagate_Technology;Seagate_Technology; Second_screen Second Screen is a term that refers to an additional electronic device (e.g. tablet , smartphone ) that allows a television audience to interact with the content they are consuming, whether it be TV Shows, movies, music, or video games , extra data is displayed on a portable device synchronized with the content being viewed on television. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Video_game_console;Social_television;Tablet_computer;Smartphone;IPhone;Video_game_console;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Windows_Phone;IOS;Smart_TV;Second_screen;Second_screen; Secure_Digital Secure Digital or ( SD ) is a non-volatile memory card format for use in portable devices. The Secure Digital standard is maintained by the SD Card Association (SDA). SD technologies have been implemented in more than 400 brands across dozens of product categories and more than 8,000 models. [ 1 ] The Secure Digital format includes four card families available in three different form factors. The four families are the original, Standard-Capacity (SDSC), the High-Capacity ( SDHC ), the eXtended-Capacity ( SDXC ), and the SDIO , which combines input/output functions with data storage. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The three form factors are the original size, the "mini" size, and the "micro" size (see illustration). There are many combinations of form factors and device families. Electrically passive adapters allow the use of a smaller card in a host device built to hold a larger card. Host devices that comply with newer versions of the specification provide backward compatibility and accept older SD cards, but older host devices do not recognize newer cards. The SDA uses several trademarked logos to enforce compliance with its specifications and assure users of compatibility. [ 5 ] This article explains several factors that can prevent the use of a newer SD card: A newer card may offer greater capacity than the host device can handle. A newer card may use a file system the host device cannot navigate. Use of an SDIO card requires the host device be designed for the input/output functions the card provides. The organization of the card was changed starting with the SDHC family. Some vendors produced SDSC cards above 1 GB before the SDA had standardized a method of doing so. Megabyte;Gigabyte;Terabyte;Backward_compatibility;Trademark;Terabyte;Sony;Sony;Camcorder;Toshiba;Palm_Treo;GPS;FM_radio;Digital_camera;Bluetooth;Ethernet;Digital_rights_management;Symbian_OS;USB;USB;Camcorder;Digital_camera;Digital_camera;Camcorder;Video_game_console;Mobile_phones;Personal_digital_assistant;USB;FireWire;Floppy_disk;Toshiba;Nikon;Samsung;Sony;Sony;Camcorder;Personal_computer;Hard_disk;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Toshiba;Digital_rights_management;Sony;Trademark;DVD;Megabyte;Motorola;Mobile_phones;Trademark;Open_source;Bluetooth;Linux;Embedded_system;USB;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;NAND_flash;NAND_flash;Flash_memory;Hard_disk;Personal_computer;Disk_Utility;Microsoft;Linux;HFS_Plus;Mac_OS_X;HFS_Plus;Microsoft_Windows;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;NAND_flash;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Megabit;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Digital_rights_management;USD;USD;USD;USD;USD;Gigabyte;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;File_Allocation_Table;Flash_memory;ExpressCard;Microdrive;PC_Card;Secure_Digital;Secure_Digital; Sedation Sedation is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure. Drugs which can be used for sedation include propofol , etomidate , ketamine , fentanyl , and midazolam . [ 1 ] Sedative;Sedative;PubMed_Identifier;Sedation;Sedation; Sedative A sedative or tranquilizer (or tranquilliser , see American and British English spelling differences ) is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability [ 1 ] or excitement . [ 2 ] At higher doses it may result in slurred speech, staggering gait , poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes . Doses of sedatives such as benzodiazepines , when used as a hypnotic to induce sleep, tend to be higher than amounts used to relieve anxiety, whereas only low doses are needed to provide a peaceful and calming sedative effect. [ 3 ] Sedatives can be abused to produce an overly-calming effect ( alcohol being the classic and most common sedating drug). At high doses or when they are abused, many of these drugs can cause unconsciousness (see hypnotic ) and even death . Sedation;Sedation;Anxiety;Antipsychotic;Diphenhydramine;Dimenhydrinate;Doxylamine;Promethazine;Suicide;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;Antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Sedative;Sedative; Seesmic Seesmic is a suite of freeware web , mobile , and desktop applications which allow users to simultaneously manage user accounts for multiple social networks , such as Facebook and Twitter . Launched in 2008 by French entrepreneur Loïc Le Meur , the service was initially a video sharing website, billed as a cross between YouTube and Twitter, allowing short video comments to be published online. Le Meur shut down the service in 2009 due to its stagnating user base, and then relaunched Seesmic as a social networking tool, with a suite of desktop, mobile and web apps integrating streams from Twitter , Facebook and other social media sites. Following the failure to monetize the company, in 2011 Seesmic was relaunched yet again as a customer relations management app. [ 1 ] Software_design;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Linux;BlackBerry_OS;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Customer_relationship_management;Social_media;Software_license;Freeware;Freeware;Mobile_phone;Desktop_computer;Facebook;Facebook;Facebook;Skype;Facebook;Web_application;IPhone;IPod_touch;BlackBerry;IOS;TweetDeck;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Seesmic;Seesmic; Sega Japan;Video_game_console;France;Germany;Netherlands;Spain;Italy;Sony;Namco;Namco;Electronic_Arts;Microsoft;Xbox;Microsoft_Windows;Personal_computer;PlayStation_Vita;PlayStation_Vita;IOS;Profanity;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;Internet_Archive;CNN;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Japan;Alpine_Electronics;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Roland_Corporation;Sony;Toshiba;Sega;Sega; Selectable_Mode_Vocoder Selectable Mode Vocoder ( SMV ) is variable bitrate speech coding standard used in CDMA2000 networks [ 1 ] . SMV provides multiple modes of operation that are selected based on input speech characteristics. The SMV for Wideband CDMA is based on 4 codecs: full rate at 8.5 kbit/s, half rate at 4 kbit/s, quarter rate at 2 kbit/s, and eighth rate at 800 bit/s. [ 1 ] The full rate and half rate are based on the CELP algorithm [ 1 ] that is based on a combined closed-loop-open-loop-analysis (COLA). In SMV the signal frames are first classified as: Silence/Background noise Non-stationary unvoiced Stationary unvoiced Non-stationary voiced The algorithm includes voice activity detection (VAD) followed by an elaborate frame classification scheme. Silence/background noise and stationary unvoiced frames are represented by spectrum - modulated noise and coded at 1/4 or 1/8 rate. The SMV uses 4 subframes for full rate and two/three subframes for half rate. The stochastic (fixed) codebook structure is also elaborate and uses sub-codebooks each tuned for a particular type of speech. The sub-codebooks have different degrees of pulse sparseness (more sparse for noise like excitation). SMV scores a high of 3.6 MOS [ 2 ] at full rate with clean speech. The coder works on a frame of 160 speech samples (20 ms) and requires a look ahead of 80 samples (10 ms) if noise-suppression option B is used. An additional 24 samples of look ahead is required if noise-suppression option A is used. So the algorithmic delay for the coder is 30 ms with noise-suppression option B and 33 ms with noise-suppression option A. The next evolution of CDMA speech codecs is VMR-WB which provides much higher speech quality with wideband while fitting to the same networks. SMV can be also used in 3GPP2 container file format - 3G2 . Variable_bitrate;Code_division_multiple_access;Algorithm;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder; Sellaband Slogan;Website;Album;Netherlands;Germany;Germany;United_States_dollar;Germany;Amazon.com;Europe;United_Kingdom;Australia;United_States;Netherlands;United_States;Poland;United_States;Japan;Netherlands;Canada;United_States;United_States;Netherlands;TechCrunch;Guardian_Unlimited;TechCrunch;ExtremeTech;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Sellaband;Sellaband; Semantic_reasoner A semantic reasoner , reasoning engine , rules engine , or simply a reasoner , is a piece of software able to infer logical consequences from a set of asserted facts or axioms . The notion of a semantic reasoner generalizes that of an inference engine , by providing a richer set of mechanisms to work with. The inference rules are commonly specified by means of an ontology language , and often a description language . Many reasoners use first-order predicate logic to perform reasoning; inference commonly proceeds by forward chaining and backward chaining . There are also examples of probabilistic reasoners, including Pei Wang's non-axiomatic reasoning system , Novamente's probabilistic logic network , and Pronto - probabilistic description logic reasoner. Inference_engine;Cyc;Internet;Database;Knowledge_extraction;Metadata;Geotagging;XML;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Semantic_reasoner;Semantic_reasoner; SendStation_Systems SendStation Systems is a manufacturer of computer and iPod accessories. The company was founded in 1997 in Frankfurt/Main, Germany by current President André Klein. The name "SendStation" has its roots in a Macintosh -based turn-key video fax system the company created and sold between 1997 and 2000, and is a word play made up from to send , station and sensation . Back then (several years before public broadband internet access became available and affordable) the SendStation was the first system of its kind which allowed filmmakers, advertising agencies and industry clients to easily transfer full-screen-full-motion review copies of TV commercials within minutes around the globe, rather than using overnight couriers. Customers included companies like Audi , Wrigley and BBDO . Computer;IPod;Macintosh;Audi;Dock_connector;SendStation_Systems;SendStation_Systems; Sensor Signal_processing;Sound;Oxygen;Data_acquisition;Wireless_sensor_network;Sensor;Sensor; Sequence In mathematics , a sequence is an ordered list of objects (or events). Like a set , it contains members (also called elements , or terms ), and the number of ordered element (possibly infinite) is called the length of the sequence. Unlike a set, order matters, and exactly the same elements can appear multiple times at different positions in the sequence. A sequence is a discrete function . For example, (C, R, Y) is a sequence of letters that differs from (Y, C, R), as the ordering matters, and (1, 1, 2, 3, 5), which contains the number 1 at two different positions, is a valid sequence. Sequences can be finite , as in this example, or infinite , such as the sequence of all even positive integers (2, 4, 6,...). Finite sequences are sometimes known as strings or words and infinite sequences as streams . The empty sequence ( ) is included in most notions of sequence, but may be excluded depending on the context. An infinite sequence of real numbers (in blue). This sequence is neither increasing, nor decreasing, nor convergent, nor Cauchy . It is, however, bounded. International_Standard_Book_Number;Sequence;Sequence; Serial_ATA Serial ATA ( SATA or Serial AT Attachment ) is a computer bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives . Serial ATA was designed to replace the older parallel ATA (PATA) standard (often called by the old name IDE ), offering several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (7 conductors instead of 40), native hot swapping , faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol. SATA host-adapters and devices communicate via a high-speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors. In contrast, parallel ATA (the redesignation for the legacy ATA specifications) used a 16-bit wide data bus with many additional support and control signals, all operating at much lower frequency. To ensure backward compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications, SATA uses the same basic ATA and ATAPI command-set as legacy ATA devices. SATA has replaced parallel ATA in consumer desktop and laptop computers , and has largely replaced PATA in new embedded applications. SATA's market share in the desktop PC market was 99% in 2008. [ 2 ] PATA remains widely used in industrial and embedded applications that use CompactFlash storage, though even there, the new CFast storage standard is based on SATA. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from The Serial ATA International Organization (aka. SATA-IO, serialata.org). The SATA-IO group collaboratively creates, reviews, ratifies, and publishes the interoperability specifications, the test cases, and plug-fests. As with many other industry compatibility standards, the SATA content ownership is transferred to other industry bodies: primarily the INCITS T13 subcommittee ATA, the INCITS T10 subcommittee ( SCSI ); a subgroup of T10 responsible for Serial Attached SCSI (SAS). The complete specification from SATA-IO. [ 5 ] The remainder of this article will try to use the terminology and specifications of SATA-IO. Parallel_ATA;Hard_disk_drive;Parallel_ATA;Computer;SCSI;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows_XP;Intel;Hard_disk_drive;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Power_connector;LED;USB;FireWire;FireWire;ESATAp;ExpressCard;ESATAp;FireWire;Netbook;Parallel_ATA;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;SCSI;ESATAp;Parallel_ATA;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;SCSI;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Fibre_Channel;InfiniBand;Universal_Serial_Bus;Engadget;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Encryption;Flash_memory;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;Samsung_Electronics;SATA;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Serial_ATA;Serial_ATA; Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus The Serial Peripheral Interface Bus or SPI (pronounced as either ess-pee-eye or spy ) bus is a synchronous serial data link standard, named by Motorola , that operates in full duplex mode. Devices communicate in master/slave mode where the master device initiates the data frame . Multiple slave devices are allowed with individual slave select ( chip select ) lines. Sometimes SPI is called a four-wire serial bus, contrasting with three- , two- , and one-wire serial buses. SPI is often referred to as SSI (Synchronous Serial Interface). Motorola;System_Management_Bus;SCSI;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;Digital_signal_processing;Secure_Digital;FPGA;De_facto_standard;Secure_Digital;USB;Linux;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;CPU;Secure_Digital;Verilog;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus; Serial_Storage_Architecture Serial Storage Architecture (SSA) is a serial transport protocol used to attach disk drives to servers . It was invented by Ian Judd of IBM in 1990. IBM produced a number of successful products based upon this standard before it was overtaken by the more widely adopted Fibre Channel protocol. SSA was promoted as an open standard by the SSA Industry Association, unlike its predecessor the first generation Serial Disk Subsystem. [ 1 ] A number of vendors including IBM, Pathlight Technology and Viacom produced products based on SSA. It was also adopted as an ANSI X3T10.1 standard. SSA devices are logically SCSI devices and conform to all of the SCSI command protocols. SSA provides data protection for critical applications by helping to ensure that a single cable failure will not prevent access to data. All the components in a typical SSA subsystem are connected by bi-directional cabling. Data sent from the adaptor can travel in either direction around the loop to its destination. SSA detects interruptions in the loop and automatically reconfigures the system to help maintain connection while a link is restored. Up to 192 hot swappable hard disk drives can be supported per system. Drives can be designated for use by an array in the event of hardware failure. Up to 32 separate RAID arrays can be supported per adaptor, and arrays can be mirrored across servers to provide cost-effective protection for critical applications. Furthermore, arrays can be sited up to 25 metres apart - connected by thin, low-cost copper cables - allowing subsystems to be located in secure, convenient locations, far from the server itself. With its inherent resiliency and ease of use, SSA is deployed in server/RAID environments, where it is capable of providing for up to 80 Mbyte /s of data throughput, with sustained data rates as high as 60 Mbytes/s in non-RAID mode and 35 Mbytes/s in RAID mode. IBM;Fibre_Channel;American_National_Standards_Institute;SCSI;Megabyte;Megabyte;SCSI;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Serial_Storage_Architecture;Serial_Storage_Architecture; Serial_attached_SCSI Serial Attached SCSI ( SAS ) is a communication protocol used to move data to and from computer storage devices such as hard drives and tape drives . SAS is a point-to-point serial protocol that replaces the parallel SCSI bus technology that first appeared in the mid 1980s in data centers and workstations , and it uses the standard SCSI command set . SAS offers backwards-compatibility with second-generation SATA drives. SATA 3 Gbit/s drives may be connected to SAS backplanes , but SAS drives may not be connected to SATA backplanes. The T10 technical committee of the International Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS) develops and maintains the SAS protocol; the SCSI Trade Association (SCSITA) promotes the technology. SCSI;Serial_ATA;Hard_disk;Ethernet;SCSI;Parallel_ATA;Backplane;Serial_ATA;InfiniBand;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Encryption;Flash_memory;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;Samsung_Electronics;SATA;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Serial_attached_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI; Server_Message_Block In computer networking , Server Message Block ( SMB ), also known as Common Internet File System ( CIFS , / ˈ s ɪ f s / ) operates as an application-layer network protocol [ 1 ] mainly used for providing shared access to files , printers , serial ports , and miscellaneous communications between nodes on a network. It also provides an authenticated inter-process communication mechanism. Most usage of SMB involves computers running Microsoft Windows , where it was known as "Microsoft Windows Network" before the subsequent introduction of Active Directory . Corresponding Windows services are the "Server Service" (for the server component) and "Workstation Service" (for the client component). The Server Message Block protocol can run atop the Session (and lower) network layers in several ways: directly over TCP , port 445; [ 2 ] via the NetBIOS API, which in turn can run on several transports : [ 3 ] on UDP ports 137, 138 TCP ports 137, 139 — see NetBIOS over TCP/IP ; on several legacy protocols such as NBF (incorrectly referred to as NetBEUI ). Microsoft_Windows;IBM;DOS;Microsoft;Application_programming_interface;Hard_link;Reverse_engineering;Sun_Microsystems;Microsoft_Windows;Free_software;Subnetwork;Internet;Local_area_network;Windows_Vista;IBM;Reverse_engineering;Digital_signature;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft_Word;Instant_messaging;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Rsync;Presence_information;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Apple_Filing_Protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Skype;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;ITunes_Store;JavaScript;Windows_Live_Messenger;Skype;Spotify;Winamp;Xfire;Server_Message_Block;Server_Message_Block; Service_discovery Service discovery protocols are network protocols which allow automatic detection of devices and services offered by these devices on a computer network. Service discovery requires a common language to allow software agents to make use of one another's services without the need for continuous user intervention. [ 1 ] Service discovery protocols should not be confused with Session Description Protocol (SDP), which is intended for describing multimedia sessions for the purposes of session announcement, session invitation, and other forms of multimedia session initiation. There are many service discovery protocols, including: Bluetooth Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD), part of Apple 's Bonjour technology Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS) Jini for Java objects. Service Location Protocol (SLP) Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) used to discover RTP sessions Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP) as used in Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) for web services Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol (WPAD) WS-Discovery (Web Services Dynamic Discovery) XMPP Service Discovery ( XEP-0030 ) XRDS (eXtensible Resource Descriptor Sequence) used by XRI , OpenID , OAuth , etc. Bluetooth;Apple_Inc.;Web_service;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Zero_configuration_networking;Service_discovery;Service_discovery; Session_Initiation_Protocol Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Post_Office_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Ethernet;Video;Streaming_media;Video_conferencing;Instant_messaging;Presence_information;Nokia;SIMPLE;Instant_messaging;Presence_information;VoIP;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol; Session_musician Session musicians are instrumental and vocal performers who are available to work with others at live performances or recording sessions . Usually such musicians are not permanent members of a musical ensemble and often do not achieve fame in their own right as soloists or bandleaders . The term is applied not only to those working in contemporary musical styles such as rock , jazz , country , R B and pop but also classical music. Versatility is one of the most important skills of session musicians as they may have to perform in a range of different settings. Session musicians are expected to learn parts rapidly and be skilled in both sight reading and ear training . Session musicians are used in any situation where musical skills are needed on a short-term basis. Typically session musicians are used by recording studios to provide backing tracks for other musicians in recording studios and live performances; recording for advertising , film and television; or theatrical productions . The terms "session musician" and "studio musician" are now synonymous, though in past decades the latter term more typically described musicians who were associated with a particular record company or recording studio . Jazz;Country_music;Pop_music;Jazz;Led_Zeppelin;Soul_music;Session_musician;Session_musician; Setastine Setastine ( Loderix ) is an antihistamine used to treat allergies and rhinitis . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Allergies;Sedative;Clemastine;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Levocabastine;Antazoline;Thonzylamine;Azelastine;Olopatadine;Pseudoephedrine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Setastine;Setastine; Setiptiline InChI=1S/C19H19N/c1-20-11-10-18-16-8-4-2-6-14(16)12-15-7-3-5-9-17(15)19(18)13-20/h2-9H,10-13H2,1H3 Y Key:GVPIXRLYKVFFMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Setiptiline ( Tecipul ), also known as teciptiline , is a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) which acts as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA). It was launched in 1989 for the treatment of depression in Japan by Mochida . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Japan;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Inverse_agonist;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Setiptiline;Setiptiline; Seychelles Seychelles ( i / s eɪ ˈ ʃ ɛ l z / say- SHELZ ; French: [sɛʃɛl] ), officially the Republic of Seychelles ( French : République des Seychelles ; Creole : Repiblik Sesel ), is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean , some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa , northeast of the island of Madagascar . Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius , Rodrigues , Agalega and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles, with an estimated population of 86,525, has the smallest population of any African state . [ 3 ] It also has the highest Human Development Index in Africa . French_language;English_language;United_Kingdom;French_language;United_Kingdom;Folk_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Seychelles;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;France;Mozambique;Asia;Malaysia;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;Australia;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Seychelles;Seychelles; Shake_(software) Shake is a discontinued image compositing package used in the post-production industry. Shake was widely used in visual effects and digital compositing for film, video and commercials. Shake exposes its node graph architecture graphically. It enables complex image processing sequences to be designed through the connection of effects "nodes" in a graphical workflow interface. This type of compositing interface allows great flexibility, including the ability to modify the parameters of an earlier image processing step "in context" (while viewing the final composite ). Many other compositing packages, such as Blender , eyeon Fusion , Nuke and Cineon , also use a similar node-based approach. Shake was available for Mac OS X and Linux . Support for Microsoft Windows and IRIX was discontinued in previous versions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] On July 30, 2009, Apple discontinued Shake. [ 3 ] No direct product replacement has been announced by Apple, but some features are now available in Final Cut Studio and Motion , such as the SmoothCam filter. [ 4 ] Shake was originally developed by programmers and supervisors from Sony Imageworks including Arnaud Hervas, Emmanuel Mogenet, Ron Brinkmann , Louis Cetorelli, and Dan Candela [ citation needed ] . In 1996, Arnaud Hervas, along with Allen Edwards founded Nothing Real , and released Shake as its flagship product in 1997. Version 2 was released in 1999 for Windows NT and IRIX , costing $9900 US per license, or $3900 for a render-only license. In 2002, Apple Computer acquired Nothing Real. [ 5 ] A few months later, they released version 2.5, [ 6 ] which introduced Mac OS X compatibility. To strengthen the Mac's position in production studios, the Mac version held a price of $4950 US, and users of the non-Mac operating systems were given the offer of doubling the number of licenses at no extra cost by migrating to Mac OS X. In 2003, version 3 of Shake was announced, [ 7 ] which introduced the Qmaster software, discontinued support for Microsoft Windows, and allowed unlimited network render clients at no additional cost. A year later, the release of Shake 3.5 at the National Association of Broadcasters show saw the price drop to $2999 for Mac OS X and $4999 for Linux and IRIX. In April 2005 Apple Computer announced Shake 4 at a pre- NAB event. New features included 3D multi-plane compositing, 32-bit Keylight and Primatte keying, Optical Flow image processing (time-remapping and image stabilisation), Final Cut Pro 5 integration and extensions to their open, extensible scripting language and SDK . Shake 4 had no IRIX version. At the NAB event in April 2006, Apple announced that Shake 4.1 would be a Universal Binary version and would ship in May that year. It was actually released on 20 June 2006 and was rebranded as a companion for Final Cut Studio ; [ 8 ] as such, its price was dropped from $2999 to $499 for Mac OS X (but remained the same for Linux). At the same time, Apple also announced that they would end support for Shake. Rumor web sites claimed that Apple is working on a next-generation compositing application codenamed Phenomenon. [ 9 ] Existing maintenance program subscribers had the option to license the Shake source code for $50,000 USD. On July 30, 2009, Apple removed Shake from its online store and website. Shake had been officially EOL 3 years ago but was still being sold in the Apple Store for $499 until that time. [ 10 ] The Shake website now redirects to Apple's Final Cut Studio website. Shake has been used in such films as Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings and King Kong , as well as Harry Potter movies and Cloverfield . It was also used by The Embassy to create a television advertisement for Citroën with a dancing car. Shake was used by Broadway Video for restoring the release of “ Saturday Night Live : The Complete First Season” DVD box set. It is also in use by CBS Digital for creating new visual effects for Star Trek Remastered. Other major productions using Shake include the 2005 adaptation of War of the Worlds , Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith , Fantastic Four , Mission Impossible 3 , Poseidon , The Incredibles , Hulk , Doctor Who , The Dark Knight and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest . Shake is also used for video post-production, but in this field Autodesk's Flint, Flame and Inferno systems are usually used in conjunction with Shake for a fast turnaround of projects. Shake's historical strength has been the ability to work better with very high resolution formats such as 2K, 4K and IMAX used in the motion picture industry. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Compositing;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Compositing;Visual_effects;Digital_compositing;Node_graph_architecture;Composite_image;Eyeon_Fusion;Cineon;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;IRIX;Final_Cut_Studio;Sony_Imageworks;Ron_Brinkmann;Nothing_Real;Windows_NT;IRIX;Apple_Computer;Mac_OS_X;Qmaster;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;Final_Cut_Pro;SDK;Universal_Binary;Final_Cut_Studio;Peter_Jackson;The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy;Harry_Potter;Cloverfield;The_Embassy_Visual_Effects;Broadway_Video;Saturday_Night_Live;CBS;Star_Trek;The_Incredibles;Doctor_Who;IMAX;Apple_Computer;Apple_Computer;Apple_Computer;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail; Shareware Shareware (also termed trialware or demoware ) is proprietary software that is provided to users without payment on a trial basis and is often limited by any combination of functionality , availability (it may be functional for a limited time period only), or convenience (the software may present a dialog at startup or during usage, reminding the user to purchase it; " nagging dialogs "). Shareware is often offered as a download from an Internet website or as a compact disc included with a periodical such as a newspaper or magazine . The rationale behind shareware is to give buyers the opportunity to use the program and judge its usefulness before purchasing a license for the full version of the software. Firms with superior software thus have an incentive to offer samples, except if their product is already well known, or if they do not want to be listed in direct competition with other products on shareware repositories. [ 1 ] Shareware is usually offered either with certain features only available after the license is purchased, or as a full version but for a limited trial period of time. Once the trial period has passed, the program may stop running until a license is purchased. Shareware is often offered without supports or updates which only become available with the purchase of a license. The words "free trial" or "trial version" are indicative of shareware. The term shareware is used in contrast to retail software , which refers to commercial software available only with the purchase of a license which may not be copied for others; public domain software , which refers to software not copyright protected; open-source software , in which the source code is available for anyone to inspect and alter; and freeware , which refers to copyrighted software for which the developers solicit no payment (though they may request donations). Proprietary_software;Internet;Website;Compact_disc;Software_license;Retail_software;Commercial_software;Source_code;Freeware;Database;Blog;Free_software;Source_code;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Linux;Unix;Floppy_disk;Freeware;Handango;Digital_distribution;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Code_signing;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Open_Directory_Project;Software_license;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Commercial_software;Digital_distribution;Shareware;Shareware; SheerVideo SheerVideo is a family of proprietary lossless video codecs developed by BitJazz Inc. to enable capture, editing, playback, and archival of professional-quality lossless video formats in real time on low-power inexpensive hardware such as laptop computers and video cameras. As tested on a standard set of Kodak images used in image compression research, SheerVideo's average compression ratio is over 2:1 for real-world footage. Because SheerVideo generally runs faster than a computer system's data throughput speed, this compression power means that SheerVideo runs more than twice as fast as uncompressed data while taking less than half the storage space. Video_codec;NTSC;PAL;QuickTime;Apple_Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Audio_Video_Interleave;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;YULS;SheerVideo;SheerVideo; Shenzhen Chinese_language;Chinese_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Chinese_language;Hong_Kong;Mandarin_Chinese;Foxconn;Macau;United_States;Italy;Australia;Poland;France;Germany;Belgium;Japan;Malaysia;Italy;Romania;United_Kingdom;United_States;Hungary;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Macau;Hong_Kong;Macau;Hong_Kong;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Brazil;Japan;Philippines;Hong_Kong;United_States;Argentina;United_Kingdom;Bangalore;Hong_Kong;Shenzhen;Shenzhen; Shiira Shiira (シイラ, Japanese for the common dolphin-fish ) was an open source web browser for the Mac OS X operating system . According to its lead developer Makoto Kinoshita, the goal of Shiira was "to create a browser that is better and more useful than Safari ". Shiira used WebKit for rendering and scripting . [ 1 ] By December 2011 the developer's website has been removed. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;WebKit;Language;List_of_software_categories;Web_browser;Software_license;Japanese_language;Open_source;Web_browser;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;WebKit;RSS;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;Shiira;Shiira; Shionogi Shionogi Company, Limited ( 塩野義製薬株式会社 , Shionogi Seiyaku Kabushiki gaisha ? , TYO : 4507 , OSE : 4507) is a Japanese pharmaceutical company best known for developing Crestor . Medical supply and brand name also uses Shionogi ("シオノギ"). Shionogi has business roots that date back to 1878, and was incorporated in 1919. Among the medicines produced are for hyperlipidaemia , antibiotics , and cancer medicines. In Japan it is particularly known as a producer of antimicrobial and antibiotics. Because of antibiotic resistance and slow growth of the antibiotic market, it has teamed up with US based Schering-Plough to become a sole marketing agent for its products in Japan. Shionogi had supported the initial formation of Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals , a generic manufacturer based in India . Japan;Japan;Japan;Honda;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Sony;Toshiba;Toyota;Shionogi;Shionogi; Short_circuit A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c ) is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path, often where essentially no (or a very low) electrical impedance is encountered. The electrical opposite of a short circuit is an " open circuit ", which is an infinite resistance between two nodes. It is common to misuse "short circuit" to describe any electrical malfunction, regardless of the actual problem. Electrical_impedance;Hydrogen;Australia;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Short_circuit;Short_circuit; Short_message_service Short Message Service ( SMS ) is a text messaging service component of phone, web, or mobile communication systems, using standardized communications protocols that allow the exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices. SMS text messaging is the most widely used data application in the world, with over 3.7 billion active users, [ 1 ] or 74% of all mobile phone subscribers. [ citation needed ] The term SMS is used as a synonym for all types of short text messaging as well as the user activity itself in many parts of the world. SMS is also being used as a form of direct marketing known as SMS marketing . [ 2 ] SMS as used on modern handsets originated from radio telegraphy in radio memo pagers using standardized phone protocols and later defined as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) series of standards in 1985 [ 3 ] as a means of sending messages of up to 160 characters, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] to and from GSM mobile handsets. [ 6 ] Since then, support for the service has expanded to include other mobile technologies such as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS , as well as satellite and landline networks. [ citation needed ] Most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages though the standard supports other types of broadcast messaging as well. Text_messaging;Text_messaging;Mobile_phone;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;GSM;Deutsche_Telekom;Vodafone;United_Kingdom;Nextel;Japan;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Metadata;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;Ringtone;Nokia;General_Packet_Radio_Service;USB;Bluetooth;Infrared;Czech_Republic;GSM;GSM;SMS_language;Text_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Instant_messaging;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Rsync;Presence_information;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Apple_Filing_Protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Skype;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;ITunes_Store;JavaScript;Windows_Live_Messenger;Skype;Spotify;Server_Message_Block;Winamp;Xfire;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network; Shorten Shorten ( SHN ) is a file format used for compressing audio data. It is a form of data compression of files and is used to losslessly compress CD -quality audio files (44.1 kHz 16- bit stereo PCM ). Shorten is no longer developed and more recent lossless audio codecs such as FLAC , Monkey's Audio (APE), TTA , and WavPack (WV) have become more popular. However, Shorten is still in use by some people because there are legally traded concert recordings in circulation that are encoded as Shorten files. Shorten files use the .shn file extension. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Encoder;Software_license;Filename_extension;File_format;Lossless_data_compression;Compact_Disc;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;WavPack;Rockbox;Winamp;Libavcodec;FLAC;WavPack;FLAC;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Software;Shorten;Shorten; ShowShifter Home_theater_PC;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;ShowShifter;ShowShifter; Shuttle_Inc. Shuttle Inc. ( TAIEX :2405) is a Taiwan -based manufacturer of motherboards , barebone computers , complete PC systems, and monitors . Throughout the last 10 years, Shuttle has been one of the world's top 10 motherboard manufacturers, and gained fame in 2001 with the introduction of the Shuttle SV24 , one of the world's first commercially successful small form factor computers. Shuttle XPC small form factor computers tend to be popular among PC enthusiasts and hobbyists, although in 2004 Shuttle started a campaign to become a brand name recognized by mainstream PC consumers. Shuttle XPC desktop systems are based on same PC platform as the XPC barebone (case+motherboard+power supply) Shuttle manufactures. More recently, the differentiation between Shuttle barebones and Shuttle systems has become greater, with the launch of system exclusive models such as the M-series and X-series . Taiwan;Small_form_factor;Desktop_computer;Microsoft_Windows;Small_form_factor;Nvidia;Intel;Nvidia;Intel;Power_supply;Europe;Taiwan;Japan;LCD;CNet;Shuttle_Inc.;Shuttle_Inc.; Siemens_AG Siemens AG ( German pronunciation: [ˈziːməns] ) is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich , Germany. It is the largest Europe-based electronics and electrical engineering company. [ 2 ] Siemens is an integrated technology company with activities in the fields of industry, energy and healthcare. It is organized into five main divisions: Industry, Energy, Healthcare, Infastructure Cities, and Siemens Financial Services (SFS). Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 360,000 people across nearly 190 countries and reported global revenue of approx 71 billion euros for the year of 2011. [ 3 ] Siemens AG is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange , and has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since March 12, 2001. Automation;Bulgaria;Computer;Personal_computer;Chrysler;IPTV;Nokia;European_Commission;Toshiba;Greece;BBC_News;The_New_York_Times;Reuters;Associated_Press;Forbes;International_Herald_Tribune;CNBC;European_Union;Europe;BMW;Deutsche_Telekom;Nokia;Germany;Germany;BMW;Deutsche_Telekom; Sierra_Leone – in Africa ( light blue dark grey ) – in the African Union ( light blue ) — [ Legend ] 8°29.067′N 13°14.067′W  /  8.48445°N 13.23445°W  / 8.48445; -13.23445 Official language(s) Ethnic groups (2008) Unitary presidential Constitutional republic Ernest Bai Koroma ( APC ) Alhaji Samuel Sam-Sumana ( APC ) Speaker of Parliament Abel Nathaniel Bankole Stronge ( APC ) Haja Umu Hawa Tejan-Jalloh from the United Kingdom 71,740 km 2 ( 119th ) 79.4/km 2 ( 114th 1 ) $5.093 billion [ 2 ] $2.196 billion [ 2 ] 1 Rank based on 2007 figures. Sierra Leone ( i / s ɪ ˈ ɛər ə l ɪ ˈ oʊ n ɪ / or / l ɪ ˈ oʊ n / ), [ 3 ] officially the Republic of Sierra Leone , is a country in West Africa . It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Sierra Leone has a tropical climate , with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests . The country covers a total area of 71,740 km 2 (27,699 sq mi) [ 4 ] and is divided into four geographical regions : the Northern Province , Eastern Province , Southern Province and the Western Area ; which are subdivided into fourteen districts . The districts have their own directly elected local government known as district council , headed by a council chairman. Freetown , located in the Western Area of the country, is the capital , largest city as well as its economic, commercial and political centre. Bo , located in the Southern Province of the country, is the country's second largest city and the second major economic and commercial centre. The country is a constitutional republic and with an estimated population of 6 million (2011 United Nations estimate). [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Sierra Leone has relied on mining , especially diamonds , for its economic base. The country is among the largest producers of titanium and bauxite , and a major producer of gold . The country has one of the world's largest deposits of rutile . Sierra Leone is also home to the third largest natural harbour in the world, where shipping from all over the globe berth at Freetown's famous Queen Elizabeth II Quay . Despite this natural wealth, 70% of its people live in poverty . [ 7 ] Sierra Leone is a predominantly muslim country, [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] though with an influential Christian minority. Sierra Leone is ranked as one of the most religiously tolerant nations in the world. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] People are often married across ethnic and religious boundaries. Muslims and Christians collaborate and interact with each other peacefully [1] . [ 11 ] Religious violence is very rare in the country. The population of Sierra Leone comprises about sixteen ethnic groups , each with its own language and costume. The two largest and most influential are the Temne and the Mende . Although English is the language of instruction in schools and the official language in government administration, the Krio language (derived from English and several indigenous African languages) is the primary language of communication among Sierra Leone's different ethnic groups, and is spoken by 90% of the country's population. [ 1 ] The Krio Language unites all the different ethnic groups , especially in their trade and interaction with each other. [ 14 ] In 1462, the area that is now Sierra Leone was visited by the Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra , who named it Serra Leoa, meaning "Lioness Mountains". [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Sierra Leone later became an important centre of the transatlantic trade in slaves until 11 March 1792 when Freetown was founded by the Sierra Leone Company as a home for former enslaved from (or freed by) the British Empire . [ 17 ] In 1808, Freetown became a British Crown Colony , and in 1896, the interior of the country became a British Protectorate ; [ 18 ] Between 1991 and 2002 the Sierra Leone Civil War devastated the country leaving more than 50,000 people dead, much of the country's infrastructure destroyed, and over two million people displaced in neighbouring countries as refugees ; mainly to Guinea , which was home to over 600,000 Sierra leonan refugees. English_language;United_Kingdom;Liberia;English_language;Monopoly;Liberia;Liberia;Liberia;Liberia;Credit_card;Liberia;Liberia;Liberia;Europe;Europe;Mozambique;English_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Argentina;Benin;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Namibia;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;British_English;Scottish_English;American_English;Canadian_English;Australian_English;Australian_English;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Sierra_Leone;Sierra_Leone; SigmaTel SigmaTel (SGTL delisted from NASDAQ after 2008 acquisition by Freescale Semiconductor ) was a System On a Chip SOC electronics and software company headquartered in Austin, TX , that designed turnkey portable compressed AV media player/recorder SOCs, reference circuit boards, SOC Software Development Kits, media player software apps, and controller chips for multifunction peripherals . SigmaTel was Austin's largest IPO as of 2003 when it became publicly traded on NASDAQ. Later its peak share price exceeded $45 with revenue of $300 million driven mainly by the STMP35xx series AV SOC and its turnkey software that empowered hundreds of original equipment manufacturer portable media player (PMP) models. Portable_media_player;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Desktop_computer;IPod_Shuffle;Digital_audio_player;IPod_Shuffle;PortalPlayer;Nvidia;IPod;United_States_dollar;Samsung;Integrated_circuit;Intellectual_property;SigmaTel;SigmaTel; Signal_processing Signal processing is an area of systems engineering , electrical engineering and applied mathematics that deals with operations on or analysis of signals , or measurements of time-varying or spatially varying physical quantities. Signals of interest can include sound , images , and sensor data, for example biological data such as electrocardiograms , control system signals, telecommunication transmission signals, and many others. Applied_mathematics;Image_processing;Sensor;Data_acquisition;Data_compression;Image_compression;Video_compression;Speech_recognition;Equalization;Multiplexing;Data_compression;Numerical_analysis;Linear_algebra;Digital_signal_processing;Computer;Image_processing;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Signal_processing;Signal_processing; Silicon_Color Final Cut Pro was a non-linear video editing software developed by Macromedia Inc. and then Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X, runs on Intel -based Mac OS computers powered by OS X version 10.6.8 or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. Since the early 2000s, Final Cut Pro has developed a large and expanding user base, mainly video hobbyists and independent filmmakers . It had also made inroads with film and television editors who have traditionally used Avid Technology 's Media Composer . According to a 2007 SCRI study, Final Cut Pro made up 49% of the US professional editing market, with Avid at 22%. [ 1 ] A published survey in 2008 by the American Cinema Editors Guild placed their users at 21% FCP (and growing from previous surveys of this group), while all others were still on an Avid system of some kind. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Apple_Inc.;Intel;Mac_OS;OS_X;Media_Composer;QuickTime;DV;HDV;DV;IPod;Apple_TV;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Express;HDV;Apple;IMovie;Grand_Central_Dispatch;OpenCL;Apple_Motion;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Final_Cut_Express;FireWire;TV_show;Television;Soundtrack_Pro;FireWire;National_Association_of_Broadcasters;HDV;Final_Cut_Express;Universal_Binary;Final_Cut_Studio;Mac_App_Store;Creator_code;Type_code;Apple;IMovie;List_of_video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Final_Cut_Studio;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Final_Cut_Pro;Final_Cut_Pro; Silicon_Grail Silicon Grail was once a company developing compositing software for filmmakers and post-production professionals. Its main products were Chalice and RAYZ, both high-end compositing applications. The company was acquired by Apple in 2002 [ 1 ] . Compositing;Apple_Inc.;Digital_compositing;CineFX;OpenShot_Video_Editor;Cinelerra;Proprietary_software;Adobe_After_Effects;Apple_Motion;Autodesk_Maya;Autodesk_Softimage;Autodesk_Toxik;Avid_DS;CompTime;Eyeon_Fusion;Mistika;Defunct;Elastic_Reality;Avid_Matador;Avid_Media_Illusion;Cineon;FXhome_Limited;Pinnacle_Commotion;Silicon_Grail;Silicon_Grail; Silverlight Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows_Phone;Symbian_OS;Computing_platform;ARM_architecture;List_of_software_categories;Multimedia_framework;Software_license;Freeware;Adobe_Flash;Web_browser;Streaming_media;Multimedia;Computer_graphics;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;Windows_Phone;Free_software;Microsoft;Linux;Multimedia;Computer_graphics;Interactivity;.NET_Framework;Microsoft_Gadgets;Windows_Vista;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Media_Player;ActiveX;Windows_Media_Video;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;Intel;Google_Chrome;Linux;Windows_Phone;Nokia;Symbian_OS;Open_source;Proprietary_software;Free_software;Codec;Free_software;Microsoft;Operating_system;Adobe_Systems;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Flash;Ars_Technica;Microsoft;User_interface;Digital_rights_management;.NET_Framework;Google_Chrome;Internet_Explorer;Google_Chrome;Microsoft;International_Herald_Tribune;ZDNet;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework;Application_programming_interface;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Google_Chrome; SimEvents SimEvents is a discrete event simulation tool developed by MathWorks . It adds a library of graphical building blocks for modeling queuing systems to the Simulink environment. It also adds an event-based simulation engine to the time-based simulation engine in Simulink [ 2 ] Software_developer;MathWorks;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;MathWorks;Simulink;MATLAB;SimEvents;SimEvents; Simfy simfy is a music subscription service available in Germany , Austria , Switzerland and Belgium . [ 1 ] It is available as a website and also has clients for the iPhone and Android , which can play streaming music or cache songs for offline playback. The web-based service also offers a cross-platform client based on Adobe Air . Its library has content from the four major record labels , as well as the Merlin Network and aggregators such as The Orchard , and Finetunes. simfy also offers social networking, allowing users to share playlists and follow others to see what music they listen to. Operating_system;IPhone;Audio_file_format;Digital_Rights_Management;Germany;Austria;Switzerland;Belgium;Germany;Austria;Switzerland;Belgium;IPhone;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Simfy;Simfy; SimpleText Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mac_OS;PICT;QuickTime;Application_programming_interface;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;TextEdit;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;SimpleText;SimpleText; Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification Filename_extension;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Chemical_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier; Simulink Simulink , developed by MathWorks , is a commercial tool for modeling, simulating and analyzing multidomain dynamic systems . Its primary interface is a graphical block diagramming tool and a customizable set of block libraries . It offers tight integration with the rest of the MATLAB environment and can either drive MATLAB or be scripted from it. Simulink is widely used in control theory and digital signal processing for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] 1 Add-on products 2 Release history [ edit ] Add-on products A number of MathWorks and third-party hardware and software products are available for use with Simulink. For example, Stateflow extends Simulink with a design environment for developing state machines and flow charts . Coupled with Simulink Coder , another product from MathWorks , Simulink can automatically generate C source code for real-time implementation of systems. As the efficiency and flexibility of the code improves, this is becoming more widely adopted for production systems, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] in addition to being a popular tool for embedded system design work because of its flexibility and capacity for quick iteration. Embedded Coder creates code efficient enough for use in embedded systems. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] xPC Target together with x86-based real-time systems provides an environment to simulate and test Simulink and Stateflow models in real-time on the physical system. Embedded Coder also supports specific embedded targets, including Infineon C166 , Motorola 68HC12 , Motorola MPC 555 , TI C2000 , TI C6000 , Renesas V850 and Renesas SuperH . With HDL Coder , also from MathWorks , Simulink and Stateflow can automatically generate synthesizable VHDL and Verilog . Simulink Verification and Validation enables systematic verification and validation of models through modeling style checking, requirements traceability and model coverage analysis. Simulink Design Verifier uses formal methods to identify design errors like integer overflow , division by zero and dead logic, and generates test case scenarios for model checking within the Simulink environment. The systematic testing tool TPT offers one way to perform formal test- verification and validation process to stimulate Simulink models but also during the development phase where the developer generates inputs to test the system. By the substitution of the Constant and Signal generator blocks of Simulink the stimulation becomes reproducible. SimEvents adds a library of graphical building blocks for modeling queuing systems to the Simulink environment. It also adds an event-based simulation engine to the time-based simulation engine in Simulink. [ 9 ] [ edit ] Release history MATLAB Version [ 10 ] Ran on MS-DOS but required at least a 386 processor. Version 3.5m required math coprocessor Ran on Windows 3.1. Required a math coprocessor Last release for Windows 2000 and PowerPC Mac. First release for 32-bit 64-bit Windows 7. First release for Intel 64-bit Mac, and last for Solaris SPARC. Last release for Intel 32-bit Mac. [ edit ] See also Web based simulation Software_developer;MathWorks;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Software_license;Proprietary_software;MathWorks;Dynamic_systems;Visual_modeling;MATLAB;Control_theory;Digital_signal_processing;Stateflow;State_machines;Flowchart;MathWorks;Source_code;Embedded_system;XPC_Target;Infineon;Motorola;Motorola;Renesas;Renesas;SuperH;MathWorks;Stateflow;Logic_synthesis;VHDL;Verilog;Requirements_traceability;Formal_methods;Integer_overflow;Division_by_zero;Model_checking;SimEvents;AMESim;LabView;Modelica;VisSim;Web_based_simulation;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Mathematica;VisSim;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;Simulink;Simulink; Sina_Tamaddon Sina Tamaddon ( Persian : سینا تمدن ‎) was Senior Vice President of Applications for Apple Inc . Sina Tamaddon joined Apple in September 1997. He also served the company in the position of Senior Vice President, Worldwide Service and Support and Vice President and General Manager, Newton Group. Before joining the company Tamaddon held the position of Vice President, Europe with NeXT from September 1996 through March 1997. From August 1994 to August 1996 Tamaddon held the position of Vice President, Professional Services with NeXT. Prior to August 1994 Tamaddon worked for Software Alliance w Todd Rulon-Miller. Prior to joining Software Alliance, Tamaddon worked for NeXT as the Sales Manager for their Chicago Office. Prior to NeXT, Tamaddon worked for Sun Microsystems. Application_software;Apple_Inc;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Sina_Tamaddon;Sina_Tamaddon; Sinc_function Engineering;Digital_signal_processing;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Sinc_function;Sinc_function; Sine_wave The sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical function that describes a smooth repetitive oscillation . It occurs often in pure and applied mathematics , as well as physics , engineering , signal processing and many other fields. Its most basic form as a function of time ( t ) is : A , the amplitude , is the peak deviation of the function from its center position. ω , the angular frequency , specifies how many oscillations occur in a unit time interval, in radians per second φ , the phase , specifies where in its cycle the oscillation begins at t = 0. When the phase is non-zero, the entire waveform appears to be shifted in time by the amount φ / ω seconds. A negative value represents a delay, and a positive value represents an advance. 5 seconds of a 220 Hz sine wave Problems listening to this file? See media help . The oscillation of an undamped spring-mass system around the equilibrium is a sine wave. The sine wave is important in physics because it retains its waveshape when added to another sine wave of the same frequency and arbitrary phase and magnitude. It is the only periodic waveform that has this property. This property leads to its importance in Fourier analysis and makes it acoustically unique. Engineering;Signal_processing;Sound;Signal_processing;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sine_wave;Sine_wave; SingTel Singapore Telecommunications Limited ( SGX : T48 , ASX : SGT , OTC Pink : SGAPY ), commonly abbreviated as SingTel , is a Singaporean telecommunications company, with a combined mobile subscriber base of 416 million customers from its own operations and regional associates in 25 countries at end of June 2011 increased by 19 percent from a year ago, [ 2 ] making it one of the largest mobile network operators in the world. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The company was known as Telecommunications Equipment until 1995. SingTel provides ISP ( SingNet ), IPTV ( mio TV ), mobile phone ( SingTel Mobile Singapore ) [ 5 ] and fixed line telephony services. SingTel has expanded aggressively outside its home market and owns shares in many regional operators, including 100% of the second largest Australian telco, Optus , which was acquired in 2000 from Cable Wireless and other shareholders of Optus, and 32% (second largest shareholder after the promoters) of Bharti Airtel , the largest telco in India . SingTel is also the largest company by market capitalisation listed on the Singapore Exchange and is majority owned by Temasek Holdings , the investment arm of the Singapore government. Singapore;Mobile_phone;Internet;IPTV;Australia;Optus;IOS;Optus;Europe;United_States;Mobile_phone;Thailand;Thailand;Philippines;Philippines;Optus;Australia;Australia;Sri_Lanka;Sri_Lanka;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;ZDNet;Apple_Inc.;HTC_Corporation;Foxconn;Samsung_Electronics;Thailand;Hong_Kong;Macau;Philippines;Malaysia;Australia;Optus;Singapore;Taiwan;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;SingTel;SingTel; Singapore Coordinates : 1°18′N 103°48′E  /  1.3°N 103.8°E  / 1.3; 103.8 Republic of Singapore 新加坡共和国 (Chinese) Republik Singapura (Malay) சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு (Tamil) "Majulah Singapura" (Malay) "Onward, Singapore" Anthem: Majulah Singapura "Onward, Singapore" Location of Singapore ( green ) in ASEAN ( dark grey ) — [ Legend ] ( Downtown Core , Central ) 1 1°17′N 103°50′E  /  1.283°N 103.833°E  / 1.283; 103.833 Official language(s) Unitary parliamentary republic Speaker of Parliament 6 February 1819 [ 1 ] Independence from the United Kingdom 31 August 1963 [ 3 ] Merger with Malaysia 16 September 1963 [ 3 ] Separation from Malaysia 9 August 1965 [ 3 ] 7,315 [ 5 ] /km 2 ( 3rd ) $314.911 billion [ 6 ] ( 38th ) $59,711 [ 6 ] ( 3rd ) $259.849 billion [ 6 ] ( 38th ) $49,270 [ 6 ] ( 13th ) Singapore dollar ( SGD ) Singapore is a city-state . This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters . This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. Singapore ( i / ˈ s ɪ ŋ ə p ɔr / ), officially the Republic of Singapore , is a southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator . An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia 's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. The country is highly urbanised with very little primary rainforest remaining, although more land is being created for development through land reclamation . Part of various local empires since being inhabited in the 2nd century AD, Singapore hosted a trading post of the East India Company in 1819 with permission from the Sultanate of Johor . The British obtained sovereignty over the island in 1824 and Singapore became one of the British Straits Settlements in 1826. Occupied by the Japanese in World War II , Singapore declared independence, uniting with other former British territories to form Malaysia in 1963, although it was separated from Malaysia two years later. Since then it has had a massive increase in wealth, and is one of the Four Asian Tigers . Singapore is the world's fourth leading financial centre , and its port is one of the five busiest ports in the world . The economy depends heavily on exports and refining imported goods, especially in manufacturing, which constituted 26% of Singapore's GDP in 2005. Singapore is a unitary multiparty parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The People's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, and governs on the basis of a strong state and prioritising collective welfare over individual rights such as freedom of speech, an approach that has attracted criticism from organisations such as Freedom House . In terms of purchasing power parity , Singapore has the third highest per capita income in the world. There are slightly over 5 million people in Singapore, of which 2.91 million were born locally. The population is highly diverse; the majority are Chinese , with Malays and Indians forming significant minorities. Reflecting this diversity, the country has four official languages: English, Chinese, Malay, and Tamil. One of the five founding members of the Association of South East Asian Nations , the country is also the host of the APEC Secretariat, and a member of the East Asia Summit , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Commonwealth . English_language;United_Kingdom;Chinese_language;Malaysia;Malaysia;Gibraltar;Republic_of_China;Brunei;United_States;European_Union;Taiwan;France;Mobile_phone;Mandarin_Chinese;English_language;British_English;Cantonese;United_Kingdom;English_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Language;Channel_NewsAsia;IPTV;Mexico;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Singapore;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Thailand;Vietnam;Australia;Taiwan;Cyprus;Turkmenistan;Kyrgyzstan;Tajikistan;Nepal;Sri_Lanka;Bhutan;Japan;Taiwan;Mongolia;Brunei;Thailand;Vietnam;Malaysia;Philippines;Cambodia;Papua_New_Guinea;Laos;Brunei;Malaysia;Philippines;Papua_New_Guinea;Asia;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Thailand;Vietnam;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Australia;Brunei;Cambodia;Japan;Laos;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Philippines;Thailand;Vietnam;United_States;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Benin;Bhutan;Bolivia;Brunei;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Cape_Verde;Chad;Chile;Colombia;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;The_Gambia;Guatemala;Honduras;Laos;Liberia;Malawi;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mongolia;Mozambique;Namibia;Nepal;Nicaragua;Panama;Papua_New_Guinea;Peru;Philippines;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Venezuela;Vietnam;Zimbabwe;Brazil;Costa_Rica;Cyprus;El_Salvador;Kyrgyzstan;Mexico;Ukraine;Hong_Kong;Taiwan;Brunei;Malaysia;Philippines;Thailand;Hong_Kong;Macau;Malaysia;Taiwan;Taiwan;Brunei;Cambodia;Fiji;Guam;Malaysia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Philippines;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Vietnam;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Singapore;Singapore; Siri_(software) Siri ( pronounced /ˈsɪri/ ) is an intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator which works as an application for Apple's iOS . The application uses a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Web services . Apple claims that the software adapts to the user's individual preferences over time and personalizes results, and performing tasks such as finding recommendations for nearby restaurants, or getting directions. [ 2 ] Siri was originally introduced as an iOS application available in the App Store by Siri, Inc., which was acquired by Apple on April 28, 2010. [ 3 ] Siri, Inc. had announced that their software would be available for BlackBerry and for Android -powered phones, but all development efforts for non-Apple platforms were cancelled after the acquisition by Apple. [ 4 ] Siri has been an integral part of iOS starting with iOS 5, [ 5 ] and available on the iPhone 4S , [ 6 ] and will be on the iPad (3rd generation) this fall with the release of iOS 6. [ 7 ] 2 iPhone application 3 iOS integration 4 Research and development 5 Vehicle integration 7 Supported languages 8 Geographic limitations 11 External links [ edit ] Founding Siri, Inc. was founded in 2007 by Dag Kittlaus (CEO), Adam Cheyer (VP Engineering), and Tom Gruber (CTO/VP Design), together with Norman Winarsky from SRI International 's venture group. On October 13, 2008, Siri announced it had raised an $8.5 million Series A financing round, led by Menlo Ventures and Morgenthaler Ventures . [ 8 ] In November 2009, Siri raised a $15.5 million Series B financing round from the same investors as in their previous round, but led by Hong-Kong billionaire Li Ka-shing . [ 9 ] Dag Kittlaus left his position as CEO of Siri at Apple after the launch of the iPhone 4S. [ 10 ] [ edit ] iPhone application Siri was launched first as an application available on Apple's App Store in the United States. It integrated with services such as OpenTable , [ 11 ] Google Maps, [ 12 ] MovieTickets and TaxiMagic . [ 13 ] Using voice recognition technology from Nuance and their service partners, users could make reservations at specific restaurants, buy movie tickets or get a cab by dictating instructions in natural language to Siri. [ 14 ] Siri was acquired by Apple on April 28, 2010, and the original application ceased to function on October 15, 2011. [ 3 ] [ 15 ] [ edit ] iOS integration The Siri feature shown on a white iPhone 4S. On October 4, 2011, Apple introduced the iPhone 4S with their implementation of Siri. [ 16 ] The new version of Siri is integrated into iOS, and offers conversational interaction with many applications, including reminders, weather, stocks, messaging, email, calendar, contacts, notes, music, clocks, web browser, Wolfram Alpha , and maps. [ 2 ] Currently, Siri only supports English (American, Australian, British), German, French, and Japanese, and has limited functionality outside the United States. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] After announcing that Siri is included with the iPhone 4S, Apple removed the existing Siri app (which ran on all iPhone models) from the App Store. [ 19 ] Independent developers claim that they have ported Siri into the other iOS devices. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] However, some news sites suggest that the videos posted by the developers as "proof" only show the user interface of the Siri software, and not the voice commands, implying that developers have not been able to port the application with full functionality. [ 22 ] However, new reports from January 2012 suggest that independent developers have succeeded in porting Siri to earlier iPhone models, the iPod Touch , and iPad . i4Siri.com, a United States based team, have demonstrated Siri working as intended on the iPhone 4 , iPod Touch , and iPad , communicating without the Apple servers. [ 23 ] In later January 2012, independent developers successfully created and distributed a legal port of Siri to older devices via Cydia . [ 24 ] The port, however, requires authorization keys from another iPhone 4S, which can exploited in the form of a proxy server , or by transferring the Siri authorization file from an iPhone 4S. [ 25 ] Due to this requirement, developers have bypassed Apple's Siri server completely by creating their own backend using APIs from services such as Google and Wolfram Alpha . [ 26 ] In June 2012, at Apple's WWDC conference, Apple announced that Siri will be available on the 3rd generation iPad beginning in late 2012 with the release of iOS 6 . Also in June 2012, at Apple's WWDC conference, Apple announced updates for Siri coming in iOS 6 (launching in fall 2012.) These new features include: opening apps, telling sports scores and other sports related information, checking movie times, finding restaurants and also ordering reservations. Siri can also tell the height of sports players in iOS 6. [ edit ] Research and development Siri is a spin-out from the SRI International Artificial Intelligence Center, and is an offshoot of the DARPA-funded CALO project. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Siri's primary technical areas focus on a Conversational Interface, Personal Context Awareness, and Service Delegation. [ 29 ] Siri's speech recognition engine is thought to be provided by Nuance Communications , a speech technology company, although this has not been officially acknowledged by either Apple or Nuance. [ 30 ] The United Kingdom male voice is called "Daniel" and is voiced by Jon Briggs , a former technology journalist. The voice was recorded for Scansoft, who merged with Nuance Communications , a company that is thought to be working on Siri with Apple. [ 31 ] The original Siri application relied upon a number of partners, including: OpenTable , Gayot , CitySearch , BooRah , Yelp , Yahoo Local, ReserveTravel , Localeze for restaurant and business questions and actions; Eventful , StubHub , and LiveKick for events and concert information; MovieTickets , Rotten Tomatoes , and the New York Times for movie information and reviews; Bing Answers , Wolfram Alpha and Evi for factual question answering ; [ 32 ] Bing , Yahoo , and Google for web search. The sources in Apple's implementation of Siri differ from the original iPhone application. It integrates with default iOS functionality, such as contacts, calendars and text messages. It also supports search from Google, Bing, Yahoo, Wolfram Alpha and Wikipedia. [ 1 ] Siri also works with Google Maps and Yelp! search in the United States only. [ 1 ] [ edit ] Vehicle integration In June, 2012, Apple SVP Scott Forstall announced that Apple had been in discussions with automobile manufacturers, and companies, such as BMW , Land Rover , Toyota , Honda , Jaguar , Mercedes-Benz , Chrysler , General Motors , and Audi , and that Siri would be in vehicles of these marques soon, "11 months", as he stated. It has been dubbed the "Eyes Free System", which utilizes a button, located in the steering wheel of a vehicle using the technology. The screen of the device from which the "Eyes Free System" is coming from will be black, so to avoid distraction while operating a vehicle. Forstall stated that the driver would be able to use all of the features from Siri, and the new iOS 6 , such as "Turn-By-Turn Navigation", via the "Maps" app, "Make Reservations At Restaurants Via OpenTable ", and "Texting or Calling Someone Via Your iPhone", among other functionalities. This collaboration between Apple, and automobile manufacturers was unprecedented, and stock of Harman International Industries fell by 15%, the day after this partnership was released, due to Harmon's large sector of revenue being providing GPS, Navigation, and Telematics systems for vehicles, many of which were supplied to most of the companies partnering with Apple . However, some of these carmakers have issued statements conflicting with Apple's. Land Rover and Jaguar stated that, "future models will receive this functionality" while BMW stated that "This functionality will be available in mid-2013". Mercedes Benz stated, "this functionality will be available on our models within the next twelve months, but probably within the next six." Other automakers issued similar statements, while Chrysler stated "they had no knowledge of any developments pertaining to this service." [ citation needed ] [ edit ] Reception Siri was met with a very positive reaction for its ease of use and practicality, as well as its apparent "personality". Google ’s executive chairman and former chief, Eric Schmidt , has conceded that Siri could pose a "competitive threat" to the company’s core search business. [ 33 ] Writing in The Guardian , journalist Charlie Brooker wrote, "Siri is a creep — a servile arselick with zero self-respect — but she works annoyingly well." [ 34 ] Siri was criticized by organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and NARAL Pro-Choice America after users found that it would not provide information about the location of birth control or abortion providers, sometimes directing users to anti-abortion crisis pregnancy centers instead. Apple responded that this was a glitch which would be fixed in the final version. [ 35 ] It was suggested that abortion providers could not be found in a Siri search because they did not use "abortion" in their descriptions. [ 36 ] At the time the controversy arose, Siri would suggest locations to buy illegal drugs, hire a prostitute, or dump a corpse, but not find birth control or abortion services. [ 37 ] Apple responded that this behavior is not intentional and will improve as the product moves from beta to final product. [ 35 ] Siri has not been well received by some English speakers with distinctive accents, including Scottish [ 38 ] and Americans from Boston or the South. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Apple's Siri FAQ states that, "as more people use Siri and it’s exposed to more variations of a language, its overall recognition of dialects and accents will continue to improve, and Siri will work even better." [ 1 ] Despite many functions still requiring the use of the touchscreen, the National Federation of the Blind describes the iPhone as "the only fully accessible handset that a blind person can buy". [ 41 ] In March 2012, Frank M. Fazio filed a class action lawsuit against Apple on behalf of the people who felt misled about the capabilities of Siri and failing to function as depicted in Apple's Siri commercials. Fazio filed the lawsuit in California and claimed that the iPhone 4S is merely a "more expensive iPhone" if Siri fails to function as advertised. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] In March, 2012, the American Civil Liberties Union announced that Siri is "sending lots of our personal voice and user info to Apple to stockpile in its databases", [ 44 ] such as: The first name and nickname of the phone owner The names of address book contacts, their nicknames, and their relationship with the owner (for example, “my dad”, or “work”) Labels assigned to the owner's email accounts (for example, “My Home Email”) Names of songs and playlists in the owner's collection [ edit ] Supported languages English ( United States , United Kingdom , Australia , Canada ) French (France, Canada , Switzerland ) German (Germany, Switzerland ) Spanish (Spain, Mexico , United States ) Italian (Italy, Switzerland ) Korean (South Korea) Mandarin (Taiwan, China) Cantonese (Hong Kong, China) [ 45 ] [ edit ] Geographic limitations As of August 2012, Siri's functionality is limited in most countries, with maps and local search with help only being available within the United States. For example, asking Siri in the United Kingdom to list local businesses, to navigate somewhere, or to give traffic information, elicits the reply " I can only look for businesses, maps and traffic in the United States, and when you're using U.S. English. Sorry about that. " Using Siri within the United States with the English voice (Daniel) elicits a similar response — despite the user's geographic location [ 46 ] , but with iOS 6 Apple will allow international location services in 15 countries. [ 47 ] [ edit ] See also S Voice by Samsung Electronics Software_design;SRI_International;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;French_language;German_language;Japanese_language;Chinese_language;Korean_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;List_of_software_categories;Intelligent_software_assistant;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Intelligent_personal_assistant;Knowledge_navigator;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Natural_language_user_interface;Web_service;BlackBerry;IOS;Adam_Cheyer;Tom_Gruber;Norman_Winarsky;SRI_International;Menlo_Ventures;Morgenthaler_Ventures;OpenTable;MovieTickets.com;Wolfram_Alpha;IOS;User_interface;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;IPod_Touch;IPad;Cydia;Proxy_server;Backend;API;Google;Wolfram_Alpha;SRI_International;CALO;Speech_recognition;Nuance_Communications;Jon_Briggs;Nuance_Communications;OpenTable;Gayot;CitySearch;Localeze;Eventful;StubHub;MovieTickets;Rotten_Tomatoes;New_York_Times;Bing_Answers;Wolfram_Alpha;Evi;Question_answering;Bing;Yahoo;Google;SVP;Scott_Forstall;BMW;Land_Rover;Toyota;Honda;Jaguar;Chrysler;General_Motors;Audi;OpenTable;Harman_International_Industries;Apple;Google;Eric_Schmidt;The_Guardian;Charlie_Brooker;American_Civil_Liberties_Union;Crisis_pregnancy_center;Scottish_English;Accessibility;American_Civil_Liberties_Union;English_language;American_English;British_English;Australian_English;Canadian_English;French_language;Canadian_French;Swiss_French;German_language;Swiss_German;Japanese_language;Language;Mexican_Spanish;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Italian_language;Swiss_Italian;Korean_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Cantonese;Speech_Recognition;S_Voice;Samsung_Electronics;Google_Now;DARPA;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Engadget;Apple_Inc.;ReadWriteWeb;AppleInsider;OpenTable;ReadWriteWeb;TechCrunch;The_Daily_Telegraph;Digital_object_identifier;Charlie_Brooker;The_Guardian;The_Washington_Post;VentureBeat;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers; Six_Apart Six Apart Ltd. , sometimes abbreviated 6A , is a software company known for creating the Movable Type blogware , TypePad blog hosting service , and Vox . The company also is the former owner of LiveJournal . Six Apart is headquartered in Tokyo and is planning to open a new, U.S.-based office in New York. The name is a reference to the six-day age difference between its married co-founders, Ben and Mena Trott . [ 1 ] San_Francisco;California;United_States;Six_Apart;Six_Apart; Skin_allergy_test Skin allergy testing is a method for medical diagnosis of allergies that attempts to provoke a small, controlled, allergic response. Skin testing on arm Skin testing on back Urticaria;Histamine;Histamine_antagonist;Antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Allergies;Skin_allergy_test;Skin_allergy_test; Skyhook_Wireless Skyhook Wireless (formerly known as Quarterscope) is a Boston-based company that developed Wi-Fi positioning system technology for determining geographical location. Using the MAC addresses of nearby wireless access points and proprietary algorithms, Skyhook's Wi-Fi Positioning System WPS can determine the position of a mobile device within 10–20 meters. It provides service similar to GPS without GPS hardware and can also integrate with GPS-enabled devices to provide hybrid positioning . Skyhook Wireless claims that with sub-second time-to-first-fix , supposed 10–20 meter accuracy and near 100% availability indoors and in dense urban areas. Skyhook's database is gathered through wardriving , [ 1 ] and includes more than 250 million wi-fi access points and covers 70 percent of population centers in the United States, Canada, Western Europe and selected Asian countries. [ 2 ] Skyhook Wireless offers Loki [ 3 ] , a free 'virtual GPS' toolbar that automatically integrates a user's location with web content such as Google Maps , Fandango, Weather.com , etc. It has been now replaced by a "Find Me" page on the website, as well as tools and SDK's used for adding location-based data to sites such as WeatherBug.com. Skyhook announced a partnership to help users in geotagging their pictures. [ 4 ] At the Macworld Conference Expo in January 2008, Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced that both the iPhone and iPod Touch would use Skyhook's WPS as the primary location engine for Google Maps and other applications. [ 5 ] All Apple devices utilized Skyhook's WPS until the iPhone/iPad software 3.2 release in April 2010, which utilized Apple's own location technologies. [ 6 ] United_States;GPS;Wardriving;Google_Maps;Geotagging;Apple_Inc;Steve_Jobs;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Software_development_kit;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Symbian_OS;Mac_OS_X;Linux;IPhone;Linux;YouTube;Macworld;Skyhook_Wireless;Skyhook_Wireless; Skype 2.8.0.920 (25 April 2012 ; 3 months ago ( 2012-04-25 ) [ 1 ] ) 2.1 (2 February 2012 ; 6 months ago ( 2012-02-02 ) [ 2 ] ) 1.4.0.7 (2 February 2011 ; 18 months ago ( 2011-02-02 ) [ 3 ] ) 1.3 (1 August 2012 ; 21 days ago ( 2012-08-01 ) [ 4 ] ) Programming language used Embarcadero Delphi , Objective-C ( iOS , Mac OS X ), C++ with Qt4 ( Linux ) Translation available Voice over Internet Protocol , instant messaging , videoconferencing Proprietary , some paid features Part of a series on Microsoft Skype Division Skype ( / ˈ s k aɪ p / ) is a proprietary voice-over-Internet Protocol service and software application originally created in 2003 by Swedish entrepreneur Niklas Zennström and his Danish partner Janus Friis . It has been owned by Microsoft since 2011. The service allows users to communicate with peers by voice, video, and instant messaging over the Internet. Phone calls may be placed to recipients on the traditional telephone networks. Calls to other users within the Skype service are free of charge, while calls to landline telephones and mobile phones are charged via a debit -based user account system. Skype has also become popular for its additional features, including file transfer , and videoconferencing . Competitors include SIP and H.323 -based services, such as Linphone , [ 5 ] Mumble , as well as the Google Talk service. Skype has 663 million registered users as of September 2011. [ 6 ] The network is operated by Microsoft , which has its Skype division headquarters in Luxembourg . Most of the development team and 44% of the overall employees of the division are situated in Tallinn and Tartu , Estonia . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Unlike most other VoIP services, Skype is a hybrid peer-to-peer and client–server system. It makes use of background processing on computers running Skype software. Skype's original proposed name (Sky Peer-to-Peer) reflects this fact. Some network administrators have banned Skype on corporate, [ 9 ] government, home, and education networks, [ 10 ] citing reasons such as inappropriate usage of resources, excessive bandwidth usage, and security concerns. [ 11 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;IOS;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Voice_over_IP;Instant_messaging;Videoconferencing;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Skype_protocol;Voice_over_IP;Application_software;Microsoft;Instant_messaging;Mobile_phone;Videoconferencing;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Google_Talk;Microsoft;Luxembourg;Estonia;VoIP;Estonia;Kazaa;Microsoft;Codec;Emoticon;Video_conferencing;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;United_States;Bluetooth;WiFi;IOS;EDGE;IPad;IPad;Belkin;BlackBerry;Samsung;Skype_protocol;VoIP;Skype_protocol;Kazaa;Session_Initiation_Protocol;SVOPC;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;IOS;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;IPhone;Linux;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Free_Software_Foundation;YouTube;Skype_protocol;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Presence_information;Microsoft;Microsoft;Free_Software_Foundation;Fox_News;The_New_York_Times;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Skype;Skype; Skype_protocol The Skype protocol is a proprietary Internet telephony network based on peer-to-peer architecture, used by Skype . The protocol's specifications have not been made publicly available by Skype and official applications using the protocol are closed-source . The Skype network is not interoperable with most other VoIP networks without proper licensing from Skype. Digium , the main sponsor of Asterisk PBX released a driver licensed by Skype dubbed 'Skype for Asterisk' to interface as a client to the Skype network, however this still remains closed source. [ 1 ] Numerous attempts to study and/or reverse engineer the protocol have been undertaken to reveal the protocol, investigate security or to allow unofficial clients. Skype;Skype;Reverse_engineering;IP_address;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Application_programming_interface;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Skype_protocol;Skype_protocol; SlashGear SlashGear is a weblog devoted to consumer electronics and technology published by R3 Media LLC. The site was launched in December 2005 and grew quickly in popularity reaching Technorati Top 100 blog (ranked #26 overall and #4 in Technology blogs as of January 2012 [update] ). [ 2 ] It is updated daily and published in two languages – English and Japanese. [ 3 ] SlashGear released its iPhone App in April 2010, [ 4 ] followed by an iPad App in June 2010. [ 5 ] For its unique implementation of WordPress and BBpress, SlashGear is showcased on wordpress.org. [ 6 ] Slogan;Blog;Weblog;SlashGear;SlashGear; Slashdot Slogan;Blog;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Linux;Open_source;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Linux;SourceForge;Microsoft;HTML;CSS;Open_source_software;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;IPhone;Linux;Digital_rights;Ukraine;Linux;Microsoft;Microsoft;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Google_News;Newsweek;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Wozniak;ZDNet;The_Register;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PDF;International_Standard_Book_Number;ZDNet;Wired_Magazine;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Engadget;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Slashdot;Slashdot; Slideshow A slide show is an on-screen presentation of information / ideas presented on slides.A slide show enforces the ideas, comments, solution or suggestions presented in the slide. Slide shows are conducted by a presenter using an apparatus, such as a carousel slide projector , an overhead projector or in more recent years, a computer running presentation software . The term "slide" originates from the use of slides which have been around for many years. Slides originally were projected on a screen, for example in a theater by magic lanterns , a practice that later evolved into moving picture shows. Even after the advent of motion pictures, slides continued to be employed for a time between showings of the films, especially to advertise local businesses or maintain theater decorum—for example by requesting that gentlemen remove their hats and refrain from smoking, and urging mothers to remove crying infants from the auditorium. The earliest slides were pieces of glass carrying photographic images, and later, pieces of photographic film sealed between two thin sheets of glass. Projectors had a frame mechanism which accommodated two of the sealed photos and was moved from left to right to left, bringing one slide between the lens and the light source, while a "next" photograph was inserted into the frame, alternately from the left or right side of the projector. The image medium itself came to be called a "slide." The black-and-white images were sometimes hand-tinted. With the widespread availability of color film in the 1940s the large, cumbersome and fragile glass slides were replaced by individual pieces of 35 mm color film bonded between two thin 2-by-2-inch cardboard frames. The Kodak Carousel projector accommodates some 80 of these frames in a doughnut-shaped slotted plastic container and has a motorized mechanism to drop and retrieve each slide sequentially on an electronic command of a "remote" button device held by the projectionist as the circular carrier advances above the lamp and lens of the machine. A well organized slide show allows a presenter to fit visual images to an oral presentation. The old adage "A picture is worth a thousand words" holds true, in that a single image can save a presenter from speaking a paragraph of descriptive details. As with any public speaking or lecturing, a certain amount of talent, experience, and rehearsal is required to make a successful slide show presentation. Presentation software is most commonly used for instructional purposes, usually with the intention of creating a dynamic, audiovisual presentation. The relevant points to the entire presentation are put on slides, and accompany a spoken monologue. Slide shows have artistic uses as well, such as being used as a screensaver , or to provide dynamic imagery for a museum presentation, for example, or in installation art . David Byrne , among others, has created PowerPoint art. Computer;Windows_Movie_Maker;Digital_camera;Closed_captioning;DVD; Slogan A slogan is a memorable motto or phrase used in a political , commercial , religious , and other context as a repetitive expression of an idea or purpose. The word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic sluagh-ghairm tanmay ( sluagh "army", "host" + gairm "cry"). [ 1 ] Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and the vulgar. Their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail, and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose, than as communication to an intended audience. Marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the U.K. Europeans use the terms baselines , signatures , claims or pay-offs . [ 2 ] Slogan;Slogan; Slovakia Europe;European_Union;Czech_Republic;Austria;Poland;Ukraine;Hungary;European_Union;Eurozone;Slovenia;Estonia;Bulgaria;Poland;Romania;Romania;Eurozone;European_Commission;Eurozone;Volkswagen;Sony;Folk_music;Jazz;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Czech_Republic;Poland;Bulgaria;Slovenia;Ukraine;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;BBC_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Slovakia;Slovakia; Slovenia – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 46°03′N 14°30′E  /  46.05°N 14.5°E  / 46.05; 14.5 Official language(s) Ethnic groups (2002) 1.1% Bosniaks , 12.0% others and unspecified [ 1 ] Slovenian, Slovene Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic Independence of SHS from Austria–Hungary Co-founded Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia) Yugoslavia becomes Republic Independence from Yugoslavia 20,273 km 2 ( 153rd ) 2,050,189 [ 4 ] ( 145th ) 101 [ 5 ] /km 2 ( 106th ) $57.892 billion [ 6 ] $49.588 billion [ 6 ] Euro ( € ) 3 ( EUR ) 1 As defined by the Act Regulating the Coat-of-Arms, Flag and Anthem of the Republic of Slovenia and the Flag of the Slovene Nation ("Zakon o grbu, zastavi in himni Republike Slovenije ter o slovenski narodni zastavi") from 1994 and published on the web page of the National Assembly of Slovenia . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] 2 Italian and Hungarian are recognised as official languages in the residential areas of the Italian or Hungarian ethnic minority. 3 Prior to 2007: Slovenian tolar . 4 Also .eu , shared with other European Union member states. Slovenia ( i / s l oʊ ˈ v iː n i ə / sloh- VEE -nee-ə ; Slovene : Slovenija : [sloˈveːnija] ; sloh- VEH -nee-yah ), officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Republika Slovenija , [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija] ) is a nation state , [ 11 ] situated in Central Europe , [ 11 ] [ Note 1 ] at the crossroad of main European cultural and trade routes. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast and Hungary to the northeast. [ 18 ] It covers 20,273 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi) and has a population of 2.05 million. [ 19 ] It is a parliamentary republic [ 20 ] and a member of the European Union and NATO . [ 21 ] Relative to its geography, history, economy, culture, and language, it is a very diverse country distinguished by a transitional character. [ 22 ] It is characterised by a high economic and social level. [ 23 ] Its capital and largest city is Ljubljana . [ 24 ] The territory of Slovenia is mainly hilly or mountainous [ 25 ] and has a mosaic structure and an exceptionally high landscape [ 26 ] and biological [ 27 ] [ 28 ] diversity, which are a result of natural attributes and the long-lasting presence of humans. [ 29 ] Four major European geographic units interweave here: the Alps , the Dinaric Alps , the Mediterranean , with a small portion of coastline along the Adriatic Sea , and the Pannonian Plain . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The climate is temperate and significantly influenced by the variety of territory, with a strong interaction of the continental climate , the sub- Mediterranean climate and Alpine climate across most of the country. [ 30 ] The country is one of the water-richest in Europe, [ 31 ] with a dense river network, a rich aquifer system, and significant karstic underground watercourses. [ 32 ] Over half of the territory is covered by forest. [ 33 ] The settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven. [ 34 ] The Slavic , Germanic , Romance and Finno-Ugric linguistic and cultural groups meet here. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The dominant population is Slovene , although it has almost never been homogenous. [ 38 ] Slovene is the only official language throughout the country, whereas Italian and Hungarian are regional minority languages. Slovenia is a largely secularised country, [ 39 ] but its culture and identity have been significantly influenced by Roman Catholicism as well as Lutheranism . [ 40 ] The economy of Slovenia is small, open, export-oriented [ 41 ] and subsequently, heavily influenced by international circumstances. [ 42 ] It has been severely hurt by the European economic crisis , started in late 2000s. [ 43 ] The main economic field is services , followed by industry and construction. [ 44 ] Many Slovenians reach top sport successes, particularly in winter sports , water sports , mountaineering , and endurance sports . [ 45 ] Historically, the current territory of Slovenia was part of many different state formations, including the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire , followed by the Habsburg Monarchy . In 1918, the Slovenes exercised self-determination for the first time by co-founding the internationally unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs , which merged into Yugoslavia . During World War II , Slovenia was occupied and annexed by Germany , Italy , Hungary , and Croatia , [ 46 ] only to emerge afterwards as a founding member of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . In June 1991, after the introduction of multi-party representative democracy , Slovenia became an independent country. [ 2 ] In 2004, it entered NATO and the European Union, in 2007 became the first former Communist country to join the Eurozone , [ 47 ] and in 2010 joined the OECD , a global association of high-income developed countries. [ 48 ] Europe;European_Union;Italian_language;European_Union;Italy;Austria;Hungary;European_Union;Italian_language;Eurozone;Italy;United_States;Germany;Austria;Argentina;Canada;Australia;European_Union;European_Commission;Eurozone;Finland;Sweden;Eurozone;Italy;Austria;Germany;Ukraine;UK;Netherlands;Italy;French_language;Spanish_language;English_language;German_language;Malta;Italian_language;German_language;European_Union;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Austria;Austria;Hungary;Italy;Slovenia;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Albania;Cyprus;France;Gibraltar;Greece;Italy;Malta;Spain;Albania;Bulgaria;Greece;Italy;Romania;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Spain;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Thailand;Ukraine;European_Union;Czech_Republic;Poland;Slovakia;Bulgaria;Ukraine;Slovenia;Slovenia; Slow_motion Slow motion (commonly abbreviated as slowmo ) is an effect in film-making whereby time appears to be slowed down. It was invented by the Austrian priest August Musger . Typically this style is achieved when each film frame is captured at a rate much faster than it will be played back. When replayed at normal speed, time appears to be moving more slowly. The technical term for slow motion is overcranking which refers to the concept of cranking a handcranked camera at a faster rate than normal (i.e. faster than 24 frames per second). Slow motion can also be achieved by playing normally recorded footage at a slower speed. This technique is more often applied to video subjected to instant replay , than to film. A third technique that is becoming common using current computer software post-processing (with programs like Twixtor ) is to fabricate digitally interpolated frames to smoothly transition between the frames that were actually shot. Motion can be slowed further by combining techniques, interpolating between overcranked frames. The traditional method for achieving super-slow motion is through high-speed photography , a more sophisticated technique that uses specialized equipment to record fast phenomena, usually for scientific applications. Slow motion is ubiquitous in modern filmmaking. It is used by a diverse range of directors to achieve diverse effects. Some classic subjects of slow motion include: Athletic activities of all kinds, to demonstrate skill and style. To recapture a key moment in an athletic game, typically shown as a replay . Natural phenomena, such as a drop of water hitting a glass. Slow motion can also be used for artistic effect, to create a romantic or suspenseful aura or to stress a moment in time. Vsevolod Pudovkin , for instance, used slow motion in a suicide scene in The Deserter , in which a man jumping into a river seems sucked down by the slowly splashing waves. Another example is Face/Off , in which John Woo used the same technique in the movements of a flock of flying pigeons . The Matrix made a distinct success in applying the effect into action scenes through the use of multiple cameras, as well as mixing slow-motion with live action in other scenes. Japanese director Akira Kurosawa was a pioneer using this technique in his 1954 movie Seven Samurai . American director Sam Peckinpah was another classic lover of the use of slow motion. The technique is especially associated with explosion effect shots and underwater footage. [ citation needed ] The opposite of slow motion is fast motion . Cinematographers refer to fast motion as undercranking since it was originally achieved by cranking a handcranked camera slower than normal. It is often used for comic effect, time lapse or occasional stylistic effect. The concept of slow motion may have existed before the invention of the motion picture: the Japanese theatrical form Noh employs very slow movements. Austria;Film;Japan;VCR;Slow_motion;Slow_motion; Slurpee A Slurpee is a frozen flavored drink sold by the 7-Eleven company. In 1967, [ 1 ] 7-Eleven licensed the product from the ICEE Company , and began selling it as the Slurpee. Pepsi;Pepsi;Slurpee;Slurpee; Smacker_video Smacker video is a video file format (with the .SMK file extension ) developed by RAD Game Tools , and primarily used for full-motion video in video games . Smacker video supports 256 colors, and includes transparency support. While being a palette-based format, which is inherently limited to having not more than 256 colors in each frame, Smacker videos may still contain more colors in total due to "palette rotation" whereby the next frame may have a different palette. This usually results in SMK files that look better if the source video has more than 256 colors. RAD's format for video at higher color depths is Bink Video . The compression rate of Smacker can reach 1:12, but at the loss of quality ( pixelation ). [ citation needed ] New versions of the Smacker file format also introduce Bink audio codec support. Blizzard used this format for the cinematic videos seen in its famous games Warcraft II , StarCraft and Diablo I . [ 1 ] The Maxis game SimCopter also uses this file format for ingame drive-in theaters. [ 2 ] Filename_extension;Type_code;Video_codec;Video;File_format;Filename_extension;Bink_Video;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;VOB;WAV;WebM;Multimedia;Software;Smacker_video;Smacker_video; Small_form_factor Desktop_computer;Home_theater_PC;Embedded_system;Desktop_computer;Hard_disk;CPU;Apple_Inc.;Mac_Mini;Apple_Inc.;Mac_Mini;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Dell;Watt;Digital_video_recorder;USB;Computer;Embedded_system;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Small_form_factor;Small_form_factor; Smart_Bitrate_Control Smart Bitrate Control , commonly referred to as SBC , was a technique for achieving greatly improved video compression efficiency using the DivX 3.11 Alpha video codec or Microsoft's proprietary MPEG4v2 video codec and the Nandub video encoder . SBC relied on two main technologies to achieve this improved efficiency: Multipass encoding and Variable Keyframe Intervals (VKI). SBC ceased to be commonly used after XviD and DivX development progressed to a point where they incorporated the same features that SBC pioneered [ citation needed ] and could offer even more efficient video compression without the need for a specialized application. Files created by SBC are compatible with DivX 3.11 Alpha and can be decoded by most codecs that support ISO MPEG4 video. [ citation needed ] Video_compression;DivX;Video_codec;Encoder;ISO;Video_compression_picture_types;VirtualDub;Variable_bitrate;Data_compression;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_codec;Video_codec;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Smart_Bitrate_Control; Smart_TV IPTV;Video_on_demand;Streaming_media;Web_widget;Software_application;Smartphone;Operating_system;Mobile_operating_system;Software_development_kit;Windows_Media_Player;ITunes;Social_networking;BBC_iPlayer;Hard_drive;Social_networking;Proprietary_software;Google_TV;Open_source;XBMC;Logitech;Sony;LG;Boxee;Samsung;Intel;Digital_distribution;Social_networking;Mobile_operating_system;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Operating_system;Linux;Social_networking;Boxee;Last.fm;Application_software;Roku;Sony;Microsoft;Boxee;XBMC;Graphical_user_interface;Proprietary_software;Application_software;Google_TV;Microsoft;XBMC;Ubuntu_TV;XBMC;IPTV;Video_on_demand;Streaming_media;NBC_Universal;Hulu;NBC;CBS;Hulu;North_America;Second_screen;Home_theater_PC;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smartphone;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Smart_TV; Smartphone A smartphone is a mobile phone built on a mobile operating system , with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than a feature phone . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The first smartphones combined the functions of a personal digital assistant (PDA) with a mobile phone. Later models added the functionality of portable media players , low-end compact digital cameras , pocket video cameras , and GPS navigation units to form one multi-use device. Modern smartphones also included high-resolution touchscreens and web browsers that display standard web pages as well as mobile-optimized sites. High-speed data access is provided by Wi-Fi and mobile broadband . The most common mobile operating systems (OS) used by modern smartphones include Google 's Android , Apple's iOS , Nokia 's Symbian , RIM's BlackBerry OS , Samsung 's Bada , Microsoft 's Windows Phone , Hewlett-Packard 's webOS , and embedded Linux distributions such as Maemo and MeeGo . Such operating systems can be installed on many different phone models, and typically each device can receive multiple OS software updates over its lifetime. In 2012, about 18% of the world population use smartphones, compared to 12% in 2010 and 8% in 2008. Mobile_phone;Mobile_operating_system;Personal_digital_assistant;Portable_media_player;Digital_cameras;GPS;Touchscreen;Web_browser;Mobile_operating_system;Google;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;Samsung;Microsoft;Windows_Phone;WebOS;Application_programming_interface;Firmware;Java_ME;Tablet_computer;IBM;Nokia;Nokia_Communicator;Personal_digital_assistant;Pixel;Palm_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Mobile_operating_system;Verizon_Wireless;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_operating_system;Camera_phone;GPS;Autofocus;Capacitive_touchscreen;Megapixel;VGA;Windows_Phone;Palm_OS;Palm_Treo;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;List_of_BlackBerry_products;IOS;Apple_Inc.;IOS_jailbreaking;ITunes;Pixel_density;Megapixel;Frame_rate;VGA;Hertz;Tethering;World_phone;ICloud;Operating_system;Open_source;Google;Intel;HTC_Corporation;Motorola;Samsung;Google_Play;HTC_Corporation;Open_source;Linux;WebOS;IOS;Display_resolution;Mobile_operating_system;Second_screen;GetJar;Handango;IOS_jailbreaking;Google;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_App_World;WebOS;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone;Samsung_Apps;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Nokia;Samsung;IPhone;BlackBerry;Google;Microsoft;LG;Sony_Ericsson;Mobile_operating_system;IOS;WebOS;Windows_Phone;Nokia;Mobile_security;Apple_Inc._litigation;Mobile_operating_system;Camera_phone;Videophone;Comparison_of_smartphones;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_operating_system;Second_screen;ZDNet;PC_Magazine;Apple_Inc.;Cloud_computing;Web_browser;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Operating_system;IOS;Google_Apps;Internet;Web_service;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Smartphone;Smartphone; Smartphones A smartphone is a mobile phone built on a mobile operating system , with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than a feature phone . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The first smartphones combined the functions of a personal digital assistant (PDA) with a mobile phone. Later models added the functionality of portable media players , low-end compact digital cameras , pocket video cameras , and GPS navigation units to form one multi-use device. Modern smartphones also included high-resolution touchscreens and web browsers that display standard web pages as well as mobile-optimized sites. High-speed data access is provided by Wi-Fi and mobile broadband . The most common mobile operating systems (OS) used by modern smartphones include Google 's Android , Apple's iOS , Nokia 's Symbian , RIM's BlackBerry OS , Samsung 's Bada , Microsoft 's Windows Phone , Hewlett-Packard 's webOS , and embedded Linux distributions such as Maemo and MeeGo . Such operating systems can be installed on many different phone models, and typically each device can receive multiple OS software updates over its lifetime. In 2012, about 18% of the world population use smartphones, compared to 12% in 2010 and 8% in 2008. Mobile_phone;Mobile_operating_system;Personal_digital_assistant;Portable_media_player;Digital_cameras;GPS;Touchscreen;Web_browser;Mobile_operating_system;Google;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;Samsung;Microsoft;Windows_Phone;WebOS;Application_programming_interface;Firmware;Java_ME;Tablet_computer;IBM;Nokia;Nokia_Communicator;Personal_digital_assistant;Pixel;Palm_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Mobile_operating_system;Verizon_Wireless;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_operating_system;Camera_phone;GPS;Autofocus;Capacitive_touchscreen;Megapixel;VGA;Windows_Phone;Palm_OS;Palm_Treo;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;List_of_BlackBerry_products;IOS;Apple_Inc.;IOS_jailbreaking;ITunes;Pixel_density;Megapixel;Frame_rate;VGA;Hertz;Tethering;World_phone;ICloud;Operating_system;Open_source;Google;Intel;HTC_Corporation;Motorola;Samsung;Google_Play;HTC_Corporation;Open_source;Linux;WebOS;IOS;Display_resolution;Mobile_operating_system;Second_screen;GetJar;Handango;IOS_jailbreaking;Google;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_App_World;WebOS;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone;Samsung_Apps;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Nokia;Samsung;IPhone;BlackBerry;Google;Microsoft;LG;Sony_Ericsson;Mobile_operating_system;IOS;WebOS;Windows_Phone;Nokia;Mobile_security;Apple_Inc._litigation;Mobile_operating_system;Camera_phone;Videophone;Comparison_of_smartphones;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_operating_system;Second_screen;ZDNet;PC_Magazine;Apple_Inc.;Cloud_computing;Web_browser;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Operating_system;IOS;Google_Apps;Internet;Web_service;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Smartphone;Smartphone; Smash_Hits Smash Hits was a pop music magazine, aimed at teenagers and young adults and originally published in the United Kingdom by EMAP . It ran from 1978 to 2006 and was issued fortnightly for most of that time. The name survives as a brand for a related spin-off digital television channel , digital radio station , and website which have survived the demise of the printed magazine. Yahoo;Smash_Hits;Smash_Hits; Smiley A smiley , smiley face , happy face , or :) is a stylized representation of a smiling humanoid face, commonly occurring in popular culture . It is commonly represented as a yellow (many other colors are also used) circle (or sphere) with two black dots representing eyes and a black arc representing the mouth. "Smiley" is also sometimes used as a generic term for any emoticon . The variant spelling " smilie " is not as common, [ 1 ] but the plural form "smilies" is commonly used. [ 2 ] Emoticon;Emoticon;Dance_music;Microsoft_Windows;Emoticon;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Smiley;Smiley; SmugMug SmugMug is a paid digital photo sharing website . Digital_photography;Website;Video_game;Website;API;XML;Email;Camera_phone;Google_Maps;Picasa;IPhoto;Aperture;HTML;CSS;JavaScript;Social_networking;SmugMug;SmugMug; Snarfer Snarfer is a free RSS feed reader produced by Snarfware, LLC . It was created and developed by James Holderness (member of RSS Advisory Board [ 1 ] ), William Templeton, and Kirk Colvin [ 2 ] . According to its producers, Snarfer is the most downloaded RSS reader from CNet 's download.com , being downloaded more than 158,000 times. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] These are among Snarfer's features [ 5 ] [ 6 ] : Drag and drop management of feeds and folders Scheduled updating of feeds Embedded browser with simple navigation controls Embedded video support Sharing articles by e-mail Import and export in OPML format Bloglines synchronization The last release of Snarfer was on June 15, 2008 and, on the main page, a caption reads: "At this time the Snarfer team has ended development and support for Snarfer. But everyone may still continue to use and enjoy Snarfer. Cheers, Team Snarfer" [ 7 ] The forums are also no longer monitored. [ 8 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;RSS;CNet;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Snarfer;Snarfer; Snow_Crash International_Standard_Book_Number;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Computer_science;Apple_Macintosh;Firmware;Programming_language;Internet;Monopoly;Programming_language;Software;Internet;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Baroque_Cycle;Snow_Crash;Snow_Crash; Snow_White_design_language The Snow White design language was an industrial design language developed by Hartmut Esslinger 's Frog Design . Used by Apple Computer from 1984 to 1990, the scheme has vertical and horizontal stripes for decoration, ventilation , and the illusion that the computer enclosure is smaller than it actually is. [ citation needed ] The design language boosted Apple’s global reputation, set design trends for the computer industry, and molded the perception of computers in the manufacturing and business world. [ citation needed ] Among other design features, Esslinger's presentation of the Apple logo—a three-dimensional logo inlaid into the product case with the product name printed onto its surface—was included on nearly every product for several years. Apple_Computer;Macintosh_Plus;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_IIx;Apple_Scanner;Macintosh_Plus;Apple_II;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC_II;Macintosh_LC_II;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Snow_White_design_language;Snow_White_design_language; SoC SOC or SoC may refer to: Associations and societies Scottish Ornithologists' Club (SOC) Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC) Société des Ornithologistes du Canada (SOC), French name of the Society of Canadian Ornithologists Society of Cartographers (SoC), United Kingdom Society of Operating Cameramen (SOC), the original name for the Society of Camera Operators Special Olympics Canada (SOC) Service Organization Controls (SOC) Sirte Oil Company (SOC) South Oil Company (SOC) Google Summer of Code (SoC) Swedish Open Championships (SOC) Sector Operations Centre (SOC), a NATO term Special Operations Capable (SOC), a United States Marine Corps's concept of performing special operations capabilities worldwide Special Operations Command (disambiguation) (SOC) Science and technology Satellite Operations Centre (SOC), in telecommunications Science Operations Centre (SOC) of the European Space Agency Second order condition (SOC), a mathematical condition that distinguishes maxima and minima from other stationary points Security operations center (SOC), in an organization, a centralized unit that deals with security issues Security operations center (computing) (SOC), in an organization, a centralized unit that deals with computer security issues Selectable output control (SOC) Self-organized criticality (SOC), a property of dynamical systems in physics Semivolatile Organic Compound (SOC), in chemistry Separation of concerns (SoC), a program design principle in computer science Service Operation Center (SOC), in telecommunications Service-oriented Communications (SOC) Service-oriented computing (SOC), another term for Service-oriented architecture Social Overhead Capital, in economics, those basic services without which primary, secondary, and tertiary productive activities cannot function Soil organic carbon (SOC), see Soil carbon Specialized Oceanographic Center (SOC) of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Spectrum Observation Center (SOC), several of which are operated by Industry Canada to monitor radio spectrum utilization Spectrum Operations Committee (SOC): Spectrum is a Stanford University independent research center with the goal of accelerating and enhancing medical research, from basic discovery to improved patient care State of charge (SoC), for batteries Start of Climb (SoC), in aviation, an ICAO term Store-Operated Calcium channel (SOC) Super Optimal Broth (SOC) with Catabolite repression, a bacterial growth medium Superior olivary complex (SOC) System on chip (SoC), in electronic design Social networking, entertainment S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl (SoC) SOC Seagull , a US Navy scout observation seaplane produced by Curtiss, first in service in 1935 Scheduled Overtime Compensation (SOC) Secure Operation Centre (SOC), in the alarm/security business The Settlers of Catan (SoC), a multiplayer board game Solo City (SOC), IATA code for Adisumarmo International Airport , Indonesia Southern Oceanic Circulation (SOC), in oceanography Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC), a system of the United States Department of Labor State of Cambodia (SoC), the official English name of the Cambodian pro-Hanoi People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) during the transitional times that led to the restoration of the monarchy (1989–1993) Stream of consciousness (disambiguation) (SoC), a writing or psychological style with disjointed thoughts This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOC oldid=506572112 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Article Feedback Blacklist Stanford_University; Social_media Internet_forum;Blog;Podcast;Instant_messaging;Voice_over_IP;YouTube;Facebook;Facebook;YouTube;Facebook;YouTube;Facebook;YouTube;Social_networking;Facebook;Vocus;Drupal;Eventful;Facebook;Netvibes;Social_network_service;Facebook;Drupal;Google_Reader;YouTube;YouTube;Skype;Pandora_Radio;Spotify;Guvera;Bandcamp;Imeem;Last.fm;SoundCloud;Flickr;Picasa;SmugMug;YouTube;Vimeo;Dailymotion;Metacafe;Amazon.com;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Social_media;Social_media; Social_network_service A social networking service is an online service , platform, or site that focuses on facilitating the building of social networks or social relations among people who, for example, share interests, activities, backgrounds, or real-life connections. A social network service consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet , such as e-mail and instant messaging . Online community services are sometimes considered as a social network service, though in a broader sense, social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks. The main types of social networking services are those that contain category places (such as former school year or classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages), and a recommendation system linked to trust. Popular methods now combine many of these, with Facebook , Twitter and Google+ widely used worldwide, The Sphere (luxury network), Nexopia (mostly in Canada); [ 1 ] Bebo , [ 2 ] VKontakte , Hi5 , Hyves (mostly in The Netherlands), Draugiem.lv (mostly in Latvia), Ask-a-peer (career oriented), StudiVZ (mostly in Germany), iWiW (mostly in Hungary), Tuenti (mostly in Spain), Nasza-Klasa (mostly in Poland), Tagged , XING , [ 3 ] Badoo [ 4 ] and Skyrock in parts of Europe; [ 5 ] Orkut and Hi5 in South America and Central America ; [ 6 ] and Mixi , Orkut , Wretch , renren and Cyworld in Asia and the Pacific Islands and Facebook, Google+, Twitter and LinkedIn are very popular in India and Pinterest is also a social networking site which is used in India. There have been attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and interests (see the FOAF standard and the Open Source Initiative ). A 2011 survey found that 47% of American adults use a social network. [ 7 ] Internet;Instant_messaging;Facebook;America_Online;Google;Facebook;Facebook;Facebook;Cloud_computing;Application_software;GPS;IPhone;Social_networking;Internet;Instant_messaging;Facebook;Facebook;Facebook;Facebook;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Amazon.com;UK;Flickr;File_sharing;Facebook;Facebook;ComScore;ComScore;Argentina;Social_media;Social_television;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;TechCrunch;About.com;BusinessWeek;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Forbes;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;ComScore;International_Standard_Book_Number;Facebook;FriendFeed;Last.fm;YouTube;Social_television;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog; Social_networking A social networking service is an online service , platform, or site that focuses on facilitating the building of social networks or social relations among people who, for example, share interests, activities, backgrounds, or real-life connections. A social network service consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet , such as e-mail and instant messaging . Online community services are sometimes considered as a social network service, though in a broader sense, social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks. The main types of social networking services are those that contain category places (such as former school year or classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages), and a recommendation system linked to trust. Popular methods now combine many of these, with Facebook , Twitter and Google+ widely used worldwide, The Sphere (luxury network), Nexopia (mostly in Canada); [ 1 ] Bebo , [ 2 ] VKontakte , Hi5 , Hyves (mostly in The Netherlands), Draugiem.lv (mostly in Latvia), Ask-a-peer (career oriented), StudiVZ (mostly in Germany), iWiW (mostly in Hungary), Tuenti (mostly in Spain), Nasza-Klasa (mostly in Poland), Tagged , XING , [ 3 ] Badoo [ 4 ] and Skyrock in parts of Europe; [ 5 ] Orkut and Hi5 in South America and Central America ; [ 6 ] and Mixi , Orkut , Wretch , renren and Cyworld in Asia and the Pacific Islands and Facebook, Google+, Twitter and LinkedIn are very popular in India and Pinterest is also a social networking site which is used in India. There have been attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and interests (see the FOAF standard and the Open Source Initiative ). A 2011 survey found that 47% of American adults use a social network. [ 7 ] Internet;Instant_messaging;Facebook;America_Online;Google;Facebook;Facebook;Facebook;Cloud_computing;Application_software;GPS;IPhone;Social_networking;Internet;Instant_messaging;Facebook;Facebook;Facebook;Facebook;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Amazon.com;UK;Flickr;File_sharing;Facebook;Facebook;ComScore;ComScore;Argentina;Social_media;Social_television;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;TechCrunch;About.com;BusinessWeek;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Forbes;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;ComScore;International_Standard_Book_Number;Facebook;FriendFeed;Last.fm;YouTube;Social_television;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog; Social_television Social television is a general term for technology that supports communication and social interaction in either the context of watching television , or related to TV content. It also includes the study of television-related social behavior, devices and networks. Social television systems can for example integrate voice communication, text chat, presence and context awareness, TV recommendations, ratings, or video-conferencing with the TV content either directly on the screen or by using ancillary devices. Social television is very active area of research and development that is also generating new services as TV operators and content producers are looking for new sources of revenue. While a number of existing social television systems are still at a conceptual stage, or exist as lab prototypes, beta or pilot versions are available commercially. White-labeled social TV platforms have also emerged (such as Visiware 's PlayAlong, LiveHive Systems and Ex Machina's PlayToTV) which allow TV networks and operators to offer branded social TV applications. On the ratings front, companies such as General Sentiment , SocialGuide , Bluefin Labs , Networked Insights and Trendrr have emerged to measure the social media activities tied to specific TV telecasts. [ 1 ] In essence, these new companies seek to serve as the Nielsen Ratings of the social televisions space. Social TV was named one of the 10 most important emerging technologies by the MIT Technology Review on Social TV [ 2 ] in 2010. In 2011 MIT Technology Review followed up by publishing a cover story focused on the emergence of Social TV analytics and its applications in the TV advertising industry . And in 2011, David Rowan, the Editor of Wired magazine [ 3 ] named Social TV at number three of six in his peek into 2011 and what tech trends to expect to get traction. Ynon Kreiz, CEO of the Endemol Group told a packed crowd at the Digital Life Design (DLD) conference in January 2011: "Everyone says that social television will be big. I think it’s not going to be big — it’s going to be huge". [ 4 ] Television;IPTV;Internet_television;Computer;Tablet_computer;Netbook;Social_network_service;Smartphone;Motorola;Microsoft;Facebook;Facebook;Boxee;MTV;Smart_TV;Facebook;FriendFeed;Last.fm;YouTube;Social_television;Social_television; SoftBook SoftBook , "The Intelligent Reading System," was one of the first dedicated electronic book (eBook) readers. It was released in 1998 by SoftBook Press, Inc. of Menlo Park , California . California;Touchscreen;HTML;Rechargeable_battery;Desktop_computer;Newsweek;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Touchscreen;Megabyte;Stylus;USD;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;SoftBook;SoftBook; Software Computer software , or just software , is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. Software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some reasons. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. Program software performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of software. The term was coined to contrast to the old term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware, software "cannot be touched". [ 1 ] Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Sometimes the term includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes, and records. [ 2 ] Computer software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware , which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Programs are an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language ) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language , essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler . Computer;Application_software;Computer;Assembly_language;Computer_science;Steve_Jobs;IBM;Bundled_software;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Software_license;DOS;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;De_facto_standard;Operating_system;Application_software;Desktop_computer;HTML;Perl;XML;Microsoft_Word;Application_software;Operating_system;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Firmware;Video_game;Television;Application_software;Application_software;Operating_system;Application_software;Compiler;Application_software;Application_software;Embedded_system;Firmware;Operating_system;Graphical_user_interface;Personal_computer;Application_software;Email;Microsoft_Outlook;Hard_drive;Commercial_software;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Sun_Microsystems;Software_license;Freeware;Shareware;Intellectual_property;Copyright_infringement;Microsoft_Word;Compiler;Application_programming_interface;Microsoft_Word;.NET_Framework;Sun_Microsystems;Microsoft;Software_developer;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Free_Software_Foundation;XML;HTML;FTP;Adobe_Systems;International_Standard_Book_Number;Software;Software; Software_application Application software , also known as an application or an app , is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software , accounting software , office suites , graphics software and media players . Many application programs deal principally with documents . Apps may be bundled with the computer and its system software, or may be published separately. Some users are satisfied with the bundled apps and need never install one. Application software is contrasted with system software and middleware , which manage and integrate a computer's capabilities, but typically do not directly apply in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. The system software serves the application, which in turn serves the user. Similar relationships apply in other fields. For example, a shopping mall does not provide the merchandise a shopper is seeking, but provides space and services for retailers that serve the shopper. A bridge may similarly support rail tracks which support trains, allowing the trains to transport passengers. Application software applies the power of a particular computing platform or system software to a particular purpose. Some applications are available in versions for several different platforms; others have narrower requirements and are thus called, for example, a Geography application for Windows or an Android application for education or Linux gaming . Sometimes a new and popular application arises which only runs on one platform, increasing the desirability of that platform. This is called a killer application . Open_source;GIMP;Free_software;Computing_platform;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Operating_system;Internet_Explorer;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Embedded_system;VCR;DVD;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Mobile_apps;IWork;Web_browser;Computing_platform;Operating_system;Cloud_computing;Mobile_apps;Mobile_device;Graphical_user_interface;Database;Email;Blog;Web_browser;Video_game;Digital_asset_management;Video_editing_software;Digital_audio_workstation;Digital_audio_editor;Music_sequencer;Engineering;Compiler;Application_software;Application_software; Software_design Software design is a process of problem solving and planning for a software solution. After the purpose and specifications of software are determined, software developers will design or employ designers to develop a plan for a solution. It includes low-level component and algorithm implementation issues as well as the architectural view. Compiler;Software;Software_developer;Algorithm;Automation;User_interface;User_interface;Flowchart;Computer_science;Numerical_analysis;Algorithm;Programming_language;Compiler;Procedural_programming;Functional_programming;Logic_programming;Programming_paradigm;Formal_methods;Operating_system;Database;SQL;Automated_reasoning;Natural_language_processing;Computer_graphics;Image_processing;User_interface;Numerical_analysis;Formal_methods;Programming_paradigm;Software;Computer_science;Software_design;Software_design; Software_developer A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process . Their work includes researching, designing, developing, and testing software . [ 1 ] A software developer may take part in design, computer programming , or software project management . They may contribute to the overview of the project on the application level rather than component-level or individual programming tasks. Software developers are often still guided by lead programmers but the description also encompasses freelance software developers. In the US, a software developer is classified into one of 3 titles (all under the 15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Occupations Major Group): [ 2 ] 15-1131 Computer Programmers [ 3 ] 15-1132 Software Developers, Applications [ 4 ] 15-1133 Software Developers, Systems Software [ 5 ] A person who develops stand-alone software (that is more than just a simple program) and got involved with all phases of the development (design and code) is a software developer. [ citation needed ] Some of the notable software people include Peter Norton (developer of Norton Utilities ), Richard Garriott ( Ultima -series creator), and Philippe Kahn ( Borland key founder), all of whom started as entrepreneurial individual or small-team software developers before becoming rich and famous. Other names which are often used in the same close context are programmer , software analyst , and software engineer . According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software development and programming are more apparent. Already in the current market place there can be found a segregation between programmers and developers, [ dubious – discuss ] being that one who implements is not the same as the one who designs the class structure or hierarchy. Even more so that developers become systems architects , those who design the multi-leveled architecture or component interactions of a large software system. [ 6 ] (see also Debate over who is a software engineer ) Aspects of developer's job may include: Actual core implementation (programming which is often the most important portion of software development) Other required implementations (e.g. installation, configuration, customization, integration, data migration) Participation in software product definition , including business case or gap analysis Requirements analysis Development and refinement of throw-away simulations or prototypes to confirm requirements Feasibility and cost–benefit analysis , including the choice of application architecture and framework , leading to the budget and schedule for the project Authoring of documentation needed by users and implementation partners etc. Testing, including defining/supporting acceptance testing and gathering feedback from pre-release testers Participation in software release and post-release activities, including support for product launch evangelism (e.g. developing demonstrations and/or samples) and competitive analysis for subsequent product build/release cycles In a large company, there may be employees whose sole responsibility may consist of only one of the phases above. In smaller development environments, a few, or even a single individual might handle the complete process. Software;Source_code;Software_developer;Software_developer; Software_development_kit Application_software;Software;Video_game_console;Operating_system;Application_programming_interface;Programming_language;Embedded_system;License;Internet;QuickTime;Mac_OS;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Application_programming_interface;Software_development_kit;Software_development_kit; Software_license Original_equipment_manufacturer;Freeware;Shareware;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Reverse_engineering;Proprietary_software;Digital_rights_management;EULA;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Commercial_software;Shareware;Digital_distribution;Software_license;Software_license; Software_license_agreement In the proprietary software industry, an end-user license agreement or software license agreement is the contract between the licensor and purchaser, establishing the purchaser's right to use the software. The license may define ways under which the copy can be used, in addition to the automatic rights of the buyer including the first sale doctrine and 17 U.S.C. § 117 (freedom to use, archive, re-sale, and backup). Many form contracts are only contained in digital form, and only presented to a user as a click-through where the user must "accept". As the user may not see the agreement until after he or she has already purchased the software, these documents may be contracts of adhesion . Software companies often make special agreements with large businesses and government entities that include support contracts and specially drafted warranties. Proprietary_software;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Warranty;Source_code;Warranty;Reverse_engineering;Encryption;Software_license; Software_piracy The copyright infringement of software (often referred to as software piracy ) refers to several practices which involve the unauthorized copying of computer software. Copyright infringement of this kind varies globally. [ 1 ] Most countries have copyright laws which apply to software, but the degree of enforcement varies. Subject to many exceptions, it is a copyright violation to download, upload or otherwise distribute copyrighted material through the internet without authorization. Copyright_infringement;Software;Digital_rights_management;Copyright_infringement;Sweden;United_States;DMCA;Free_software;United_States;Europe;Romania;File_sharing;Intellectual_property;Copyright_infringement;Digital_rights_management;Open_Music_Model;Open_source_software;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Free_Software_Foundation; Software_program A computer program (also software , or just a program ) is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task with a computer . [ 1 ] A computer requires programs to function, typically executing the program's instructions in a central processor . [ 2 ] The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The same program in its human-readable source code form, from which executable programs are derived (e.g., compiled ), enables a programmer to study and develop its algorithms . Computer source code is often written by computer programmers . Source code is written in a programming language that usually follows one of two main paradigms : imperative or declarative programming. Source code may be converted into an executable file (sometimes called an executable program or a binary) by a compiler and later executed by a central processing unit . Alternatively, computer programs may be executed with the aid of an interpreter , or may be embedded directly into hardware . Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines: system software and application software . Two or more computer programs may run simultaneously on one computer, a process known as multitasking . Computer;Central_processing_unit;Source_code;Executable;Compiler;Source_code;Programming_language;Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Compiler;Central_processing_unit;Firmware;Application_software;Source_code;Engineering;Programming_language;Programming_paradigm;Imperative_programming;Algorithm;Prolog;Visual_programming_language;Source_code;Compiler;Central_processing_unit;File_format;Perl;Assembly_language;Prolog;JavaScript;Random_access_memory;Operating_system;Firmware;Operating_system;Firmware;Source_code;HTML;CSS;JavaScript;Web_browser;Application_software;Operating_system;User_interface;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number; Software_release_life_cycle Software release life cycle map A software release life cycle is the sum of the phases of development and maturity for a piece of computer software : ranging from its initial development to its eventual release, and including updated versions of the released version to help improve software or fix bugs still present in the software. Software_design;Open_source;Proprietary_software;Source_code;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Microsoft;Windows_Vista;ZDNet;Google_News;Google_Apps;Code_signing;Windows_XP;Operating_system;PC_Magazine;Google;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle; Software_synthesizer A software synthesizer, also known as a softsynth is a computer program or plug-in for digital audio generation. Computer software which can create sounds or music is not new, but advances in processing speed are allowing softsynths to accomplish the same tasks that previously required dedicated hardware. Softsynths are usually cheaper and more portable than dedicated hardware, and easier to interface with other music software such as music sequencers . Music_sequencer;Synthesizer;WAV;Audio_Units;Microsoft;Roland_Corporation;Apple_Inc.;Roland_Corporation;Linux;OS_X;Windows;Digital_audio_editor;Music_sequencer;Digital_audio_workstation;Synthesizer;Software_synthesizer;Software_synthesizer; Software_widget A software widget is a generic type of software application comprising portable code intended for one or more different software platforms . The term often implies that either the application, user interface, or both, are light, meaning relatively simple and easy to use, as exemplified by a desk accessory or applet , as opposed to a more complete software package such as a spreadsheet or word processor. Software_application;GUI_widget;Graphical_user_interface;Web_widget;HTML;Facebook;Application_programming_interface;Software_developer;XML;JavaScript;Source_code;Web_widget;GUI_widget;Apple_Macintosh;Windows_Vista;Adesklets;Screenlets;Linux;Web_widget;The_Washington_Post;Desk_Accessory;GUI_widget;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Software_widget;Software_widget; Solar_power Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect . [ 1 ] Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 354 MW SEGS CSP installation is the largest solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave Desert of California. Other large CSP plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW) and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain. The over 200 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in the United States, and the 214 MW Charanka Solar Park in India , are the world’s largest photovoltaic plants . Ukraine;United_States;California;Spain;Spain;Spain;Spain;Spain;Spain;Hydrogen;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Solar_power;Solar_power; Solder Solder ( / ˈ s oʊ l d ə / , [ 1 ] / ˈ s ɒ l d ə / [ 1 ] or USA / ˈ s ɒ d ə r / [ 2 ] ) is a fusible metal alloy used to join together metal workpieces and having a melting point below that of the workpiece(s). Soft solder is what is most often thought of when solder or soldering is mentioned and it typically has a melting range of 90 to 450 °C (190 to 840 °F). [ citation needed ] It is commonly used in electronics and plumbing . Alloys that melt between 180 and 190 °C (360 and 370 °F) are the most commonly used. Soldering performed using alloys with melting point above 450 °C (840 °F) is called 'hard soldering', ' silver soldering' or brazing . For certain proportions an alloy becomes eutectic and melts at a single temperature; non-eutectic alloys have markedly different solidus and liquidus temperature, and within that range they exist as a paste of solid particles in a melt of the lower-melting phase. When hand-soldering with non-eutectic solder in electrical work, if the joint is disturbed in the pasty state before it has solidified totally, a poor electrical connection may result; use of eutectic solder reduces this problem. The pasty state of a non-eutectic solder can be exploited in plumbing as it allows molding of the solder during cooling, e.g. for ensuring watertight joint of pipes, resulting in a so called 'wiped joint'. For electrical and electronics work solder wire is available in a range of thicknesses for hand-soldering, and with cores containing flux . It is also available as a paste or as a preformed foil shaped to match the workpiece, more suitable for mechanized mass-production . Alloys of lead and tin were universally used in the past, and are still available; they are particularly convenient for hand-soldering. A eutectic alloy of 63% tin, 37% lead is widely used; alloys with larger proportions of lead (60/40, 70/30, etc.) are more economical, as tin is more expensive than lead. Lead-free solder, somewhat less convenient for hand-soldering, is often used to avoid the environmental effect of lead. Plumbers often use bars of solder, much thicker than the wire used for electrical applications. Jewelers often use solder in thin sheets which they cut into snippets. The word solder comes from the Middle English word soudur , via Old French solduree and soulder , from the Latin solidare , meaning "to make solid". [ 3 ] With the reduction of the size of circuit board features, the size of interconnects shrinks as well. Current densities above 10 4 A/cm 2 are often achieved and electromigration becomes a concern. At such current densities the Sn63Pb37 solder balls form hillocks on the anode side and voids on the cathode side; the increased content of lead on the anode side suggests lead is the primary migrating species. [ 4 ] Contact with molten solder can cause 'solder embrittlement' of materials, a type of liquid metal embrittlement . [ citation needed ] Soldering;Soldering;European_Union;Stainless_steel;Motorola;IBM;Cathode_ray_tube;Hydrogen;Integrated_circuit;Reverse_engineering;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Solder;Solder; Soldering Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal ( solder ) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the workpiece. Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does not involve melting the work pieces. In brazing , the filler metal melts at a higher temperature, but the workpiece metal does not melt. Formerly nearly all solders contained lead, but environmental concerns have increasingly dictated use of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbing purposes. Solder;Solder;Solder;Stainless_steel;Integrated_circuit;Watt;Watt;Infrared;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Anodizing;Soldering;Soldering; Solitaire Solitaire is any tabletop game which one can play by oneself or with other people. In the USA, it may refer to any card game played by oneself; the British use the term Patience to refer to solitaire with cards. The term "solitaire" is also used for single-player games of concentration and skill using a set layout of tiles , pegs or stones rather than cards. These games include Peg solitaire and Mahjong solitaire . Most solitaire games function as a puzzle which, due to a different starting position, may (or may not) be solved in a different fashion each time. There are a number of different types of solitaire game. These include: Patience , also known as "solitaire with cards ". It generally involves placing cards in a layout, and sorting them according to specific rules. A common variant is Klondike , which is included with the Windows operating system under the title Solitaire . Mahjong solitaire, or "solitaire with Mahjong tiles ". Two sets of rules exist, each of which can be played with a variety of layouts. The rulesets are for: Shanghai solitaire includes the most common layout, the turtle or flying dragon Sichuan solitaire (Shisen-Sho) Peg solitaire (more of a puzzle than a game, since, once it is solved, it is repeatable) Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Solitaire This card game -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solitaire oldid=508135239 " Categories : Single-player games Solitaire tabletop games Card game stubs Mahjong_solitaire;Mahjong_solitaire;Solitaire;Solitaire; Solomon_Islands English_language;United_Kingdom;Papua_New_Guinea;Fiji;National_Geographic_Society;Papua_New_Guinea;European_Union;Taiwan;Papua_New_Guinea;Papua_New_Guinea;Papua_New_Guinea;Papua_New_Guinea;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Solomon_Islands;Solomon_Islands;Australia;Chile;Fiji;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Japan;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;United_States;Australia;France;New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;United_States;Guam;Namibia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Taiwan;Brunei;Cambodia;Fiji;Guam;Malaysia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Vietnam;Australia;Canada;Papua_New_Guinea;United_Kingdom;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Solomon_Islands;Solomon_Islands; Songs In music , a song is a composition for voice or voices, performed by singing . A song may be accompanied by musical instruments , or it may be unaccompanied, as in the case of a cappella songs. The lyrics (words) of songs are typically of a poetic , rhyming nature, though they may be religious verses or free prose . A song may be for a solo singer , a duet , trio , or larger ensemble involving more voices . Songs with more than one voice to a part are considered choral works. Songs can be broadly divided into many different forms, depending on the criteria used. One division is between " art songs ", " pop songs ", and " folk songs ". Other common methods of classification are by purpose ( sacred vs secular ), by style ( dance , ballad , Lied , etc.), or by time of origin ( Renaissance , Contemporary , etc.). A song is a piece of music for accompanied or unaccompanied voice or voices or, "the act or art of singing," but the term is generally not used for large vocal forms including opera and oratorio . [ 1 ] However, the term is, "often found in various figurative and transferred sense (e.g. for the lyrical second subject of a sonata...)." [ 1 ] The noun "song" has the same etymological root as the verb "to sing" and the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) defines the word to mean "that which is sung" or "a musical composition suggestive of song." The OED also defines the word to mean "a poem" or "the musical phrases uttered by some birds, whales, and insects, typically forming a recognizable and repeated sequence and used chiefly for territorial defence or for attracting mates." [ 2 ] Musical_instrument;Dance_music;Piano;Musical_notation;Folk_music;Music_recording_sales_certification;Pop_music;Instrumental;Vocal_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;Musical_notation;Music_education;Music_industry;Musician;Extended_play;Album;Compilation_album;Record_label;Record_producer;Latin_American_music; Songwriter A songwriter is an individual who writes songs . Although songwriters of the past commonly composed, arranged and played their own songs, more recently the pressure to produce popular hits has tended to distribute responsibility between a number of people. [ 1 ] Popular culture songs may be written by group members, but are now usually written by staff writers : songwriters directly employed by music publishers . [ 1 ] Some songwriters serve as their own music publishers, while others have outside publishers. [ 1 ] Furthermore, songwriters no longer need labels to support their music. Technology has advanced to the point where anyone can record at home. [ citation needed ] The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by some universities and colleges and rock schools. [ 1 ] A knowledge of modern music technology and business skills is seen as necessary to make a songwriting career, and music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules. [ 1 ] Since songwriting and publishing royalties can be a substantial source of income, particularly if a song becomes a hit record , legally, in the US, songs written after 1934 may only be copied by the authors. The legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law . [ 1 ] Professional songwriters can either be employed to write directly for or alongside a performing artist, or they present songs to A R, publishers, agents and managers for consideration. Song pitching can be done on a songwriter's behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax , the MusicRow publication, and SongQuarters . [ 1 ] HitQuarters;HitQuarters;HitQuarters;HitQuarters;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Songwriter;Songwriter; Songza Slogan;Internet_radio;English_language;Amie_Street;Streaming_media;Apple_Inc._advertising;Amie_Street;ITunes;PC_Magazine;Facebook;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Amazon.com;Amazon_Appstore;Audible.com;Amazon_Instant_Video;Amazon_Kindle;LoveFilm;Mobipocket;Amie_Street;Sellaband;NASDAQ;Songza;Songza; SonicStage Software_developer;Sony;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Sony;Microsoft_Windows;ITunes;Windows_Media_Player;RealPlayer;VAIO;Sony;Online_music_store;Bandit.fm;Australia;New_Zealand;Bandit.fm;Sony;Bandit.fm;Australia;New_Zealand;IPod;Digital_Rights_Management;WAV;WAV;Windows_Vista;Windows_Vista;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;Linux;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Sony;Winamp;Media_Go;SonicStage;SonicStage; Sonic_Solutions Sonic Solutions , acquired by Rovi Corporation in 2010, was a computer software company headquartered in Novato, California . In addition to having a number of offices in the U.S., the company also maintained offices in Europe and Asia . Rovi_Corporation;Europe;Asia;SoundDroid;Pixar;Digital_audio_workstation;Rovi_Corporation;MarketWatch;Sonic_Solutions;Sonic_Solutions; Sony Sony Corporation ( ソニー株式会社 , Sonī Kabushiki Gaisha ? ) ( TYO : 6758 , NYSE : SNE ), commonly referred to as Sony , is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Kōnan Minato , Tokyo, Japan. [ 4 ] It ranked 87th on the 2012 list of Fortune Global 500 . [ 2 ] [ 5 ] Sony is one of the leading manufacturers of electronics products for the consumer and professional markets. [ 6 ] Sony Corporation is the electronics business unit and the parent company of the Sony Group, which is engaged in business through its four operating segments – Electronics (including video games, network services and medical business), Motion pictures , Music and Financial Services. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] These make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. Sony's principal business operations include Sony Corporation ( Sony Electronics in the U.S.), Sony Pictures Entertainment , Sony Computer Entertainment , Sony Music Entertainment , Sony Mobile Communications (formerly Sony Ericsson), and Sony Financial . Sony is among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders and third-largest television manufacturer in the world, after Samsung Electronics and LG Electronics . The Sony Group ( ソニー・グループ , Sonī Gurūpu ? ) is a Japan-based corporate group primarily focused on the Electronics (such as AV/IT products and components), Game (such as PlayStation), Entertainment (such as motion pictures and music), and Financial Services (such as insurance and banking) sectors. The group consists of Sony Corporation (holding and electronics), Sony Computer Entertainment (game), Sony Pictures Entertainment (motion pictures), Sony Music Entertainment (music), Sony/ATV Music Publishing (music publishing), Sony Financial Holdings (financial services) and others . Its founders Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka derived the name from sonus , the Latin word for sound, and also from the English slang word "sonny", since they considered themselves to be "sonny boys", a loan word into Japanese which in the early 1950s connoted smart and presentable young men. [ 6 ] Music_industry;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Compact_Disc;JVC;Component_video;Compact_Disc;Floppy_disk;Toshiba;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;SonicStage;Dolby_Digital;Flash_memory;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;Codec;Universal_Studios;Paramount_Pictures;Headphones;Video;Mobile_phone;Computer;VAIO;Japan;Tablet_computer;Nikon;Cathode_ray_tube;Samsung;Mobile_phone;United_Kingdom;Sony_Ericsson;IPhone;Nokia;Samsung_Electronics;Compact_Disc;PlayStation_Vita;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Music_industry;The_Beatles;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;Sony_BMG;Gracenote;Japan;Fiscal_year;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Film;Television;Video_game;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Japan;Alpine_Electronics;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Roland_Corporation;Toshiba;Japan;Japan;Honda;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Shionogi;Toshiba;Toyota;Japan;Japan;Honda;Toshiba;Toyota;Nikon;Sony;Sony; Sony_BMG Sony BMG Music Entertainment was a recorded music company , which was a 50–50 joint venture between the Sony Corporation of America and Bertelsmann AG . The venture’s successor, the again-active Sony Music Entertainment , is 100% owned by the Sony Corporation of America . Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Music_industry;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;United_States_dollar;United_States;YouTube;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;Bloomberg_L.P.;YouTube;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Film;Television;Video_game;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Der_Spiegel;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Sony_BMG;Sony_BMG; Sony_Ericsson Sony Mobile Communications AB (formerly Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB ) is a multinational mobile phone manufacturing company, and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Japanese electronics company Sony Corporation . It was founded on October 1, 2001 as a joint venture between Sony and the Swedish telecommunications equipment company Ericsson , under the name Sony Ericsson . [ 1 ] Sony acquired Ericsson's share in the venture on February 16, 2012. [ 4 ] Sony Mobile Communications has research and development facilities in Tokyo, Japan; Lund, Sweden; Beijing , China ; and Silicon Valley , United States . [ 5 ] Its headquarters is currently located in Lund , Sweden . [ 6 ] On October 1, 2012, its headquarters is planned to move to Tokyo , Japan . [ 7 ] In 2009, Sony Ericsson was the world's fourth-largest mobile phone manufacturer (after Nokia , Samsung and LG ). [ 8 ] By 2010, its market share had fallen to sixth place. [ 9 ] Sweden;Mobile_phone;Wireless;Wireless;Sony;Mobile_phone;Japan;Sony;Sweden;United_States;Sweden;Japan;Nokia;Samsung_Electronics;Nokia;Nokia;Mobile_phone;Sony;Digital_camera;Megapixel;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Google;Motorola;Motorola;Sweden;Japan;Nokia;Samsung;Microsoft_Windows;Bluetooth;Infrared;Universal_Serial_Bus;Media_Go;SonicStage;Associated_Press;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Film;Television;Video_game;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone; Sony_Imageworks Sony Pictures Imageworks, Inc. is a visual effects and character animation company headquartered in Culver City, California , USA . SPI is a division of Sony Pictures Digital Productions , which oversees the digital production and online entertainment assets of Sony Pictures Entertainment . The company has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences with Oscars for their work on Spider-Man 2 and the computer-animated short film The ChubbChubbs! , and received many other nominations for their work. SPI has provided special effects for many films, most recent include Watchmen , 2012 and Alice in Wonderland . They also provided services for several of director Robert Zemeckis ' films, including Contact , Cast Away , The Polar Express , Monster House and Beowulf . Since foundation of its sister company Sony Pictures Animation in 2003, SPI has also animated all SPA's films, including Open Season , Surf's Up and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs . Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Visual_effects;United_States;United_States;United_States;Canada;Visual_effects;Sony;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Visual_effects;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;The_Economic_Times;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Film;Television;Video_game;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle; Sony_Music_Entertainment Sony Music Entertainment (SME or Sony Music) is the second-largest global recorded music company of the "big four" record companies and is controlled by Sony Corporation of America , the United States subsidiary of Japan's Sony Corporation . Sony_BMG;United_States_dollar;Sony;Music_industry;Warner_Bros.;CBS;CBS;Sony;Compact_disc;Johnny_Cash;NBC;Classical_music;EMI;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;NBC;Sony_BMG;Universal_Music_Group;Philippines;Universal_Music_Group;Universal_Music_Group;Sony_BMG;YouTube;Sony;Sony;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Film;Television;Video_game;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Music_Entertainment; Sony_PSP The PlayStation Portable ( プレイステーション・ポータブル , Pureisutēshon Pōrutaburu ? , officially abbreviated PSP ) is a handheld game console manufactured and marketed by Sony Corporation [ 4 ] Development of the console was announced during E3 2003 , [ 5 ] and it was unveiled on May 11 , 2004, at a Sony press conference before E3 2004. [ 6 ] The system was released in Japan on December 12 , 2004, [ 7 ] in North America on March 24 , 2005, [ 8 ] and in the PAL region on September 1 , 2005. [ 9 ] The PlayStation Portable is the only handheld video game console to use an optical disc format, Universal Media Disc (UMD), as its primary storage medium. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Other distinguishing features of the console include its large viewing screen, [ 12 ] robust multi-media capabilities, [ 13 ] and connectivity with the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , other PSPs and the Internet . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] After the release of a slimmer, lighter, remodeled version of the PlayStation Portable (the PSP-2000/"Slim Lite") in early September 2007, sales quadrupled in the United Kingdom the following week and increased by nearly 200% in North America for the month of October. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] This model was later replaced by another remodeling, the PSP-3000, which included a new screen and an inbuilt microphone. Since then, a complete redesign called the PSP Go has been released, which was sold alongside the PSP-3000. In 2011 a budget model, the PSP-E1000, was released. The PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in December 2011 in Japan, and in February 2012 in North America, Europe and Australia, respectively. Handheld_game_console;Japan;North_America;Digital_distribution;Central_processing_unit;Megabyte;LCD;Universal_Serial_Bus;Bluetooth;PlayStation_Vita;Handheld_game_console;Internet;PlayStation_Vita;Sony;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Canadian_dollar;Widescreen;TFT_LCD;Display_resolution;Bluetooth;USB;NAND_flash;Stereophonic_sound;Synthesizer;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Audio;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;CPU;Megapixel;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Bluetooth;Universal_Serial_Bus;Japan;North_America;Australia;New_Zealand;United_Kingdom;Europe;Hong_Kong;Singapore;Malaysia;Taiwan;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;Megabyte;Sony;Skype;Liquid_crystal_display;USB;Stereophonic_sound;Firmware;Composite_video;Component_video;Progressive_scan;Bluetooth;Gigabyte;PlayStation_Store;PlayStation_Vita;PlayStation_Vita;Handheld_game_console;Touchscreen;ARM_architecture;Graphics_processing_unit;PlayStation_Store;Electronic_Arts;NPD_Group;LCD;Flash_memory;Internet;Hertz;Central_processing_unit;Graphics_processing_unit;Megabyte;Random_access_memory;Dynamic_random_access_memory;Internet;Adobe_Flash_Player;NetFront;Cascading_Style_Sheets;JavaScript;Adobe_Flash;Proxy_server;Internet;Television;DVD;Skype;VoIP;Disney;Star_Trek;PlayStation_Store;CNET;Engadget;Sony;Media_Go;EE_Times;Eurogamer;Engadget;AOL;Eurogamer;United_States;Eurogamer;Eurogamer;Electronic_Arts;Open_Directory_Project;Video_game_console;Handheld_game_console;PlayStation_Vita;PlayStation_Store;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Film;Television;Video_game;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Handheld_game_console;Nokia;Sega;Sony;PlayStation_Vita; Sony_Pictures_Entertainment Sony Pictures Entertainment, Inc. ( SPE ) is the television and film production/distribution unit of Japanese multinational technology and media conglomerate Sony . Its group sales in the fiscal year 2011 ended March 31, 2012 has been reported to be of $8.021 billion. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Sony Pictures Entertainment is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). [ 6 ] Sony;United_States;Film;Video_on_demand;Digital_distribution;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Sony;Sony;CBS;Mongolia;Fearnet;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Netherlands;Crackle;YouTube;Hulu;Dailymotion;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Film;Television;Video_game;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment; Sony_Reader The Sony Reader is a line of e-book readers manufactured by Sony . It uses an electronic paper display developed by E Ink Corporation , is viewable in direct sunlight, requires no power to maintain a static image, and is usable in portrait or landscape orientation. Sony sells e-books for the Reader from the Sony eBook Library store in the US, UK, Japan, Germany, Austria, Canada and it will be coming to France, Italy and Spain starting in Spring 2012. [ 1 ] The Reader also can display Adobe PDFs , ePub format, RSS newsfeeds, JPEGs , and Sony's proprietary BBeB ("BroadBand eBook") format. The Reader can play MP3 and unencrypted AAC audio files. Compatibility with Adobe digital rights management (DRM) protected PDF and ePub files allows Sony Reader owners to borrow ebooks from lending libraries in many countries. [ 2 ] The DRM rules of the Reader allow any purchased e-book to be read on up to six devices, at least one of which must be a personal computer running Windows or Mac OS X. Although the owner cannot share purchased eBooks on others' devices and accounts, the ability to register five Readers to a single account and share books accordingly is a possible workaround. List_of_mobile_phone_makers_by_country;Sony;Mobile_phone_form_factors;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Removable_media;Touch_screen;Pixel;Sony;Sony_eBook_Library;PDF;EPUB;RSS;JPEG;BBeB;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Digital_rights_management;United_States;Borders_Group;Costco;Borders_Group;Best_Buy;UK;Amazon_Kindle;Touchscreen;Virtual_keyboard;Megabyte;Megabyte;Sony;Gigabyte;Gigabyte;EPUB;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Megabyte;Sony;Gigabyte;SD_card;Gigabyte;Secure_Digital;Gigabyte;EPub;Megabyte;SD_card;Gigabyte;Secure_Digital;Digital_Rights_Management;EPUB;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Reader;Microsoft_Word;Advanced_Audio_Coding;JPEG;GIF;Portable_Network_Graphics;RSS;Bulgaria;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Random_access_memory;Hard_disk;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Linux;Flash_memory;Free_software;RSS;Adobe_Digital_Editions;PDF;EPub;Amazon_Kindle;Open_source;Software;Sony;Tablet_computer;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Film;Television;Video_game;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library;Sony_Reader;Sony_Reader; Sony_Vegas Sony Vegas Pro is a video editing software package for non-linear editing systems (NLE) originally published by Sonic Foundry , now owned and run by Sony Creative Software . Originally developed as an audio editor , it eventually developed into an NLE for video and audio from version 2.0. Vegas features real-time multitrack video and audio editing on unlimited tracks, resolution-independent video sequencing, complex effects and compositing tools, 24-bit/192 kHz audio support, VST and DirectX plug-in effect support, and Dolby Digital surround sound mixing. Up to version 10, Vegas Pro runs on Microsoft Windows XP (32-bit only), Vista and 7 (both 32- and 64-bit editions). Version 11 dropped support for Windows XP. The consumer level Sony Vegas Movie Studio version (formerly titled VideoFactory and Screenblast ) shares the same interface and underlying code base as the professional Vegas version, but does not include professional features such as advanced compositing tools, or advanced DVD/Blu-ray Disc authoring. In previous releases, the video editing portion of the professional suite could be purchased separately from Sony's DVD and Blu-ray Disc authoring software, DVD Architect Pro (previously called DVD Architect; DVD Architect Studio is the consumer version), then a package called 'Vegas + DVD' became available while Vegas 7 was out. Since the release of Vegas Pro 8.0, both DVD Architect Studio Pro 4.5, Vegas Pro 8.0, as well as Boris FX LTD and Magic Bullet Movie Looks HD are all bundled together and may not be purchased individually. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Commercial_software;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;DirectX;Dolby_Digital;Windows_Vista;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Source_code;DVD;Microsoft_Windows;Pro_Tools;Cakewalk_Sonar;Audio_Video_Interleave;Codec;Visual_effects;OpenCL;Surround_sound;International_Standard_Book_Number;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Pro; Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio Sony Vegas Movie Studio is a consumer-based nonlinear video editing software designed for the PC. It is a scaled-down version of Sony Vegas . Vegas Movie Studio was formerly called "Sonic Foundry VideoFactory" and then "Sony Screenblast Movie Studio," still using the same Vegas interface and underlying code base as it currently does. Since Version 6, there have been two versions: Vegas Movie Studio+DVD and Vegas Movie Studio+DVD Platinum Edition, which adds AVCHD/HDV and 5.1 Surround capabilities. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Digital_video;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Sony_Vegas;IPod;Sony_PSP;YouTube;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio; Sony_Vegas_Pro Sony Vegas Pro is a video editing software package for non-linear editing systems (NLE) originally published by Sonic Foundry , now owned and run by Sony Creative Software . Originally developed as an audio editor , it eventually developed into an NLE for video and audio from version 2.0. Vegas features real-time multitrack video and audio editing on unlimited tracks, resolution-independent video sequencing, complex effects and compositing tools, 24-bit/192 kHz audio support, VST and DirectX plug-in effect support, and Dolby Digital surround sound mixing. Up to version 10, Vegas Pro runs on Microsoft Windows XP (32-bit only), Vista and 7 (both 32- and 64-bit editions). Version 11 dropped support for Windows XP. The consumer level Sony Vegas Movie Studio version (formerly titled VideoFactory and Screenblast ) shares the same interface and underlying code base as the professional Vegas version, but does not include professional features such as advanced compositing tools, or advanced DVD/Blu-ray Disc authoring. In previous releases, the video editing portion of the professional suite could be purchased separately from Sony's DVD and Blu-ray Disc authoring software, DVD Architect Pro (previously called DVD Architect; DVD Architect Studio is the consumer version), then a package called 'Vegas + DVD' became available while Vegas 7 was out. Since the release of Vegas Pro 8.0, both DVD Architect Studio Pro 4.5, Vegas Pro 8.0, as well as Boris FX LTD and Magic Bullet Movie Looks HD are all bundled together and may not be purchased individually. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Commercial_software;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;DirectX;Dolby_Digital;Windows_Vista;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Source_code;DVD;Microsoft_Windows;Pro_Tools;Cakewalk_Sonar;Audio_Video_Interleave;Codec;Visual_effects;OpenCL;Surround_sound;International_Standard_Book_Number;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Pro; Sony_eBook_Library Sony Reader Library (or formally eBook Library and Sony Connect) is iTunes -like software used to manage book, music and image content on the Sony Reader . It enables purchases from The Reader Store from Sony . ITunes;Sony_Reader;Software;BBeB;Comic_book_archive;EPUB;FictionBook;Microsoft_Reader;Mobipocket;Portable_Document_Format;Plain_text;XMDF;Alex_Reader;Bookeen;Computer;Elonex_ebook;EnTourage_eDGe;Pocket_eDGe;ESlick;Fujitsu_FLEPia;Hanlin_eReader;IRiver_Story;Amazon_Kindle;Kobo_eReader;Plastic_Logic;PocketBook_eReader;Samsung_Papyrus;Smartphone;SoftBook;Sony_Reader;Tablet_computer;Adobe_Acrobat;Adobe_Digital_Editions;Aldiko;Blio;Bookglutton;FBReader;IBooks;Lexcycle_Stanza;Sony_eBook_Library;STDU_Viewer;Adobe_InDesign;Atlantis_Word_Processor;Feedbooks;Bookglutton;Internet_Archive;Feedbooks;Google_Books;Manybooks.net;Project_Gutenberg;Wikisource;Amazon.com;BooksOnBoard;Booktrack;Borders_Group;Feedbooks;Fictionwise;Google_Books;IBookstore;Kobo_Inc.;Sony_eBook_Library; Sorenson_Video Proprietary_software;Video_codec;Flash_Video;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;Adobe_Flash;QuickTime;Flash_Video;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;MPlayer;Microsoft_Windows;FFmpeg;Reverse_engineering;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Sorenson_codec;Sorenson_codec; Sorenson_codec Sorenson codec may refer to either of three proprietary video codecs : Sorenson Video , Sorenson Video 3 or Sorenson Spark . Sorenson Video is also known as Sorenson Video Codec , Sorenson Video Quantizer or SVQ . Sorenson Spark is also known as Sorenson H.263 or FLV1 (and it is sometimes incorrectly named as Flash Video (FLV) , which is the name of Adobe Flash container format ). Both codecs were devised by Sorenson Media Inc. (formerly Sorenson Vision Inc.). Sorenson Video is used in Apple 's QuickTime and Sorenson Spark in Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flash). Proprietary_software;Video_codec;Flash_Video;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;Adobe_Flash;QuickTime;Flash_Video;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;MPlayer;Microsoft_Windows;FFmpeg;Reverse_engineering;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Sorenson_codec;Sorenson_codec; Soul_music Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s, combining elements of African American gospel music and rhythm and blues . According to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , soul is "music that arose out of the black experience in America through the transmutation of gospel and rhythm blues into a form of funky , secular testifying." [ 1 ] Catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the soloist and the chorus, and an especially tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds. [ 2 ] Gospel_music;United_States;Piano;Funk;United_States;Gospel_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Gospel_music;Jazz;Rock_music;United_States;Pop_music;Pop_music;Funk;Record_label;Violin;Gospel_music;Funk;Funk;United_Kingdom;The_Beatles;Record_label;United_States;United_Kingdom;FM_radio;Electronica;Electronic_music;House_music;Easy_listening;Rovi_Corporation;Blues;Funk;Gospel_music;Motown;Funk;Hip_hop_music;Motown;Soul_music;Soul_music; Sound Sound is a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through a solid , liquid , or gas , composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a level sufficiently strong to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations. [ 1 ] Hertz;Sine_wave;American_National_Standards_Institute;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Musical_instrument;Microphone;Loudspeaker;Hertz;Wikisource;Sound;Sound; SoundCloud SoundCloud is an online audio distribution platform which allows collaboration, promotion and distribution of audio recordings. [ 2 ] Germany;Germany;Sweden;Germany;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Facebook;Web_widget;Application_software;Application_programming_interface;Smartphone;IPhone;PreSonus_Studio_One;Digital_audio_workstation;TechCrunch;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;SoundCloud;SoundCloud; SoundDroid The SoundDroid is an early digital audio workstation designed by a team of engineers led by James A. Moorer at Lucasfilm between the 1980 and 1987. It was a hard-disk–based, nonlinear audio editor developed on the Audio Signal Processor (ASP), a large-scale digital signal processor for real–time, multichannel equalization and audio mixing . Only one prototype was ever built and it was never commercialized. Lucasfilm started putting together a computer division right after Star Wars as an in-house project to build a range of digital tools for filmmaking. The audio project that became SoundDroid was done in close collaboration with the post-production division, Sprocket Systems , and later spun out as part of a joint venture called The Droid Works . Complete with a trackball, touch-sensitive displays, moving faders, and a jog-shuttle wheel, the SoundDroid included programs for sound synthesis, digital reverberation, recording, editing and mixing. EditDroid and SoundDroid were the beginnings of the desktop tools digital revolution. Digital_audio_workstation;Equalization;Sonic_Solutions;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;SoundDroid;SoundDroid; SoundJam_MP SoundJam MP was an early MP3 player for the Mac OS , bought in 2000 by Apple and renamed iTunes . The program was written by Jeff Robbin and Bill Kincaid with assistance by Dave Heller , published by Casady Greene . Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS;Computing_platform;Macintosh;List_of_software_categories;Mac_OS;ITunes;Bill_Kincaid;Operating_system;David_Pogue;AOL;ITunes;ITunes;Resource_fork;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;SoundJam_MP;SoundJam_MP; Sound_Forge Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Audio_engineering;Digital_audio_editor;PAL;NTSC;DirectX;FireWire;Macromedia_Flash;RealMedia;RealAudio;RealVideo;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Video;Audio_Video_Interleave;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Ogg;Vorbis;AIFF;Au_file_format;WAV;FLAC;ACID_Pro;FL_Studio;Steinberg_Cubase;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Sound_Forge;Sound_Forge; Sound_Manager The Sound Manager is a part of the classic Apple Macintosh operating system , in Mac OS . It is used to control the production and manipulation of sounds on Macintosh computers. The Sound Manager is also used by other parts of the Macintosh system software that produce sounds, such as the Speech Manager and QuickTime . It was replaced by Core Audio in Mac OS X . Apple_Macintosh;Operating_system;Mac_OS;Sound;QuickTime;Core_Audio;Mac_OS_X;Sound_Manager;Sound_Manager; Sound_Studio Mac_OS_X;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;Sound_Studio;Sound_Studio; Sound_Tools Digital_audio_workstation;Pro_Tools;NuBus;Sound_Tools;Sound_Tools; Sound_recording Sound;Microphone;Loudspeaker;Synthesizer;Frequency_response;Sound;Sound;Microphone;The_Beatles;Stereophonic_sound;EMI;United_Kingdom;Stereophonic_sound;The_Beatles;Sony;CBS;JVC;Sony;Digital_audio_workstation;Audio_file_format;Flash_memory;Internet_radio;Audio_engineering;Operating_system;Digital_audio_workstation;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Microphone;Music_sequencer;Compact_Disc;Loudspeaker;Digital_signal_processing;Electronic_music;MIDI;Synthesizer;Software;Digital_audio_editor;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_synthesizer;Home_cinema;Compact_Disc;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Sound_recording_and_reproduction; Sound_recording_and_reproduction Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical or mechanical inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music , or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording . Acoustic analog recording is achieved by a small microphone diaphragm that can detect changes in atmospheric pressure ( acoustic sound waves) and record them as a graphic representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a phonograph (in which a stylus senses grooves on a record). In magnetic tape recording, the sound waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying electric current , which is then converted to a varying magnetic field by an electromagnet , which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Electronically generated sound waves may also be recorded directly from devices such as an electric guitar pickup or a synthesizer , without the use of acoustics in the recording process other than the need for musicians to hear how well they are playing during recording sessions . Digital recording and reproduction converts the analog sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by a process of digitization , allowing it to be stored and transmitted by a wider variety of media. Digital recording stores audio as a series of binary numbers representing samples of the amplitude of the audio signal at equal time intervals, at a sample rate high enough to convey all sounds capable of being heard . Digital recordings are considered higher quality than analog recordings not necessarily because they have higher fidelity (wider frequency response or dynamic range ), but because the digital format can prevent much loss of quality found in analog recording due to noise and electromagnetic interference in playback, and mechanical deterioration or damage to the storage medium . A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is applied to a loudspeaker or earphones. Frances Densmore recording Blackfoot chief Mountain Chief on a cylinder phonograph for the Bureau of American Ethnology (1916) Sound;Microphone;Loudspeaker;Synthesizer;Frequency_response;Sound;Sound;Microphone;The_Beatles;Stereophonic_sound;EMI;United_Kingdom;Stereophonic_sound;The_Beatles;Sony;CBS;JVC;Sony;Digital_audio_workstation;Audio_file_format;Flash_memory;Internet_radio;Audio_engineering;Operating_system;Digital_audio_workstation;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Microphone;Music_sequencer;Compact_Disc;Loudspeaker;Digital_signal_processing;Electronic_music;MIDI;Synthesizer;Software;Digital_audio_editor;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_synthesizer;Home_cinema;Compact_Disc;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Sound_recording_and_reproduction; Soundtrack A soundtrack can be recorded music accompanying and synchronized to the images of a motion picture , book , television program or video game ; a commercially released soundtrack album of music as featured in the soundtrack of a film or TV show; or the physical area of a film that contains the synchronized recorded sound. Television_program;Video_game;Film;Compact_disc;Capitol_Records;Album;Microsoft;Xbox;Internet;Japan;Visual_effects;Film;Soundtrack;Soundtrack; Soundtrack_Pro Soundtrack Pro was a music composing and audio editing application made by Apple Inc. featured in Logic Studio , which includes a collection of just over 5000 royalty free professional instrument loops and sound effects. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;Logic_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD;QuickTime;Final_Cut_Pro;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Studio;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Tempo;Audio_Units;Logic_Pro;Audio_normalization;AppleScript;GarageBand;Logic_Express;Logic_Pro;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Soundtrack_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro; SourceForge SourceForge is a web-based source code repository . It acts as a centralized location for software developers to control and manage free and open source software development. It was the first to offer that service for free to open source projects. [ 2 ] [ discuss ] The website runs a version of SourceForge Enterprise Edition , forked from the last open-source version available. As of July 2011 [update] , the SourceForge repository hosts more than 300,000 projects and has more than 2 million registered users, [ 3 ] although not all are active. The domain sourceforge.net attracted at least 33 million visitors by August 2009 according to a Compete.com survey. [ 4 ] SourceForge offers free access to hosting and tools for developers of free / open source software , competing with other providers such as RubyForge , Tigris.org , BountySource , Launchpad , BerliOS , JavaForge , GNU Savannah , GitHub and Gitorious . Software_license;Free_and_open_source;Free_software;Open_source_software;GitHub;Revision_control;Database;Uniform_Resource_Locator;United_States;Vuze;GitHub;Proprietary_software;GitHub;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;SourceForge;SourceForge; Source_code In computer science , source code is any collection of computer instructions (possibly with comments ) written using some human-readable computer language , usually as text . The source code of a program is specially designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers , who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code. The source code is automatically [ clarification needed ] translated at some point to machine code that the computer can directly read and execute. An interpreter translates to machine code [ citation needed ] and executes it on the fly when the program is run, while a compiler translates the program in advance to machine code that it stores as executable files; these can then be executed as a separate step. Most computer applications are distributed in a form that includes executable files, but not their source code. If the source code were included, it would be useful to a user, programmer, or system administrator , who may wish to modify the program or understand how it works. The source code which constitutes a program is usually held in one or more text files stored on a computer's hard disk ; usually these files are carefully arranged into a directory tree , known as a source tree . Source code can also be stored in a database (as is common for stored procedures ) or elsewhere. Source code also appears in books and other media; often in the form of small code snippets , but occasionally complete code bases; a well-known case is the source code of PGP . The notion of source code may also be taken more broadly, to include machine code and notations in graphical languages, neither of which are textual in nature. An example from an article presented on the annual IEEE conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation: [ 1 ] For the purpose of clarity ‘ source code ’ is taken to mean any fully executable description of a software system. It is therefore so construed as to include machine code, very high level languages and executable graphical representations of systems. [ 2 ] The code base of a programming project is the larger collection of all the source code of all the computer programs which make up the project. It has become common practice to maintain code bases in version control systems . Computer_science;Programming_language;Plain_text;Compiler;Executable;Hard_disk;Assembly_language;Revision_control;Compiler;Algorithm;Software_license;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Retail_software;Software_license_agreement;Reverse_engineering;Compiler;Encryption;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Programming_language;Netherlands;Linux;Source_code;Source_code; Sourceforge SourceForge is a web-based source code repository . It acts as a centralized location for software developers to control and manage free and open source software development. It was the first to offer that service for free to open source projects. [ 2 ] [ discuss ] The website runs a version of SourceForge Enterprise Edition , forked from the last open-source version available. As of July 2011 [update] , the SourceForge repository hosts more than 300,000 projects and has more than 2 million registered users, [ 3 ] although not all are active. The domain sourceforge.net attracted at least 33 million visitors by August 2009 according to a Compete.com survey. [ 4 ] SourceForge offers free access to hosting and tools for developers of free / open source software , competing with other providers such as RubyForge , Tigris.org , BountySource , Launchpad , BerliOS , JavaForge , GNU Savannah , GitHub and Gitorious . Software_license;Free_and_open_source;Free_software;Open_source_software;GitHub;Revision_control;Database;Uniform_Resource_Locator;United_States;Vuze;GitHub;Proprietary_software;GitHub;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;SourceForge;SourceForge; Spain – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 40°26′N 3°42′W  /  40.433°N 3.7°W  / 40.433; -3.7 Official language(s) Recognised regional languages Basque , Catalan and Galician . Spanish , Spaniard Unitary regional State parliamentary constitutional monarchy Congress of Deputies 569 (accession to the throne of Liuvigild ) Constitutional democracy 505,992 km 2 ( 52nd ) 47,190,493 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ( 27th ) $1.413 trillion [ 4 ] $1.495 trillion [ 4 ] Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) Except the Canary Islands which observe UTC+0 ( WET ) ( UTC+1 during summer time) dd.mm.yyyy (Spanish; CE ) Spain ( i / ˈ s p eɪ n / SPAYN ; Spanish : España , pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen ) ), officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ), [ c ] [ 7 ] is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar , to which Spain lays claim; to the north and north east by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal . Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa , Ceuta and Melilla , that border Morocco plus Alborán island, the Chafarinas islands (Islas Chafarinas), Alhucemas island and Perejil (Parsley island). Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 505,992 square kilometres (195,365 sq mi), it is the fourth largest country in Europe. Because of its location, the territory of Spain was subject to many external influences since prehistoric times and through to its dawn as a country. Spain emerged as a unified country in the 15th century, following the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs and the completion of the reconquest, or Reconquista , of the Iberian peninsula in 1492. Conversely, it has been an important source of influence to other regions, chiefly during the modern era , when it became a global empire that has left a legacy of over 500 million Spanish speakers today, making it the world's second most spoken first language . Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a parliamentary government under a constitutional monarchy . It is a developed country with the twelfth largest economy in the world by nominal GDP, and very high living standards , including the tenth-highest quality of life index rating in the world, as of 2005. It is a member of the United Nations , NATO , OECD , and WTO . Spanish_language;Europe;European_Union;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Gibraltar;France;Portugal;Italy;Portugal;Italy;France;Germany;Belgium;Luxembourg;Netherlands;Netherlands;Puerto_Rico;European_Union;Eurozone;European_Union;France;California;Portugal;Gibraltar;Portugal;France;Gibraltar;European_Union;European_Union;Philippines;Gibraltar;Spanish_language;European_Union;Eurozone;Peru;Mexico;Argentina;Brazil;Asia;Cyprus;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;English_language;German_language;Spanish_language;France;Flamenco;Folk_music;Classical_music;Musical_instrument;Guitar;European_Union;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Albania;Cyprus;France;Gibraltar;Greece;Italy;Malta;Slovenia;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Spain;Spain; Spanish_language Minority language in : Federated States of Micronesia Northern Mariana Islands International Organisations : Organization of American States Union of South American Nations Association of Spanish Language Academies ( Real Academia Española and 21 other national Spanish language academies) Countries where Spanish has official status. Countries and U.S. states where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 25% or more of the population. Countries and U.S. states where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 10–20% of the population. Countries and U.S. states where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 5–9.9% of the population. This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. Spanish ( español ) is a Romance language that originated in Spain and now has more native speakers worldwide than any language other than Mandarin Chinese . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] It is also called Castilian ( castellano listen ( help · info ) ) after the particular region of Spain, Castile , where it originated. In 1999 there were, according to Ethnologue , 358 million people speaking Spanish as a native language and a total of 417 million speakers [ 12 ] worldwide. Currently these figures are between 400 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and 500 [ 4 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] million people respectively. Mexico contains the largest population of Spanish speakers . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations , and is used as an official language by the European Union and Mercosur . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of spoken Latin in central-northern Iberia around the ninth century [ 28 ] and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile (present northern Spain ) into central and southern Iberia during the later Middle Ages . Early in its history, the Spanish vocabulary was enriched by its contact with Basque and Arabic , and the language continues to adopt foreign words from a variety of other languages, as well as developing new words. Spanish was taken most notably to the Americas as well as to Africa and Asia-Pacific with the expansion of the Spanish Empire between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries, where it became the most important language for government and trade. [ 29 ] Spanish is the most popular second language learned by native speakers of American English . [ 30 ] In many other countries as well, in the 21st century, the learning of Spanish as a foreign language has grown significantly. Spanish is the third most commonly used language on the Internet after English and Mandarin. Since the early 21st century, it has arguably superseded French in becoming the second most studied language and second language in international communication, after English, [ 31 ] [ 32 ] in the world. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Bolivia;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Puerto_Rico;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;Chile;Mexico;Nicaragua;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Guam;Palau;Philippines;United_States;European_Union;Spain;Mandarin_Chinese;Mexico;European_Union;Spain;American_English;French_language;Mandarin_Chinese;English_language;Mandarin_Chinese;Europe;Gibraltar;United_Kingdom;France;Germany;European_Union;Switzerland;Spain;Mexico;Argentina;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Venezuela;Peru;Bolivia;Paraguay;Puerto_Rico;Brazil;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Latino;San_Francisco;Puerto_Rico;French_language;Spain;Philippines;Guam;Mexican_Spanish;Guam;Palau;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Hispanics_in_the_United_States;Argentina;Chile;Mexico;United_States;Spain;Colombia;Argentina;Venezuela;Peru;Chile;Ecuador;Guatemala;Dominican_Republic;Bolivia;Honduras;El_Salvador;France;Nicaragua;Brazil;Costa_Rica;Paraguay;Puerto_Rico;United_Kingdom;Panama;Philippines;Germany;Italy;Canada;Portugal;Netherlands;Belgium;Romania;Sweden;Australia;Poland;Austria;Denmark;Japan;Switzerland;Bulgaria;Republic_of_Ireland;Greece;Finland;Hungary;Slovakia;Norway;New_Zealand;Guam;Lithuania;Gibraltar;Cyprus;Luxembourg;Malta;Mexican_Spanish;Nicaragua;Mexico;Panama;Peru;Venezuela;Ecuador;Colombia;Bolivia;Chile;Argentina;Costa_Rica;Bolivia;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Nicaragua;Paraguay;Nicaragua;Italian_language;French_language;French_language;Italian_language;English_language;French_language;German_language;Spain;European_Union;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Los_Angeles_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Wikisource;French_language;Canadian_French;Italian_language;Mexican_Spanish;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;English_language;French_language;European_Union;English_language;French_language;German_language;Italian_language;English_language;French_language;Bolivia;Peru;Colombia;Bolivia;Paraguay;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;Argentina;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;Peru;Bolivia;Chinese_language;English_language;French_language;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Venezuela;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Spanish_language; Spanish_language_in_the_United_States The Spanish language ( Idioma Español en Estados Unidos or Lengua Española en Estados Unidos ) is the second most used language in the United States . There are more Spanish speakers in the United States than there are speakers of Chinese, French , German , Italian , Hawaiian , and the Native American languages combined. According to the 2010 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau , Spanish is the primary language spoken at home by almost 37 million people aged five or older, a figure more than double that of 1990. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language, [ 3 ] as well as six million Spanish language students, [ 4 ] composing the largest national Spanish-speaking community outside of Mexico . [ 5 ] Roughly half of all U.S. Spanish speakers also speak English "very well", based on the self-assessment Census question respondents. [ 6 ] The language first came to the New World as early as the 16th and 17th centuries with the arrival of Spanish colonists in areas that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California. This was later reinforced by the acquisition of Puerto Rico in 1898 and by later waves of the Hispanic emigration from Mexico, Cuba, and Central and South America to the United States beginning in the second half of 19th century until today. American_English;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Mexico;Mexico;California;Kansas;Puerto_Rico;El_Salvador;Massachusetts;Venezuela;California;New_Jersey;Massachusetts;New_Jersey;Puerto_Rico;United_States;United_States;Puerto_Rico;Spanish_language;Mexican_Spanish;American_English;Peru;Colombia;Bolivia;Paraguay;Spain;Guam;Palau;International_Standard_Book_Number;Spanish_language;Mexican_Spanish;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States; Speakable_items Speakable items is part of the speech recognition feature in the Mac OS and Mac OS X operating systems . It allows the user to control their computer with natural speech, without having to train the computer beforehand. The commands must be present in the Speakable items folder though but can be created with something as simple as a shortcut, AppleScript , keyboard command, or Automator workflows. Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;AppleScript;Macintosh_Quadra;AppleScript;Final_Cut_Studio;Speech_recognition;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Speakable_items;Speakable_items; Speech_Recognition In computer science , speech recognition (SR) is the translation of spoken words into text. It is also known as "automatic speech recognition", "ASR", "computer speech recognition", "speech to text", or just "STT". Some SR systems use "training" where an individual speaker reads sections of text into the SR system. These systems analyze the person's specific voice and use it to fine tune the recognition of that person's speech, resulting in more accurate transcription. Systems that do not use training are called "Speaker Independent" systems. Systems that use training are called "Speaker Dependent" systems. Speech recognition applications include voice user interfaces such as voice dialing (e.g., "Call home"), call routing (e.g., "I would like to make a collect call"), domotic appliance control, search (e.g., find a podcast where particular words were spoken), simple data entry (e.g., entering a credit card number), preparation of structured documents (e.g., a radiology report), speech-to-text processing (e.g., word processors or emails ), and aircraft (usually termed Direct Voice Input ). The term voice recognition [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] refers to finding the identity of "who" is speaking, rather than what they are saying. Recognizing the speaker can simplify the task of translating speech in systems that have been trained on specific person's voices or it can be used to authenticate or verify the identity of a speaker as part of a security process. Personal_computer;Computer_science;Email;Microphone;Canada;Nuance_Communications;User_interface;Natural_language_processing;DARPA;Microphone;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Automation;Computer_science;Engineering;Audio_engineering;Control_engineering;Speech_recognition;Speech_recognition; Speech_bubble Speech balloons (also speech bubbles , dialogue balloons or word balloons ) are a graphic convention used most commonly in comic books , comic strips and cartoons to allow words (and much less often, pictures) to be understood as representing the speech or thoughts of a given character in the comic. There is often a formal distinction between the balloon that indicates thoughts and the one that indicates words spoken aloud: the bubble that conveys subjective thoughts is often referred to as a thought balloon . Netherlands;United_States;Exclamation_mark;Japan;Spanish_language;United_States;English_language;Spain;English_language;Japanese_language;Harry_Potter;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Balloon_help; Speech_recognition In computer science , speech recognition (SR) is the translation of spoken words into text. It is also known as "automatic speech recognition", "ASR", "computer speech recognition", "speech to text", or just "STT". Some SR systems use "training" where an individual speaker reads sections of text into the SR system. These systems analyze the person's specific voice and use it to fine tune the recognition of that person's speech, resulting in more accurate transcription. Systems that do not use training are called "Speaker Independent" systems. Systems that use training are called "Speaker Dependent" systems. Speech recognition applications include voice user interfaces such as voice dialing (e.g., "Call home"), call routing (e.g., "I would like to make a collect call"), domotic appliance control, search (e.g., find a podcast where particular words were spoken), simple data entry (e.g., entering a credit card number), preparation of structured documents (e.g., a radiology report), speech-to-text processing (e.g., word processors or emails ), and aircraft (usually termed Direct Voice Input ). The term voice recognition [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] refers to finding the identity of "who" is speaking, rather than what they are saying. Recognizing the speaker can simplify the task of translating speech in systems that have been trained on specific person's voices or it can be used to authenticate or verify the identity of a speaker as part of a security process. Personal_computer;Computer_science;Email;Microphone;Canada;Nuance_Communications;User_interface;Natural_language_processing;DARPA;Microphone;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Automation;Computer_science;Engineering;Audio_engineering;Control_engineering;Speech_recognition;Speech_recognition; Speex Speex is a patent-free audio compression format designed for speech and also a free software speech codec that may be used on VoIP applications and podcasts . [ 5 ] It is based on the CELP speech coding algorithm. [ 6 ] Speex claims to be free of any patent restrictions and is licensed under the revised (3-clause) BSD license . It may be used with the Ogg container format or directly transmitted over UDP / RTP . The Speex designers see their project as complementary to the Vorbis general-purpose audio compression project. Speex is a lossy format, meaning quality is permanently degraded to reduce file size. The Speex project was created on February 13, 2002. [ 7 ] The first development versions of Speex were released under LGPL license, but as of version 1.0 beta 1, Speex is released under Xiph's version of the (revised) BSD license. [ 8 ] Speex 1.0 was announced on March 24, 2003, after a year of development. [ 9 ] The last stable version of Speex encoder and decoder is 1.1.12. [ 2 ] Filename_extension;Ogg;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Voice_over_IP;Podcast;BSD_License;Ogg;Container_format;Vorbis;Voice_over_IP;VoIP;Free_software;Open_source_software;Gzip;Data_compression;Central_processing_unit;Variable_bitrate;Voice_over_IP;Streaming_media;DirectShow;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Rockbox;IPhone;Google;IPhone;Flash_Video;Theora;Ogg;Vorbis;Theora;FLAC;CELT;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Speex;Speex; Spell_checker In computing , a spell checker (or spell check ) is an application program that flags words in a document that may not be spelled correctly. Spell checkers may be stand-alone capable of operating on a block of text, or as part of a larger application, such as a word processor , email client , electronic dictionary , or search engine . Eye have a spelling chequer, It came with my Pea Sea. It plane lee marks four my revue Miss Steaks I can knot sea. Eye strike the quays and type a whirred And weight four it two say Weather eye am write oar wrong It tells me straight a weigh. Eye ran this poem threw it, Your shore real glad two no. Its vary polished in its weigh. My chequer tolled me sew. A chequer is a bless thing, It freeze yew lodes of thyme. It helps me right all stiles of righting, And aides me when eye rime. Each frays come posed up on my screen Eye trussed too bee a joule. The chequer pours o'er every word Two cheque sum spelling rule. The original version of this poem was written by Jerrold H. Zar in 1992. An unsophisticated spell checker will find little or no fault with this poem because it checks words in isolation. A more sophisticated spell checker will make use of a language model to consider the context in which a word occurs. Application_software;Email_client;English_language;User_interface;United_States;United_States;Canada;Europe;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Apple_Macintosh;Unix;English_language;Europe;Web_browser;Social_networking;Google_Chrome;Instant_messaging;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Word;Spell_checker;Spell_checker; Spokeo Spokeo is a social network aggregator website that aggregates data from many online and offline sources (such as phone directories, social networks , photo albums, marketing surveys, mailing lists, government censuses, real estate listings, and business websites). This aggregated data may include demographic data, social profiles, and estimated property and wealth values. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] All data collected by Spokeo is publicly accessible from its original sources. According to the site, Spokeo does not originate data and information available is only as good as its source. The information available originates from information people provide that becomes public information “even if a person isn't on Facebook or Twitter.” [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Some users reported problems with removing their listings, and some independent reports verified that the removal process was "spotty." Since then, Spokeo launched the 4th major revision of its website on March 1, 2010 and announced in mid-April that these bugs were resolved. [ 6 ] The extent and types of information available through the redesigned site have led to controversy resulting in increased internet traffic. [ 7 ] On November 17, 2010, Spokeo 5.0 was released. [ 8 ] Spokeo 5.0 implements graphics, icons, and a new design intended to present information in a more visual way. The future plans for Spokeo 5.0 include adjustments to the design and new interactive elements. [ 9 ] On December 27, 2010, Spokeo released Username search. Spokeo username search scans across social networks, blogs, photo albums, dating sites, music networks, video sites, ecommerce stores, and other web services in real-time to help find online profiles with similar usernames. [ 10 ] Internationalization_and_localization;FriendFeed;Spokeo;Spokeo; Spotify Spotify is a Swedish music streaming service offering digitally restricted streaming of selected music from a range of major and independent record labels , including Sony , EMI , Warner Music Group , and Universal . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Launched in October 2008 by Swedish startup Spotify AB, the service had approximately ten million users as of 15 September 2010 ( 2010 -09-15 ) [update] , [ 4 ] about 2.5 million of whom were paying members. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Total users reached 15 million by August 2012, 4 million of them paying monthly. [ 7 ] As of May 2012 [update] , the service is available in Australia , Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Faroe Islands , Finland , France , Germany , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The system is currently accessible using Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , Linux , Telia Digital-tv , iOS , Android , BlackBerry , Windows Mobile , Windows Phone , S60 (Symbian) , webOS , Squeezebox , Boxee , Sonos , WD TV , and MeeGo . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Music can be browsed by artist, album, record label, genre or playlist as well as by direct searches. On desktop clients, a link allows the listener to purchase selected material via partner retailers. [ 14 ] A six month free trial period is activated upon initial login with a Facebook account, where a user can listen to an unlimited amount of music supported by visual and radio-style advertising . After the trial, Spotify will have a listening limit of six hours per week. [ 15 ] An "Unlimited" subscription removes advertisements and time limits and a "Premium" subscription introduces extra features such as higher bitrate streaming, offline access to music and mobile app access. [ 16 ] An active Facebook account is required to use Spotify, unless the user registered for a Spotify-only account before 22 September 2011 (this restriction has been lifted in Germany). Subscriptions are restricted to people with credit/debit cards or PayPal accounts registered in certain countries. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Internationalization_and_localization;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;Linux;BlackBerry_OS;Mac_OS_X;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Sweden;Digital_rights_management;Record_label;Sony;EMI;Warner_Music_Group;Universal_Music_Group;Australia;Austria;Belgium;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;United_Kingdom;United_States;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;BlackBerry;WebOS;Boxee;WD_TV;Facebook;Sweden;United_States_dollar;Blog;The_Beatles;ITunes;Playlist;Instant_messaging;Last.fm;Pandora_Radio;The_Guardian;Last.fm;Rolling_Stone;Tunewiki;Proprietary_software;Digital_rights_management;Reverse_engineering;Free_Software_Foundation;Vorbis;Advanced_Audio_Coding;United_States_dollar;Open_Music_Model;WebOS;Windows_Phone;BlackBerry;The_Guardian;NME;Digital_rights_management;Free_Software_Foundation;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Linux;IPhone;ITunes;Google;BlackBerry;QVGA;Video_Graphics_Array;Windows_Phone;Zune;Open_source;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Software_design;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Anonymity;Core_Audio;Australia;Austria;Belgium;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;United_Kingdom;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;Germany;Australia;New_Zealand;Facebook;Last.fm;Deezer;Grooveshark;Last.fm;Pandora_Radio;Rdio;Songza;SoundCloud;Streaming_media;WiMP;The_Guardian;CNET;CBS_Interactive;IDG;Lifehacker;Gawker_Media;Microsoft;Engadget;AOL;The_Daily_Telegraph;IDG;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Spotify;Spotify; SpringBoard Springboard , or Home Screen is the standard application that manages the iOS home screen. Other tasks include starting WindowServer, launching and bootstrapping applications and setting some of the device's settings on startup. IPhone_OS;IPhone_OS;Web_application;IOS_jailbreaking;Cydia;Cydia;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Lion;IPhone;IBooks;ICloud;ITunes_Store;IMovie;IMessage;IPod;Safari_version_history;Find_My_Friends;Game_Center;IAd;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;FaceTime;Notification_Center;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;IOS;IOS_version_history;ITunes;IOS_SDK;VoiceOver;WebKit;MobileMe;Dock_connector;Apple_earbuds;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;IOS_jailbreaking;SpringBoard;SpringBoard; Sprint_Nextel Sprint Nextel Corporation , also referred to as Sprint ( NYSE : S ), is a wireless and wireline voice and data telecommunications company serving customers in the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Sprint Nextel offers wireless services under the Sprint , Boost Mobile , Virgin Mobile , payLo , and Assurance Wireless brands and also provides wholesale wireless access of its networks to a number of Mobile Virtual Network Operators in the United States. [ 2 ] At the end of 2011, the Sprint wireless network served more than 55 million customers. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The company's headquarters are located in Overland Park, Kansas , United States. Dan Hesse is the President and C.E.O. Sprint is a tier 1 global Internet access service provider. Sprint Nextel is the United States' third largest long distance provider by subscribers. [ 5 ] Sprint Nextel operates separate wireless networks, one using the CDMA radio interface and one using the iDEN radio interface. In 2009, Sprint reached an agreement to outsource management of its wireless networks to Ericsson . In 2012 Sprint amended its previously announced "Network Vision" plan in which it will decommission the iDEN network, then refarm Sprint Nextel's spectrum assets, deploying updated CDMA network equipment and FDD LTE network equipment to increase coverage, network capacity and data throughput speeds while reducing base station complexity and power consumption. In 2006, the Sprint Nextel exited the local landline telephone business, spinning those assets off into a newly created company named Embarq , which CenturyTel acquired in 2008. Sprint owns a 47.1% interest in Clearwire Corporation . [ 6 ] Sprint Nextel was the first to offer a "consumer available 4G phone" the HTC Evo 4G , in the United States on June 4, 2010. Prior to 2005, the company was known as Sprint Corporation . The company took its current name, Sprint Nextel Corporation, when it merged with Nextel Communications that year. Nextel;Kansas;United_States;United_States;CDMA;IDEN;GSM;European_Union;Wireless;Best_Buy;Walmart;Target_Corporation;Verizon_Wireless;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;CDMA;IDEN;IDEN;CDMA;HTC_Corporation;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;Samsung;Samsung_Electronics;VoIP;Verizon_Wireless;Google_Play;Apple_Inc.;GSM;VOIP;NBC;CBS;Sprint_Nextel;United_States_dollar;Verizon_Wireless;C_Spire_Wireless;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;Telus;Vodafone;Software;Google;Nuance_Communications;Broadcom;Nvidia;Mobile_phone;Dell;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Vodafone;Sprint_Nextel;Sprint_Nextel; Spruce_Technologies Coordinates : 37°19′55″N 122°01′52″W  /  37.33182°N 122.03118°W  / 37.33182; -122.03118 NASDAQ-100 component Consumer electronics Digital distribution April 1, 1976 ( 1976-04-01 ) ( incorporated January 3, 1977 as Apple Computer, Inc.) Apple Campus , 1 Infinite Loop , Cupertino , California , U.S. Number of locations 364 retail stores (as of October 2011 [update] ) Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman) [ 2 ] Sir Jonathan Ive ( SVP of Industrial Design ) Steve Jobs (Chairman, 1976-1985, 2011; CEO, 1997–2011) 60,400 (2011) [ 4 ] Braeburn Capital , FileMaker Inc. , Anobit Apple Inc. ( NASDAQ : AAPL ; formerly Apple Computer, Inc. ) is an American multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics , computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products are the Macintosh line of computers, the iPod , the iPhone and the iPad . Its software includes the OS X and iOS operating system ; the iTunes media browser; and the iLife and iWork creativity and production suites. Apple is the world's third-largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia . [ 5 ] Established on April 1, 1976 in Cupertino , California, and incorporated January 3, 1977, [ 6 ] the company was named Apple Computer, Inc. for its first 30 years. The word "Computer" was removed from its name on January 9, 2007, [ 7 ] as its traditional focus on personal computers shifted towards consumer electronics . [ 8 ] Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] However, the company has received widespread criticism for its contractors' labor, and for its environmental and business practices. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] As of July 2011 [update] , Apple has 364 retail stores in thirteen countries, [ 16 ] and an online store . [ 17 ] It is the largest publicly traded company in the world by market capitalization . [ 18 ] The company is the largest technology company in the world by revenue and profit, more than Google and Microsoft combined. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] As of September 24, 2011 ( 2011 -09-24 ) [update] , the company had 60,400 permanent full-time employees and 2,900 temporary full-time employees worldwide; [ 4 ] its worldwide annual revenue in 2010 totalled $65 billion, growing to $108 billion in 2011. [ 3 ] On August 20, 2012, Apple surpassed Microsoft to become the largest company in human history by market capitalization, in nominal terms. [ 21 ] NASDAQ;Digital_distribution;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Apple_Campus;Tim_Cook;Arthur_D._Levinson;Jonathan_Ive;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;IPad;Apple_TV;Mac_OS_X;ILife;IWork;IOS;Apple_Store;Mac_App_Store;ITunes_Store;IBookstore;ICloud;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;NASDAQ;Macintosh;IPod;IPhone;IPad;OS_X;IOS;Operating_system;ITunes;ILife;IWork;Nokia;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Store;Google;Microsoft;Microsoft;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Apple_I;CPU;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Floppy_disk;Apple_III;IBM;Microsoft;Apple_Lisa;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh;Macintosh;John_Sculley;NeXT;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;PowerBook;Mac_OS;MacLife;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Centris;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_LC;Apple_IIe;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_Lisa;Personal_digital_assistant;IPhone;IPad;America_Online;Sun_Microsystems;Motorola;Power_Macintosh;PowerPC;NeXT;Macworld_Expo;IMac;Jonathan_Ive;IPod;IPhone;Final_Cut_Pro;Digital_video;IMovie;Final_Cut_Pro;Nothing_Real;Compositing;Emagic;Logic_Pro;GarageBand;IPhoto;ILife;Mac_OS_X;Unix;IPod;ITunes_Store;PowerBook;Polycarbonate;IBook;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Intel;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Intel;MacBook_Pro;IMac;IBook;PowerBook;Mac_Pro;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Dell;Mobile_phone;Personal_computer;Touch_screen;User_interface;Steve_Jobs;Macworld_Expo;IPhone;Apple_TV;Digital_rights_management;EMI;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Macworld_Expo;Philip_W._Schiller;Microsoft;Stainless_steel;IPod;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;FaceTime;IPod_Shuffle;MacBook_Air;ILife;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X;Mac_App_Store;Tim_Cook;ICloud;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Intelligent_software_assistant;ICloud;Tim_Cook;Timeline_of_Apple_products;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;Mac_Mini;IMac;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;Apple_Time_Capsule;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;IPad;Tablet_computer;IPad;ITunes;IBooks;IPod;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPod;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;FM_radio;IPod_click_wheel;IPod_Classic;Portable_media_player;IPod_Touch;IPhone;IPhone;IPhone;Smartphone;Quad_band;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Google_Maps;Bluetooth;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;IPad;Gyroscope;VGA;FaceTime;Nokia;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;C_Spire_Wireless;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;HDMI;Component_video;Flash_memory;IPad;IPod_touch;IPod_touch;List_of_Macintosh_software;Operating_system;OS_X;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IMovie;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWork;QuickTime;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Xsan;Raw_image_format;Final_Cut_Pro;Logic_Pro;ICloud;MobileMe;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Apple_Store;The_Guardian;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;The_Beatles;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Think_Different;Apple_Inc._advertising;IPod_advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;Get_a_Mac;MacBook_Air;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Power_Macintosh;USB;HyperTransport;FireWire;Nikon;Adobe_Software;IBooks;Apple_Campus;Netherlands;Luxembourg;Republic_of_Ireland;Microsoft;IBM;Steve_Wozniak;MobileMe;Tim_Cook;Tim_Cook;New_York_Times;Microsoft;IPhone;Steve_Jobs;MacBook_Pro;LCD;LED;Foxconn;Apple_Campus;Apple_media_events;Pixar;John_Markoff;Steve_Wozniak;Steve_Wozniak;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNN;Macworld;CNET;CNET;Steve_Jobs;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;Mashable;Ars_Technica;The_New_York_Times;Engadget;AOL;News.com;Wired_Magazine;The_New_York_Times;Ars_Technica;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steven_Levy;John_Sculley;Steve_Wozniak;Reuters;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.; Square_Enix Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd. ( 株式会社スクウェア・エニックス・ホールディングス , Kabushiki-gaisha Sukuea Enikkusu Hōrudingusu ? ) TYO : 9684 is a Japanese video game developer , publisher [ 6 ] and distribution company best known for its role-playing video game franchises, which include the Final Fantasy series, the Dragon Quest series, and the Kingdom Hearts action RPG series. Its headquarters are located in the Shinjuku Bunka Quint Building in Yoyogi , Shibuya , Tokyo . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The original Square Enix was formed as the result of a merger between Square and Enix . The merger occurred on April 1, 2003 with Enix as the surviving company. [ 9 ] Each share of Square's common stock was exchanged for 0.85 shares of Enix's common stock. [ 10 ] At the time, 80% of Square Enix staff were made up of former Square Co. employees. [ 11 ] As part of the merger, former Square president Yoichi Wada was appointed president of the new corporation, while former Enix president Keiji Honda became its vice president. [ 12 ] The founder of Enix, Yasuhiro Fukushima , currently serves as the honorary chairman and largest shareholder of the corporation. [ 13 ] The company also owns Taito Corporation , best known for arcade games such as Space Invaders and Bubble Bobble , and former game publisher Eidos Interactive , which has been absorbed into Square Enix Europe . Square Enix now publishes all of Eidos' IPs and runs Eidos' development studios. Eidos was most well known for publishing the Tomb Raider , Hitman , Deus Ex , Thief , Legacy of Kain and Championship Manager series of games. Japan;Japan;United_Kingdom;Microsoft_Windows;Personal_computer;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Sega;Handheld_game_console;Microsoft_Windows;Personal_computer;Mobile_phone;Vodafone;Spain;France;IPod;Microsoft;Facebook;Film;Smartphone;California;United_States;United_Kingdom;PDF;Japanese_language;Japanese_language;Square_Enix;Square_Enix; Squircle A squircle is a mathematical shape with properties between those of a square and those of a circle . It is a special case of superellipse . The word "squircle" is a portmanteau of the words "square" and "circle". Denmark;Secure_Digital;Digital_audio_player;Nokia;Digital_object_identifier;Squircle;Squircle; Sri_Lanka Sri Lanka ( i / ʃ r iː ˈ l ɑː ŋ k ə / , / s r iː ˈ l ɑː ŋ k ə / , or / s r iː ˈ l æ ŋ k ə / ; [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Sinhala : ශ්‍රී ලංකාව , Tamil : இலங்கை ), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka , is an island country in the northern Indian Ocean off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia . Known until 1972 as Ceylon ( / s ɨ ˈ l ɒ n / , / s eɪ ˈ l ɒ n / , or / s iː ˈ l ɒ n / ), Sri Lanka has maritime borders with India to the northwest across the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Strait , and the Maldives to the southwest. As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia . [ 9 ] It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road . [ 10 ] Sri Lanka has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times, being the nation where the Buddhist teachings were first written down as well as the oldest continually Buddhist country. [ 11 ] Sri Lanka boasts a diverse range of cultures, languages and religions. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population; Tamils , who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority . Other communities include Moors , Burghers , Kaffirs , Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people . [ 12 ] Sri Lanka is a republic and a unitary state which is governed by a semi-presidential system with its official seat of government in Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte , the capital . The country is famous for the production and export of tea, coffee, gemstones , coconuts , rubber and cinnamon , the last of which is native to the country. [ 13 ] Sri Lanka has been called The Pearl of the Indian Ocean . [ 14 ] The island contains tropical forests , and diverse landscapes with high biodiversity . The country lays claim to a long and varying history of over three thousand years, having one of the longest documented histories in the world. [ 15 ] Sri Lanka's rich culture can be attributed to the many different communities on the island. [ 16 ] The country is a founding member state of SAARC and a member of United Nations , Commonwealth of Nations , G77 and Non-Aligned Movement . As of 2011, Sri Lanka was one of the fastest growing economies of the world. [ 17 ] United_Kingdom;Portugal;France;Netherlands;Asia;Sri_Lanka;Japan;The_New_York_Times;English_language;Thailand;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Flickr;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;New_Jersey;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;Associated_Press;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Australia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;France;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Google_Maps;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Bhutan;Nepal;France;Mozambique;Seychelles;Asia;Malaysia;Thailand;Australia;Bhutan;Nepal;Australia;European_Union;Japan;United_States;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Malaysia;Mexico;Peru;Venezuela;Zimbabwe;Fiji;Nepal;Singapore;Tajikistan;Bulgaria;Finland;Germany;Hungary;Norway;Romania;Slovenia;Sweden;Sri_Lanka;Sri_Lanka; Staccato Staccato (Italian for detached ) is a form of musical articulation. In modern notation it signifies a note of shortened duration, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] separated from the note that may follow by silence. [ 3 ] It has been described by theorists and appeared in music since the 18th century. Legato;Pizzicato;Legato;Musical_notation;Legato;Tempo;Staccato;Staccato; Stainless_steel In metallurgy , stainless steel , also known as inox steel or inox from French " inoxydable ", is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5% [ 1 ] to 11% chromium content by mass. [ 2 ] Stainless steel does not corrode , rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does, but despite the name it is not fully stain-proof, most notably under low oxygen, high salinity, or poor circulation environments. [ 3 ] It is also called corrosion-resistant steel or CRES when the alloy type and grade are not detailed, particularly in the aviation industry. There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure. Stainless steel is used where both the properties of steel and resistance to corrosion are required. Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present. Unprotected carbon steel rusts readily when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film (the rust) is active and accelerates corrosion by forming more iron oxide, and due to the dissimilar size of the iron and iron oxide molecules (iron oxide is larger) these tend to flake and fall away. Stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to form a passive film of chromium oxide, which prevents further surface corrosion and blocks corrosion from spreading into the metal's internal structure, and due to the similar size of the steel and oxide molecules they bond very strongly and remain attached to the surface. [ 4 ] Passivation only occurs if the proportion of chromium is high enough and in the presence of oxygen. Carbon;France;Germany;The_New_York_Times;Oxygen;Belgium;Carbon;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Soldering;Anodizing;Soldering;Stainless_steel;Stainless_steel; Stanford_University Coordinates : 37°26′N 122°10′W  /  37.43°N 122.17°W  / 37.43; -122.17 Stanford University Leland Stanford Junior University Seal of Stanford University Die Luft der Freiheit weht The wind of freedom blows [ 1 ] US$ 16.5 billion (2011) [ 3 ] Stanford , California , U.S. Suburban , 8,180 acres (3,310 ha) [ 6 ] Cardinal red and white NCAA Division I (FBS) Pac-12 Stanford Tree (unofficial) The Leland Stanford Junior University , commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford , is an American private research university located in Stanford , California on an 8,180-acre (3,310 ha) campus near Palo Alto . [ note 1 ] It is situated in the northwestern Silicon Valley , approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San Jose and 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco . [ 6 ] Leland Stanford , Governor and Senator of California and leading railroad tycoon, and his wife Jane Lathrop Stanford founded the university in 1891 in honor of their son, Leland Stanford, Jr. , who died of typhoid two months before his 16th birthday. On the university’s opening day, Founding President David Starr Jordan said to Stanford’s Pioneer Class: “[Stanford] is hallowed by no traditions; it is hampered by none. Its finger posts all point forward.” [ 8 ] The university was established as a coeducational and nondenominational institution, but struggled financially after the senior Stanford's 1893 death and after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would become known as Silicon Valley . By 1970, Stanford was home to a linear accelerator , and was one of the original four ARPANET nodes (precursor to the internet ). Since 1952, more than 50 Stanford faculty, staff, and alumni have won the Nobel Prize , Stanford has the largest number of Turing award winners (dubbed the "Nobel Prize of Computer Science") for a single institution, and it is one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress . [ 9 ] Stanford faculty and alumni have founded many prominent companies including Google , Hewlett-Packard , Cisco Systems , LinkedIn , Gap , Netflix , Nike , Sun Microsystems , Varian Associates , Kiva.org and Yahoo! . Stanford is also home to the original papers of Martin Luther King Jr. , and history professor Clayborne Carson directs the King Papers Project. [ 10 ] The university is organized into seven schools, including academic schools of Humanities and Sciences and Earth Sciences as well as professional schools of Business , Education , Engineering , Law , and Medicine . Stanford has a student body of approximately 6,988 undergraduate and 8,400 graduate students. [ 5 ] Stanford is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . For the 2011-2012 year, the university managed a US$16.5 billion endowment, with $25.1 billion in consolidated net assets. [ 3 ] Stanford competes in 34 varsity sports and is one of two private universities in the Division I FBS Pacific-12 Conference . Stanford has won 103 NCAA championships (the second-most for a university), and Stanford's athletic program has won the NACDA Directors' Cup every year since 1995. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Stanford athletes have won medals in every Olympic Games since 1912, winning 244 Olympic medals total, 129 of them gold. In the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games , Stanford won more Olympic medals than any university in the United States and, in terms of medals won, tied with the country of Japan for 11th place. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] German_language;San_Francisco;Internet;Google;Cisco_Systems;Netflix;Sun_Microsystems;California;SRI_International;Internet;Forbes;Newsweek;Forbes;Forbes;Hispanics_in_the_United_States;Cisco_Systems;Nvidia;Google;Logitech;Sun_Microsystems;USA_Today;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;University_of_New_Mexico;California;Adobe_Systems;Agilent_Technologies;Apple_Inc.;Cisco_Systems;Electronic_Arts;Facebook;Google;Logitech;Microsoft;NeXT;Nvidia;Sony;SRI_International;Sun_Microsystems;TiVo;Stanford_University;Stanford_University; Star_Academy Star Academy is a highly successful television show format based on the Spanish format "Operación Triunfo" produced by Endemol , that has been broadcast in over 50 countries. It is a pop music talent contest with viewer voting and reality show elements. Pop_music;Peru;United_States;Argentina;Argentina;Belgium;Belgium;Brazil;Bulgaria;Canada;Chile;France;Germany;Greece;Cyprus;Italy;Mexico;Romania;Netherlands;Peru;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Ukraine;Ukraine;Ukraine;Ukraine;Spain;Paraguay;United_Kingdom;Ukraine;Latvia;United_States;Canada;Vietnam;Liberia;Liberia;Sierra_Leone;Sierra_Leone;Malawi;Namibia;Zimbabwe;Liberia;Sierra_Leone;Spain;France;France;Spain;Belgium;United_Kingdom;Portugal;Greece;France;Netherlands;Italy;Spain;Mexico;Brazil;Italy;Spain;Argentina;United_Kingdom;Brazil;Chile;France;Mexico;Canada;Germany;Lithuania;Malaysia;Thailand;Albania;Taiwan;Mexico;Chile;Philippines;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Star_Academy;Star_Academy; Star_Trek Star Trek is an American science fiction entertainment franchise created by Gene Roddenberry . The franchise came to life as a television series in 1966 originally called Star Trek but later renamed Star Trek: The Original Series which garnered such a strong fanbase that it led to spinoffs such as Star Trek: The Animated Series , Star Trek: The Next Generation , Star Trek: Deep Space Nine , Star Trek: Voyager , and Star Trek: Enterprise . These six television series are considered to be the main part of Star Trek mythos although there has been debate as to whether The Animated Series should be part of the canon to Star Trek . The franchise's canon also includes the successful film series . Although the critical response of the franchise's media have varied from show to show and film to film; nonetheless the franchise has been nominated for and won various awards and honors. The success of both the television series and film series have led to a wide range of fictional spin-offs including dozens of games , hundreds of novels , numerous toy lines and replicas, as well as a themed attraction in Las Vegas (opened in 1998 and closed in September 2008) and at least two traveling museum exhibits of props. Ever since it began the series has begun a cult phenomenon , initiated the creation of the full-fledged language Klingon , having gained a a fanbase with its own name along with spawned many pop culture references including parodies and fan productions . [ 1 ] Roddenberry used westerns such as Wagon Train as inspiration, along with references of the novel Gulliver's Travels for his suspenseful adventure story along with being a morality tale . The original Star Trek followed the interstellar adventures of James T. Kirk and the crew of an exploration vessel of a 23rd century galactic "United Federation of Planets"—the Starship Enterprise . This series debuted in 1966 and ran for three seasons on NBC , after the network rejected an initial pilot film " The Cage " with a mostly different cast, though this pilot is now routinely packaged with the original series. Following the release of other series in the franchise, the Kirk-led series was retroactively referred to as " Star Trek: The Original Series " to help distinguish between it and the growing franchise. These adventures were continued by the short-lived Star Trek: The Animated Series and six feature films. Four more television series were eventually produced, based in the same universe but following other characters: Star Trek: The Next Generation , following the crew of a new Starship Enterprise set a century after the original series; Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager , set contemporaneously with The Next Generation ; and Star Trek: Enterprise , set before the original series, in the early days of human interstellar travel. Four additional feature films were produced, following the crew of The Next Generation , and, most recently, a 2009 movie reboot of the franchise featuring a young crew of the original Enterprise set in an alternate timeline .The film's success has even lead to a upcoming 2013 sequel . The original Star Trek series began production under Desilu Productions . With the merger of Desilu into Paramount Pictures , that studio assumed outright ownership of the Star Trek franchise. In 2006, rights transferred to CBS when it took Paramount's TV division as part of its split from Paramount owner Viacom . However, certain aspects such as feature film and DVD distribution rights still remain under the control of Paramount. NBC;Paramount_Pictures;CBS;Paramount_Pictures;Doctor_Who;NBC;Palm_OS;Saturday_Night_Live;Doctor_Who;Paramount_Pictures;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Los_Angeles_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Forbes;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;Star_Trek;Star_Trek; Starbucks 37,000 (October 2011) [ 2 ] Starbucks Coffee Company Seattle's Best Coffee Torrefazione Italia Starbucks Corporation ( NASDAQ : SBUX ) is an international coffee company and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle , Washington. Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 19,763 stores in 59 countries, including 12,848 in the United States, 1,264 in Canada, 973 in Japan, 778 in Great Britain, 621 in China, 441 in South Korea, 350 in Mexico and 269 in Taiwan. [ 1 ] Starbucks sells drip brewed coffee , espresso -based hot drinks, other hot and cold drinks, coffee beans, salads, hot and cold sandwiches and panini, sweet pastries, snacks, and items such as mugs and tumblers. Through the Starbucks Entertainment division and Hear Music brand, the company also markets books, music, and film. Many of the company's products are seasonal or specific to the locality of the store. Starbucks-brand ice cream and coffee are also offered at grocery stores . From Starbucks' founding in later forms in Seattle as a local coffee bean roaster and retailer, the company has expanded rapidly. In the 1990s, Starbucks was opening a new store every workday, a pace that continued into the 2000s. The first store outside the United States or Canada opened in the mid-1990s, and overseas stores now constitute almost one third of Starbucks' stores. [ 3 ] The company planned to open a net of 900 new stores outside of the United States in 2009, [ 4 ] but has announced 300 store closures in the United States since 2008. [ 5 ] NASDAQ;NASDAQ;Finland;Fnac;Cyprus;Macau;The_Washington_Post;Consumer_Reports;Paul_McCartney;Apple_Inc.;ITunes_Store;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;MacBook;The_New_York_Times;International_Herald_Tribune;CNN;Associated_Press;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Associated_Press;Reuters;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Vodafone;Pepsi;Pepsi;Starbucks;Starbucks; Stardock_Central Stardock Central was a software content delivery and digital rights management system used by Stardock customers to access components of the Object Desktop , TotalGaming.net and ThinkDesk product lines, as well as products under the WinCustomize brand. Introduced in 2001 to access games on TotalGaming.net (then known as the Drengin Network ), Stardock Central was later expanded to cover all Stardock products, replacing Component Manager (1999). As of 2010, Stardock Central has been phased out in favour of its successor, Impulse . Software_developer;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Software;Digital_rights_management;Archive;Digital_distribution;DesktopX;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Stardock_Central;Stardock_Central; State_machines A finite-state machine ( FSM ) or finite-state automaton (plural: automata ), or simply a state machine , is a mathematical model of computation used to design both computer programs and sequential logic circuits. It is conceived as an abstract machine that can be in one of a finite number of states . The machine is in only one state at a time; the state it is in at any given time is called the current state . It can change from one state to another when initiated by a triggering event or condition, this is called a transition . A particular FSM is defined by a list of its states, and the triggering condition for each transition. The behavior of state machines can be observed in many devices in modern society which perform a predetermined sequence of actions depending on events they are presented with. Simple examples are vending machines which dispense products when the proper combination of coins are deposited, elevators which drop riders off at upper floors before going down, traffic lights which change sequence when cars are waiting, and combination locks which require the input of combination numbers in the proper order. Finite-state machines can model a large number of problems, among which are electronic design automation , communication protocol design, language parsing and other engineering applications. In biology and artificial intelligence research, state machines or hierarchies of state machines have been used to describe neurological systems and in linguistics —to describe the grammars of natural languages . Considered as an abstract model of computation, the finite state machine is weak; it has less computational power than some other models of computation such as the Turing machine . [ 1 ] That is, there are tasks which no FSM can do but a Turing machine can do. This is because the FSM has limited memory . The memory is limited by the number of states. FSMs are studied in the more general field of automata theory . Combination_lock;Computer_science;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number; Stateflow Stateflow , developed by MathWorks , is a control logic tool used to model reactive systems via state charts and flow diagrams within a Simulink model. Stateflow uses a variant of the finite-state machine notation established by David Harel , enabling the representation of hierarchy, parallelism and history within a state chart. [ 2 ] Software_developer;MathWorks;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Software_license;Proprietary_software;MathWorks;Simulink;Stateflow;Stateflow; Steinberg_Cubase Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Software;Computer;MIDI;Mac_OS_X;MIDI;Compact_disc;Logic_Pro;Pro_Tools;Digital_Performer;Audio_Units;Windows_Vista;Pro_Tools;Digital_Performer;ACID_Pro;Software_synthesizer;De_facto_standard;USB;PDF;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Cubase; Steinberg_Nuendo Nuendo is a music software product developed by Steinberg for music recording, arranging, editing and post-production as part of a Digital Audio Workstation . The package is aimed at audio and video post-production market segments, but it also contains optional modules that can be used for multimedia creation and audio sequencing. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Software;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Steinberg_Nuendo;Steinberg_Nuendo; Stereo_plug RCA_connector;Stereophonic_sound;Camcorder;Laptop;Computer;Smartphone;IPod;IPhone;Nokia;TOSLINK;Microphone;Electric_guitar;Headphones;Loudspeaker;Stereophonic_sound;Short_circuit;Earphone;Mobile_phone;Digital_cameras;Microphone;Electric_guitar;Musical_instrument;Loudspeaker;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Synthesizer;MIDI;Universal_Serial_Bus;IPod_Shuffle;Apple_Lisa;Sound_recording;Personal_computer;Apple_Computer;Dolby_Digital;Smartphones;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Samsung;Nokia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;TOSLINK;VGA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;F_connector;HDMI;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Video_Graphics_Array;Component_video;Component_video;HDMI;HDMI;TRS_connector;TRS_connector; Stereophonic_sound Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo , is a method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of directionality and audible perspective. This is usually achieved by using two or more independent audio channels through a configuration of two or more loudspeakers in such a way as to create the impression of sound heard from various directions, as in natural hearing. [ 1 ] Thus the term "stereophonic" applies to so-called " quadraphonic " and " surround-sound " systems as well as the more common 2-channel, 2-speaker systems. It is often contrasted with monophonic , or "mono" sound, where audio is in the form of one channel, often centered in the sound field (analogous to a visual field ). Stereo sound is now common in entertainment systems such as broadcast radio and TV, recorded music and the cinema. The word stereophonic derives from the Greek "στερεός" ( stereos ), "firm, solid" [ 2 ] + "φωνή" ( phōnē ), "sound, tone, voice" [ 3 ] and it was coined in 1927 by Western Electric , by analogy with the word " stereoscopic ". Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Loudspeaker;Surround_sound;EMI;EMI;IMAX;NBC;Encoder;Sound;NTSC;Sound;Microphone;EMI;Motorola;Home_cinema;Surround_sound;The_Washington_Post;Popular_Science;Stereophonic_sound;Stereophonic_sound; Steve_Jobs Steven Paul " Steve " Jobs ( / ˈ dʒ ɒ b z / ; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) [ 6 ] [ 7 ] was an American businessman and technology visionary. He is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution [ 8 ] [ 9 ] and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios ; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar. In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak engineered one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series . Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC 's mouse -driven graphical user interface , which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh . By introducing the LaserWriter he enabled a revolution called desktop publishing . [ 10 ] After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT , a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm , which was spun off as Pixar . [ 11 ] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer. He served as CEO and 50.1% majority shareholder until Disney bought Pixar in 2006. [ 12 ] Jobs received 7% of Disney shares, and joined the Board of Directors as the largest individual shareholder. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] By 1996, Apple had failed to deliver a new operating system, Copland . Gil Amelio turned to NeXT Computer, and the NeXTSTEP platform became the foundation for the Mac OS X . [ 15 ] Jobs returned to Apple as an advisor, and took control of the company as an interim CEO. Jobs brought Apple from near bankruptcy to profitability by 1998. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] As the new CEO of the company, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac , iTunes , iPod , iPhone , and iPad , and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores , iTunes Store and the App Store . [ 18 ] The success of these products and services, provided several years of stable financial returns, and propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011. [ 19 ] The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor . Though it was initially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined. [ 23 ] On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned in August that year, and was elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011. Jobs has received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries. He has widely been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply "visionary", [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution", [ 28 ] a "master of innovation", [ 29 ] [ 30 ] and a "design perfectionist". [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Worldwide_Developers_Conference;San_Francisco;Apple_Inc.;Pixar;NeXT;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Pixar;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_II_series;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh;NeXT;Pixar;The_Walt_Disney_Company;IMac;ITunes;IPod;IPhone;IPad;Apple_Store;ITunes_Store;San_Francisco;Steve_Wozniak;Japan;Video_game;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Steve_Wozniak;Apple_I;Ronald_Wayne;Intel;John_Sculley;Graphical_user_interface;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh;Super_Bowl;Macintosh;History_of_Apple_Inc.;NeXT;Stanford_University;NeXT;NeXT;Apple_Lisa;Ethernet;Intel;WebObjects;Apple_Store;MobileMe;ITunes_Store;Pixar;The_Incredibles;Bob_Iger;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Think_Different;NeXT;Mac_OS_X;IMac;IPod;ITunes_Store;IPhone;Stevenote;Forbes;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Forbes;Apple_Store;Gartner;Gap_Inc.;Macintosh;Star_Trek;Stevenote;Apple_II;Apple_II;Web_browser;Apple_Macintosh;OS_X;IOS;IMac;IMac;IPod;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPhone;IPhone;BusinessWeek;The_Beatles;Paul_McCartney;Barack_Obama;Tim_Cook;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Ars_Technica;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;The_New_York_Times;Bloomberg_News;Philip_W._Schiller;ICloud;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Bob_Iger;Disney;Pixar;Norah_Jones;Al_Gore;Coldplay;CBS;NBC;Barack_Obama;Microsoft;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Bob_Iger;Wired_News;Steve_Wozniak;Rolling_Stone;Apple_Inc.;Bloomberg_Businessweek;John_Sculley;Los_Angeles_Times;Free_software;Steve_Wozniak;Forbes;Financial_Times;John_Sculley;Apple_Computer;United_Kingdom;Microsoft;The_New_York_Times;International_Business_Times;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Pixar;Apple_Inc.;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Associated_Press;The_New_York_Times;John_Markoff;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steve_Wozniak;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;PC_Magazine;The_Wall_Street_Journal;EE_Times;The_New_York_Times;AOL;CNET;John_Markoff;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;ZDNet;Daily_Mail;Associated_Press;John_Markoff;The_New_York_Times;CNET;The_Wall_Street_Journal;AppleInsider;The_New_York_Times;Gawker_Media;Engadget;The_New_York_Times;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Wall_Street_Journal;YouTube;Wired_News;Los_Angeles_Times;Financial_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steven_Levy;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steven_Levy;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;John_Markoff;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Steve_Wozniak;International_Standard_Book_Number;YouTube;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Forbes;The_Huffington_Post;All_Things_Digital;Time_Warner;The_New_York_Times_Company;Time_Warner;Time_Warner;Time_Warner;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;All_Things_Digital;All_Things_Digital;Tim_Cook;NeXT;Pixar;Stevenote;Pixar;The_Incredibles;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;Hulu;United_States_dollar;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;John_Sculley;Tim_Cook;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Jonathan_Ive;Philip_W._Schiller;Scott_Forstall;Bertrand_Serlet;Bob_Mansfield;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;United_States;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Jobs; Steve_Wozniak Alice Robertson (m. 1976–1980) «start: ( 1976 ) –end+1: ( 1981 ) » " Marriage: Alice Robertson to Steve Wozniak " Location: (linkback: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak ) Candice Clark (m. 1981–1987) «start: ( 1981 ) –end+1: ( 1988 ) » " Marriage: Candice Clark to Steve Wozniak " Location: (linkback: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak ) Suzanne Mulkern (m. 1990–2004) «start: ( 1990 ) –end+1: ( 2005 ) » " Marriage: Suzanne Mulkern to Steve Wozniak " Location: (linkback: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak ) Janet Hill (m. 2008) «start: ( 2008 ) » " Marriage: Janet Hill to Steve Wozniak " Location: (linkback: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak ) Stephan Gary Wozniak or Stephen Gary Wozniak [ 1 ] :18 (born August 11, 1950), [ 4 ] known as Steve Wozniak or Woz , is an American computer engineer and programmer who founded Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ) with Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne . Wozniak is the inventor of the Apple I computer and its successor, the Apple II computer, which contributed significantly to the microcomputer revolution of that era. [ 5 ] United_States;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Ronald_Wayne;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;United_States_dollar;Apple_Computer;Apple_I;Random_access_memory;California;Steve_Jobs;GPS;PAL;Social_networking;Macworld_Expo;Michigan;Tetris;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Los_Angeles_Times;New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;John_Sculley;Steve_Jobs;Tim_Cook;Ronald_Wayne;Jonathan_Ive;Philip_W._Schiller;Scott_Forstall;Bertrand_Serlet;Bob_Mansfield;WebOS;Agilent_Technologies;CNN;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;Apple_Inc.;United_States;Steve_Wozniak;Steve_Wozniak; Steven_Levy Steven Levy (born 1951) is an American journalist who has written several books on computers, technology, cryptography , the Internet, cybersecurity, and privacy. United_States;Wired_magazine;Newsweek;Macworld;The_New_York_Times;Rolling_Stone;Walter_Mossberg;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;IPod;Project_Gutenberg;Steven_Levy;Steven_Levy; Stevenote "Stevenote" is a colloquial term for the keynote speeches given by former Apple CEO Steve Jobs at events such as the Worldwide Developers Conference and previously the Macworld and Apple Expos . Jobs's vibrant speaking style and manner of exciting the crowd was legendary. Because most Apple product releases were first revealed to the public in these keynotes, 'Stevenotes' often caused substantial swings in Apple's stock price. [ 1 ] Jobs's final Stevenote was delivered on June 6, 2011 in which he announced iCloud , Apple's new cloud service. OS X Lion and iOS 5 were also announced that day. This was his last public appearance before his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011 and death on October 5, 2011. Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Macworld_Expo;ICloud;OS_X_Lion;NeXT;Web_browser;IMac;Desktop_computer;IBook;Mac_OS_X;IPod;IPhone;Smartphone;IPad;Moscone_Center;San_Francisco;Yerba_Buena_Center_for_the_Arts;WWDC;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;IMac;QuickTime;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Application_programming_interface;Microsoft;Adobe_Systems;Steve_Jobs;IMac;Apple_Inc.;PowerBook;QuickTime;Mac_OS_X_Server;AppleScript;ColorSync;Classic_Environment;Gap_Inc.;Linux;Windows_NT;BBC_News;Fox_News;Rolling_Stone;Disney;AppleScript;IMac;USB;IBM;IBook;AirPort;FireWire;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Cinema_Display;Sony;Steve_Jobs;Mac_OS_X;Intel;Macintosh;IMac;IBook;AirPort;Mac_OS_X;IPod;IBook;Xcode;IPod_mini;Mac_mini;IPod_shuffle;IPod_nano;Intel;MacBook_Pro;Apple_TV;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPod;MacBook_Air;IPhone;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;IPad;Mac_OS_X_Lion;ICloud;Apple_community;IMac;AirPort;IMac;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod;MacBook_Pro;Macworld_Expo;ITunes_Store;Apple_TV;WWDC;FaceTime;WWDC;Apple_TV;IOS;MacBook_Air;WWDC;Steve_Jobs;NeXT;Pixar;Stevenote;Stevenote; Still_image An image (from Latin : imago ) is an artifact that depicts or records visual perception, for example a two-dimensional picture , that has a similar appearance to some subject –usually a physical object or a person , thus providing a depiction of it. Photograph;Computer_graphics;Cathode_ray_tube;Film;Video;Digital_video;Film;Photograph;Video; Stock_quote Ticker tape was the earliest digital electronic communications medium, transmitting stock price information over telegraph lines, in use between around 1870 through 1970. It consisted of a paper strip which ran through a machine called a stock ticker , which printed abbreviated company names as alphabetic symbols followed by numeric stock transaction price and volume information. The term "ticker" came from the sound made by the machine as it printed. Paper ticker tape started to become obsolete in the 1960s, as television and computers were increasingly used to transmit financial information. The concept of the stock ticker lives on, however, in the scrolling electronic tickers seen on brokerage walls and on financial television networks. Ticker tape was invented in 1867 by Edward A. Calahan, an employee of the American Telegraph Company. [ 1 ] Television;International_Standard_Book_Number; Stompbox A stomp box or stompbox is a simple percussion instrument consisting of a small wooden box placed under the foot, which is tapped or stamped on rhythmically to produce a sound similar to that of a bass drum . A stomp box allows a performer such as a singer or guitar player to create a simple rhythmic self-accompaniment. Stompboxes are most commonly used in American folk and blues music, but are found across the musical spectrum: Bat for Lashes , for instance, has a very large (1m 2 ) stompbox which she strikes with a staff to accompany herself. In modern use, a microphone , or more commonly a simple piezo transducer , is usually placed inside the box to allow amplification. Others (such as the PorchBoard Bass) use sensors designed to produce low-end frequencies. There are commercially produced stomp boxes available (see photos), but performers often simply put a microphone inside whatever box they have handy. Homemade stomp boxes can also be more sophisticated, and can include features such as a built-in preamp . Folk_music;Blues;Microphone; Storage_Module_Device Hard_disk;Megabyte;ANSI;Megabit;SCSI;Toshiba;SCSI;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Storage_Module_Device;Storage_Module_Device; Streaming_SIMD_Extensions Intel;Digital_signal_processing;Central_processing_unit;Operating_system;SPARC;ARM_architecture;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions; Streaming_media Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. Its verb form, "to stream", refers to the process of delivering media in this manner; the term refers to the delivery method of the medium rather than the medium itself. A client media player can begin playing the data (such as a movie) before the entire file has been transmitted. Distinguishing delivery method from the media distributed applies specifically to telecommunications networks , as most other delivery systems are either inherently streaming (e.g., radio , television ) or inherently nonstreaming (e.g., books , video cassettes , audio CDs ). For example, in the 1930s, muzak was among the earliest popularly available streaming media; nowadays Internet television is a common form of streamed media. The term "streaming media" can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning , stock ticker , and real-time text , which are all considered "streaming text". Live streaming , delivering live over the Internet, involves a camera for the media, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Multimedia;Television;Books;Compact_Disc;Internet_television;Closed_captioning;Content_delivery_network;CPU;Operating_system;Internet;RealNetworks;RealPlayer;Microsoft;Windows_Media_Player;Apple_Inc.;QuickTime;Adobe_Flash;YouTube;Data_compression;Apple_TV;Google_TV;Megabyte;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Megabyte;Megabyte;Megabyte;Vorbis;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Flash_Video;WebM;Advanced_Systems_Format;Television_program;Video_on_demand;Intranet;CD;YouTube;IPTV;Push_technology;English_language;Television;Internet_television;Internet_radio;Music_television;Streaming_media;Streaming_media; Streamwaves Streamwaves is an online music service launched in 1999. Founded during file sharing service Napster 's legal troubles, Streamwaves was the first company to license major label masters for a subscription service, and the first company to launch a subscription service with major label content. [ 1 ] This section requires expansion with: Basic company data (seat/nationality, number of employees, revenue profits, ownership). (February 2010) Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;TiVo;Audio_file_format;Digital_Rights_Management;Napster;File_sharing;Napster;Kazaa;EMI;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Kazaa;ITunes;Zune;Napster;Los_Angeles_Times;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Streamwaves;Streamwaves; StubHub StubHub (often styled StubHub! ) is an online marketplace owned by eBay , which provides services for buyers and sellers of tickets for sports , concerts, theater and other live entertainment events. The company was founded in 2000 by Eric Baker and Jeff Fluhr, both former Stanford Business School students and investment bankers , and is located in San Francisco . [ 1 ] The company's president is Chris Tsakalakis. Other executives include Srini Venkatesan, Noah Goldberg, Matthew Gustke, Scott Day, Danielle Maged and Ray Elias. Founder Eric Baker left StubHub in 2004 following a falling-out with the company, and has started a new company, viagogo . [ 2 ] In 2005, the company raised between $10 million and $25 million from Pequot Ventures (now FirstMark Capital ). [ 3 ] StubHub was acquired by eBay in January 2007. [ 4 ] Founder Eric Baker said, "I'm probably the one person from business school who decided to take his MBA and become a ticket scalper ." [ 5 ] Sellers post available tickets at any price they choose. Unlike other online ticket resellers, such as Craigslist (free) and eBay (up front price per listing), StubHub takes a 25% commission after the sale occurs (10% from the buyer, 15% from the seller). Sellers range from season ticket holders who want to unload tickets that would otherwise go unused to professional ticket brokers. StubHub.co.uk was launched in March 2012, and operates from London. StubHub.co.uk takes a commission from the seller after the sale occurs, but has no booking or service fees for buyers. United_States;San_Francisco;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers;National_Hockey_League;StubHub;StubHub; StuffIt StuffIt is a family of computer software utilities for archiving and compressing files on the Macintosh and Microsoft Windows platforms: it was originally produced for the Macintosh. An old version (5.2.0?) for Linux ( x86 ) and Sun Solaris 2.7 or later is also available. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The proprietary compression format used by the StuffIt utilities is also termed StuffIt . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Resource_fork;Resource_fork;MacBinary;Shareware;Shareware;StuffIt_Expander;Mac_OS_X;Unix;Gzip;Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Resource_fork;JPEG;Filename_extension;Disk_image;Mac_OS_X;StuffIt_Expander;Shareware;JPEG;Archive_Utility;The_Unarchiver;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Xz;Compress;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;Rzip;PAQ;EPUB;PAQ;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;StuffIt;StuffIt; StuffIt_Expander StuffIt Expander is a proprietary, freeware , closed source , decompression software utility developed by Allume Systems (a subsidiary of Smith Micro Software formerly known as Aladdin Systems). It runs in Mac OS Classic , Mac OS X , Microsoft Windows , and Linux x86 / UNIX . As of November 2010, the latest Macintosh version is 2011 (15.0.2), which requires Mac OS X v10.5 or later. Version 2010 (14.0.1) runs on Mac OS X v10.4 , version 10.0.2 runs on Mac OS X v10.3 , and version 8.0.2 runs on Mac OS X v10.0 – Mac OS X v10.2 . The latest version for Mac OS 9 is 7.0.3. [ 1 ] As of September 2011, Linux version is no longer available for download from the official page. StuffIt has been a target of criticism and dissatisfaction from Mac users in the past as the file format changes frequently, notably during the introduction of StuffIt version 5.0. Expander 5.0 contained many bugs, and its file format was not readable by the earlier version 4.5, leaving Mac users of the time without a viable compression utility. The latest stand-alone version for Windows is 2009 (13.0). Contrary to the version 12.0, which was only able to decompress the newer .sitx (and ZIP ) archives, version 2009 claims to be able to decompress over 30 formats, some listed below. The executables require both, the .NET v2.0 framework and MSVC 2008 (9.0) runtimes. The previous stand-alone version able to decompress .sit and other Mac OS specific archives was 7.02, distributed with StuffIt v7.0.x for Windows . From versions 7.5.x to 11 the Expander capabilities were actually performed by the StuffIt Standard Edition , that allowed decompression even after the end of the trial period. To start StuffIt in Expander mode the following command line switches were used: -expand -uiexpander . [ 2 ] Note that the registration reminder dialogue box is not shown in this case. There is also a command line DOS application called UNSTUFF v1.1 that allows decompression of .sit files. StuffIt Expander 2009 decompresses files in the following formats: 7-Zip (.7z, .cb7 ) BinHex (.hqx), all versions BTOA (.b2a, .btoa) bzip2 (.bzip, .bzip2, .bz, .bz2, .tbz, .tbz2, .tar.bz, .tar.bz2) Compact Pro (.cpt) LZMA (.lzma, .tlzma, .tar.lzma) MacBinary (.bin, .macbin), all versions MIME/Base 64 (.mime) Private File (.pF), Aladdin's encryption file format RAR (.rar, .rNN, .cbr , .partNN.rar), including segmented SpaceSaver StuffIt compression format used in versions prior 5.x StuffIt (.sit, .sitx, .sit.N, .partNN.sitx, .sea, .exe) v1.5.1 to 8.0.x, including encrypted, segmented and self-extracting archive tar (.tar, .gtar, .gnutar, .ustar, .cbt ) Unix Compress (.Z, .z, .taz) UU (.uu, .uue, .enc), PC/Unix 8 bit to 7 bit encoding similar to BinHex (.hqx) yEncode (.ync, .y) ZIP (.zip, .zNN, .cbz , .exe), including encrypted, Zip64, segmented and self-extracting archive Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Freeware;Data_compression;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;StuffIt;Microsoft_Windows;StuffIt;StuffIt;DOS;ARJ;Gzip;MacBinary;Encryption;StuffIt;Compress;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;StuffIt_Expander;StuffIt_Expander; Style_Jukebox Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Windows;DVD;USB;IPod;Codec;IPod;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Style_Jukebox;Style_Jukebox; Stylus A stylus (plural: styli or styluses [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ) is a writing utensil , or a small tool for some other form of marking or shaping, for example in pottery . It can also be a computer accessory that is used to assist in navigating or providing more precision when using touchscreens . It usually refers to a narrow elongated staff, similar to a modern ballpoint pen . Many styli are heavily curved to be held more easily. Another widely-used writing tool is the stylus used by blind users in conjunction with the slate for punching out the dots in Braille . [ 3 ] Styli were first used by the ancient Mesopotamians in order to write in cuneiform , Egyptians (Middle Kingdom), and the Minoans of Crete (Linear A and Cretan Hieroglyphic) made styli in various materials: reeds that grew on the sides of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and in marshes and down to Egypt where the Egyptians used styli from sliced reeds with sharp points; bone and metal styli were also used. Cuneiform was entirely based on the "wedge-shaped" mark that the end of a cut reed made when pushed into a clay tablet , hence the name "cuneiform" from Latin cuneus = " wedge ". The linear writings of Crete in the first half of the second millennium BC were made on sun dried clay tablets that were left to dry in order to become 'leather' hard before they were incised by the stylus. The linear nature of the writing was also dictated by the use of the stylus. Personal_digital_assistant;Sound_recording;Tablet_computer;Touchscreen;Pen_computing;Stylus;Stylus; SubRip SubRip is a software program for Windows which " rips " (extracts) subtitles and their timings from video. It is free software , released under the GNU GPL . SubRip is also the name of the widely used and broadly compatible subtitle text file format created by this software. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Microsoft_Windows;Ripping;Free_software;Codec;Filename_extension;Filename_extension;Windows;DirectX;Adobe_Flash;Avidemux;SubStation_Alpha;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;SubRip;SubRip; SubStation_Alpha SubStation Alpha (or Sub Station Alpha ), abbreviated SSA , is a subtitle file format created by CS Low (also known as Kotus) that allows for more advanced subtitles than the conventional SRT and similar formats. This format can be rendered with VSFilter in conjunction with a DirectShow -aware video player (on Microsoft Windows ), or MPlayer with the SSA/ASS library. It is also the name of the popular, now discontinued tool used to edit subtitles. This subtitle format is frequently used in anime fansubs , either to overlay subtitles onto video while it is being encoded ( hardsubbing ), or to store subtitle data alongside video data in a Matroska (MKV) container (softsubbing). Hardsubbing is irreversible but does not require VSFilter or other special resources for playback. Softsubbing allows the end user to choose whether subtitles will be displayed, and makes it possible to include multiple subtitle streams in the same video file. The current version of SSA is v4.00. There are many freeware and open source subtitling applications that support the SSA format. Filename_extension;File_format;SubRip;DirectShow;Microsoft_Windows;MPlayer;Matroska;Freeware;Avidemux;DirectShow;DivX;MPlayer;VideoPad;VirtualDub;VLC_media_player;XBMC;SubStation_Alpha;SubStation_Alpha; Subnetwork A subnetwork , or subnet , is a logically visible subdivision of an IP network . [ 1 ] The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting . All computers that belong to a subnet are addressed with a common, identical, most-significant bit-group in their IP address . This results in the logical division of an IP address into two fields, a network or routing prefix and the rest field or host identifier. The rest field is an identifier for a specific host or network interface. The routing prefix is expressed in CIDR notation . It is written as the first address of a network, followed by a slash character ( / ), and ending with the bit-length of the prefix. For example, 192.168.1.0/24 is the prefix of the Internet Protocol Version 4 network starting at the given address, having 24 bits allocated for the network prefix, and the remaining 8 bits reserved for host addressing. The IPv6 address specification 2001:db8::/32 is a large network with 2 96 addresses, having a 32-bit routing prefix. In IPv4 the routing prefix is also specified in the form of the subnet mask , which is expressed in quad-dotted decimal representation like an address. For example, 255.255.255.0 is the network mask for the 192.168.1.0/24 prefix. Traffic between subnetworks is exchanged or routed with special gateways called routers which constitute the logical or physical boundaries between the subnets. The benefits of subnetting vary with each deployment scenario. In the address allocation architecture of the Internet using Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) and in large organizations, it is necessary to allocate address space efficiently. It may also enhance routing efficiency, or have advantages in network management when subnetworks are administratively controlled by different entities in a larger organization. Subnets may be arranged logically in a hierarchical architecture, partitioning an organization's network address space into a tree-like routing structure. IP_address;Internet;Ethernet;Open_Directory_Project;Subnetwork;Subnetwork; Subscriber_Identity_Module A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module ( SIM ) is an integrated circuit that securely stores the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and the related key used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers ). A SIM is embedded into a removable SIM card, which can be transferred between different mobile devices. SIM cards were first made the same size as a credit card (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm × 0.76 mm). The development of physically-smaller mobile devices prompted the development of a smaller SIM card, the mini-SIM card. Mini-SIM cards have the same thickness as full-size cards, but their length and width are reduced to 25 mm × 15 mm. A SIM card contains its unique serial number (ICCID), international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network, a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords: a personal identification number (PIN) for ordinary use and a personal unblocking code (PUK) for PIN unlocking. Integrated_circuit;Mobile_phone;Computer;Operating_system;Credit_card;IPad;GPRS;CDMA;GSM;GSM;CDMA;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;SIM_lock;Tethering;PC_Magazine;YouTube;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol; Subscription_business_model The subscription business model is a business model where a customer must pay a subscription price to have access to the product/service. The model was pioneered by magazines and newspapers , but is now used by many businesses and websites. Rather than selling products individually, a subscription sells periodic (monthly or yearly or seasonal) use or access to a product or service , or, in the case of such non-profit organizations as opera companies or symphony orchestras , it sells tickets to the entire run of five to fifteen scheduled performances for an entire season. Thus, a one-time sale of a product can become a recurring sale and can build brand loyalty . It is used for anything where a user is tracked in both a subscribed and unsubscribed status. Membership fees to some types of organizations, such as trade unions , are also known as subscriptions. Industries that use this model include mail order book sales clubs and music sales clubs, cable television , satellite television providers with pay-TV channels, satellite radio , telephone companies , cell phone companies , internet providers , software providers , business solutions providers, financial services firms, fitness clubs , and pharmaceuticals , as well as the traditional newspapers, magazines and academic journals . Renewal of a subscription may be periodic and activated automatically, so that the cost of a new period is automatically paid for by a pre-authorized charge to a credit card or a checking account. In the U.S., recurring card charges must be disclosed in writing to the cardholder at least 10 days before each charge. [ 1 ] A common model on web sites, colloquially becoming known as the freemium model, is to provide content for free, but restrict access to premium features (for example, archives) to paying subscribers. It has also been described as ransomware . In this case, the subscriber-only content is said to be behind a paywall or - in a scholarly context - closed access , which alludes to the alternative model of open access . The razor and blades business model (also called the bait-and-hook model) is an attempt to approximate the subscription model, but without a formal agreement by both parties. Credit_card;Customer_relationship_management;Subscription_business_model;Subscription_business_model; Subtitles Subtitles are textual versions of the dialog in films, television programs and (in recent years) video games, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. They can either be a form of written translation of a dialog in a foreign language, or a written rendering of the dialog in the same language, with or without added information to help viewers who are deaf and hard-of-hearing to follow the dialog, or people who cannot understand the spoken dialogue or who have accent recognition problems. Television teletext subtitles, which are hidden unless requested by the viewer from a menu or by selecting the relevant teletext page (e.g., p. 888), always carry additional sound representations for deaf and hard of hearing viewers. Teletext subtitle language follows the original audio, except in multi-lingual countries where the broadcaster may provide subtitles in additional languages on other teletext pages. Sometimes, mainly at film festivals , subtitles may be shown on a separate display below the screen, thus saving the film-maker from creating a subtitled copy for perhaps just one showing. Television subtitling for the deaf and hard-of-hearing is also referred to as closed captioning in some countries. More exceptional uses also include operas, such as Verdi's Aida, where sung lyrics in Italian are subtitled in English or in another local language outside the stage area on luminous screens for the audience to follow the storyline. Closed_captioning;Tagged_Image_File_Format;BMP_file_format;VirtualDub;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Closed_captioning;Closed_captioning;United_Kingdom;United_States;Speech_recognition;QWERTY;QWERTY;Universal_Studios;Germany;Italy;France;Spain;Germany;Italy;Spain;Albania;Argentina;Australia;Belgium;French_language;Bolivia;Brazil;Bulgaria;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Cyprus;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Greece;Hong_Kong;Japan;Malaysia;Norway;Peru;Portugal;Romania;Disney_Channel;Slovenia;Singapore;English_language;Korean_language;Sweden;Taiwan;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Venezuela;English_language;DVD;SubRip;XML;MPlayer;HTML;SubRip;SubStation_Alpha;Film;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Silverlight;Japanese_language;Japanese_language;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Microsoft_Word; Suicide Suicide ( Latin suicidium , from sui caedere , "to kill oneself") is the act of intentionally causing one's own death . Suicide is often committed out of despair , the cause of which can be attributed to a mental disorder such as depression , bipolar disorder , schizophrenia , autism spectrum disorders , alcoholism , or drug abuse . [ 1 ] Stress factors such as financial difficulties or troubles with interpersonal relationships often play a significant role. [ 2 ] Over one million people die by suicide every year. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that it is the 13th leading cause of death worldwide [ 3 ] and the National Safety Council rates it sixth in the United States. [ 4 ] It is a leading cause of death among teenagers and adults under 35. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The rate of suicide is far higher in men than in women, with males worldwide three to four times more likely to kill themselves than females. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year worldwide. [ 9 ] Views on suicide have been influenced by broader cultural views on existential themes such as religion , honor , and the meaning of life . The Abrahamic religions traditionally consider suicide an offense towards God due to the belief in the sanctity of life . It was often regarded as a serious crime and that view remains commonplace in modern Western thought. However, before the rise of Christianity , suicide was not seen as automatically immoral in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Conversely, during the samurai era in Japan , seppuku was respected as a means of atonement for failure or as a form of protest. Sati is a Hindu funeral practice, now outlawed, in which the widow was expected to immolate herself on her husband's funeral pyre, either willingly or under pressure from the family and society. [ 10 ] In the 20th and 21st centuries, suicide in the form of self-immolation has been used as a medium of protest, and the form of kamikaze and suicide bombings as a military or terrorist tactic. Medically assisted suicide ( euthanasia , or the right to die ) is a controversial issue in modern ethics . The defining characteristic is the focus on people who are terminally ill , in extreme pain, or possessing (actual or perceived) minimal quality of life resulting from an injury or illness. Self-sacrifice on behalf of another is not necessarily considered suicide; the subjective goal is not to end one's own life, but rather to save the life of another. However, in Émile Durkheim 's theory, such acts are termed " altruistic suicide ." [ 11 ] MedlinePlus;Japan;United_States;Insomnia;Crack_cocaine;Australia;Sedative;Liver;Brazil;Italy;Canada;Singapore;Germany;Switzerland;San_Francisco;Japan;Webcam;The_Guardian;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;BBC_News;The_Guardian;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Suicide;Suicide; Sulforidazine InChI=1S/C21H26N2O2S2/c1-22-13-6-5-7-16(22)12-14-23-18-8-3-4-9-20(18)26-21-11-10-17(15-19(21)23)27(2,24)25/h3-4,8-11,15-16H,5-7,12-14H2,1-2H3 Y Key:FLGCRGJDQJIJAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Sulforidazine ( Imagotan , Psychoson , Inofal ) a typical antipsychotic and a metabolite of thioridazine ; it and mesoridazine are more potent than the parent compound, whose pharmacological effects are believed by some to be largely due to its metabolism into sulforidazine and mesoridazine. [ 1 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Thioridazine;Mesoridazine;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Sulforidazine;Sulforidazine; Sun_Microsystems Computer;SPARC;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Unix;Open_source;Stanford_University;Bangalore;Fibre_Channel;Pixo;SPARC;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Web_browser;Application_programming_interface;Java_ME;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;AOL;Computing_platform;Sony;XML;Facebook;Free_Software_Foundation;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Register;CNET;The_Register;ZDNet;CNET;CNET;CNET;CNET;European_Union;ZDNet;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Programming_language;Operating_system;SPARC;United_States_dollar;SPARC;SPARC;Sun_Microsystems;Sun_Microsystems; SuperDisk The SuperDisk , sometimes marketed as LS-120 and a later variant LS-240 , is a high-speed, high-capacity alternative to the 90 mm (3.5 in), 1.44 MB floppy disk . The Superdisk hardware was introduced by 3M 's storage products group (later known as Imation ) circa 1997. Imation mainly sold Matsushita-built drives under the SuperDisk name; other companies tended to use the LS-120 name, and sold the Mitsubishi drives. However, the system was not a huge success. Few OEMs supported it, aside from Compaq . SuperDrive;Power_supply;Megabyte;Floppy_disk;Imation;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Digital_camera;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Universal_Serial_Bus;Kibibyte;Kibibyte;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;Apple_Macintosh;Macintosh;Windows_XP;USB;SuperDisk;SuperDisk; SuperDrive SuperDrive is a trademark used by Apple Inc. for two different storage drives: from 1988–99 to refer to a high-density floppy disk drive capable of reading all major 3.5" disk formats; and from 2001 onwards to refer to a combined CD / DVD reader/writer. 1 Floppy disk drive 2 CD and DVD drive [ edit ] Floppy disk drive Internal SuperDrive floppy drive on a Macintosh LC II The term was first used by Apple Computer in 1988 to refer to their 1.44 MB 3.5 inch floppy drive . This replaced the older 800 KB floppy drive that had been standard in the Macintosh up to then, but remained compatible in that it could continue to read and write both 800K (double-sided) and 400K (single-sided) floppy disks, as well as the then-new high-density floppies. This drive was also capable of reading and writing MS-DOS formatted disks and FAT file formats, using PC Exchange or other software, unlike the 400K and 800K drives. This was made possible as the SuperDrive now utilitized the same MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation) encoding scheme used by the IBM PC, yet still retained backward compatibility with Apple's variable-speed zoned CAV scheme and Group Code Recording encoding format, so it could continue to read Macintosh MFS , HFS and Apple II ProDOS formats on 400/800K disks. Introduced in 1988 under the Trademark name FDHD (Floppy Disk High Density), the subsequently renamed SuperDrive was known primarily as an internally mounted floppy drive that was part of the Macintosh computer; however, an external version of the drive was manufactured that came in a Snow White -styled plastic case. While the external drive worked on both Apple's product lines, it was mainly intended for use on the Apple II series, for which Apple introduced in 1991 a slot-based interface called the Apple II 3.5 Disk Controller Card for Apple IIe and II GS computers so they too could use 1.4 MB storage and read/write MS-DOS. The controller card as well as the external Superdrive were discontinued in June 1994. The SuperDrive cannot be used with the original four Mac models ( Macintosh 128K through Macintosh Plus ), as their disk controller (IWM) doesn't support high density. The next two models to be released ( Macintosh II Macintosh SE (1987)) also shipped with that controller; a SuperDrive connected to them will behave as an 800K drive. These two models can be upgraded via the M0244 upgrade kit (which replaces the IWM disk controller with the SWIM) and gain full use of the SuperDrive. All later models shipped with the SWIM. The first Macintosh model to include a SuperDrive floppy drive was the Macintosh IIx (1988). Every Macintosh and PowerBook introduced from 1988-97 (with the exception of the PowerBook 100 , PowerBook Duo series, and PowerBook 2400c , which offered a proprietary external floppy drive as an option), had a built-in SuperDrive floppy drive. The last model to include one was the Power Macintosh G3 series, which was manufactured until January 1999. The PowerBook G3 1998 model, (a.k.a. Wallstreet) had an optional floppy drive module. The PowerBook 190 series, PowerBook 5300 Series, PowerBook 3400c , and original PowerBook G3 shared the same interchangeable floppy drive module as a standard feature. The drive as mounted on PowerBooks lacked the auto-inject feature of Apple's initial desktop SuperDrive implementation, requiring the user to manually insert the disk all the way into the drive. The feature was dropped throughout the lineup during 1993-94. The PowerBook 1400 series also had a floppy drive module, but was incompatible with the other PowerBooks. The end of the SuperDrive coincides with the demise of Old World ROM Macs; with the advent of the New World ROM machines, Apple stopped offering internal floppy drives on all models. The SuperDrive is not supported in Mac OS X , not even on the few Old World ROM machines that can officially run OS X. [ edit ] CD and DVD drive Once use of floppy disks started declining, Apple reused the trademark to refer to the (originally Pioneer-built ) DVD writers built into its Macintosh models, which can read and write both DVDs and CDs . Apple has used the name to refer to a number of underlying drive mechanisms; as of December 2006, SuperDrives are combination DVD±RW and CD-RW writer drives offering speeds of 8–24X [ 1 ] and supporting the DVD±R , DVD+R DL , DVD-R DL , DVD±RW , DVD-9 , CD-R , and CD-RW formats along with all normal read-only media. Most new Apple computers contain the SuperDrive. The portable lineups of the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro with Retina Display, along with the Mac Mini, however, lack the SuperDrive. DVD-RAM support, notably, is absent or unofficial (some OEM drive models). The recent server version of the Mac Mini optionally includes an external USB SuperDrive, since a SATA hard drive now occupies the space formerly held by the optical drive. [ edit ] See also Macintosh External Disk Drive SuperDisk - a format designed by Imation as a successor to the floppy disk. Super Multi - a type of DVD drive that can read and write all DVD formats. Combo drive - an optical drive that can read and write CDs and reads DVDs MacBook Air - a laptop made by Apple that utilizes Apple's first external USB SuperDrive Timeline of Apple products SuperDisk;MacBook_Air;Apple_Inc.;Floppy_disk;CD;DVD;Macintosh_LC_II;Apple_Computer;Megabyte;Floppy_disk;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;Apple_Macintosh;File_Allocation_Table;PC_Exchange;Modified_Frequency_Modulation;IBM;Zoned_CAV;Group_Code_Recording;Macintosh_File_System;Hierarchical_File_System;Apple_II;ProDOS;Snow_White_design_language;Apple_IIe;Apple_IIgs;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Mac_OS_X;Pioneer_Corporation;DVD_burner;Compact_disc;Mac_Mini;SATA;Hard_drive;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;SuperDisk;Imation;Super_Multi;Combo_drive;MacBook_Air;Timeline_of_Apple_products;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;SuperDrive;SuperDrive; SuperH SuperH (or SH ) is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Hitachi . It is implemented by microcontrollers and microprocessors for embedded systems . The SH-3 and SH-4 architectures support both big-endian and little-endian byte ordering (they are bi-endian ). Embedded_system;Digital_signal_processing;STMicroelectronics;Patent_holding_company;ARM_architecture;Mobile_phone;JPEG;Video_game_console;Ethernet;USB;Microdrive;ARM_architecture;SPARC;SuperH;SuperH; SuperKaramba SuperKaramba (From Portuguese and Spanish "super caramba", that means approximately "super gee" or "super cool") is a tool that allows one to easily create functionality enhancement modules on a KDE desktop . Currently, only Linux is officially supported, although it also works well on FreeBSD and NetBSD . This program is similar to gDesklets for GNOME , Yahoo! Widget Engine for Windows and Mac OS X , DesktopX for Windows, and Dashboard for Mac OS X and also the 'gadgets' subset of Google Desktop for Microsoft Windows . The interactive programs are usually embedded directly into the background and do not disturb the normal view of the desktop. The use of SuperKaramba is not limited to KDE, but certain libraries from KDE are required. SuperKaramba is included in KDE 3.5. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Application_software;Software_license;Linux;GDesklets;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;DesktopX;Microsoft_Windows;JavaScript;XMMS;Central_processing_unit;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Kopete;JuK;Kaffeine;Kdenlive;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;WebKit;WidSets;SuperKaramba;SuperKaramba; SuperMac UMAX Technologies (originally UMAX Computer Corporation ) is a manufacturer of computer products, including scanners , mice , and flash drives , based in Taiwan . The company also uses the Yamada and Vaova brand names. [ 1 ] Image_scanner;Taiwan;Europe;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Computer;Megapixel;Digital_camera; Super_Bowl The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL), the highest level of professional American football in the United States, culminating a season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. The Super Bowl uses Roman numerals to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played on January 15, 1967, following the 1966 regular season , while the most recent game, Super Bowl XLVI , was played on February 5, 2012, to determine the champion of the 2011 season . The game was created as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues' champion teams would play in an AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970. After the merger, each league was redesignated as a " conference ", and the game was then played between the conference champions. Currently, the NFC leads the series with 25 wins to 21 wins for the AFC. The day on which the Super Bowl is played, now considered by some a de facto American national holiday , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is called " Super Bowl Sunday ". It is the second-largest day for U.S. food consumption, after Thanksgiving Day . [ 3 ] In addition, the Super Bowl has frequently been the most watched American television broadcast of the year. Super Bowl XLV, played in 2011, became the most-watched American television program in history, drawing an average audience of 111 million viewers and taking over the spot held by the previous year's Super Bowl, which itself had taken over the #1 spot held for twenty-eight years by the final episode of M*A*S*H . [ 4 ] The Super Bowl is also among the most watched sporting events in the world , mostly due to North American audiences, and is second to association football (soccer)’s UEFA Champions League final as the most watched annual sporting event worldwide. [ 5 ] Because of its high viewership, commercial airtime during the Super Bowl broadcast is the most expensive of the year. Due to the high cost of investing in advertising on the Super Bowl, companies regularly develop their most expensive advertisements for this broadcast. As a result, watching and discussing the broadcast's commercials has become a significant aspect of the event. [ 6 ] In addition, many popular singers and musicians have performed during the event's pre-game and halftime ceremonies because of the exposure. National_Football_League;Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers;United_States;Super_Bowl_XLV;Paul_McCartney;The_Beatles;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Super_Bowl_XLV;Cowboys_Stadium;Super_Bowl_XLV;Stanford_University;Associated_Press;Associated_Press;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;USA_Today;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Super_Bowl_XLV;National_Football_League;Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers;Super_Bowl;Super_Bowl; Super_Bowl_XLV Super Bowl XLV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Green Bay Packers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2010 season . The Packers defeated the Steelers by the score of 31–25. The game was played on February 6, 2011, at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas , the first time the Super Bowl was played in the Dallas–Fort Worth area. Unlike other matchups, this game featured two title-abundant franchises: coming into the game, the Packers held the most NFL championships with 12 (9 league championships prior to the Super Bowl era and 3 Super Bowl championships), while the Steelers held the most Super Bowl championships with 6. The Packers entered their fifth Super Bowl in team history, and became the first number 6-seeded team in the NFC to compete in the Super Bowl, after posting a 10–6 regular season record. The Steelers finished the regular season with a 12–4 record, and advanced to a league-tying 8th Super Bowl appearance. Green Bay dominated most of the first half of Super Bowl XLV, jumping to a 21–3 lead before Pittsburgh cut it down to 21-10 just before halftime. Then after the teams exchanged touchdowns, the Steelers pulled within 28-25 midway through the fourth quarter with wide receiver Mike Wallace 's 25-yard touchdown reception from quarterback Ben Roethlisberger and a two-point conversion . But the Packers answered with Mason Crosby 's 23-yard field goal with 2:07 remaining, and then prevented the Steelers from scoring on their final drive of the game. Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers was named Super Bowl MVP , completing 24 of 39 passes for 304 yards and three touchdowns. The broadcast of Super Bowl XLV on Fox averaged about 111 million viewers, breaking the then-record for the most-watched program in American television history. [ 1 ] The game's attendance was 103,219, short of the Super Bowl record 103,985 set in Super Bowl XIV at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California . The halftime show featured the American hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas , with additional performances by Usher and Slash . Cowboys_Stadium;United_States_dollar;Super_Bowl;National_Football_League;Cowboys_Stadium;Hip_hop_music;Cowboys_Stadium;Barack_Obama;Cowboys_Stadium;Cowboys_Stadium;Internet_television;NBC;CBS;United_States_dollar;Volkswagen;Audi;General_Motors;Chrysler;Asia;Australia;Canada;Europe;Austria;Belgium;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Hungary;Romania;Italy;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;Brazil;Mexico;Brazil;Denmark;France;Germany;Hungary;Japan;Mexico;Netherlands;Spain;United_Kingdom;Cowboys_Stadium;Country_music;Los_Angeles_Times;USA_Today;Super_Bowl;National_Football_League;National_Football_League;National_Football_League;Super_Bowl_XLV;Super_Bowl_XLV; Super_Multi Super Multi is a term used to label DVD recorders that support both "minus" ( DVD-R / DVD-RW ) and "plus" ( DVD+R / DVD+RW ) DVD formats, as well as DVD-RAM . This term —suggesting somehow an improvement over DVD Multi — was coined by LG and is now officially protected by LG. It is also used by NEC for some of their products. LiteOn uses the term Super AllWrite instead, which essentially has the same meaning. Some Super Multi drives can also write one or more dual-layer formats (typically DVD-R DL and DVD+R DL ), but this is not implied by the Super Multi qualification in itself. In general, Super Multi drives do not necessarily write to: DVD-R for Authoring discs They usually do not support LightScribe , HD-BURN or GigaRec either. Overburning may or may not be possible. LG_Display;Super_Multi;Super_Multi; Supply_chain_management Dell;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Customer_relationship_management;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Customer_relationship_management;Customer_relationship_management;Supply_chain_management;Supply_chain_management; Surround_sound Surround sound is a technique for enriching the sound reproduction quality of an audio source with additional audio channels from speakers that surround the listener ( surround channels ), providing sound from a 360° radius in the horizontal plane (2D) as opposed to "screen channels" ( centre , [front] left, and [front] right) originating only from the listener's forward arc. Surround sound is characterized by a listener location or sweet spot where the audio effects work best, and presents a fixed or forward perspective of the sound field to the listener at this location. The technique enhances the perception of sound spatialization by exploiting sound localization ; a listener's ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance. Typically this is achieved by using multiple discrete audio channels routed to an array of loudspeakers . There are various surround sound based formats and techniques, varying in reproduction and recording methods along with the number and positioning of additional channels. Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Soundtrack;Home_cinema;Film;HDTV;Dolby_Digital;Dolby_Digital;Camcorder;Stereophonic_sound;Advanced_Audio_Coding;WAV;IMAX;Japan;Netherlands;MPEG_Surround;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Dolby_Digital;Advanced_Audio_Coding;HDV;Component_video;HDMI;VGA_connector;Surround_sound;Surround_sound; Swaziland – in Africa ( light blue dark grey ) – in the African Union ( light blue ) Lobamba (royal and legislative) Mbabane (administrative; coordinates below) 26°19′S 31°8′E  /  26.317°S 31.133°E  / -26.317; 31.133 Official language(s) Unitary parliamentary constitutional and absolute monarchy Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Deputy Prime Minister Parliament of Swaziland from British protection 17,364 km 2 ( 157th ) 1,185,000 [ 1 ] ( 154th ) 68.2/km 2 ( 135th ) $6.233 billion [ 2 ] $3.947 billion [ 2 ] Estimates for the country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. Swaziland , officially the Kingdom of Swaziland ( Umbuso weSwatini ), and sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa , bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa , and to the east by Mozambique . The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II . Swaziland is a small country, no more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) north to south and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east to west. The western half is mountainous, descending to a lowveld region to the east. The eastern border with Mozambique and South Africa is dominated by the escarpment of the Lebombo Mountains . The climate is temperate in the west, but may reach 40 °C (104 °F) in summer in the lowveld. Rainfall occurs mainly in the summer and may reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in the west. The area that Swaziland now covers has been continuously inhabited since prehistory. Today, the population is primarily ethnic Swazis whose language is Swati , though English is spoken as a second language. The Swazi people descend from the southern Bantu who migrated from Central Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Anglo-Boer War saw the United Kingdom make Swaziland a protectorate under its direct control. Swaziland gained independence in 1968. Swaziland is a member of the Southern African Development Community , the African Union , and the Commonwealth of Nations . The head of state is the king, who appoints the prime minister and a small number of representatives for both chambers of parliament. Elections are held every five years to determine the majority of the representatives. A new constitution was adopted in 2005. Some 75% of the population are employed in subsistence farming , and 60% of the population live on less than the equivalent of US$1.25 per day. [ 4 ] Swaziland's main trading partner is South Africa , and its currency is pegged to the South African rand . Many of Swaziland's peasants make their living by growing marijuana, which is sold to South Africa. [ 5 ] Swaziland's economic growth and societal integrity is highly endangered by its disastrous HIV epidemic , to an extent where the United Nations Development Program has written that if it continues unabated, the "longer term existence of Swaziland as a country will be seriously threatened." [ 6 ] The infection rate in the country is unprecedented and the highest in the world at 26.1% of adults, [ 7 ] and over 50% of adults in their 20s. [ 6 ] According to the CIA World Factbook, Swaziland has the lowest life expectancy in the world, with an average life expectancy of only 31.88 years. [ 8 ] English_language;United_Kingdom;Mozambique;United_Kingdom;Mozambique;English_language;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Swaziland;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Zimbabwe;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Zimbabwe;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Sweden;Thailand;United_Kingdom;The_Gambia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Liberia;Burkina_Faso;Benin;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;The_Gambia;Liberia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Liberia;Benin;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Zimbabwe;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Swaziland;Swaziland; Sweden – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 59°21′N 18°4′E  /  59.35°N 18.067°E  / 59.35; 18.067 Official language(s) no official statistics on ethnicity but 20% of the population have foreign background (2011) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Swedish or Swedes Constitutional monarchy , Unitary parliamentary representative democracy King Carl XVI Gustaf Fredrik Reinfeldt ( M ) Per Westerberg ( M ) 449,964 km 2 ( 57th ) 20.6/km 2 ( 195th ) $381.719 billion [ 4 ] $538.237 billion [ 4 ] Swedish krona ( SEK ) a. ^ För Sverige – I tiden has been adopted by Carl XVI Gustaf as his personal motto. b. ^ Du gamla, Du fria has never been officially adopted as national anthem, but is so by convention. c. ^ Since 1 July 2009. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Five other languages are officially recognized as minority languages . [ 8 ] They are: Finnish , Meänkieli , Romani , Sami and Yiddish . The Swedish Sign Language also has a special status. e. ^ Since 3 September 1967 . f. ^ The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. Sweden ( i / ˈ s w iː d ən / SWEE -dən ; Swedish : Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen ) ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige ( help · info ) ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe . Sweden borders with Norway and Finland , and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund . At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. [ 3 ] Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. [ 9 ] Sweden's capital city is Stockholm , which is also the largest city. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages . In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire . The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union . Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime" . [ 10 ] Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD . Today, Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy form of government and a highly developed economy. Sweden has the world's eighth highest per capita income . In 2011, it ranked fourth in the world in The Economist ' s Democracy Index and tenth in the United Nations ' Human Development Index (third on the inequality-adjusted HDI ). In 2010, the World Economic Forum ranked Sweden as the second most competitive country in the world, after Switzerland. [ 11 ] According to the UN , it has the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world. In 2010, Sweden also had one of the lowest Gini coefficient of all developed countries (0.25), [ 12 ] making Sweden one of the world's most equal country in terms of income. Sweden's wealth, however, is distributed much less equally than its income. The top 10% has about 72% of nation's wealth, and at a wealth Gini coefficient of 0.85, Swedish wealth inequality is higher than European average of 0.8. [ 13 ] Europe;European_Union;Swedish_krona;European_Union;Norway;Finland;Denmark;European_Union;Ukraine;Ukraine;European_Union;Cyprus;European_Union;Europe;Norway;Finland;Denmark;Germany;Poland;Lithuania;Latvia;Estonia;Denmark;European_Union;Cyprus;Liberia;Chad;Swedish_krona;France;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;German_language;French_language;European_Union;Finland;Poland;Germany;Denmark;Norway;Film;Heavy_metal_music;Britney_Spears;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Sweden;Swedish_krona;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;Germany;Latvia;Lithuania;Poland;Sweden;Sweden; Swedish_krona The krona (plural: kronor ; sign : kr ; code : SEK ) has been the currency of Sweden since 1873. Both the ISO code "SEK" and currency sign "kr" are in common use; the former precedes or follows the value, the latter usually follows it, but especially in the past, it sometimes preceded the value. In English, the currency is sometimes referred to as the Swedish crown , since krona literally means crown in Swedish. One krona is subdivided into 100 öre (singular and plural; when referring to the currency unit itself, however, the plural is ören ). However, all öre coins have been discontinued as of 30 September 2010. [ 3 ] Goods can still be priced in öre , but all sums are rounded to the nearest krona when paying with cash. Sweden;Sweden;Denmark;Norway;Denmark;Norway;United_States;United_States_dollar;European_Union;Japan;United_Kingdom;Australia;Switzerland;Swiss_franc;Canada;Canadian_dollar;Hong_Kong;Sweden;New_Zealand;Eurozone;Eurozone;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Danish_krone;Norwegian_krone;Eurozone;Danish_krone;Europe;European_Union;Danish_krone;Norwegian_krone;Swiss_franc;Swedish_krona;Swedish_krona; Swiss_French Swiss French ( French Suisse Romand ) is the name used for the variety of French spoken in the French-speaking area of Switzerland known as Romandie . Swiss French is not to be confused with Franco-Provençal/Arpitan (also spoken in Romandie) or Romansh (spoken in the Grisons ), two other individual Romance languages . The differences between Swiss French and Parisian French are minor and mostly lexical: a Swiss French speaker would have no trouble understanding a French speaker, while a French speaker would encounter only a few unfamiliar words while listening to a Swiss French speaker. Swiss French, when compared with French of France, has a somewhat "sing-song" effect. Swiss French differs from the French of France to a far lesser extent than Swiss German differs from standard German . This was not always the case, as most of the dialects spoken in the Romandie died out and thus are no longer spoken or used. There is not a single standardized Swiss French language: different cantons (or even different towns in some cases) will use different vocabulary, often derived from the local regional language or from German, since Switzerland is predominantly German-speaking. Many Standard French terms are used in certain cantons such as Geneva due to their proximity to the French border. Switzerland;France;Italy;French_language;Switzerland;French_language;Switzerland;Swiss_German;Swiss_German;Swiss_Italian;French_language;Canadian_French;Swiss_French;Swiss_French; Swiss_German Switzerland;Austria;Italy;German_language;Switzerland;Europe;Swiss_French;Italian_language;Italy;Swiss_French;Swiss_Italian;English_language;German_language;Swiss_German;Swiss_German; Swiss_Italian Swiss Italian is the name given to the dialect spoken by about 500,000 Swiss in the canton of Ticino and in the southern part of Graubünden (Canton Grigioni). Sometimes the term is also used to signify the Italian-speaking autochthonous population in Switzerland. It should not be confused with Ticinese , a comprehensive name for the dialects of Western Lombard spoken in the same area of Switzerland. Switzerland;Switzerland;Swiss_German;German_language;Swiss_German;Swiss_French;Italian_language;Swiss_Italian;Swiss_Italian; Swiss_franc The franc ( sign : Fr. or SFr.; German : Franken , French and Romansh : franc , Italian : franco ; code : CHF ) is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein ; it is also legal tender in the Italian exclave Campione d'Italia . Although not formally legal tender in the German exclave Büsingen (the sole legal currency is the euro ), it is in wide daily use there. The Swiss National Bank issues banknotes and the federal mint Swissmint issues coins . The Swiss franc is the only version of the franc still issued in Europe. The smaller denomination, a hundredth of a franc, is a Rappen (Rp.) in German, centime (c.) in French, centesimo (ct.) in Italian, and rap (rp.) in Romansh . The ISO code of the currency used by banks and financial institutions is CHF , although "Fr." is used by most businesses and advertisers; some use SFr. ; the Latinate "CH" stands for Confoederatio Helvetica . Given the quadrilingual populace , Latin is used for language-neutral inscriptions on the coins. Switzerland;Switzerland;Italy;Germany;Swiss_German;German_language;French_language;Italian_language;Switzerland;Germany;France;Belgium;Italy;Switzerland;United_States_dollar;Science;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Bloomberg_Businessweek;BBC_News;French_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Europe;European_Union;Danish_krone;Swedish_krona;Norwegian_krone;Swiss_franc;Swiss_franc; Switzerland in Europe ( dark grey ) — [ Legend ] Bern [ note 1 ] (de facto) 46°57′N 7°27′E  /  46.95°N 7.45°E  / 46.95; 7.45 Official language(s) Romansh (0.5 %) [ 1 ] Federal republic , with directorial system and direct democracy Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf ( Pres. 12 ) Ueli Maurer ( VP 12 ) Simonetta Sommaruga Johann Schneider-Ammann 12 September 1848 [ 2 ] 41,285 km 2 ( 133rd ) 7,952,600 [ 3 ] ( 96th ) $339.890 billion [ 4 ] $636.059 billion [ 4 ] Swiss franc ( CHF ) right (trains: left) Switzerland ( German : Schweiz [ note 3 ] [ˈʃvaɪts] ; French : Suisse [sɥis(ə)] ; Italian : Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra] ; Romansh : Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ] ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation ( Latin : Confoederatio Helvetica , hence its abbreviation CH ), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons , with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe , [ note 4 ] where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps , the Swiss Plateau and the Jura , spanning an area of 41,285 km 2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva . The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality —it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. [ 6 ] Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office . On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union , nor the European Economic Area . Switzerland is one of the richest countries in the world by per capita gross domestic product , and has the highest wealth per adult (financial and non-financial assets) of any country in the world. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Zurich and Geneva have respectively been ranked as the cities with the second and eighth highest quality of life in the world. [ 9 ] It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity . It is the twentieth largest exporter and eighteenth largest importer of goods. Switzerland comprises three main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, and Italian, to which the Romansh -speaking valleys are added. The Swiss , therefore, though predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnic or linguistic identity. The strong sense of belonging to the country is founded on the common historical background, shared values ( federalism and direct democracy ) [ 10 ] and Alpine symbolism. [ 11 ] The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291; Swiss National Day is celebrated on the anniversary. Europe;German_language;French_language;Italian_language;Swiss_franc;German_language;French_language;Italian_language;Europe;Germany;France;Italy;Austria;European_Union;Swiss_German;Swiss_franc;European_Union;France;Italy;Austria;Germany;European_Union;European_Union;Swiss_franc;Musical_instrument;Swiss_franc;Mexico;Sri_Lanka;Swiss_German;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Swiss_franc;France;Germany;Germany;France;Austria;Switzerland;France;Italy;Italy;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;European_Union;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Norway;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Canada;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Kyrgyzstan;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;United_States;Australia;Japan;Mongolia;Thailand;Switzerland;Switzerland; SymPy SymPy is a Python library for symbolic computation . The stated goals of the library are to become a full-featured computer algebra system and to keep a simple code base to promote extensibility and comprehensibility. SymPy is written entirely in Python and does not depend on any additional libraries [ 1 ] . It is available both as a desktop application and on the web as SymPy Live . It is also available via NCLab and Sage Notebook . SymPy includes features ranging from basic symbolic arithmetic to calculus, algebra, discrete mathematics and quantum physics. It is capable of formatting the result of the computations as LaTeX code [ 1 ] . SymPy is free software and is licensed under New BSD license . The lead developers are Ondřej Čertík and Aaron Meurer. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Computer_algebra_system;Free_software;FORTRAN;Mathematica;Matlab;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;Xcas;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;SymPy;SymPy; Symbian_OS Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS) and computing platform designed for smartphones and currently maintained by Accenture . [ 7 ] The Symbian platform is the successor to Symbian OS and Nokia Series 60 ; unlike Symbian OS, which needed an additional user interface system, Symbian includes a user interface component based on S60 5th Edition. The latest version, Symbian^3, was officially released in Q4 2010, first used in the Nokia N8 . In May 2011 an update, Symbian Anna, was officially announced, followed by Nokia Belle (previously Symbian Belle) in August 2011. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Symbian OS was originally developed by Symbian Ltd. [ 10 ] It is a descendant of Psion 's EPOC and runs exclusively on ARM processors , although an unreleased x86 port existed. Some estimates indicate that the number of mobile devices shipped with the Symbian OS up to the end of Q2 2010 is 385 million. [ 11 ] By 5 April 2011, Nokia released Symbian under a new license and converted to a proprietary model as opposed to an open source project. [ 3 ] On 11 February 2011, Nokia announced that it would migrate from Symbian to Windows Phone 7 . Nokia CEO Stephen Elop announced Nokia's first Windows phones at Nokia World 2011: the Lumia 800 and Lumia 710. These phones were launched on 14 November 2011. [ 12 ] On 22 June 2011 Nokia made an agreement with Accenture for an outsourcing program. Accenture will provide Symbian-based software development and support services to Nokia through 2016; about 2,800 Nokia employees became Accenture employees as of October 2011. [ 13 ] The transfer was completed on 30 September 2011. [ 7 ] Operating_system;Software_developer;Nokia;Proprietary_software;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Nokia;Smartphone;ARM_architecture;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mobile_operating_system;Computing_platform;Smartphone;User_interface;ARM_architecture;Central_processing_unit;Nokia;Sony_Ericsson;Free_Software_Foundation;Source_code;Microsoft;WebKit;Java_ME;Software_widget;WebKit;Software_development_kit;.NET_Framework;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Xcode;Java_ME;Application_software;Flash_memory;Central_processing_unit;Java_ME;File_Allocation_Table;Bluetooth;USB;User_interface;Multimedia;Codec;Smartphone;Samsung;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Eseries;Sony_Ericsson;HDMI;FM_radio;Adobe_Flash;OpenGL_ES;Package_manager;Japanese_language;Proxy_server;WebKit;HDMI;HDMI;Java_ME;Java_ME;Java_ME;Java_ME;Research_In_Motion;Research_In_Motion;WebOS;Nokia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Windows_Phone;Mobile_security;Bluetooth;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;XScale;Smartphone;Motorola;Nokia;Smartphone;Bluetooth;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Backward_compatibility;Bluetooth;CDMA;Nokia;Bluetooth;Digital_signature;HSDPA;SQL;Nokia;JavaScript;ZDNet;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Nokia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Nokia;User_interface;Operating_system;Windows_Phone;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;QNX;VxWorks; Symbolic_computing Symbolic computation or algebraic computation or computer algebra relates to algorithms and software for manipulating mathematical expressions and equations in symbolic form, as opposed to manipulating the approximations of specific numerical quantities represented by those symbols. Software applications that perform symbolic calculations are called computer algebra systems . These systems might be used for symbolic integration or differentiation , substitution of one expression into another, simplification of an expression, etc., for most operations of calculus and, more generally, for every computation with mathematical objects for which algorithms are known. Computer algebra software is widely used in many scientific and engineering domains. Symbolic computation is also sometimes referred to as symbolic manipulation , symbolic processing , symbolic mathematics , or symbolic algebra , but these terms also refer to non-computational manipulation. Algorithm;Software;Numerical_analysis;Software;Computer_algebra_system;Mathematica; Symptoms Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Urinary_retention;Anxiety; Synaptic_Package_Manager Synaptic is a computer program which is a GTK+ graphical user interface front-end to the Advanced Packaging Tool for the Debian package management system. Synaptic is usually used on systems based on deb packages but can also be used on systems based on RPM packages. It can be used to install, remove and upgrade software packages and to add repositories . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Graphical_user_interface;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Ubuntu_Software_Center; Synchronization Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. The familiar conductor of an orchestra serves to keep the orchestra in time . Systems operating with all their parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync . Firefighters marching in a parade Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous . For some applications relative offsets between events need to be determined, for others only the order of the event is important. Today, synchronization can occur on a global basis due to GPS -enabled timekeeping systems. File_synchronization;Global_Positioning_System;Global_Positioning_System;Multimedia;Video;Encryption;Film;Video;Sound;Synchronization;Synchronization; Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language ( SMIL , / ˈ s m aɪ l / ) is a World Wide Web Consortium recommended Extensible Markup Language (XML) markup language to describe multimedia presentations. It defines markup for timing, layout, animations, visual transitions, and media embedding, among other things. SMIL allows presenting media items such as text, images, video, audio, links to other SMIL presentations, and files from multiple web servers. SMIL markup is written in XML, and has similarities to HTML . Filename_extension;Multimedia;HTML;HTML;Uniform_Resource_Locator;JavaScript;RSS;Podcast;Playlist;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Hulu;Adobe_Media_Player;QuickTime;RealPlayer;Windows_Media_Player;Zune;Windows_Media_Player;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;MathML;XHTML;XML;XQuery;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language; Synthesizer A sound synthesizer (often abbreviated as " synthesizer " or " synth ") is an electronic instrument capable of producing a wide range of sounds. Synthesizers may either imitate other instruments (" imitative synthesis ") or generate new timbres . They can be played (controlled) via a variety of different input devices (including keyboards, music sequencers and instrument controllers). Synthesizers generate electric signals (waveforms), and can finally be converted to sound through the loudspeakers or headphones . Early Minimoog by R.A. Moog Inc. (ca. 1970) Synthesizers use a number of different technologies or programmed algorithms to generate signal, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Among the most popular waveform synthesis techniques are subtractive synthesis , additive synthesis , wavetable synthesis , frequency modulation synthesis , phase distortion synthesis , physical modeling synthesis and sample-based synthesis . Also other sound synthesis methods including subharmonic synthesis used on mixture trautonium , granular synthesis resulting Soundscape or Cloud , are rarely used. ( See #Types of synthesis ) Synthesizers are often controlled with a piano-style keyboard , leading such instruments to be referred to simply as "keyboards". Several other forms of controller have been devised to resemble fingerboards , guitars ( guitar synthesizer ), violins, wind instruments ( wind controller ), drums and percussions ( electronic drum ), etc . ( See #Control interfaces ) Synthesizers without controllers are often called " sound modules ", and they can be controlled using MIDI or CV/Gate methods. Software_synthesizer;Loudspeaker;Headphones;Musical_keyboard;MIDI;Loudspeaker;Electronic_music;MIDI;Software_synthesizer;Rolling_Stones;The_Beatles;MIDI;Software_synthesizer;Software_synthesizer;Digital_signal_processing;Digital_signal_processing;Sine_wave;Musical_instrument;Digital_audio_workstation;FL_Studio;Hertz;MIDI;MIDI;Touchpad;Music_sequencer;Touchpad;MIDI;Personal_computer;Software;Filename_extension;New_Age_music;Funk;Electric_bass;Double_bass;MIDI;Funk;Electric_guitar;Music_sequencer;Music_sequencer;Music_sequencer;Music_sequencer;Dance_music;Software_synthesizer;Musical_instrument;MIDI;Electronic_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Microphone;Music_sequencer;Compact_Disc;Loudspeaker;Digital_signal_processing;Electronic_music;MIDI;Software;Digital_audio_editor;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_synthesizer;Home_cinema;Synthesizer;Synthesizer; System_Folder Mac_OS;OS_X;OS_X;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;System_Folder;System_Folder; System_Management_Bus Intel;Linux;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;System_Management_Bus;System_Management_Bus; System_Preferences System Preferences is an application included with the Mac OS X operating system that allows users to modify various system settings which are divided into separate preference panes . The System Preferences application was introduced in the first version of Mac OS X to replace the control panel that was included in previous versions of the Mac operating system . Mac_OS_X_Lion;Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Application_software;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS;Apple_menu;.Mac;MobileMe;Bluetooth;Compact_Disc;DVD;ICloud;ICloud;IOS;Magic_Mouse;Ethernet;AirPort;Image_scanner;FileVault;Apple_Software_Update;Speech_recognition;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;System_Preferences;System_Preferences; System_Profiler System Information (previously known as System Profiler ) is a software utility derived from field service diagnostics produced by Apple's Service Diagnostic Engineering team, at that time located in Apple satellite buildings in Campbell, California, that has been bundled with the Mac OS since Mac OS 7.6 (until OS X it was called Apple System Profiler). Sometime between 10.6.8 and 10.7.2, System Profiler had its named changed to System Information. It compiles technical information on all of the installed hardware, devices, drivers, applications, system settings, system software programs and kernel extensions installed on the host computer. It can export this information as plain text , RTF or in the plist XML format. This information is used to diagnose problems. System Profiler can be extremely useful if attempting to diagnose a hardware problem. A user can send the information directly to Apple if the user desires. It has support for scripting automation through AppleScript and some limited support in Automator. System information can also be accessed by using the "system_profiler" command through a Terminal application. For more information, execute "man system_profiler" or "system_profiler -h" in a OS X terminal application. Public Beta "Kodiak" 10.6 "Snow Leopard" 10.8 "Mountain Lion" iTunes ( version history ) Safari ( version history ) Bluetooth File Exchange Migration Assistant Remote Install Mac OS X Technology and user interface Apple Push Notification Service Grand Central Dispatch Uniform Type Identifier Classic Environment Graphing Calculator Apple System Profiler Macintosh Programmer's Workshop Hierarchical File System Macintosh File System Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=System_Information oldid=504901838 " Categories : Mac OS-only software made by Apple Inc. Mac OS X Mac OS Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from June 2010 All articles lacking sources Articles lacking sources from December 2009 Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Mac_OS;OS_X;Plain_text;XML;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface; System_Restore Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Microsoft;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;Windows_Vista;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;System_Restore;System_Restore; System_bus A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system. The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity. It combines the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation. Although popular in the 1970s and 1980s, modern computers use a variety of separate buses adapted to more specific needs. Address_bus;Control_bus;Central_processing_unit;Backplane;Integrated_circuit;Unibus;Integrated_circuit;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Multibus;Sun_Microsystems;SBus;Intel;HyperTransport;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;CoreConnect;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;System_bus;System_bus; System_on_a_chip A system on a chip or system on chip ( SoC or SOC ) is an integrated circuit ( IC ) that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip. It may contain digital , analog , mixed-signal , and often radio-frequency functions—all on a single chip substrate. A typical application is in the area of embedded systems . The contrast with a microcontroller is one of degree. Microcontrollers typically have under 100 kB of RAM (often just a few kilobytes) and often really are single-chip-systems, whereas the term SoC is typically used with more powerful processors, capable of running software such as the desktop versions of Windows and Linux , which need external memory chips (flash, RAM) to be useful, and which are used with various external peripherals. In short, for larger systems system on a chip is hyperbole, indicating technical direction more than reality: increasing chip integration to reduce manufacturing costs and to enable smaller systems. Many interesting systems are too complex to fit on just one chip built with a process optimized for just one of the system's tasks. When it is not feasible to construct a SoC for a particular application, an alternative is a system in package (SiP) comprising a number of chips in a single package . In large volumes, SoC is believed to be more cost-effective than SiP since it increases the yield of the fabrication and because its packaging is simpler. [ 1 ] Another option, as seen for example in higher end cell phones and on the BeagleBoard , is package on package stacking during board assembly. The SoC chip includes processors and numerous digital peripherals, and comes in a ball grid package with lower and upper connections. The lower balls connect to the board and various peripherals, with the upper balls in a ring holding the memory buses used to access NAND flash and DDR2 RAM. Memory packages could come from multiple vendors. Integrated_circuit;Computer;Embedded_systems;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Random_access_memory;Flash_memory;Universal_Serial_Bus;FireWire;Ethernet;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Digital_signal_processing;Universal_Serial_Bus;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;ARM_architecture;Central_processing_unit;System_on_a_chip;System_on_a_chip; System_suitcase The System suitcase was one of two principal files comprising Mac OS from the original release to System 9.2.2 , the other being the Macintosh Finder . The suitcase was located in the System Folder along with the Finder file and contained keyboard layouts, FKEY resources, sounds, and in System 6 , bitmap fonts and Desk Accessories . Prior to System 7 , the Font/DA Mover had to be used to move these into or out of the System suitcase. From System 7 and on, the Finder could open and modify the contents of the file. Over the course of subsequent releases, many of the user-serviceable items stored in the System suitcase were moved into separate folders; this was done by creating individual file types that could contain these resources. System 7.0 allowed sounds, fonts and desk accessories to be moved into their own files; opening a sound file would cause the Finder to play the sound, opening a font would show a preview of the font being used, and the operating system treated Desk Accessories as if they were applications. All Desk Accessories were moved to the new Apple Menu Items folder, along with the Control Panels folder. System 7.1 introduced the Fonts folder, which worked by loading all resources (including fonts) contained in font files or font suitcases found within the Fonts folder as if they were part of the System suitcase. Mac_OS;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;Type_code;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;System_suitcase;System_suitcase; TEC_Awards Grammy_Award;American_Music_Award;Billboard_Music_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;TEC_Awards;TEC_Awards; TFT_LCD Thin film transistor liquid crystal display ( TFT-LCD ) is a variant of liquid crystal display (LCD) which uses thin-film transistor (TFT) technology to improve image quality (e.g., addressability, contrast). TFT LCD is an Active matrix LCD in contrast to Passive matrix LCDs or simple, direct-driven LCDs with a few segments. TFT LCDs are used in television sets , computer monitors , mobile phones , handheld video game systems, personal digital assistants , navigation systems , projectors , etc. [ 1 ] Liquid_crystal_display;Mobile_phone;Video_game;Personal_digital_assistant;Display_device;Pixel;Capacitor;LED;Sony;Samsung;Original_equipment_manufacturer;LG_Display;Sony;Samsung;Video_Graphics_Array;Composite_video;Video_Graphics_Array;Backlight;Synchronization;Backlight;Backlight;Digital_object_identifier;CNET;Display_device;Cathode_ray_tube;Liquid_crystal_display;High_dynamic_range_imaging;TFT_LCD;TFT_LCD; TIFF TIFF (originally standing for Tagged Image File Format ) is a file format for storing images , popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, [ 1 ] and both amateur and professional photographers in general. As of 2009, it is under the control of Adobe Systems . Originally created by the company Aldus [ 2 ] for use with what was then called " desktop publishing ", the TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, by scanning , faxing , word processing , optical character recognition and other applications. [ 3 ] Adobe Systems, which acquired Aldus, now holds the copyright to the TIFF specification. TIFF has not had a major update since 1992, though several Aldus/Adobe technical notes have been published with minor extensions to the format, and several specifications, including TIFF/EP (ISO 12234-2), TIFF/IT (ISO 12639), [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] TIFF-F ( RFC 2306 ) and TIFF-FX ( RFC 3949 ) [ 7 ] have been based on the TIFF 6.0 specification. Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Raster_graphics;Adobe_Systems;Image_scanner;Image_scanner;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Image_compression;JPEG;Lossless_data_compression;Pixels_per_inch;Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;STDU_Viewer;Mac_OS_X;International_Standard_Book_Number;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Tagged_Image_File_Format; TIME Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. A European edition ( Time Europe , formerly known as Time Atlantic ) is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition ( Time Asia ) is based in Hong Kong. The South Pacific edition, covering Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands , is based in Sydney. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition. [ 2 ] Time is the world's largest circulation weekly news magazine with a readership of 25 million, of which 20 million are in the US. It is widely regarded as one of the most popular magazines in history. [ 3 ] Richard Stengel has been the managing editor since 2006. Time_Warner;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros.;Barack_Obama;Time_Warner;Asia;Entertainment_Weekly;NME;CNN;CNN;GameTap;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros._Television;Rotten_Tomatoes;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;Newsweek;Entertainment_Weekly; TOC_protocol The TOC protocol , or Talk to OSCAR protocol , was a protocol used by some third-party AOL Instant Messenger clients and several clients that AOL produced itself. Sometime near August 19, 2005, AOL discontinued support for the protocol and no longer uses it in any of the instant messaging clients it actively maintains, such as its Windows and Mac clients for the AOL Instant Messenger and ICQ systems. However, it once did produce several of its own TOC clients, including TiK and TAC which are written in Tcl / Tk , TNT which is written in Emacs Lisp , all of which are open source, and a Java client originally called TIC which later became the Quick Buddy web applet. AOL also provided the TOC protocol specification openly to developers in the hopes that they will use it instead of the proprietary OSCAR protocol they use themselves. In July 2012, AOL turned off the TOC2 servers and it is no longer possible to connect to AIM using this protocol. [ 1 ] TOC was an ASCII -based protocol, while OSCAR is a binary protocol. In addition, TOC contained fewer features than its OSCAR counterpart. OSCAR provides such functionality as buddy icons , file transfer, and advertising . AOL_Instant_Messenger;AOL;ICQ;Proprietary_software;OSCAR_protocol;HTML;Unix;Unix;AOL;AOL_Instant_Messenger;OSCAR_protocol;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;TOC_protocol;TOC_protocol; TOSLINK TOSLINK (from "Toshiba Link" [ 2 ] ) is a standardized optical fiber connection system. [ 3 ] Also known generically as an "optical audio cable", its most common use is in consumer audio equipment (via a "digital optical" socket), where it carries a digital audio stream from components such as MiniDisc , CD and DVD players, DAT recorders, computers, and modern video game consoles , to an AV receiver that can decode the stream of audio and output it through a set of loudspeakers . Although TOSLINK supports several different media formats and physical standards, digital audio connections using the rectangular EIAJ / JEITA RC-5720 (also CP-1201 and JIS C5974-1993 F05) connector are by far the most common. [ 4 ] The optical signal is a red light, with a peak wavelength λ of 650 nm. [ 2 ] Depending on the type of modulated signal being carried, other optical wavelengths may be present. [ 4 ] Toshiba;Toshiba;Sound_recording;Compact_disc;DVD;Video_game_console;Loudspeaker;Toshiba;Dolby_Digital;Sound_recording;TRS_connector;Apple_Inc.;TRS_connector;VGA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;F_connector;HDMI;TRS_connector;Tip_ring_sleeve;Video_Graphics_Array;Component_video;Component_video;HDMI;HDMI;Toshiba;TOSLINK;TOSLINK; TRRS_connector A TRS connector (tip, ring, sleeve) is a common family of connector typically used for analog signals including audio . It is cylindrical in shape, typically with three contacts, although sometimes with two (a TS connector ) or four (a TRRS connector ). It is also termed an audio jack , phone jack , phone plug , and jack plug . Specific models are termed stereo plug , mini-jack , mini-stereo , headphone jack , tiny telephone connector and bantam plug . The TRS connector was invented for use in telephone switchboards in the 19th century and is still widely used, both in its original 1 ⁄ 4 in (exactly 6.35 mm) size and in miniaturized versions: 3.5 mm (approx. 1 ⁄ 8 in) and 2.5 mm (approx. 3 ⁄ 32 in). The connector's name is an initialism derived from the names of three conducting parts of the plug: tip , ring , and sleeve [ 1 ] — hence TRS . In the UK, the terms jack plug and jack socket are commonly used for the respective male and female TRS connectors. [ 2 ] In the US, a stationary (more fixed) electrical connector is called a "jack". [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The terms phone plug and phone jack are sometimes used to refer to TRS connectors, [ 5 ] but are also sometimes used colloquially to refer to RJ11 and older telephone plugs and the corresponding jacks that connect wired telephones to wall outlets (the similar terms phono plug and phono jack (or in the UK, phono socket) refer to RCA connectors common in consumer HiFi and Audio Visual equipment). In conversation, the diameter is often added to specify which size — quarter-inch phone plug or 3.5 mm phone jack for the unbalanced two-channel three-contact version, and balanced TRS jack or TRS phone plug for the balanced one-channel three-contact version. RCA_connector;Stereophonic_sound;Camcorder;Laptop;Computer;Smartphone;IPod;IPhone;Nokia;TOSLINK;Microphone;Electric_guitar;Headphones;Loudspeaker;Stereophonic_sound;Short_circuit;Earphone;Mobile_phone;Digital_cameras;Microphone;Electric_guitar;Musical_instrument;Loudspeaker;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Synthesizer;MIDI;Universal_Serial_Bus;IPod_Shuffle;Apple_Lisa;Sound_recording;Personal_computer;Apple_Computer;Dolby_Digital;Smartphones;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Samsung;Nokia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;TOSLINK;VGA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;F_connector;HDMI;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Video_Graphics_Array;Component_video;Component_video;HDMI;HDMI;TRS_connector;TRS_connector; TRS_connector A TRS connector (tip, ring, sleeve) is a common family of connector typically used for analog signals including audio . It is cylindrical in shape, typically with three contacts, although sometimes with two (a TS connector ) or four (a TRRS connector ). It is also termed an audio jack , phone jack , phone plug , and jack plug . Specific models are termed stereo plug , mini-jack , mini-stereo , headphone jack , tiny telephone connector and bantam plug . The TRS connector was invented for use in telephone switchboards in the 19th century and is still widely used, both in its original 1 ⁄ 4 in (exactly 6.35 mm) size and in miniaturized versions: 3.5 mm (approx. 1 ⁄ 8 in) and 2.5 mm (approx. 3 ⁄ 32 in). The connector's name is an initialism derived from the names of three conducting parts of the plug: tip , ring , and sleeve [ 1 ] — hence TRS . In the UK, the terms jack plug and jack socket are commonly used for the respective male and female TRS connectors. [ 2 ] In the US, a stationary (more fixed) electrical connector is called a "jack". [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The terms phone plug and phone jack are sometimes used to refer to TRS connectors, [ 5 ] but are also sometimes used colloquially to refer to RJ11 and older telephone plugs and the corresponding jacks that connect wired telephones to wall outlets (the similar terms phono plug and phono jack (or in the UK, phono socket) refer to RCA connectors common in consumer HiFi and Audio Visual equipment). In conversation, the diameter is often added to specify which size — quarter-inch phone plug or 3.5 mm phone jack for the unbalanced two-channel three-contact version, and balanced TRS jack or TRS phone plug for the balanced one-channel three-contact version. RCA_connector;Stereophonic_sound;Camcorder;Laptop;Computer;Smartphone;IPod;IPhone;Nokia;TOSLINK;Microphone;Electric_guitar;Headphones;Loudspeaker;Stereophonic_sound;Short_circuit;Earphone;Mobile_phone;Digital_cameras;Microphone;Electric_guitar;Musical_instrument;Loudspeaker;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Synthesizer;MIDI;Universal_Serial_Bus;IPod_Shuffle;Apple_Lisa;Sound_recording;Personal_computer;Apple_Computer;Dolby_Digital;Smartphones;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Samsung;Nokia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;TOSLINK;VGA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;F_connector;HDMI;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Video_Graphics_Array;Component_video;Component_video;HDMI;HDMI;TRS_connector;TRS_connector; TUGZip TUGZip is a freeware file archiver for Microsoft Windows . It handles a great variety of archive formats , including some of the commonly used ones like zip , rar , gzip , bzip2 , sqx and 7z . It can also view disk image files like BIN, C2D, IMG, ISO and NRG . Since the release of TUGZip 3.5.0.0, development has been suspended due to lack of time from Kindahl's side. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;Disk_image;WinAce;ARJ;Gzip;WinRAR;Gzip;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Open_source;Microsoft_Windows;Software;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;TUGZip;TUGZip; TURBOchannel TURBOchannel is an open computer bus developed by DEC by during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Although it was open for any vendor to implement in their own systems, it was mostly used in Digital's own systems such as the MIPS -based DECstation and DECsystem systems, in the VAXstation 4000 , and in the Alpha -based DEC 3000 AXP . Digital abandoned the use of TURBOchannel in favor of the EISA and PCI buses in late 1994, with the introduction of their AlphaStation and AlphaServer systems. Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;TURBOchannel;TURBOchannel; TVCatchup TVCatchup is an internet television service for viewing certain UK channels from free-to-air digital terrestrial and satellite broadcasters live without the use of a television receiver. The service re-broadcasts BBC , ITV , Channel 4 , Channel Five and free to air Sky channels. Initially the legality of the service was questioned causing it to be suspended. The service was relaunched minus the network PVR functionality offering a roster of TV channels upon free registration. As the service permits the viewing of live television channels a TV licence is required. [ 1 ] The service is only accessible in the United Kingdom and according to TVCatchup's own forums, the website has stringent IP monitoring facilities that they use to detect and block multiple accesses from the same IP as well as all proxy and VPN access. [ 2 ] The service is funded by advertising, with a pre-roll advertisement preceding the live channel stream. Software_developer;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;IPTV;Software_license;Internet_television;Television;ITV;United_Kingdom;Digital_video_recorder;Streaming_media;BBC_iPlayer;IPad;Adobe_Flash;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Vista;IPad;IPTV;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;Financial_Times;The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;The_Mail_on_Sunday;ITV;ITV;BBC_iPlayer;ITV;TiVo;Zattoo;EMI;Reuters;British_Phonographic_Industry;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;TVCatchup;TVCatchup; TV_show A television program (usually television programme outside North America ), also called television show , is a segment of content intended for broadcast on television . It may be a one-time production or part of a periodically recurring series. A single program in a series is called an episode . A television series that is intended to comprise a limited number of episodes is usually called a miniseries or serial . Series without a fixed length are usually divided into seasons or series , yearly or biannual installments of new episodes. While there is no defined length, US industry practice tends to favor longer seasons than those of some other countries. A one-time broadcast may be called a "special", or particularly in the UK a "special episode". A television movie ("made-for-TV movie" or television film), is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in cinemas or direct-to-video , although many successful TV movies are later released on DVD . A program can be either recorded—as on video tape or other various electronic media forms—or considered live television . North_America;Television;DVD;Film;DVD;Video_editing;DVD;DVD;Doctor_Who;French_language;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Television_program;Television_program; TWD The New Taiwan dollar ( traditional Chinese : 新臺幣 or 新台幣 ; simplified Chinese : 新台币 ; Tongyong Pinyin : Sīntáibì; Hanyu Pinyin : Xīntáibì ) ( currency code TWD and common abbreviation NT$ ), or simply Taiwan dollar , is the official currency of the Taiwan Area of the Republic of China (ROC) since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar . Originally issued by the Bank of Taiwan , it has been issued by the Central Bank of the Republic of China since 2000. Chinese_language;Taiwan;Mandarin_Chinese;Republic_of_China;Mandarin_Chinese;United_States_dollar;Chinese_language;Republic_of_China;Republic_of_China;Republic_of_China;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;Asia;Bhutan;United_States_dollar;Singapore;Brunei;United_States_dollar;Cyprus;Taiwan;Taiwan; TWiT This Week in Tech –casually referred to as TWiT , and briefly known as Revenge of the Screen Savers –is the weekly flagship podcast of the TWiT.tv network . Hosted by Leo Laporte and many other former TechTV employees, it features roundtable discussions and debates surrounding current technology news and reviews, with a particular focus on consumer electronics and the Internet . TWiT now broadcasts from the TWiT 'brickhouse' studios, as of the 24th July 2011. The brickhouse is based in Petaluma, California , USA , a few blocks away from the 'TWiT cottage', which they broadcasted from for over 6 years. [ 1 ] Leo_Laporte;English_language;Podcast;Leo_Laporte;Internet;Audiobook;Audible.com;Steve_Wozniak;Podcast;Voice_over_IP;Skype;San_Francisco;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Ogg_Vorbis;ITunes;Apple_Computer;ITunes_Store;Advanced_Audio_Coding;AOL;America_Online;Dell;Audible.com;TechCrunch;AOL;Leo_Laporte;Podcast; Tablet_computer A tablet computer , or a tablet , is a mobile computer , larger than a mobile phone or personal digital assistant , integrated into a flat touch screen and primarily operated by touching the screen rather than using a physical keyboard . It often uses an onscreen virtual keyboard , a passive stylus pen , or a digital pen . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The term may also apply to a variety of form factors that differ in position of the screen with respect to a keyboard. The standard form of tablet does not have an integrated keyboard but may be connected to one with a wireless link or a USB port . Convertible notebook computers have an integrated keyboard that can be hidden by a swivel joint or slide joint, exposing only the screen for touch operation. Hybrids have a detachable keyboard so that the touch screen can be used as a stand-alone tablet. Booklets include dual-touchscreens , and can be used as a notebook by displaying a virtual keyboard in one of them. Early examples of the information tablet concept originated in the 19th and 20th centuries mainly as prototypes and concept ideas; prominently, Alan Kay 's Dynabook of 1968. The first commercial portable electronic devices based on the concept appeared at the end of the 20th century. During the 2000s Microsoft attempted a relatively unsuccessful product line with Microsoft Tablet PC , which carved a niche market at hospitals and outdoor businesses. In 2010, Apple released the iPad , which used the operating system and touch screen technology similar to that used in their iPhone and became the first mobile computer tablet to achieve worldwide commercial success. This has sparked a new market for tablet computers and a variety of other manufacturers have produced versions of their own including Samsung, HTC, Motorola, RIM, Sony, Amazon, HP, Microsoft, Archos and many others. Competing tablets use a variety of operating systems, although the main contenders are iOS (Apple), Android (Google), Windows (Microsoft) and QNX (RIM). In 2012 31% of U.S. Internet users were reported to have a tablet, which was used mainly for consuming published content such as video and news. [ 4 ] Typical functions of tablet computers in 2012 are: Wireless mobile browser functions (using 2G,3G,4G or WiFi) E-mail and social media devices (typically with integration apps to bring all feeds into the same view) Potential cell phone functions (Messaging, video calling, speakerphone or headset cellphone uses) GPS satellite navigation Stills and video camera functions, photo and video viewing and editing E-book reading (including electronic versions of periodicals) Downloadable apps (games, education, utilities) Portable media player function Weigh around one or two pounds (0.5 - 1 kilogram) Battery life of three to twelve hours depending on usage pattern. Apple_Inc.;IPad;Personal_digital_assistant;Touch_screen;Virtual_keyboard;Wireless;IPad;IPhone;IOS;Microsoft_Windows;QNX;Video_camera;Portable_media_player;Pen_computing;Star_Trek;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;IPad;Operating_system;Touchscreen;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;GUI_widget;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_operating_system;Touch_screen;Apple_Inc.;IPad;Samsung;Flash_memory;USB;Bluetooth;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;QNX;Mobile_phone;ARM_architecture;Digital_audio_player;Retail_software;Virtual_keyboard;Stylus;Chinese_language;Korean_language;Cantonese;Accelerometer;Secure_Digital;Bluetooth;USB;ARM_architecture;Personal_digital_assistant;Wireless;USB;LCD;Samsung;Toshiba;Smartphone;Forbes;Engadget;Comparison_of_tablet_computers;ARM_architecture;Windows;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Windows;WebOS;Apple_Inc.;Google;Microsoft;Personal_computer;Windows_Vista;Netbook;ARM_architecture;Windows_Phone;Linux;Open_source;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;User_interface;Intel;Nokia;Open_source;Mobile_operating_system;Smartphone;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;ARM_architecture;Mac_OS_X;MacBook;Mac_OS_X;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;Smartphone;Google_Play;WebOS;Linux;IPad;Software_development_kit;Mobile_operating_system;Amazon_Kindle;Virtual_keyboard;Bluetooth;USB;Dock_Connector;Comparison_of_tablet_computers;PC_Magazine;Dictionary.com;New_York_Times;Ars_Technica;IPad;Los_Angeles_Times;Integrated_circuit;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Video_game_console;Laptop;Netbook;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Tablet_computer;Tablet_computer; Tagged_Image_File_Format TIFF (originally standing for Tagged Image File Format ) is a file format for storing images , popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, [ 1 ] and both amateur and professional photographers in general. As of 2009, it is under the control of Adobe Systems . Originally created by the company Aldus [ 2 ] for use with what was then called " desktop publishing ", the TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, by scanning , faxing , word processing , optical character recognition and other applications. [ 3 ] Adobe Systems, which acquired Aldus, now holds the copyright to the TIFF specification. TIFF has not had a major update since 1992, though several Aldus/Adobe technical notes have been published with minor extensions to the format, and several specifications, including TIFF/EP (ISO 12234-2), TIFF/IT (ISO 12639), [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] TIFF-F ( RFC 2306 ) and TIFF-FX ( RFC 3949 ) [ 7 ] have been based on the TIFF 6.0 specification. Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Adobe_Systems;Software_release_life_cycle;Raster_graphics;Adobe_Systems;Image_scanner;Image_scanner;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Image_compression;JPEG;Lossless_data_compression;Pixels_per_inch;Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;STDU_Viewer;Mac_OS_X;International_Standard_Book_Number;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Tagged_Image_File_Format; Taiwan Taiwan ( i / ˌ t aɪ ˈ w ɑː n / TY-WAHN ; Chinese : 臺 灣 or 台 灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ; see below ), officially the Republic of China ( ROC ; Chinese : 中 華 民 國 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá Mínguó ), is a state in East Asia . Originally based in mainland China , the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which makes up over 99% of its current territory, [ f ] as well as Penghu , Kinmen , Matsu , and other minor islands . Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural center of the country, [ 1 ] while New Taipei is the most populous city . The earliest evidence of Taiwan being inhabited is from the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch as Dutch Formosa in 1624 and the Spanish as Spanish Formosa in 1626. The Spanish were expelled from the island in 1644 by the Dutch. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga 's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning . The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan 's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war , Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895. The Republic of China was established in mainland China in 1912 and governed varying amounts of territory on the mainland until 1949. At the end of World War II in 1945, Japan surrendered Taiwan and associated islands to ROC forces. Following the Chinese civil war in the last three years, the Communist forces took control of mainland China and founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the ROC government moved to Taiwan. Since the founding of the PRC, international recognition of the ROC has gradually eroded as most countries switched recognition to the PRC. In 1971, the PRC assumed China's seat at the United Nations . Only 22 UN member states and the Holy See currently recognize the ROC as a sovereign state and maintain formal diplomatic relations with it, though it has informal ties with many other states. Officially, the ROC government has claimed sovereignty over all of "China", in a definition that includes mainland China and Mongolia , as well as Taiwan, via the ROC Constitution [ 21 ] but has not made retaking the mainland a political goal since 1992. [ 22 ] However, the government's stance on whether "retaking" or "reuniting" with China is desired or whether Taiwan and China are separate countries or are regions of one country depends on which administration is in power (See Politics below). Meanwhile, the PRC also officially asserts itself to be the sole legal representation of China and actively claims Taiwan to be under its sovereignty, denying the status and existence of ROC as a sovereign state. It has threatened the use of military force as a response to any formal declaration of Taiwanese independence , or if it deems peaceful reunification no longer possible. [ 23 ] Cross-strait relations between Taiwan and China as well as issues of national identity within the country are important factors in Taiwanese politics and a cause of social and political division among political parties and their respective supporters. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Taiwan evolved into a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage. Building on the infrastructure and education improvements initiated during the Japanese era, Taiwan has experienced rapid economic growth and industrialization during the latter half of the 20th century and is now an advanced industrial economy . It is one of the Four Asian Tigers and a member of the WTO and APEC . The 19th-largest economy in the world, [ 24 ] [ 25 ] its advanced technology industry plays a key role in the global economy. Taiwan is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, [ 26 ] public education, economic freedom, and human development. [ e ] [ 19 ] [ 27 ] Mandarin_Chinese;Mandarin_Chinese;Chinese_language;Japan;Philippines;Mongolia;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_States;Japan;European_Union;United_States;Ombudsman;United_States;France;Netherlands;Australia;Mongolia;Hong_Kong;Singapore;Thailand;Philippines;Malaysia;Vietnam;Finland;France;Japan;Science;Chinese_language;Chinese_language;Hong_Kong;Macau;Japanese_language;Major_League_Baseball;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Taiwan;Taiwan;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Hong_Kong;Macau;Japan;Mongolia;Hong_Kong;Macau;Vietnam;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Vietnam;Australia;European_Union;Hong_Kong;Singapore;Hong_Kong;Macau;Malaysia;Singapore;Brunei;Cambodia;Fiji;Guam;Malaysia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Philippines;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Vietnam;Taiwan;Taiwan; Tajikistan Tajikistan ( i / t ɑː ˈ dʒ iː k ɨ s t ɑː n / , / t ə ˈ dʒ iː k ɨ s t æ n / , or / t æ ˈ dʒ iː k iː s t æ n / ; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn] ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( Tajik : Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон , Cumhuriyi Tocikiston ; Russian : Республика Таджикистан , Respublika Tadzhikistan ), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia . It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit Baltistan in Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor . Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran . Once part of the Samanid Empire , Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic. After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton , aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement. However, fighting broke out again in late July 2012, with inconclusive results. Kyrgyzstan;France;The_New_York_Times;Kyrgyzstan;Turkmenistan;United_States;The_New_York_Times;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Tajikistan;Kyrgyzstan;Turkmenistan;Mongolia;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Kyrgyzstan;Turkmenistan;Kyrgyzstan;Turkmenistan;Ukraine;Albania;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Brunei;Chad;The_Gambia;Kyrgyzstan;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mozambique;Sierra_Leone;Turkmenistan;Thailand;Kyrgyzstan;Kyrgyzstan;Mongolia;Sri_Lanka;Turkmenistan;Chinese_language;Tajikistan;Tajikistan; Talastine InChI=1S/C19H21N3O/c1-21(2)12-13-22-19(23)17-11-7-6-10-16(17)18(20-22)14-15-8-4-3-5-9-15/h3-11H,12-14H2,1-2H3 Y Key:LCAAMXMULMCKLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Talastine ( Ahanon ) is an antihistamine . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Talastine;Talastine; Talent_manager Tour_promoter;Songwriter;Record_producer;Compact_disc;Talent_manager;Talent_manager; Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers National Football League ( 1976 –present) American Football Conference (1976) National Football Conference (1977–present) NFC Central (1977–2001) NFC South (2002–present) Red, Pewter, Black, White, Florida Orange (medium shade) Bryan Glazer , Edward Glazer , Joel Glazer Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1976–present) League championships (1) Super Bowl Championships (1) Conference championships (1) Division championships (6) NFC Central: 1979, 1981, 1999 NFC South: 2002, 2005, 2007 Playoff appearances (10) NFL: 1979, 1981, 1982, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007 Tampa Stadium (1976–1997) a.k.a. Houlihan's Stadium (1996–1997) Raymond James Stadium (1998–present) The Tampa Bay Buccaneers (often shortened as the Bucs ) are a professional American football franchise based in Tampa , Florida , U.S. They are currently members of the Southern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL) – they are the only team in the division not to come from the old NFC West . The team, along with the Seattle Seahawks , joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team . The Bucs played their first season in the AFC West as part of the 1976 expansion plan. After the season, they switched conferences with the Seattle Seahawks and became part of the NFC. The club is currently owned by Malcolm Glazer . They play their home games at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa. The Buccaneers are the first post-merger expansion team to win a division title, win a playoff game, and to host and play in a conference championship game, this was accomplished during the 1979 season. They are also the first team since the merger to complete a winning season when starting 10 or more rookies, which happened in the 2010 season. In 1976, The Buccaneers lost their first 26 games. After a brief winning era in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the team suffered through 14 consecutive losing seasons. Then, for a 10-year period, they were consistent playoff contenders and won Super Bowl XXXVII at the end of the 2002 season . National_Football_League;National_Football_League;Super_Bowl_XLV;Trademark;Intellectual_property;Super_Bowl;The_New_York_Times;National_Football_League;Super_Bowl;National_Football_League;Super_Bowl;Major_League_Baseball;National_Football_League;National_Hockey_League;Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers;Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers; Tampramine Tampramine ( AHR-9,377 ) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was developed in the 1980s but was never marketed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Despite being a TCA, it acts as a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and has negligible affinity for adrenergic , histaminergic , and muscarinic receptors . [ 1 ] It was found to be effective in the forced swim test (FST) model of depression in animal studies but is not known to have ever been trialed in humans. [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Histaminergic;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Tampramine;Tampramine; Tandamine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Pirandamine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Pseudoephedrine;Diphenylpyraline;Amineptine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Oxaprotiline;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Tandamine;Tandamine; Target_Corporation United_States;United_States;Canada;Walmart;Helvetica;Kansas;Michigan;Delta_Air_Lines;Bangalore;Amazon.com;Amazon.com;IBM;Amazon.com;Starbucks;Eastman_Kodak;Starbucks;Helvetica;Starbucks;Supply_chain_management;Walmart;Walmart;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Walmart;Walmart;Sony;Apple_Computer;IPod;Gift_card;LED;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Forbes;The_Washington_Post;California;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States_dollar;Best_Buy;Target_Corporation;Target_Corporation; TechCrunch TechCrunch is a web publication that offers technology news and analysis, as well as profiles of startup companies , products, and websites. It was founded by Michael Arrington in 2005, and was first published on June 11, 2005. [ 4 ] The website's Technorati rank is 4, [ 5 ] and is 4th in the Info/Tech category. [ 6 ] As of April 10, 2012 ( 2012 -04-10 ) [update] , it has over 1,628,000 RSS feed subscribers as measured by tracking company FeedBurner . [ 7 ] On September 28, 2010, at its TechCrunch Disrupt conference in San Francisco, AOL announced that it would acquire TechCrunch [ 8 ] for $25 million. [ 9 ] Logo used by TechCrunch from 2005-2011 AOL;Michael_Arrington;United_States_dollar;Michael_Arrington;RSS;AOL;Japan;MacBook_Air;Facebook;AOL;Winamp;Engadget;AOL_Instant_Messenger;The_Huffington_Post;AOL_Explorer;TechCrunch;TechCrunch; TechRadar TechRadar is an online publication focused on technology, with news and reviews of tech products, especially cellphones. [ 2 ] TechRadar is owned by Future plc , the sixth-largest publisher in the United Kingdom . Measured by visits, TechRadar is the UK's most popular technology website. [ 3 ] Future_plc;Future_plc;United_Kingdom;Future_plc;Future_plc;TechRadar;TechRadar; TechniSat Germany;Luxembourg;Television;Germany;TechniSat;TechniSat; Technical_protection_measures Digital_rights_management;DVD;Video_game;Compact_Disc;Digital_rights_management;Software_license;Video_game_console;Hard_disk;Film;Loudspeaker;Internet;Sony;Universal_Serial_Bus;Microsoft;Hard_disk;Floppy_disk;Virtual_keyboard;Xbox;Compact_Disc;DVD;VCR;Napster;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Trademark;Sony;Encryption;Firmware;Backward_compatibility;YouTube;Compact_Disc;Digital_rights_management; Technical_standard A technical standard is an established norm or requirement about technical systems . It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. In contrast, a custom, convention , company product, corporate standard, etc. which becomes generally accepted and dominant is often called a de facto standard . A technical standard can also be a controlled artifact or similar formal means used for calibration . Reference Standards and certified reference materials have an assigned value by direct comparison with a reference base. A primary standard is usually under the jurisdiction of a national standards body. Secondary, tertiary, check standards and standard materials may be used for reference in a metrology system. A key requirement in this case is (metrological) traceability , an unbroken paper trail of calibrations back to the primary standard. A technical standard may be developed privately or unilaterally, for example by a corporation, regulatory body, military, etc. Standards can also be developed by groups such as trade unions, and trade associations. Standards organizations often have more diverse input and usually develop voluntary standards: these might become mandatory if adopted by a government, business contract, etc. The standardization process may be by edict or may involve the formal consensus [ 1 ] of technical experts. De_facto_standard;Applied_mathematics;Internet;Intellectual_property;ISO;Economics;Technical_standard;Technical_standard; Technical_support Technical support or tech support refers to a range of services by which enterprises provide assistance to users of technology products such as mobile phones, televisions, computers , software products or other electronic or mechanical goods. In general, technical support services attempt to help the user solve specific problems with a product—rather than providing training, customization, or other support services. Most companies offer technical support for the products they sell, either freely available or for a fee. Technical support may be delivered over the telephone or online by e-mail or a website or a tool where users can log a call/incident. Larger organizations frequently have internal technical support available to their staff for computer related problems. The internet is also a good source for freely available tech support, where experienced users may provide advice and assistance with problems. In addition, some fee-based service companies charge for premium technical support services. [ 1 ] Mobile_phone;Computer;Website;Short_message_service;Hard_disk;International_Standard_Book_Number;Google_Book_Search;Digital_object_identifier;Technical_support;Technical_support; Telecommunications_device_for_the_deaf A telecommunications device for the deaf ( TDD ) is a teleprinter , an electronic device for text communication over a telephone line, that is designed for use by persons with hearing or speech difficulties . Other names for the device include teletypewriter , TTY , textphone (common in Europe ), and minicom ( United Kingdom ). The typical TDD is a device about the size of a typewriter or laptop computer with a QWERTY keyboard and small screen that uses LEDs or an LCD screen to display typed text electronically. In addition, TDDs commonly have a small spool of paper on which text is also printed — old versions of the device had only a printer and no screen. The text is transmitted live, via a telephone line, to a compatible device, i.e. one that uses a similar communication protocol. Special telephone services have been developed to carry the TDD functionality even further. In certain countries there are systems in place so that a deaf person can communicate with a hearing person on an ordinary voice phone using a human relay operator. There are also "carry-over" services, enabling people who can hear but cannot speak ("hearing carry-over," a.k.a. "HCO"), or people who cannot hear but are able to speak ("voice carry-over," a.k.a. "VCO") to use the telephone. The term TDD is sometimes discouraged because people who are deaf are increasingly using mainstream devices and technologies to carry out most of their communication. The devices described here were developed for us on the analog Public Switched Telephone Network [PSTN]. They do not work well on the new internet protocol (IP) networks. Thus as society increasingly moves toward IP based telecommunication, the telecommunication devices used by people who are deaf will not be TDDs. In the US for example, the use of the term TDD is thus discouraged to avoid confusion with these analog devices being referred to as TTYs. citation needed Europe;United_Kingdom;QWERTY;Email;Texting;Instant_messaging;Short_message_service;Internet_Relay_Chat;Instant_messaging;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Telecommunications_device_for_the_deaf;Telecommunications_device_for_the_deaf; Telenzepine Telenzepine is a selective M1 antimuscarinic used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. [ 1 ] Telenzepine is atropisomeric , in other words the molecule has a stereogenic C–N-axis; in neutral aqueous solution it displays a half-life for racemization of the order of 1000 years. The enantiomers have been resolved. The activity is related to the (+)-isomer which is about 500-fold more active as the (–)-isomer at muscarinic receptors in the rat cerebal cortex. [ 2 ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Antimuscarinic;Pirenzepine;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Tropatepine;Telenzepine;Telenzepine; Telephone_network Mobile_phone;Cellular_network;Telephone_network;Telephone_network; Telestream United_States;United_States;Transcoding;Software;Transcoding;France;Germany;Sweden;UK;CBS;CNN;Time_Warner;MTV;Transcoding;QuickTime;Macintosh;Windows_Media_Video;Transcoding;Encoder;QuickTime;Final_Cut_Pro;Macworld;Telestream;Telestream; Television Television_program;Internet_television;Internet;Hulu;Megahertz;Surround_sound;Display_device;Image_scanner;Cathode_ray_tube;Image_resolution;Television_program;Super_Bowl;Trademark;ITV;European_Union;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;Social_media;Internet_television;Facebook;Cathode_ray_tube;LCD;Internet_television;Video;Video;NTSC;PAL;Surround_sound;Closed_captioning;Progressive_scan;Surround_sound;Dolby_Digital;Surround_sound;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Closed_captioning;MPEG_transport_stream;Video_on_demand;Internet_television;Internet_radio;Streaming_media;Music_television;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Television;Television; Television_program A television program (usually television programme outside North America ), also called television show , is a segment of content intended for broadcast on television . It may be a one-time production or part of a periodically recurring series. A single program in a series is called an episode . A television series that is intended to comprise a limited number of episodes is usually called a miniseries or serial . Series without a fixed length are usually divided into seasons or series , yearly or biannual installments of new episodes. While there is no defined length, US industry practice tends to favor longer seasons than those of some other countries. A one-time broadcast may be called a "special", or particularly in the UK a "special episode". A television movie ("made-for-TV movie" or television film), is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in cinemas or direct-to-video , although many successful TV movies are later released on DVD . A program can be either recorded—as on video tape or other various electronic media forms—or considered live television . North_America;Television;DVD;Film;DVD;Video_editing;DVD;DVD;Doctor_Who;French_language;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Television_program;Television_program; Television_show A television program (usually television programme outside North America ), also called television show , is a segment of content intended for broadcast on television . It may be a one-time production or part of a periodically recurring series. A single program in a series is called an episode . A television series that is intended to comprise a limited number of episodes is usually called a miniseries or serial . Series without a fixed length are usually divided into seasons or series , yearly or biannual installments of new episodes. While there is no defined length, US industry practice tends to favor longer seasons than those of some other countries. A one-time broadcast may be called a "special", or particularly in the UK a "special episode". A television movie ("made-for-TV movie" or television film), is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in cinemas or direct-to-video , although many successful TV movies are later released on DVD . A program can be either recorded—as on video tape or other various electronic media forms—or considered live television . North_America;Television;DVD;Film;DVD;Video_editing;DVD;DVD;Doctor_Who;French_language;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Television_program;Television_program; Television_shows A television program (usually television programme outside North America ), also called television show , is a segment of content intended for broadcast on television . It may be a one-time production or part of a periodically recurring series. A single program in a series is called an episode . A television series that is intended to comprise a limited number of episodes is usually called a miniseries or serial . Series without a fixed length are usually divided into seasons or series , yearly or biannual installments of new episodes. While there is no defined length, US industry practice tends to favor longer seasons than those of some other countries. A one-time broadcast may be called a "special", or particularly in the UK a "special episode". A television movie ("made-for-TV movie" or television film), is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in cinemas or direct-to-video , although many successful TV movies are later released on DVD . A program can be either recorded—as on video tape or other various electronic media forms—or considered live television . North_America;Television;DVD;Film;DVD;Video_editing;DVD;DVD;Doctor_Who;French_language;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Television_program;Television_program; Telstra Telstra Corporation Limited (known as Telstra ) is an Australian telecommunications and media company, building and operating telecommunications networks and marketing voice , mobile , internet access and pay television products and services. Telstra has a long history in Australia, originating as a government department together with Australia Post . Relatively recently, Telstra was fully privatised and has been undergoing a change program to become more "sales and marketing led" under its current CEO, David Thodey. The federal government's National Broadband Network agenda, as well as industry changes driven by mass adoption of the internet, are imposing further structural changes upon the company. Australia;Mobile_phone;Internet;Mobile_phone;Optus;Optus;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;GSM;GSM;EDGE;Wireless;Intellectual_property;Australia;Australia;Optus;United_States;Europe;Hong_Kong;Australia;Hong_Kong;United_States;Australia;Singapore;Japan;New_Zealand;Website;Optus;Virgin_Mobile_Australia;Vodafone_Australia;Malaysia;Thailand;Singapore;Philippines;Australia;Australia;Woolworths_Limited;New_Zealand;Woolworths_Limited;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Telstra;Telstra; Telus Telus ( TSX : T , NYSE : TU ) is a national telecommunications company in Canada that provides a wide range of telecommunications products and services including internet access , voice, entertainment, video, and satellite television . The company is based in Burnaby , British Columbia , part of Greater Vancouver . Telus' wireless division, Telus Mobility , offers CDMA 2000 , IDEN , and HSPA+ -based mobile phone networks. Telus is a member of the British Columbia Technology Industry Association . Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Canada;IDEN;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Canada;IDEN;Mobile_phone;Dominican_Republic;Philippines;Singapore;Guatemala;Green;IPTV;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Canada;Research_In_Motion;Thomson_Reuters;Best_Buy;Telus;Telus; Tempo In musical terminology , tempo ( Italian for time , plural: tempi ) is the speed or pace of a given piece . Tempo is a crucial element of any musical composition, as it can affect the mood and difficulty of a piece. Italian_language;Music_sequencer;Electronic_dance_music;Disc_jockey;Classical_music;Italian_language;Disc_jockey;House_music;Drum_and_bass;Jazz;Jazz;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Musical_notation;Legato;Staccato;Tempo;Tempo; Tencent_QQ Tencent QQ , generally referred to as QQ , is a free instant messaging computer program in China . As of 30 September 2011, there were 711.7 million active user accounts for QQ IM, [ 1 ] . The number of simultaneous online QQ accounts exceeded 100 million. [ 2 ] In February 2011, QQ.com ranked 10th overall in the Alexa Internet rankings just behind Twitter . [ 3 ] The program is maintained by Tencent Holdings Limited ( SEHK : 0700 ), owned in part by the South African multinational company Naspers . [ 4 ] Besides the chat feature, QQ had also developed other features including games, virtual pets , ringtone downloads, blogs, etc. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Java_ME;Internationalization_and_localization;Chinese_language;English_language;French_language;Japanese_language;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Instant_messaging;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Linux;Windows_Vista;Instant_messaging;ICQ;Shenzhen;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Live_Messenger;Blog;AOL;Reverse_engineering;Adium;Kopete;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Windows;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Financial_Times;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Tencent_QQ;Tencent_QQ; Tencent_Traveler Tencent Holdings Limited ( SEHK : 700 ) is a Chinese investment holding company whose subsidiaries provide Internet and mobile phone value-added services and operate online advertising services in the People's Republic of China . [ 2 ] Its headquarters are in Nanshan District , Shenzhen . Tencent's diverse services include social networks , web portals , e-commerce , and multiplayer online games . [ 3 ] It operates the well-known instant messenger Tencent QQ [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and runs one of the largest web portals in China , QQ.com. [ 6 ] As of December 31, 2010, there were 647.6 million active Tencent QQ IM user accounts, [ 1 ] making Tencent QQ the world's largest online community. The number of simultaneously online QQ accounts has sometimes exceeded 100 million. [ 7 ] As of November 2010, the company is the third largest Internet company in the world behind Google and Amazon with a market capitalization of US$38 billion. [ 8 ] Other big, Chinese Internet companies include Sina and Baidu . Internet;Shenzhen;Chinese_language;Shenzhen;Tencent_QQ;Tencent_QQ;Tencent_QQ;Google;Amazon.com;Baidu;ICQ;AOL;Shenzhen;Tencent_QQ;Instant_messaging;Google;Web_browser;Infinity_Blade;Shenzhen;Tencent_QQ;The_Times_Group;Baidu;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Hong_Kong;Web_browser;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone; Terabyte The terabyte is a multiple of the unit byte digital information . The prefix tera means 10 12 in the International System of Units (SI), and therefore 1 terabyte is 1 000 000 000 000 bytes , or 1 trillion ( short scale ) bytes, or 1000 gigabytes. 1 terabyte in binary prefixes is 0.9095 tebibytes , or 931.32 gibibytes . The unit symbol for the terabyte is TB or TByte , but not Tb (lower case b ) which refers to terabit . Kibibyte;Megabyte;Gigabyte;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Mac_OS_X;Hard_disk;Seagate_Technology;Cisco_Systems;IBM;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Megabit;Megabyte;Gigabyte;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Kibibyte;Terabyte;Terabyte; Teradyne Teradyne ( NYSE : TER ), a US company, is a supplier of automatic test equipment (ATE). The company's divisions Semiconductor Test and Systems Test Group, are organized by the products they develop and deliver. United_States_dollar;United_States;Automatic_test_equipment;California;Flash_memory;Deutsche_Telekom;Integrated_circuit;Backplane;Teradyne;Teradyne; Terfenadine InChI=1S/C32H41NO2/c1-31(2,3)26-18-16-25(17-19-26)30(34)15-10-22-33-23-20-29 (21-24-33)32(35,27-11-6-4-7-12-27)28-13-8-5-9-14-28/ h4-9,11-14,16-19,29-30,34-35H,10,15,20-24H2,1-3H3 N Key:GUGOEEXESWIERI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Terfenadine is an antihistamine formerly used for the treatment of allergic conditions. It was brought to market by Hoechst Marion Roussel (now Sanofi-Aventis ) and marketed under various brand names, including Seldane in the United States, Triludan in the United Kingdom, and Teldane in Australia. According to its manufacturer, terfenadine had been used by over 100 million patients worldwide as of 1990. [ 1 ] It was superseded by fexofenadine in the 1990s due to the risk of a particular type of disruption of the electrical rhythms of the heart (specifically cardiac arrhythmia caused by QT interval prolongation). Terfenadine is a prodrug , generally completely metabolized to the active form fexofenadine in the liver by the enzyme cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 isoform . Due to its near complete metabolism by the liver immediately after leaving the gut, terfenadine normally is not measurable in the plasma. Terfenadine itself, however, is cardiotoxic at higher doses, while its major active metabolite is not. Toxicity is possible after years of continued use with no previous problems as a result of an interaction with other medications such as erythromycin , or foods such as grapefruit . The addition of, or dosage change in, these CYP3A4 inhibitors makes it harder for the body to metabolize and remove terfenadine. In larger plasma concentrations, it may lead to toxic effects on the heart's rhythm (e.g. ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes ). International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Plasma_protein_binding;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Fexofenadine;Fexofenadine;Erythromycin;Ketoconazole;Erythromycin;Pseudoephedrine;Associated_Press;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Terfenadine;Terfenadine; Terms_and_conditions Television;UK;Australia;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;UK; TerraTec TerraTec Electronic GmbH is a German manufacturer of sound cards , computer speakers , webcams , computer mice , video grabbers and TV tuner cards . The company was founded by Walter Grieger and Heiko Meertz in 1994 in Nettetal , Germany in county town Kreis Viersen . Both men are still CEOs. There was a time when Terratec mainly produced graphic cards. But it dropped the production later and focused on sound cards. Furthermore is TerraTec distributing hardware and software products like professionally studio software Cubase for musicians or hardware like PhonoPreAmpiVinyl to digitalizing recordings from vinyl or tapes to digitally audio-formates. TerraTec is mainly known for its sound cards, which start in the low price sector for home users and stop in the professional audio sector with products from their TerraTec Producer series. TerraTec has now taken over the successful "Axon" brand of Pitch-to-MIDI or guitar synthesizer converters. AXON's current models include the AX100 and the AX50USB. Germany;Webcam;Webcam;Germany;TerraTec;TerraTec; Tesco_Mobile United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;Slovakia;Hungary;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;United_Kingdom;Republic_of_Ireland;Slovakia;United_Kingdom;Vodafone;United_Kingdom;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;Tesco_Mobile;Tesco_Mobile; Test_automation In software testing , test automation is the use of special software (separate from the software being tested) to control the execution of tests, the comparison of actual outcomes to predicted outcomes, the setting up of test preconditions, and other test control and test reporting functions. [ 1 ] Commonly, test automation involves automating a manual process already in place that uses a formalized testing process. Software;Graphical_user_interface;Computing_platform;Operating_system;Metadata;API;Open_source;LabVIEW;Open_source;Microsoft;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Test_automation;Test_automation; Tethering Tethering refers to connecting one device to another. In the context of mobile phones or Internet tablets , tethering allows sharing the Internet connection of the phone or tablet with other devices such as laptops. Connection of the phone or tablet with other devices can be done over wireless LAN (Wi-Fi), over Bluetooth or by physical connection using a cable for example, through USB . If tethering is done over Wi-Fi, the feature may be branded as a Mobile Hotspot . The Internet-connected mobile device can thus act as a portable wireless access point and router for devices connected to it Many mobile phones are equipped with software to offer tethered Internet access. Windows Phone 7 , Android (starting from version 2.2), and iOS 3.0 (or later) offer tethering over a Bluetooth PAN or a USB connection. Tethering over Wi-Fi, also known as Personal Hotspot, is available on iOS starting with iOS 4.2.5 (or later) on iPhone 4, 4S, and iPad (3rd generation), certain Windows Phone 7 devices (varies by manufacturer and model) and certain Android phones (varies widely depending on carrier, manufacturer, and software version). [ 1 ] In some countries this feature is only legitimately available by paying to add a tethering package to a data plan or choosing a data plan that includes tethering. There are, however, several ways to use tethering without paying for it, including rooting Android devices or jailbreaking iOS devices and installing a tethering application on the device. [ 2 ] Some operators have asked Google or any mobile producer using Android to completely remove tethering support from the operating system on certain handsets. [ 3 ] Tethering is also available as a downloadable third-party application on most Symbian mobile phones [ 4 ] as well as on the MeeGo platform [ 5 ] and on WebOS mobiles phones. [ 6 ] Mobile_phone;Bluetooth;USB;Windows_Phone;IOS;Google;WebOS;Sprint_Nextel;Verizon_Wireless;Smartphone;Tethering;Tethering; Tetrabenazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tetrabenazine;Tetrabenazine; Tetracyclic_antidepressant Tetracyclic antidepressants ( TeCAs ) are a class of drugs used primarily as antidepressants that were first introduced in the 1970s. They are named after their chemical structure which contains four rings of atoms and are closely related to the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) which contain three rings of atoms. Amoxapine;Chemical_class;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Aptazapine;Ciclazindol;Esmirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Amoxapine;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Inverse_agonist;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Clozapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Promethazine;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Pseudoephedrine;Diphenylpyraline;Amineptine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Oxaprotiline;Tandamine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant; Tetris Tetris ( Russian : Тетрис ) is a tile-matching puzzle video game originally designed and programmed by Alexey Pajitnov in the Soviet Union . It was released on June 6, 1984, [ 2 ] while he was working for the Dorodnicyn Computing Centre of the Academy of Science of the USSR in Moscow. [ 3 ] He derived its name from the Greek numerical prefix tetra- (all of the game's pieces contain four segments) and tennis, Pajitnov's favorite sport. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It is also the first entertainment software to be exported from the USSR to the U.S. and published by Spectrum Holobyte for Commodore 64 and IBM PC. The Tetris game is a popular use of tetrominoes, the four element special case of polyominoes . Polyominoes have been used in popular puzzles since at least 1907, and the name was given by the mathematician Solomon W. Golomb in 1953. However, even the enumeration of pentominoes is dated to antiquity. The game (or one of its many variants) is available for nearly every video game console and computer operating system , as well as on devices such as graphing calculators , mobile phones, portable media players , PDAs , Network music players and even as an Easter egg on non-media products like oscilloscopes . [ 6 ] It has even inspired Tetris serving dishes [ 7 ] and been played on the sides of various buildings, [ 8 ] [ 9 ] with the record holder for the world's largest fully functional game of Tetris being an effort by Dutch students in 1995 that lit up 15 floors of the Electrical Engineering department at Delft University of Technology . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] While versions of Tetris were sold for a range of 1980s home computer platforms as well as the arcades , it was the hugely successful handheld version for the Game Boy launched in 1989 that established the game as one of the most popular ever. Electronic Gaming Monthly ' s 100th issue had Tetris in first place as "Greatest Game of All Time". In 2007, Tetris came in second place in IGN 's "100 Greatest Video Games of All Time" (2007). [ 13 ] It has sold more than 70 million copies. [ 14 ] In January 2010, it was announced that Tetris has sold more than 100 million copies for cell phones alone since 2005. [ 15 ] Computing_platform;North_America;Video_game_console;Operating_system;Portable_media_player;Personal_digital_assistant;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;Personal_computer;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;ProDOS;Apple_IIgs;Sega;Sega;IPod_classic;IPod;Electronic_Arts;Computer_science;Macintosh;Computer_and_Video_Games;The_Guardian;Ars_Technica;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Tetris;Tetris; TextEdit TextEdit is a simple, open source word processor and text editor , first featured in NeXT 's NEXTSTEP and OPENSTEP . It is now distributed with Mac OS X since Apple Inc. 's acquisition of NeXT, and available as a GNUstep application for other Unix -compatible operating systems such as Linux . [ 1 ] It is powered by Apple Advanced Typography and has many advanced typography features. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Open_source;NeXT;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Unix;Linux;Apple_Macintosh;Operating_system;SimpleText;Plain_text;HTML;Source_code;Xcode;Internet;Application_programming_interface;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;TextEdit;TextEdit; Text_messaging Text messaging , or texting , is the exchange of brief written text messages between two or more mobile phones or fixed or portable devices over a phone network. While the original term was derived from referring to messages sent using the Short Message Service (SMS) originated from Radio Telegraphy, it has since been extended to include messages containing image, video, and sound content (known as MMS messages). The sender of a text message is known as a texter , while the service itself has different colloquialisms depending on the region: it may simply be referred to as a text in North America, Australia, the Philippines and the United Kingdom, an SMS in most of mainland Europe, and a TMS or SMS in the Middle East and Asia. Text messages can be used to interact with automated systems such as ordering products and services for mobile phones or participating in contests. Advertisers and service providers use direct text marketing to notify mobile phone users about promotions, payment due dates and other notifications that can usually be sent by post, e-mail or voicemail . In a straight and concise definition for the purposes of this English Language article, text messaging by phones or mobile phones should include all 26 letters of the alphabet and 10 numerals, i.e., alpha-numeric messages, or text, to be sent by texter or received by the textee. [ 1 ] Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Vodafone;BlackBerry;Vodafone;Instant_messaging;GSM;Push_to_talk;Megabyte;Vodafone;SMS_language;Language;QWERTY;Mandarin_Chinese;Predictive_text;Consumer_Reports;Nokia;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Verizon_Wireless;ZDNet;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Engadget;YouTube;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Text_messaging;Text_messaging; Textbook A textbook or coursebook is a manual of instruction in any branch of study. Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions. Although most textbooks are only published in printed format, many are now available as online electronic books and increasingly, although illegally, in scanned format in P2P networks. International_Standard_Book_Number;EPub;Amazon_Kindle;PDF;United_States;IPad;Amazon_Kindle;Stanford_University;New_York_Times;Textbook;Textbook; Texting Text messaging , or texting , is the exchange of brief written text messages between two or more mobile phones or fixed or portable devices over a phone network. While the original term was derived from referring to messages sent using the Short Message Service (SMS) originated from Radio Telegraphy, it has since been extended to include messages containing image, video, and sound content (known as MMS messages). The sender of a text message is known as a texter , while the service itself has different colloquialisms depending on the region: it may simply be referred to as a text in North America, Australia, the Philippines and the United Kingdom, an SMS in most of mainland Europe, and a TMS or SMS in the Middle East and Asia. Text messages can be used to interact with automated systems such as ordering products and services for mobile phones or participating in contests. Advertisers and service providers use direct text marketing to notify mobile phone users about promotions, payment due dates and other notifications that can usually be sent by post, e-mail or voicemail . In a straight and concise definition for the purposes of this English Language article, text messaging by phones or mobile phones should include all 26 letters of the alphabet and 10 numerals, i.e., alpha-numeric messages, or text, to be sent by texter or received by the textee. [ 1 ] Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Vodafone;BlackBerry;Vodafone;Instant_messaging;GSM;Push_to_talk;Megabyte;Vodafone;SMS_language;Language;QWERTY;Mandarin_Chinese;Predictive_text;Consumer_Reports;Nokia;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Verizon_Wireless;ZDNet;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Engadget;YouTube;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Text_messaging;Text_messaging; Thailand Thailand ( / ˈ t aɪ l æ n d / TY -land or / ˈ t aɪ l ə n d / ; [ 7 ] Thai : ประเทศไทย , RTGS : Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand ( Thai : ราชอาณาจักรไทย , RTGS : Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] ( listen ) ), formerly known as Siam ( Thai : สยาม ; RTGS : Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest. The country is a constitutional monarchy , headed by King Rama IX , the ninth king of the House of Chakri , who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history . [ 8 ] The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths. Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country in terms of total area, with an area of approximately 513,000 km 2 (198,000 sq mi), and is the 20th-most-populous country , with around 64 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok , which is Thailand's political, commercial, industrial and cultural hub. About 75% of the population is ethnically Thai , 14% is of Chinese origin, and 3% is ethnically Malay ; [ 1 ] the rest belong to minority groups including Mons , Khmers and various hill tribes . The country's official language is Thai . The primary religion is Buddhism , which is practiced by around 95% of the population. Thailand experienced rapid economic growth between 1985 and 1996, and is presently a newly industrialized country and a major exporter. Tourism also contributes significantly to the Thai economy. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] There are approximately 2.2 million legal and illegal migrants in Thailand, [ 11 ] and the country has also attracted a number of expatriates from developed countries. [ 12 ] Laos;Cambodia;Malaysia;Vietnam;Malaysia;Vietnam;Barack_Obama;Barack_Obama;Spain;Cambodia;Malaysia;Bangkok_Post;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Flickr;Laos;Laos;Laos;Cambodia;Malaysia;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Vietnam;Australia;Taiwan;France;Mozambique;Seychelles;Asia;Malaysia;Sri_Lanka;Australia;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Vietnam;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Australia;Brunei;Cambodia;Japan;Laos;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Philippines;Singapore;Vietnam;United_States;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Thailand;Thailand; ThePlatform thePlatform is a Seattle , WA-based online video publishing company, which was acquired by Comcast in 2006. [ 1 ] Founded in 2000 by Ian Blaine and Andrew Olson, the company works with digital media companies to manage and publish video and audio. United_States;CNBC;Hulu;NBC;Fearnet;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;ThePlatform;ThePlatform; The_Baroque_Cycle The Baroque Cycle is a series of novels by American writer Neal Stephenson . It was published in three volumes containing 8 books in 2003 and 2004. The story follows the adventures of a sizeable cast of characters living amidst some of the central events of the late 17th and early 18th centuries in Europe. Despite featuring a literary treatment consistent with historical fiction, Stephenson has characterized the work as science fiction , due to the presence of some anomalous occurrences and the work's particular emphasis on themes relating to science and technology. [ 1 ] The sciences of cryptology and numismatics feature heavily in the series. Gottfried_Leibniz;Japan;Mexico;Gottfried_Leibniz;Spain;Gottfried_Leibniz;John_Wilkins;Snow_Crash;The_Baroque_Cycle;The_Baroque_Cycle; The_Beatles The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. They became one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. [ 1 ] The band's best-known lineup consisted of John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison , and Ringo Starr . Rooted in skiffle and 1950s rock and roll , the group later utilised several genres , ranging from pop ballads to psychedelic rock , often incorporating classical and other elements, in innovative ways. In the early 1960s, their enormous popularity first emerged as " Beatlemania ", but as their songwriting grew in sophistication, they came to be perceived by many fans and cultural observers as an embodiment of the ideals shared by the era's sociocultural revolutions . The Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960. Moulded into a professional act by manager Brian Epstein , the creativity of producer George Martin enhanced their musical potential. They gained popularity in the United Kingdom after their first single, " Love Me Do ", became a modest hit in late 1962. They acquired the nickname the "Fab Four" as Beatlemania grew in Britain over the following year, and by early 1964 they had become international stars, leading the " British Invasion " of the United States pop market. The group toured extensively around the world until August 1966, when they performed their final commercial concert. From 1966 on, they produced what many critics consider their finest material, including the innovative and widely influential albums Revolver (1966), Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), The Beatles (1968), and Abbey Road (1969). After their break-up in 1970, the ex-Beatles each found success in individual musical careers. Lennon was murdered in 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in 2001. McCartney and Starr remain active. The Beatles are the best-selling band in history, with sales of over one billion units estimated by EMI Records . [ 2 ] They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act. According to the RIAA , as of 2012 they have sold 177 million units in the US, more than any other artist, and in 2008, they topped Billboard magazine's list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists. As of 2012, they hold the record for most number-one hits on the Hot 100 chart with 20. They have received 7 Grammy Awards from the American National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences , an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and 15 Ivor Novello Awards from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors . They were collectively included in Time magazine's compilation of the 20th century's 100 most influential people . Rock_music;Pop_music;Record_label;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Rock_music;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Pop_music;Classical_music;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Grammy_Award;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;EMI;Abbey_Road_Studios;Session_musician;Ringo_Starr;Capitol_Records;Rolling_Stone;Philippines;Music_video;Extended_play;Daily_Mail;The_Guardian;Apple_Records;Bootleg_recording;Apple_Records;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Abbey_Road_Studios;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;ITunes_Store;Pop_music;Classical_music;Country_music;Jazz;Album;Music_video;Grammy_Award;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Music_recording_sales_certification;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Sony;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;British_Phonographic_Industry;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;John_Lennon;Paul_McCartney;George_Harrison;Ringo_Starr;Abbey_Road_Studios;Apple_Records;Apple_Records;Capitol_Records;Apple_Records;The_Beatles;The_Beatles; The_Consumer_Council_of_Norway The Consumer Council of Norway (Norwegian: Forbrukerrådet) is a Norwegian government agency and consumer protection organisation established in 1953. [ 1 ] Its objectives are to work to increase consumer influence in society, to contribute to consumer-friendly developments, and to promote measures that strengthen the position of consumers. The Consumer Council is free to develop an independent consumer policy, and is independent of commercial interests and other organisations. The Consumer Council shall help to put consumer questions on the agenda, and promote consumers' interests by: Influencing authorities, organisations and businesses Educating consumers through information, advice and guidance Providing assistance to individual consumers The Consumer Council is financed by the Norwegian government. On the 25. of January 2006 The Consumer Council of Norway filed a complaint regarding iTunes ' Term of Service. [ 2 ] Norway;Consumer_protection;ITunes; The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Palm_OS;Symbian_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;ATI_Technologies;Symbian_OS;DivX;FLAC;JPEG;Musepack;Portable_Network_Graphics;Speex;TIFF;Vorbis;WAV;WavPack;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Matroska;MPEG;Ogg;QuickTime;International_Standard_Book_Number;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player; The_Daily_Telegraph The Daily Telegraph is a daily morning broadsheet conservative-leaning newspaper distributed throughout the United Kingdom and internationally. The newspaper was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in June 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier , and since 2004 is owned by David and Frederick Barclay . According to a MORI survey conducted in 2005, 64% of Telegraph readers intended to support the Conservative Party in the coming elections. [ 3 ] It had an average daily circulation of 634,113 in July 2011 (compared to 441,205 for The Times ). [ 2 ] It is the sister paper of The Sunday Telegraph . It is run separately with a different editorial staff, but there is some cross-usage of stories, and the two titles share a website. Daily_Mail;Sun_Microsystems;The_New_York_Times;The_Guardian;The_Guardian;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;Financial_Times;Daily_Mail;The_Mail_on_Sunday;ITV;ITV;BBC_iPlayer;ITV;TVCatchup;TiVo;Zattoo;EMI;Reuters;British_Phonographic_Industry;The_Guardian;Daily_Mail;The_Daily_Telegraph;The_Daily_Telegraph; The_Economic_Times The Economic Times is an English-language Indian daily newspaper published by the Bennett, Coleman Co. Ltd. . The Economic Times was started in 1961. It is the most popular and widely read financial daily in India, read by more than 8 lakh (800,000) people. The Economic Times is published simultaneously from 12 cities—Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Nagpur, Chandigarh, and Pune. The Economic Times has its offices in Mumbai at THE TIMES OF INDIA building, Dr. D. N. Road. Its main content is based on the Indian economy , International finance, share prices, prices of commodities as well as other matters related to finance. The founder- editor of the paper when it was launched in 1961 was P.S. Hariharan. The current Editorial Director of The Economic Times and ET Now is Rahul Joshi. The Economic Times is characterised by its salmon-pink paper. It is sold in all major cities in India. In June 2009, it also launched a television channel called ET Now . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The_Times_Group;English_language;English_language;The_Times_Group;The_Economic_Times;The_Economic_Times; The_Embassy_Visual_Effects The Embassy is a visual effects studio located in Vancouver , Canada . The Embassy is known for its photo-realistic visual effects work on commercials and more recently, features. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The studio completed a number of visual effects shots for Marvel Studios , Iron Man and more recently contributed effects to the climactic sequence of the Peter Jackson produced film, District 9 . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The Embassy's visual effects work on District 9 was nominated for an Academy Award. [ 6 ] The Embassy is most famous for a series of commercials created for French automobile maker, Citroën . The commercials feature a computer generated car which transforms into a robot. The visual effects created for the first Citroën commercial were the subject of a promotional campaign by Apple Inc. , promoting the use of its compositing software, Shake . The Embassy has also worked on advertising campaigns for Nike , Mercedes-Benz , Chevrolet and GMC . Visual_effects;Canada;Visual_effects;Peter_Jackson;Visual_effects;Apple_Inc.;Compositing;United_States;Pixar;Japan;United_Kingdom;Italy;The_Embassy_Visual_Effects;The_Embassy_Visual_Effects; The_Engine Computer;Ramon_Llull;International_Standard_Book_Number;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;The_Engine;The_Engine; The_Gambia English_language;United_Kingdom;Sierra_Leone;Benin;Mauritania;Republic_of_China;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Liberia;United_Kingdom;French_language;Namibia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;France;United_Kingdom;Albania;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Brunei;Chad;Kyrgyzstan;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mozambique;Sierra_Leone;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Thailand;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Argentina;Benin;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Liberia;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Liberia;Burkina_Faso;Benin;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Liberia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Liberia;Benin;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;The_Gambia;The_Gambia; The_Guardian The Guardian , until 1959 known as The Manchester Guardian (founded 1821), is a British national daily newspaper in the Berliner format . Currently edited by Alan Rusbridger , it has grown from a 19th-century local paper to a national paper associated with a complex organisational structure and international multimedia presence with sister papers The Observer (British Sunday paper) and The Guardian Weekly , as well as a web presence. The Guardian in paper form had a certified average daily circulation of 230,541 in October 2011, behind The Daily Telegraph and The Times , but ahead of The Independent . [ 3 ] For the three years up to June 2012, its parent lost £100,000 a day, which prompted Intelligent Life to question whether The Guardian can survive. [ 4 ] [ undue weight? – discuss ] The newspaper's online offering is the second most popular British newspaper website behind the Daily Mail ' s Mail Online . Founded in 1821 by John Edward Taylor in Manchester , with backing from the non-conformist Little Circle group of local businessmen, The Manchester Guardian replaced the radical Manchester Observer which championed the Peterloo protesters. The paper currently identifies with social liberalism . In the last United Kingdom elections, the paper supported the Liberal Democrats, who went on to form a coalition government with the Conservatives. The paper is also influential in the design and publishing arena, sponsoring many awards in these areas. The Guardian has changed format and design over the years moving from broadsheet to Berliner , and has become an international media organisation with affiliations to other national papers with similar aims. The Guardian Weekly , which circulates worldwide, contains articles from The Guardian and its sister Sunday paper The Observer , as well as reports, features and book reviews from The Washington Post and articles translated from Le Monde . Other projects include GuardianFilm, the current editorial director of which is Maggie O'Kane. Its greatest scoop has been the breaking of the News International phone hacking scandal in 2011, particularly with the revelation of the hacking of murdered teenager Milly Dowler 's phone. [ 5 ] The investigation brought about the closure of one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, the News of the World . [ 6 ] The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;The_Washington_Post;Charlie_Brooker;Helvetica;The_Washington_Post;Portable_Document_Format;The_Daily_Telegraph;Charlie_Brooker;PDF;Daily_Mail;Podcast;ITunes;CNN;Thailand;Zimbabwe;Charlie_Brooker;New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Charlie_Brooker;Internet_radio;Internet_television;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Daily_Telegraph;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_Kingdom;Financial_Times;The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;The_Mail_on_Sunday;ITV;ITV;BBC_iPlayer;ITV;TVCatchup;TiVo;Zattoo;EMI;Reuters;British_Phonographic_Industry;Daily_Mail;The_Guardian;The_Guardian; The_Huffington_Post The Huffington Post is an American news website , content aggregator , and blog founded by Arianna Huffington , Kenneth Lerer , Andrew Breitbart , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and Jonah Peretti , featuring columnists and various news sources. [ 4 ] The site offers news, blogs, and original content, and covers politics, business, entertainment, environment, technology, popular media, lifestyle, culture, comedy, healthy living, women's interest, and local news. The Huffington Post was launched on May 9, 2005, and is known as a left-leaning commentary outlet, but Arianna Huffington has stated that its goal is to go beyond the traditional liberal / left and conservative / right divide in American politics and news media. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] On February 7, 2011, AOL acquired the mass market [ 9 ] Huffington Post for US$315 million, making Arianna Huffington editor-in-chief of The Huffington Post Media Group. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In 2012, The Huffington Post was the first commercially run, United States digital media enterprise to win a Pulitzer Prize . [ 12 ] In July 2012, The Huffington Post was ranked #1 on the 15 Most Popular Political Sites list by eBizMBA Rank which bases its list off each site's Alexa Global Traffic Rank , and U.S. Traffic Rank from both Compete and Quantcast . [ 13 ] AOL;Slogan;Internationalization_and_localization;News_aggregator;AOL;AOL;Engadget;TechCrunch;Forbes;The_Guardian;AOL;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;AOL;Winamp;Engadget;TechCrunch;AOL_Instant_Messenger;TechCrunch;AOL_Explorer;The_Huffington_Post;The_Huffington_Post; The_Incredibles The Incredibles is an American computer-animated superhero comedy film written and directed by Brad Bird , released by Walt Disney Pictures on November 5, 2004, and the sixth film produced by Pixar Animation Studios . The story follows a family of superheroes living a quiet suburban life, forced to hide their powers. When father Bob Parr's yearning for his glory days and desire to help people drags him into battle with an evil villain and his killer robot, the entire Parr family is forced into action to save the world. Bird, who was Pixar's first outside director, developed the film as an extension of 1960s comic books and spy films from his boyhood and personal family life. He pitched the film to Pixar after the box office disappointment of his first feature, The Iron Giant (1999), and carried over much of its staff to develop The Incredibles . The animation team was tasked with animating an all-human cast, which required creating new technology to animate detailed human anatomy, clothing and realistic skin and hair. Michael Giacchino composed the orchestral score of The Incredibles . The film was released by Walt Disney Pictures on November 5, 2004 and performed highly at the box office, grossing $631,442,092 during its original theatrical run. The Incredibles was met with high critical acclaim, garnering high marks from professional critics and audiences, and provoking commentary on its themes. Many critics called it the best film of 2004, receiving the 2004 Annie Award for Best Animated Feature , along with two Academy Awards . It became the first entirely animated film to win the prestigious Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . Pixar;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Comedy;Film;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Pixar;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Remote_control;Grammy_Award;New_York_Times;Steve_Jobs;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Sony_PSP;Rotten_Tomatoes;Rolling_Stone;NBC;Target_Corporation;Disney_Channel;Xbox;Apple_Macintosh;Mobile_phone;Xbox;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Amazon.com;International_Standard_Book_Number;Rotten_Tomatoes;Pixar;Steve_Jobs;Pixar;The_Incredibles;The_Incredibles; The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy The Lord of the Rings is a film trilogy consisting of three epic [ 1 ] [ 2 ] fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson and based on the three-volume book of the same name by English author J. R. R. Tolkien . The films are, by subtitle, The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They were distributed by New Line Cinema . Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious movie projects ever undertaken, with an overall budget of $285 million, the entire project took eight years, with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in Jackson's native country, New Zealand . Each film in the trilogy also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases. While the films follow the book's general storyline, they do omit some of the plot elements from the novel and include some additions to and other deviations from the source material. Set in the fictional world of Middle-earth , the three films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) as he and a Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring , and thus ensure the destruction of its maker, the Dark Lord Sauron . The Fellowship becomes divided and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam ( Sean Astin ) and the treacherous Gollum ( Andy Serkis ). Meanwhile, Aragorn ( Viggo Mortensen ), heir in exile to the throne of Gondor , and the wizard Gandalf ( Ian McKellen ) unite and rally the Free Peoples of Middle-earth , who are ultimately victorious in the War of the Ring . The trilogy was a great financial success, with the films collectively being the ninth highest-grossing film series of all time (behind Harry Potter , James Bond , Star Wars , the Marvel Cinematic Universe , Pirates of the Caribbean , Shrek , Spider-Man , and Batman ). The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded, winning 17 out of 30 Academy Awards nominated in total. The final film in the trilogy, The Return of the King , won all 11 of the Academy Awards for which it was nominated, tying it with Ben-Hur and Titanic for most Academy Awards received for a film. The trilogy received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Peter Jackson's The Hobbit , a three-part prequel based on Tolkien's 1937 novel , is currently in production and slated for release in 2012, 2013 and 2014. Peter_Jackson;Peter_Jackson;New_Zealand;Universal_Studios;Abbey_Road_Studios;Los_Angeles_Times;Rotten_Tomatoes;USA_Today;Entertainment_Weekly;TIME;Rotten_Tomatoes;Harry_Potter;Rotten_Tomatoes;Rotten_Tomatoes;Rotten_Tomatoes;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Rotten_Tomatoes;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Peter_Jackson;The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy;Peter_Jackson; The_Mail_on_Sunday The Mail on Sunday is a British conservative newspaper, published in a tabloid format. First published in 1982 by Lord Rothermere , it became Britain's biggest-selling Sunday newspaper following the closing of The News of the World in July 2011. [ 2 ] Its sister paper, the Daily Mail was launched in 1896. It is owned by Associated Newspapers , but the editorial staff are entirely separate from the Daily Mail . It had an average daily circulation of 1,979,701 in September 2011. [ 1 ] In July, 2011, with the closure of the News of the World the Mail on Sunday sold some 2.5 million copies a week but by September that had fallen back to just under 2 million. Daily_Mail;Daily_Mail;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;Financial_Times;The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;ITV;ITV;BBC_iPlayer;ITV;TVCatchup;TiVo;Zattoo;EMI;Reuters;British_Phonographic_Industry;The_Mail_on_Sunday;The_Mail_on_Sunday; The_Music_Factory The Music Factory (TMF) is a pop music television channel that operates in Belgium (TMF Vlaanderen). TMF previously operated channels in the Netherlands (TMF Nederland) (where it started), the UK with TMF UK and Australia with ( TMF Australia ). The brand is owned by MTV Networks International (part of the Viacom conglomerate). It Shows only pop videos and locally produced live programming in Belgium and likewise with TMF Netherlands before its closure, the British TMF aired some of MTV's and VH1's programmes like Cribs , Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica , Hogan Knows Best and Run's House . Pop_music;Belgium;Netherlands;Australia;Europe;House_music;Optus;Belgium;MTV;Country_Music_Television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Paramount_Pictures;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;The_Music_Factory;The_Music_Factory; The_New_York_Times The New York Times ( NYT ) is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 108 Pulitzer Prizes , more than any other news organization. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Its website is the most popular American online newspaper website, receiving more than 30 million unique visitors per month. [ 5 ] Although the print version of the paper remains the largest local metropolitan newspaper in the United States, it is the third largest newspaper overall, behind The Wall Street Journal and USA Today , and its weekday circulation has fallen since 1990 (as have other newspapers) to fewer than one million copies daily. [ 6 ] Nicknamed "the Old Gray Lady", [ 7 ] and long regarded within the industry as a national " newspaper of record ", [ 8 ] The New York Times is owned by The New York Times Company , which also publishes 18 other newspapers including the International Herald Tribune and The Boston Globe . The company's chairman is Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , whose family has controlled the paper since 1896. [ 9 ] The paper's motto, printed in the upper left-hand corner of the front page, is "All the News That's Fit to Print." The New York Times website (NYTimes.com) has the motto "All the News That's Fit to Click," [ 10 ] a subtle difference. It is organized into sections: News, Opinions, Business, Arts, Science, Sports, Style, Home, and Features. The New York Times stayed with the eight-column format for several years after most papers switched to six columns, and it was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography . Online content is available through a metered paywall begun in 2011. While one's first ten articles per month are free to read, one must subscribe to read additional articles. [ 11 ] There are also mobile applications to access content for various mobile devices, such as Android devices and Apple's iOS platform. The_New_York_Times_Company;The_Wall_Street_Journal;USA_Today;The_New_York_Times_Company;International_Herald_Tribune;IOS;Wireless;The_Washington_Post;International_Herald_Tribune;Classical_music;Disney;USA_Today;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times_Company;Social_media;Laos;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post_Company;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Los_Angeles_Times;USA_Today;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Washington_Post;Video_game;Hong_Kong;Microsoft;Application_software;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;Subscription_business_model;Ombudsman;Newsweek;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times_Company;TechCrunch;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Newsweek;International_Standard_Book_Number;MTV;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;Tribune_Company;CNN;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;International_Herald_Tribune;About.com;United_States_dollar;Gannett_Company;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;Gannett_Company;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Washington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times; The_New_York_Times_Company Coordinates : 40°45′22″N 73°59′25″W  /  40.75611°N 73.99028°W  / 40.75611; -73.99028 The New York Times Company September 18, 1851 ( 1851-09-18 ) Henry Jarvis Raymond The New York Times Building New York City , New York , United States Arthur O. Sulzberger, Jr. ( Chairman and CEO ) International Herald Tribune Several other U.S. media properties 7,414 (December 2010) [ 1 ] The New York Times Company ( NYSE : NYT ) is an American media company best known as the publisher of its namesake, The New York Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. has served as Chairman of the Board since 1997. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan , New York City. [ 4 ] The_New_York_Times;International_Herald_Tribune;United_States_dollar;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;International_Herald_Tribune;About.com;The_Washington_Post;International_Herald_Tribune;United_States_dollar;About.com;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;International_Herald_Tribune;The_New_York_Times;About.com;United_States_dollar;The_New_York_Times_Company;The_New_York_Times_Company; The_NewsMarket thenewsmarket.com is a global online video platform (OVP) for media, powered by Synaptic Digital. Co-founded by Shoba Purushothaman [ 1 ] and Anthony Hayward in New York City in 2000, thenewsmarket.com is used by its customers to communicate to the TV and online media and bloggers and directly to consumers through video . The company combines a video distribution platform and an embeddable, web-based streaming video player [ 2 ] to support the marketing efforts of global brands, organizations, and agencies including Google , [ 3 ] NATO , Panasonic , UNICEF , adidas , [ 4 ] Superleague Formula , [ 5 ] Intel , [ 6 ] IBM , [ 7 ] Rolls-Royce , [ 8 ] and Roche . [ 9 ] thenewsmarket.com site is used by more than 30,000 media outlets in over 190 countries [ 10 ] to access, preview and order free broadcast-quality video and other multimedia content for use in their programming. Synaptic Digital's investors include Apax Partners , [ 11 ] Battery Ventures , Hearst Interactive Media , [ 12 ] and Softbank Capital . [ 13 ] United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_States;San_Francisco;United_States;United_States;United_States;United_Kingdom;Germany;Video;Google;Intel;IBM;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;The_NewsMarket;The_NewsMarket; The_Next_Web English_language;The_Next_Web;The_Next_Web; The_Open_University United_Kingdom;DVD;Hong_Kong;European_Union;ITunes;YouTube;European_Union;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;ITV;The_Guardian;The_Guardian;Facebook;YouTube;United_Kingdom; The_Register The Register (" El Reg " or " The Reg " to its staff and readers) is a British technology news and opinion website. It was founded and based in London by John Lettice and Mike Magee in 1994 as a newsletter called "Chip Connection", initially as an email service. Mike Magee left The Register in 2001 to start The Inquirer , and later the IT Examiner and then TechEye . In 1998 The register became a daily online news source and still is today, and in 2012 is headquartered in both London and San Francisco . The Register explains this is because visitor numbers have expanded to 500,000 regular viewers in Canada and Australia, 1.5 million in the UK, and 3 million in the US. [ 2 ] English_language;San_Francisco;PC_Magazine;Popular_Mechanics;Popular_Science;Ars_Technica;Gizmodo;Lifehacker;Slashdot;TechCrunch;Engadget;Mashable;ReadWriteWeb;The_Register;The_Register; The_Spirit_of_Radio " The Spirit of Radio " is a song released in 1980 by Canadian rock band Rush from their album Permanent Waves . The song's name was inspired by Toronto radio station CFNY 's slogan. [ 1 ] The song was significant in the growing popularity of the band. It is also the first song of the 1980s, since Permanent Waves was released on January 1, 1980, and being the opening track on the album. The band had grazed the UK Top 40 two years earlier with " Closer to the Heart ", but when issued as a single in March 1980, "The Spirit of Radio" soon reached number 13 on the UK singles chart . [ 2 ] It remains their biggest UK hit to date (the 7" single was a 3:00 edited version which has never appeared on CD to date). [ 3 ] "The Spirit of Radio" was named one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll , Rush's only such entry. [ 4 ] The song was among five Rush songs inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame on March 28, 2010. [ 5 ] Record_label;Songwriter;Alex_Lifeson;Record_producer;Canada;Alex_Lifeson;The_Spirit_of_Radio;The_Spirit_of_Radio; The_Times_Group The Times Group (also referred as Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd. ) is the largest mass media company in India . The company remains a family-owned business as the descendants of Sahu Jain family controls majority stake in Times Group. The company has sixteen publishing centres, [ 2 ] fifteen printing centres, [ 2 ] fifty-five sales offices, Over 7000 employees, five dailies, [ 2 ] including two of the largest in the country with approx 4.3 million, copies circulated daily, two lead magazines, [ 2 ] twenty-nine niche magazines reaching 2468 cities and towns, [ 2 ] thirty-two Radio Stations, [ 3 ] two Television News Channels, one Television Life Style Channel and turnover in excess of USD 1 billion. Films;United_States_dollar;The_Economic_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Sri_Lanka;Reuters;The_Economic_Times;The_Times_Group;The_Times_Group; The_Unarchiver The Unarchiver is a free data decompression frontend of libxad , which supports more formats than Archive Utility (formerly known as BOMArchiveHelper), the built-in archive unpacker program in OS X . It can also handle filenames in foreign character sets, created with non-English versions of other operating systems . The latest version requires Mac OS X v10.3.9 or higher. It does not compress files. Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;OS_X;Linux;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Data_compression;Software_license;Free_software;Free_software;Data_compression;Archive_Utility;OS_X;Operating_system;StuffIt;MacBinary;Gzip;Compress;Comic_book_archive;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;The_Unarchiver;The_Unarchiver; The_Verge The_Wall_Street_Journal USA_Today;Financial_Times;America_Online;Financial_Times;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;CNBC;Digital_object_identifier;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;CNN;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;All_Things_Digital;MarketWatch;National_Geographic_Society;NBCUniversal;Associated_Press;Hulu;NBCUniversal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Wall_Street_Journal; The_Walt_Disney_Company The Walt Disney Company ( NYSE : DIS ), commonly referred to as Disney , is an American multinational diversified mass media company headquartered in Walt Disney Studios , Burbank , California, United States. It is the largest media conglomerate in the world in terms of revenue. [ 3 ] Founded on October 16, 1923, by Walt and Roy Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio , Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader in the American animation industry before diversifying into live-action film production, television, and travel. Taking on its current name in 1986, The Walt Disney Company expanded its existing operations and also started divisions focused upon theatre, radio, music, publishing , and online media . In addition, it has created new divisions of the company in order to market more mature content than it typically associates with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its film studio, the Walt Disney Studios , and today one of the largest and best-known studios in Hollywood . Disney also owns and operates the ABC broadcast television network; cable television networks such as Disney Channel , ESPN , A+E Networks , and ABC Family ; publishing , merchandising , and theatre divisions; and owns and licenses 14 theme parks around the world . It also has a successful music division. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6, 1991. An early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, Mickey Mouse , is the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company. Bob_Iger;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Pixar;Hulu;Disney_Channel;Television_program;Paramount_Pictures;Disney_Channel;Paramount_Pictures;Warner_Bros.;Bob_Iger;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Jobs;Pixar;Asia;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;Disney_Channel;Second_screen;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;Bob_Iger;Bob_Iger;Hulu;United_States_dollar;Cisco_Systems;Intel;IBM;Microsoft;Walmart;General_Motors;The_Walt_Disney_Company;The_Walt_Disney_Company; The_Washington_Post The Washington Post is a leading American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D.C. , and oldest extant in the area, founded in 1877. Located in the capital city of the United States , The Post has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia , Maryland , and Virginia . The newspaper is published as a broadsheet , with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. In 2008, Marcus Brauchli replaced long-time executive editor Leonard Downie, Jr. , serving publisher Katharine Weymouth . [ 3 ] In the early 1970s, in the best known episode in the recent history of The Post , reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein led the American press's investigation into what became known as the Watergate scandal ; reporting in the newspaper greatly contributed to the resignation of President Richard Nixon . In years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center . [ 4 ] The newspaper is also known as the namesake of " The Washington Post March ", which John Phillip Sousa composed in 1889 while he was leading the United States Marine Band ; [ 5 ] it became the standard music to accompany the two-step , a late 19th-century dance craze . [ 6 ] The Post has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes . This includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008 , the second-highest number ever given to a single newspaper in one year. [ 7 ] The Post has also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, among others. The newspaper is owned by The Washington Post Company , an education and media company that also owns Kaplan, Inc. , and many media ventures besides The Post . The_Washington_Post_Company;United_States;United_States;The_Washington_Post_Company;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Hong_Kong;USA_Today;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post_Company;Website;Barack_Obama;Al_Gore;Barack_Obama;Ombudsman;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;Associated_Press;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;CNN;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;The_Washington_Post_Company;CBS;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Los_Angeles_Times;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_New_York_Times;Gannett_Company;Los_Angeles_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;The_Washington_Post; The_Washington_Post_Company The Washington Post Company ( NYSE : WPO ) is an American mass media company, best known for owning the newspaper for which it is named, The Washington Post . The company also owns Kaplan, Inc. , a leading international provider of educational and career services for individuals, schools, and businesses. In addition, the company owns The Slate Group, Express , El Tiempo Latino , The Gazette and Southern Maryland newspapers, The Herald (Everett, WA), Post-Newsweek Stations (Detroit, Houston, Miami, Orlando, San Antonio and Jacksonville), Cable ONE —a cable TV and Internet service provider with subscribers in midwestern, western, and southern states—and Avenue100 Media Solutions, an online lead generation provider. The company previously owned Newsweek and Newsweek.com, but sold the magazine in 2010 after years of financial losses. [ 2 ] The Washington Post Company history dates back to 1877, when the Post was first published. The Washington Post Company was incorporated in the District of Columbia in 1889, [ 3 ] and remained a District of Columbia corporation until it changed its state of incorporation to Delaware in 2003. [ 4 ] It is a public company, trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol WPO; it went public in 1971. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C . Apart from the family of the late Eugene Meyer , Berkshire Hathaway is a substantial shareholder. United_States;Television;United_States_dollar;The_Washington_Post;Newsweek;The_Washington_Post;NBC;NBC;CBS;Bloomberg_L.P.;Bloomberg_Businessweek;The_New_York_Times;The_Washington_Post;CBS;The_Washington_Post_Company;The_Washington_Post_Company; Thenalidine Thenalidine is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used as an antipruritic . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Mepyramine;Tripelennamine;Chloropyramine;Promethazine;Tolpropamine;Dimetindene;Clemastine;Bamipine;Isothipendyl;Diphenhydramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Thenalidine;Thenalidine; Thenyldiamine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Thenyldiamine;Thenyldiamine; Theora Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;Ogg;Matroska;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_codec;Software_license;Lossy_compression;Vorbis;Ogg;Proprietary_software;Windows_Media_Video;RealVideo;Variable_bitrate;Ogg;Vorbis;FLAC;Matroska;Proprietary_software;Video_codec;Source_code;BSD_License;Open_source;Open_source;YouTube;Google;FFmpeg;Open_source;VHDL;Google;Portable_media_player;Smartphones;Google_Chrome;SeaMonkey;VLC_media_player;DirectShow;QuickTime;Silverlight;Silverlight;FFmpeg;MPlayer;VLC_media_player;Xine;Kaffeine;FFmpeg;VLC_media_player;Kdenlive;PiTiVi;LiVES;Matroska;Ffdshow;Video_for_Windows;LiVES;Kdenlive;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;Cinelerra;Cinelerra;AVS_Video_Editor;VLC_media_player;LiVES;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Ogg;Vorbis;FLAC;CELT;Speex;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Theora;Theora; Thiazinamium Thiazinamium metilsulfate ( INN ) or thiazinam is an antihistamine . The USAN is thiazinamium chloride (with a different counterion ). International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Phenothiazine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine; Thiethylperazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Plasma_protein_binding;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Phenothiazine;Antipsychotic;Clozapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Promethazine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Thiethylperazine;Thiethylperazine; Thin_client Computer;Graphical_user_interface;Operating_system;Graphical_user_interface;Unix;Windows_NT;Microsoft;Application_software;Adobe_Flash;MPEG;Operating_system;XML;HTML;Thin_client;Thin_client; Think_Different " Think Different " is an advertising slogan for Apple Computer (Apple Inc. as of 2007) in 1997 created by the Los Angeles office of advertising agency TBWA\Chiat\Day . [ 1 ] It was used in a television commercial, several print advertisements and a number of TV promos for Apple products. Apple's use of the slogan was discontinued with the start of the Apple Switch ad campaign in 2002. Apple_Computer;John_Lennon;Intel;Steve_Jobs;Newsweek;John_Lennon;Steve_Jobs;IMac;Mac_OS_X;Macintosh;Trademark;TextEdit;TextEdit;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;George_Harrison;Al_Gore;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Apple_Inc.;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Internet_Archive;Think_Different;Think_Different; Thioperamide InChI=1S/C15H24N4S/c20-15(18-13-4-2-1-3-5-13)19-8-6-12(7-9-19)14-10-16-11-17-14/h10-13H,1-9H2,(H,16,17)(H,18,20) Y Key:QKDDJDBFONZGBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Thioperamide is a potent and selective histamine H 3 antagonist that is capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier . Thioperamide was used by Jean-Charles Schwartz in his early experiments regarding the H3 receptor. [ 1 ] [1] Thioperamide was found to be an antagonist of histamine autoreceptors, which detect the presence of histamine. Thioperamide enhances the activity of histaminergic neurons by blocking autoreceptors, thus preventing the detection of histamine by neurons. This causes the neurons to release more histamine, thus increasing their activity. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Histamine;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Thioperamide;Thioperamide; Thiopropazate International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Thiopropazate;Thiopropazate; Thioridazine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Anxiety;Insomnia;Mesoridazine;Sulforidazine;Phenothiazine;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Thioridazine;Thioridazine; Thiothixene InChI=1S/C23H29N3O2S2/c1-24(2)30(27,28)18-10-11-23-21(17-18)19(20-7-4-5-9-22(20)29-23)8-6-12-26-15-13-25(3)14-16-26/h4-5,7-11,17H,6,12-16H2,1-3H3/b19-8- Y Key:GFBKORZTTCHDGY-UWVJOHFNSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Thiothixene ( Navane ) is a typical antipsychotic drug of the thioxanthene class used in the treatment of psychoses like schizophrenia . It was introduced on July 24, 1967 [ 1 ] by Pfizer . [ 2 ] Thiothixene is the only first generation typical thioxanthene antipsychotic approved for use in the United States. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Drug_metabolism;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Thioxanthene;Thioxanthene;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Thioxanthene;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Thiothixene;Thiothixene; Thioxanthene International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;CAS_registry_number;PubChem;ChemSpider;ChEMBL;International_Chemical_Identifier;Oxygen;Phenothiazine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorprothixene;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Histamine;Phenothiazine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Clozapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Histamine_antagonist;Cyclizine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Meclozine;Promethazine;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Thioxanthene;Thioxanthene; Thomson_Reuters Thomson Reuters Corporation is a business data provider and was created by the Thomson Corporation 's purchase of Reuters Group on 17 April 2008. [ 2 ] Thomson Reuters is headquartered at 3 Times Square , Manhattan , New York City, New York, United States. The Woodbridge Company , a holding company for the Thomson family of Canada, owns 53% of the group, [ 3 ] which operates in 100 countries, and has 60,000 employees. Thomson Reuters was ranked as Canada's "leading corporate brand" in the 2010 Interbrand Best Canadian Brands ranking. [ 4 ] Thomson Reuters operates in two divisions: Professional and Markets. Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Reuters;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Bloomberg_L.P.;CNBC;European_Commission;BBC_News;Reuters;Bloomberg_L.P.;BBC_News;Financial_Times;Financial_Times;BBC_News;Reuters;New_York_Times;Reuters;Canada;Research_In_Motion;Telus;Thomson_Reuters;Thomson_Reuters; Thonzylamine InChI=1S/C16H22N4O/c1-19(2)11-12-20(16-17-9-4-10-18-16)13-14-5-7-15(21-3)8-6-14/h4-10H,11-13H2,1-3H3 Y Key:GULNIHOSWFYMRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Thonzylamine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic used as an antipruritic . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Mepyramine;Thenalidine;Tripelennamine;Chloropyramine;Promethazine;Tolpropamine;Dimetindene;Clemastine;Bamipine;Isothipendyl;Diphenhydramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Histamine_antagonist;Levocabastine;Antazoline;Azelastine;Olopatadine;Pseudoephedrine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Thonzylamine;Thonzylamine; Thorsten_Heins Germany;Canada;Germany;Siemens_AG;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Bold;BlackBerry_Curve;BlackBerry_PlayBook;BlackBerry_Torch;List_of_BlackBerry_products;BlackBerry_Charm;BlackBerry_Electron;BlackBerry_Pearl;BlackBerry_Quark;BlackBerry_Storm;BlackBerry_Style;BlackBerry_Tour;BlackBerry_App_World;BlackBerry_Enterprise_Server;BlackBerry_Internet_Service;BlackBerry_Messenger;Index_of_articles_related_to_BlackBerry_OS;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry_OS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;QNX;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Germany;Thorsten_Heins;Thorsten_Heins; Thumb_keyboard Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;QWERTY;BlackBerry;HTC_TyTN;Sony;Palm_Treo;Thumb_keyboard;Thumb_keyboard; TiVo Digital_video_recorder;Television_program;United_States;New_Zealand;Canada;Mexico;Australia;Taiwan;United_Kingdom;Spain;Hard_disk;Macintosh;United_States;United_Kingdom;Canada;Mexico;Australia;Spain;Taiwan;United_States;Australia;Brazil;Canada;New_Zealand;Netherlands;United_Kingdom;Linux;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Sony;Toshiba;PowerPC;NTSC;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;WiFi;Backlight;PAL;Open_source;SourceForge;Motorola;Cisco_Systems;Free_Software_Foundation;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Multimedia;Dreambox;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Roku;Amazon_Kindle;Sony_Reader;Mobile_phone;Palm_Pre;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;TiVo;TiVo; Tianeptine InChI=1S/C21H25ClN2O4S/c1-24-18-9-6-5-8-16(18)21(23-13-7-3-2-4-10-20(25)26)17-12-11-15(22)14-19(17)29(24,27)28/h5-6,8-9,11-12,14,21,23H,2-4,7,10,13H2,1H3,(H,25,26) Y Key:JICJBGPOMZQUBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Tianeptine ( INN ) was discovered by The French Society of Medical Research in the 1960s. [ 2 ] Under the trade-names ( Stablon , Coaxil , Tatinol ) it is a drug used for treating major depressive episodes (mild, moderate, or severe). It has structural similarities to the tricyclic antidepressants , but it has different pharmacological properties. Tianeptine is a selective serotonin reuptake enhancer ( SSRE ), opposite to the action of SSRIs . One review points to the cancellative effects of tianeptine and fluoxetine coadministration on serotonin reuptake. [ 3 ] Another suggests that long-term administration of tianeptine has no effect on serotonin pathways. [ 4 ] Tianeptine enhances the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens [ 5 ] and modulates the D 2 and D 3 dopamine receptors, [ 6 ] but this effect is modest and almost certainly indirect. [ 4 ] There is also action on the NMDA and AMPA receptors . Recent reviews point to this pathway as a hypothesized mechanism of action, based on tianeptine's effect of reversing impaired neuroplasticity associated with stress. [ 4 ] [ 3 ] Tianeptine reduces the effects of serotonin in the limbic system and the pre-frontal cortex, giving rise to a mood elevation, unlike the mood blunting associated with SSRIs. [ citation needed ] Like SSRIs, however, tianeptine's onset-of-action delay is approximately 2–6 weeks with improvements sometimes noticeable in as soon as one week. Its short-lived, but pleasant, stimulant effect experienced by some patients is shared with its predecessor, amineptine , whose side effects related to dopamine uptake inhibitor activity resulted in Servier 's research into tianeptine. [ citation needed ] Suggested dosage is three times daily, due to its short duration of action. Tianeptine has strong antidepressant and anxiolytic properties with a relative lack of sedative, anticholinergic and cardiovascular adverse effects, thus suggesting it is particularly suitable for use in elderly patients and in those following alcohol withdrawal ; such patients can be more sensitive to the adverse effects of psychotropic drugs . [ 3 ] Recent interesting results indicate anticonvulsant and analgesic activity of tianeptine and its possible interaction with adenosine A 1 receptors. [ 7 ] Currently, Tianeptine is approved in France and manufactured and marketed by Laboratoires Servier SA; it is also marketed in a number of other European countries under the trade name " Coaxil " as well as in Asia and Latin America as " Stablon " and " Tatinol " but it is not available in the UK or US. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;Renal;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;International_Nonproprietary_Name;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Amitriptyline;Insomnia;Singapore;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Inverse_agonist;Ciproxifan;Latrepirdine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Tianeptine;Tianeptine; TidBITS Tidbits (styled TidBITS ) is an influential [ 1 ] electronic newsletter and web site dealing primarily with Apple Computer and Macintosh -related topics. Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;Internet;Glenn_Fleishman;Adobe_Acrobat;EPUB;Mobipocket;Amazon_Kindle;Mac_OS_X;IPhone;ITunes;Digital_camera;Macworld; TidBits Tidbits (styled TidBITS ) is an influential [ 1 ] electronic newsletter and web site dealing primarily with Apple Computer and Macintosh -related topics. Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;Internet;Glenn_Fleishman;Adobe_Acrobat;EPUB;Mobipocket;Amazon_Kindle;Mac_OS_X;IPhone;ITunes;Digital_camera;Macworld; Tienopramine Tienopramine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was never marketed. [ 1 ] It is an analogue of imipramine where one of the benzene rings has been replaced with a thiophene ring. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Imipramine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Tienopramine;Tienopramine; 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Time_Machine_(Mac_OS) Time Machine is a backup utility developed by Apple . It is included with Mac OS X and was introduced with the 10.5 "Leopard" release of Mac OS X. The software is designed to work with the Time Capsule as well as other internal or external drives. [ edit ] Overview Time Machine creates incremental backups of files that can be restored at a later date. [ 1 ] It allows the user to restore the whole system or specific files from the Recovery HD or the OS X Install DVD. It works within iWork , iLife , and several other compatible programs, making it possible to restore individual objects (e.g., photos, contacts, calendar events) without leaving the application. According to Apple support personnel [ who? ] : "Time Machine is a backup utility, not an archival utility, it is not intended as offline storage. Time Machine captures the most recent state of your data on your disk. As snapshots age, they are prioritized progressively lower compared to your more recent ones." [ 2 ] For backups to a network drive, Time Machine allows the user to back up Apple Macintosh computers through Apple's AirPort networking, and supports backing up to certain network attached storage devices or servers, depending on the version of Time Machine. Earlier versions worked with a wide variety of NAS servers, but later versions require the server to support a recent version of Apple's Apple Filing Protocol (AFP) , and Time Machine no longer works with servers using the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol typical for Windows servers. Some of the legacy support can be re-enabled by using hand-tuned configuration options, accessed through the Terminal . Apple's Time Capsule acts as a network storage device specifically for Time Machine backups, allowing both wired and wireless backups to the Time Capsule's internal hard drive. Time Machine may alternatively be used with any external or internal volume. Time Machine saves hourly backups for the past 24 hours, daily backups for the past month, and weekly backups for everything older than a month until the volume runs out of space. At that point, Time Machine deletes the oldest weekly backup. [ edit ] User interface Time Machine's user interface when retrieving a file uses Apple's Core Animation API . Upon its launch, Time Machine "floats" the active Finder or application window from the user's desktop to a backdrop depicting a galaxy and star field. Behind the current active window are stacked windows, with each window representing a snapshot of how that folder or application looked on the given date and time in the past. When toggling through the previous snapshots, the stacked windows extend backwards, giving the impression of flying through a "time tunnel." While paging through these "windows from the past," a previous version of the data (or presently deleted data) may be retrieved. [ edit ] How it works Time Machine creates a folder on the designated Time Machine volume that's named the current date and time. It then copies all locally attached drives (except for files and directories that it has specifically been told not to copy, including the Time Machine volume itself) to the folder. Every hour thereafter, it creates a new folder on the remote drive using the same naming scheme. However, instead of making another complete copy of the primary hard drive, Time Machine instead only backs up files that have changed and creates hard links to files that already exist on the remote drive. A user can browse these "versions" of the primary drive and see each file as if it were right where it was left. Some other backup utilities save "deltas" for file changes, much like version control systems. Such an approach permits more frequent backups of minor changes, but can often complicate the interaction with the backup volume. By contrast, it's possible to manually browse a Time Machine backup volume without using the Time Machine interface; the software's use of hard links makes each backup session appear to the user like a full backup, rather than an incremental or "delta" backup. Time Machine appears to create multiple hard links to unmodified directories. Multiple linking of directories is quite different from conventional UNIX. Apple system events record when each directory is modified on the hard drive. This means that instead of examining every file's modification date when it is activated, Time Machine only needs to scan the directories that changed for files to copy (the remainder being hard-linked). This differs from the approach taken by similar backup utilities rsync and FlyBack , which examine modification dates of all files during backup. Time Machine is also available in the Leopard , Snow Leopard , and Lion installation process. One of the features in the Migration Assistant interface is to re-install the contents of a Time Machine backup. In other words, a hard drive can be restored from a Time Machine backup in the event of a catastrophic crash. OS X Mountain Lion introduced the ability to use multiple volumes simultaneously for Time Machine operations. When the user specifies more than one volume to use, OS X will rotate among the desired volumes each time it does a backup. [ 3 ] [ edit ] Requirements Time Machine places strict requirements on the backup storage medium. The only officially supported configurations are: A hard drive or partition connected directly to the computer, either internally or by a bus like USB or FireWire , and formatted as journaled HFS+ . [ 4 ] A folder on a journaled HFS+ file system shared by another Mac on the same network running at least Leopard. [ 5 ] A drive shared by an Apple Time Capsule on the same network. On a Time Capsule, the backup data is stored in an HFS+ disk image and accessed via Apple Filing Protocol . Although it is not officially supported, users and manufacturers have configured Linux servers and network-attached storage systems to serve Time Machine-enabled Macs. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ edit ] See also List of backup software Time Capsule (Apple) Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Backup_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Backup_software;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;IWork;ILife;AirPort;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Server_Message_Block;User_interface;Core_Animation;Application_programming_interface;Active_window;Hard_link;Rsync;FlyBack;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;USB;FireWire;Journaling_file_system;HFS_Plus;Apple_Time_Capsule;Disk_image;Apple_Filing_Protocol;List_of_backup_software;Revision_control;System_Restore;TechRadar;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment; Time_Warner Time Warner Inc. ( NYSE : TWX ; formerly AOL Time Warner ) is an American multinational media corporation headquartered in the Time Warner Center in New York City. [ 2 ] As of mid-2010, it was the world's second largest media and entertainment conglomerate in terms of revenue (behind Disney ), as well as the world's largest media conglomerate . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Two formerly separate companies, Warner Communications , Inc. and Time Inc. (along with the assets of a third company, Turner Broadcasting System , Inc.), form the current Time Warner, with major operations in film , television and publishing . Among its subsidiaries are New Line Cinema , Time Inc. , HBO , Turner Broadcasting System , The CW Television Network , TheWB.com , Warner Bros. , Kids' WB , Cartoon Network , Boomerang , Adult Swim , CNN , DC Comics , Warner Bros. Animation , Cartoon Network Studios and Castle Rock Entertainment . The company used to also have telecommunications assets through Time Warner Cable and AOL , but in 2009 they were spun off from Time Warner into independent companies. The_Walt_Disney_Company;Film;Television;Warner_Bros.;CNN;AOL;Warner_Music_Group;MTV;Namco;AOL;European_Commission;Warner_Music_Group;Microsoft;Google;Popular_Science;Chile;CBS;CNN;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Sony;The_Walt_Disney_Company;NBCUniversal;New_York_Times;BusinessWeek;New_York_Times;Asia;Entertainment_Weekly;NME;CNN;CNN;GameTap;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros._Television;Rotten_Tomatoes;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;Time_Warner;Time_Warner; Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products This timeline of Apple Inc. products is a list of all stand-alone Apple II , Macintosh , and other computers, as well as computer peripherals, expansion cards, software, ancillary products, and consumer electronics sold by Apple Inc. in order of introduction date. Apple_II;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Apple_I;Apple_I;Apple_II;Apple_II_series;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_II_series;Apple_II_series;Apple_II_series;Apple_II_series;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_III;Apple_III;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_III;Apple_III;Apple_IIe;Apple_II_series;Apple_Lisa;Apple_III;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;List_of_Apple_drives;MacWrite;MacPaint;Apple_II_series;Apple_Mouse;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_II_series;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Macintosh_Plus;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_II_series;Apple_II_series;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Macintosh_Plus;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_II_series;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_Scanner;Image_scanner;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_II;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;Macintosh_LC_II;PowerBook_Duo;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Workgroup_Server;PowerCD;PowerCD;PowerCD;Macintosh_TV;Apple_QuickTake;Power_Macintosh;PowerBook_Duo;PowerBook_Duo;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Network_Server;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IMac;IBook;IBook;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Cinema_Display;IMac;Apple_Cinema_Display;IBook;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IPod_Classic;IMac;IBook;EMac;EMac;Xserve;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Xserve;Xserve;AirPort;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;Apple_Remote_Desktop;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;IPod;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;Xserve;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;IPhone;IMac;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Server;Final_Cut_Express;MacBook_Air;Xserve;Xserve;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;SuperDrive;List_of_Apple_drives;Xsan;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;AirPort_Express;AirPort;Final_Cut_Studio;Logic_Express;MobileMe;IPhone;IPhone;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IWork;FileMaker;ILife;MacBook;MacBook;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;AirPort;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Shuffle;Xserve;Xserve;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;IPhone;Final_Cut_Studio;Logic_Studio;Logic_Express;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Server;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Shuffle;IMac;MacBook;MacBook;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mouse;AirPort;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;IPad;IPad;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IPad;IPad;MacBook;MacBook;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;IPhone;IPhone;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Shuffle;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;ILife;IPhone;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IPad;IPad;IMac;IMac;AirPort;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Mac_OS_X_Lion;IOS;ICloud;Find_My_Friends;AirPort_Utility;IPhone;IPhone;Dock_Connector;IPhone;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IBooks_Author;IPad;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;Macintosh;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products; Timeline_of_Apple_products This timeline of Apple Inc. products is a list of all stand-alone Apple II , Macintosh , and other computers, as well as computer peripherals, expansion cards, software, ancillary products, and consumer electronics sold by Apple Inc. in order of introduction date. Apple_II;Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Apple_I;Apple_I;Apple_II;Apple_II_series;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_II_series;Apple_II_series;Apple_II_series;Apple_II_series;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_III;Apple_III;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_III;Apple_III;Apple_IIe;Apple_II_series;Apple_Lisa;Apple_III;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;List_of_Apple_drives;MacWrite;MacPaint;Apple_II_series;Apple_Mouse;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_II_series;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Macintosh_Plus;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_II_series;Apple_II_series;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Macintosh_Plus;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_II_series;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_Scanner;Image_scanner;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_II;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Apple_II_series;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;Macintosh_LC_II;PowerBook_Duo;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Workgroup_Server;PowerCD;PowerCD;PowerCD;Macintosh_TV;Apple_QuickTake;Power_Macintosh;PowerBook_Duo;PowerBook_Duo;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Network_Server;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IMac;IBook;IBook;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Cinema_Display;IMac;Apple_Cinema_Display;IBook;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IPod_Classic;IMac;IBook;EMac;EMac;Xserve;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Xserve;Xserve;AirPort;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;Apple_Remote_Desktop;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;IPod;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;Xserve;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;IPhone;IMac;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Server;Final_Cut_Express;MacBook_Air;Xserve;Xserve;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;SuperDrive;List_of_Apple_drives;Xsan;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;AirPort_Express;AirPort;Final_Cut_Studio;Logic_Express;MobileMe;IPhone;IPhone;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;Apple_earbuds;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;Apple_displays;Apple_displays;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IWork;FileMaker;ILife;MacBook;MacBook;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;AirPort;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Shuffle;Xserve;Xserve;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;IPhone;Final_Cut_Studio;Logic_Studio;Logic_Express;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Server;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;IPod_Classic;IPod_Classic;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Shuffle;IMac;MacBook;MacBook;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mouse;AirPort;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;IPad;IPad;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IPad;IPad;MacBook;MacBook;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;IPhone;IPhone;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;IPod_Touch;IPod_Touch;IPod_Nano;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Shuffle;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;ILife;IPhone;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IPad;IPad;IMac;IMac;AirPort;Apple_Time_Capsule;AirPort;List_of_Apple_drives;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;Mac_Mini;Mac_Mini;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Mac_OS_X_Lion;IOS;ICloud;Find_My_Friends;AirPort_Utility;IPhone;IPhone;Dock_Connector;IPhone;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;IBooks_Author;IPad;Apple_TV;Apple_TV;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;Macintosh;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products; Timeline_of_Macintosh_models This timeline of Macintosh models lists all major types of Macintosh computers produced by Apple Computer in order of introduction date. Macintosh Performa models were often physically identical to other models, in which case they are omitted in favor of the identical twin. Also not listed are model numbers that identify software bundles. For example, the Performa 6115CD and 6116CD differed only in software and were identical to the Power Macintosh 6100 , so only the 6100 is listed below. The Apple Network Server and Apple Lisa are included, as they filled high-end niches of the Macintosh line despite not directly running Mac OS. Apple_Macintosh;Apple_Computer;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_Lisa;Timeline_of_Apple_products;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;Macintosh_LC_II;PowerBook_Duo;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_TV;Power_Macintosh;PowerBook_Duo;PowerBook_Duo;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Network_Server;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IMac;IBook;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IMac;IBook;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IMac;IBook;EMac;Xserve;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Xserve;Xserve;IMac;IMac;Mac_mini;Mac_mini;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Mac_mini;Mac_mini;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Pro;Xserve;Intel_iMac;Intel_iMac;Intel_iMac;MacBook;MacBook;Intel_iMac;Intel_iMac;Mac_mini;MacBook;Xserve;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;Mac_mini;Mac_Pro;Xserve;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;Mac_mini;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;MacBook;Mac_Mini;IMac;Mac_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;IMac;MacBook_Air;Mac_Mini;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Pro;Apple_Macintosh;List_of_Macintosh_models_by_case_type;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Apple_products;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models;Timeline_of_Macintosh_models; Timothy_Noah Timothy Robert Noah (born 1958) [ 1 ] is an American journalist . He is a senior editor of The New Republic , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] where he writes the TRB column. Noah is also a contributing editor to The Washington Monthly and a frequent commentator on CBS News' Sunday Morning. In 2010 Noah was a National Magazine Award finalist in the online news reporting category for his coverage of the health care reform bill, and for a decade he wrote Slate 's "Chatterbox" column. Newsweek;Timothy_Noah;Timothy_Noah; Tip_ring_sleeve A TRS connector (tip, ring, sleeve) is a common family of connector typically used for analog signals including audio . It is cylindrical in shape, typically with three contacts, although sometimes with two (a TS connector ) or four (a TRRS connector ). It is also termed an audio jack , phone jack , phone plug , and jack plug . Specific models are termed stereo plug , mini-jack , mini-stereo , headphone jack , tiny telephone connector and bantam plug . The TRS connector was invented for use in telephone switchboards in the 19th century and is still widely used, both in its original 1 ⁄ 4 in (exactly 6.35 mm) size and in miniaturized versions: 3.5 mm (approx. 1 ⁄ 8 in) and 2.5 mm (approx. 3 ⁄ 32 in). The connector's name is an initialism derived from the names of three conducting parts of the plug: tip , ring , and sleeve [ 1 ] — hence TRS . In the UK, the terms jack plug and jack socket are commonly used for the respective male and female TRS connectors. [ 2 ] In the US, a stationary (more fixed) electrical connector is called a "jack". [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The terms phone plug and phone jack are sometimes used to refer to TRS connectors, [ 5 ] but are also sometimes used colloquially to refer to RJ11 and older telephone plugs and the corresponding jacks that connect wired telephones to wall outlets (the similar terms phono plug and phono jack (or in the UK, phono socket) refer to RCA connectors common in consumer HiFi and Audio Visual equipment). In conversation, the diameter is often added to specify which size — quarter-inch phone plug or 3.5 mm phone jack for the unbalanced two-channel three-contact version, and balanced TRS jack or TRS phone plug for the balanced one-channel three-contact version. RCA_connector;Stereophonic_sound;Camcorder;Laptop;Computer;Smartphone;IPod;IPhone;Nokia;TOSLINK;Microphone;Electric_guitar;Headphones;Loudspeaker;Stereophonic_sound;Short_circuit;Earphone;Mobile_phone;Digital_cameras;Microphone;Electric_guitar;Musical_instrument;Loudspeaker;Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation;Synthesizer;MIDI;Universal_Serial_Bus;IPod_Shuffle;Apple_Lisa;Sound_recording;Personal_computer;Apple_Computer;Dolby_Digital;Smartphones;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Samsung;Nokia;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;TOSLINK;VGA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;F_connector;HDMI;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Video_Graphics_Array;Component_video;Component_video;HDMI;HDMI;TRS_connector;TRS_connector; Tkabber Tkabber is a GPL instant messaging client for the XMPP protocol which uses the Tk toolkit for the GUI . It runs on anything to which Tcl/Tk is ported: almost any X -based system (namely, any Linux and *BSD , Solaris , etc.), Microsoft Windows , and Mac OS X . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Instant_messaging;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Graphical_user_interface;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Microsoft_Windows;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;ICQ;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Tkabber;Tkabber; Tolpropamine InChI=1S/C18H23N/c1-15-9-11-17(12-10-15)18(13-14-19(2)3)16-7-5-4-6-8-16/h4-12,18H,13-14H2,1-3H3 Y Key:CINROOONPHQHPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Tolpropamine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic used as an antipruritic . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Mepyramine;Thenalidine;Tripelennamine;Chloropyramine;Promethazine;Dimetindene;Clemastine;Bamipine;Isothipendyl;Diphenhydramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tolpropamine;Tolpropamine; Tom_Gruber Computer_science;Stanford_University;Intelligent_personal_assistant;Knowledge_navigator;Apple_Inc.;IOS;Tom_Gruber;Tom_Gruber; Tony_Fadell Anthony M. Fadell (born 1969) is a Lebanese American [ 1 ] computer science engineer . He was known for being the Senior Vice President of the iPod Division at Apple Inc. , having succeeded Jon Rubinstein in 2006. On November 4, 2008, Apple announced that Fadell would be stepping down as Senior Vice President but would remain with the company as an adviser to then-CEO Steve Jobs . Fadell's wife Danielle Lambert, Vice President of Human Resources at Apple, would leave the company. [ 2 ] Fadell is an alumnus of Grosse Pointe South High School in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan . He graduated from the University of Michigan with a BS in Computer Engineering in 1991 and was a member of Psi Upsilon Fraternity. In 2010, he founded Nest , a company which announced its first product, a learning thermostat, in October 2011. IPod;Apple_Inc.;Jon_Rubinstein;Steve_Jobs;Sony;Motorola;Hard_disk;RealNetworks;IPod;IPod;ISight;Jon_Rubinstein;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Tony_Fadell;Tony_Fadell; TooLAME TooLAME is a free software MPEG-1 Layer II (MP2) audio encoder written primarily by Mike Cheng. While there are innumerable MP2 encoders, TooLAME is well-known and widely used for its particularly high audio quality. It has been unmaintained since 2003, but is directly succeeded by the TwoLAME code fork (the latest version, TwoLAME 0.3.13, was released January 21, 2011). The name TooLAME is a play on LAME and Layer II . 0.2L / March 01, 2003 GNU Lesser General Public License toolame.sourceforge.net Free_software;LAME;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Codec;Software_license;LAME;LAME;Variable_bitrate;MPlayer;MPEG_Multichannel;Surround_sound;LAME;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;TooLAME;TooLAME; Toronto_Stock_Exchange Toronto Stock Exchange ( TSX , formerly TSE ) is the largest stock exchange in Canada , the third largest in North America and the seventh largest in the world by market capitalization . Based in Canada's largest city, Toronto , it is owned by and operated as a subsidiary of the TMX Group for the trading of senior equities. A broad range of businesses from Canada, the United States , Europe, and other countries are represented on the exchange. In addition to conventional securities, the exchange lists various exchange-traded funds , split share corporations , income trusts and investment funds . The Toronto Stock Exchange is the leader in the mining and oil gas sector; more mining and oil gas companies are listed on Toronto Stock Exchange than any other exchange in the world. Canada;Canadian_dollar;United_States_dollar;Canada;United_States;United_States;European_Union;United_States;Japan;United_Kingdom;Hong_Kong;Canada;Brazil;Australia;Germany;Switzerland;Spain;Canada;Canadian_dollar;Toronto_Stock_Exchange;Toronto_Stock_Exchange; TorrentFlux TorrentFlux is a free and open source multi-user GUI for BitTornado . Unlike most BitTorrent clients , its main user interface is a web interface. It is scripted in PHP , with a MySQL database and runs on a web server. Its web interface allows it to be operated on a remote server, which is useful for file services based at an Internet service center. The most recent beta release also includes support for ADOdb , allowing for use of other database backends. Numerous "hacks" have been written to add additional functionality. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Open_source;RSS;Vuze;SourceForge;SourceForge;SourceForge;Broadcatching;LimeWire;QBittorrent;Vuze;Kazaa;Broadcatching;Open_Music_Model;Software;TorrentFlux;TorrentFlux; Torrent_Swapper Torrent Swapper is a free software ( MIT License ) BitTorrent client . The program is used to download files using Peer-To-Peer technology , in this case using the Bittorrent protocol. Their sourceforge home page states: Lightweight python based 4th. generation bittorrent client with social networking, recommendation, tag-based navigation, moderation, and real-time streaming based on the Tribler BitTorrent client (www.tribler.org). Its family tree stems ultimately from the Python -based original BitTorrent client (mainline v6) by Bram Cohen, via Tribler, ABC and BitTornado . Like its ancestors, Torrent Swapper is also written in Python, making it platform independent. It is available as an executable for Microsoft Windows . Torrent Swapper is comparable to Vuze , which is Java -based, but boasts some unique features like Amazon-like recommendations to get interesting files, doubling the download speed by using the upload capacity of friends, real-time P2P file sharing with P2P video streaming, and showing the locations of seeders / leechers of the same content with city-level accuracy on a world map. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Free_software;Sourceforge;Tribler;Microsoft_Windows;Vuze;SourceForge;Broadcatching;LimeWire;QBittorrent;Vuze;Kazaa;Broadcatching;Open_Music_Model;Software;Torrent_Swapper;Torrent_Swapper; Toshiba Japan;Desktop_computer;Laptop;Netbook;Japan;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Videophone;United_States;Japan;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Cathode_ray_tube;Financial_Times;United_States;United_Kingdom;Japan;Japan;Germany;Smartphone;International_Standard_Book_Number;TOSLINK;Japan;Alpine_Electronics;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Roland_Corporation;Sony;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Hard_disk_drive;Seagate_Technology;Apple_Inc.;IBM;JVC;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;Encryption;Flash_memory;Samsung_Electronics;Samsung_Electronics;SATA;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Universal_Serial_Bus;PCI_Express;SCSI;Fibre_Channel;Japan;Japan;Honda;Sony;Toyota;Nikon;Japan;Japan;Honda;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Shionogi;Sony;Toyota;Toshiba;Toshiba; Touch_screen A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term generally refers to touching the display of the device with a finger or hand . Touchscreens can also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus . Touchscreens are common in devices such as game consoles , all-in-one computers , tablet computers , and smartphones . The touchscreen has two main attributes. First, it enables one to interact directly with what is displayed, rather than indirectly with a pointer controlled by a mouse or touchpad . Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring any intermediate device that would need to be held in the hand (other than a stylus , which is optional for most modern touchscreens). Such displays can be attached to computers, or to networks as terminals. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as the personal digital assistant (PDA) , satellite navigation devices, mobile phones , and video games . The popularity of smartphones , tablet computers and many types of information appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable and functional electronics. With a display of a simple smooth surface, and direct interaction without any hardware ( keyboard or mouse ) between the user and content, fewer accessories are required. Touchscreens are popular in the medical field, and in heavy industry , as well as kiosks such as museum displays or room automation , where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a suitably intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display's content. Historically, the touchscreen sensor and its accompanying controller-based firmware have been made available by a wide array of after-market system integrators , and not by display, chip, or motherboard manufacturers. Display manufacturers and chip manufacturers worldwide have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touchscreens as a highly desirable user interface component and have begun to integrate touchscreens into the fundamental design of their products. Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Touchpad;Stylus;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Video_game;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;User_interface;Infrared;Sony;General_Motors;General_Motors;Software;Handheld_game_console;Sega;Mobile_device;Capacitor;Capacitor;Infrared;Photodetector;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Touchscreen_remote_control;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Touchscreen;Touchscreen; Touchpad A touchpad (or trackpad ) is a pointing device featuring a tactile sensor , a specialized surface that can translate the motion and position of a user's fingers to a relative position on screen. Touchpads are a common feature of laptop computers , and are also used as a substitute for a mouse where desk space is scarce. Because they vary in size, they can also be found on personal digital assistants (PDAs) and some portable media players . Wireless touchpads are also available as detached accessories. Personal_digital_assistant;Portable_media_player;Magic_Trackpad;Sensor;Netbook;Application_software;Laptop;IPod_Classic;Microsoft;Zune;PowerBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;Context_menu;Magic_Trackpad;English_language;English_language;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Touchpad;Touchpad; Touchscreen A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term generally refers to touching the display of the device with a finger or hand . Touchscreens can also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus . Touchscreens are common in devices such as game consoles , all-in-one computers , tablet computers , and smartphones . The touchscreen has two main attributes. First, it enables one to interact directly with what is displayed, rather than indirectly with a pointer controlled by a mouse or touchpad . Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring any intermediate device that would need to be held in the hand (other than a stylus , which is optional for most modern touchscreens). Such displays can be attached to computers, or to networks as terminals. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as the personal digital assistant (PDA) , satellite navigation devices, mobile phones , and video games . The popularity of smartphones , tablet computers and many types of information appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable and functional electronics. With a display of a simple smooth surface, and direct interaction without any hardware ( keyboard or mouse ) between the user and content, fewer accessories are required. Touchscreens are popular in the medical field, and in heavy industry , as well as kiosks such as museum displays or room automation , where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a suitably intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display's content. Historically, the touchscreen sensor and its accompanying controller-based firmware have been made available by a wide array of after-market system integrators , and not by display, chip, or motherboard manufacturers. Display manufacturers and chip manufacturers worldwide have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touchscreens as a highly desirable user interface component and have begun to integrate touchscreens into the fundamental design of their products. Tablet_computer;Smartphone;Touchpad;Stylus;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Video_game;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;User_interface;Infrared;Sony;General_Motors;General_Motors;Software;Handheld_game_console;Sega;Mobile_device;Capacitor;Capacitor;Infrared;Photodetector;Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Touchscreen_remote_control;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Touchscreen;Touchscreen; Touchscreen_remote_control A touchscreen remote control is a handheld remote control device which uses a touchscreen user interface to replace most of the hard, built-in physical buttons used in normal remote control devices. Such devices may either be specially designed for the purpose of remote control of other devices (usually for controlling media playback and navigation) or may have been allowing of user-installed remote control application options. Touchscreen remote controls, which control other devices through various methods ( Wi-Fi , Bluetooth , infrared or Wireless USB ), incorporate less crowded, more dynamic and fluid user interfaces for virtual buttons; in the case of controlling another, larger visual device (such as a television), most touchscreen RC interfaces also incorporate in-remote virtual keyboards for simultaneous text input onto the screen. Remote_control;Remote_control;Touchscreen;User_interface;Bluetooth;Infrared;Virtual_keyboard;Logitech;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Touchscreen_remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control; Tour_promoter Music_venue;Television;Music_industry;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Music_industry;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;Tour_promoter;Tour_promoter; Toyota Toyota Motor Corporation ( トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Toyota Jidōsha KK ? , IPA: [toꜜjota] ) / t ɔɪ ˈ oʊ t ə / , abbreviated TMC , is a multinational automaker headquartered in Toyota, Aichi , Japan. In 2010, Toyota employed 300,734 people worldwide, [ 2 ] and was the second largest automobile manufacturer in 2010 by production. [ 3 ] Toyota is the ninth largest company in the world by revenue . In July 2012 the company reported that it had manufactured its 200 millionth vehicle. [ 4 ] The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his father's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product, the Type A engine , and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation group companies are Toyota (including the Scion brand), Lexus , Daihatsu and Hino Motors , [ 5 ] along with several "non-automotive" companies. [ 6 ] TMC is part of the Toyota Group , one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Mandarin_Chinese;Slogan;Consumer_Reports;Indiana;General_Motors;Honda;General_Motors;Indiana;International_Standard_Book_Number;Japan;Germany;Japan;Brazil;United_Kingdom;France;Finland;Germany;Italy;Brazil;Japan;Honda;Acura;Infiniti;Japan;Japan;Honda;Nikon;Pioneer_Corporation;Shionogi;Sony;Toshiba;Japan;Japan;Honda;Sony;Toshiba;Nikon;Toyota;Toyota; Trackpad A touchpad (or trackpad ) is a pointing device featuring a tactile sensor , a specialized surface that can translate the motion and position of a user's fingers to a relative position on screen. Touchpads are a common feature of laptop computers , and are also used as a substitute for a mouse where desk space is scarce. Because they vary in size, they can also be found on personal digital assistants (PDAs) and some portable media players . Wireless touchpads are also available as detached accessories. Personal_digital_assistant;Portable_media_player;Magic_Trackpad;Sensor;Netbook;Application_software;Laptop;IPod_Classic;Microsoft;Zune;PowerBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;Context_menu;Magic_Trackpad;English_language;English_language;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Touchpad;Touchpad; Tracktion Tracktion is a digital audio workstation for recording and editing audio and MIDI . The software is cross-platform, running on Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;MIDI;Music_sequencer;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_workstation;Sound;MIDI;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;UK;Ableton_Live;MIDI;WAV;AIFF;QuickTime;ACID_Pro;Apple_Inc.;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;WaveLab;Tracktion;Tracktion; Trade_name A trade name , also known as a trading name or a business name , is the name which a business trades under for commercial purposes, although its registered, legal name , used for contracts and other formal situations, may be another. As an example, the company Panda Chemical Manufacturers, Inc. may use the more friendly name Panda Pharmaceuticals when it holds itself out to the public. In this example, Panda Pharmaceuticals is the trade name. Businesses use trade names [1] mostly to help market their products or promote their brand. Trade names can also be used to distance a company from bad publicity. Trademark;Economics;Trade_name;Trade_name; Trademark United_Kingdom;Audi;BMW;Consumer_protection;Pepsi;HTML;Amazon.com;Intellectual_property;European_Union;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Trademark;Trademark; Trans_World_Entertainment Trans World Entertainment Corporation is a chain of entertainment media retail stores in the United States . It currently operates just over 440 freestanding and shopping mall -based stores under several brand names. Based out of Albany, New York , Trans World was founded in 1972 by Robert Higgins. It opened its first store, called Record Town (formerly Record Land), in 1973. The company went public in July 1986 and has expanded through acquisitions of a number of smaller or failing companies including Strawberries, Camelot Music , and Wherehouse Entertainment. In February 2006, Trans World acquired the Musicland Group, which owned Sam Goody , Suncoast Motion Picture Company , and former online store Media Play . This also included a handful of On Cue stores. On May 10, 2010, Mike Honeyman was appointed as President and Chief Operating Officer of the company. [ 1 ] As of August 2011, Trans World's total number of stores stands at 442, down from about 540 in August 2010. On Thursday, March 1, 2012, Trans World reported its first fiscal year net income since 2006. Trans World swung to a $2.2 million profit in fiscal year 2011, compared to a net loss of $31 million in fiscal year 2010. The turnaround at Albany, New York-based Trans World came about from cost-cutting, as the company continued to close unprofitable locations, and higher gross margins on the products it sells. [ 2 ] On Monday, May 7, 2012, Trans World received a glowing endorsement from Guy Gottfried of Rational Investment Group. Gottfried stated that the company is underfollowed and is physically unable to lose money at this point in time. [ 3 ] On Thursday, May 17, 2012, Trans World reported a Q1 net income of $2.8 million [ 4 ] , which is a $5.3 million improvement from Q1 in 2011. Trans World's stock price ended up 18% on the day. [ 5 ] On Wednesday, June 27, 2012, Trans World was upgraded from a 'hold' to a 'buy' by Jim Cramer's "The Street." [ 6 ] The stock responded with a 2.31% increase. On Monday, July 9, 2012, Trans World announced that it named John Anderson as acting Chief Financial Officer. Mike Honeyman, President and COO, said: "We are very pleased to announce John as our acting CFO. John has been a valued member of our leadership team and has a strong track record of delivering results. He's ideally suited to oversee the company's financial operations and support our efforts to grow and deliver value for our shareholders. Also, we thank Tom Seaver for his service and wish him well in the future." Mr. Anderson has served in positions of increasing responsibility at Trans World for over 18 years, most recently serving as Controller since September 2006. [ 7 ] On Thursday, August 16,2012, Trans World announced their Q2 results; the company reported a $5.4 million decrease in its net loss to $1.9 million, or a loss of $0.06 per diluted share, compared to a net loss of $7.3 million, or a loss of $0.23 per diluted share, for the same period last year. These results reflect the tenth consecutive quarter of improvements. [ 8 ] Also on Thursday, August 16, 2012, Trans World announced that they plan to open several new packaged-media retail stores entering the fourth quarter, including a high-profile location at Annapolis Mall in Maryland starting at the end of September. [ 9 ] NASDAQ;CD;DVD;United_States;California;New_Jersey;California;New_Jersey;New_Jersey;Michigan;California;Trans_World_Entertainment;Trans_World_Entertainment; Transcode Transcoding is the direct digital-to-digital data conversion of one encoding to another, [ 1 ] such as for movie data files or audio files. This is usually done in cases where a target device (or workflow ) does not support the format or has limited storage capacity that mandates a reduced file size, [ 1 ] or to convert incompatible or obsolete data to a better-supported or modern format. Transcoding can be performed just while files are being searched, as well as for presentation. For example, Cineon and DPX files have been widely used as a common format for digital cinema , but the data size of a two-hour movie is about 8 terabytes (TB). [ 1 ] That large size can increase the cost and difficulty of handling movie files. However, transcoding into a JPEG2000 lossless format has better compression performance than other lossless coding technologies, and in many cases, JPEG2000 can compress images to half-size. [ 1 ] Transcoding is commonly a lossy process , introducing generation loss ; however, transcoding can be lossless if the input is losslessly compressed and the output is either losslessly compressed or uncompressed. [ 1 ] The process of lossy-to-lossy transcoding introduces varying degrees of generation loss . In other cases, the transcoding of lossy to lossless or uncompressed is technically a lossless conversion because no information is lost, however the process is irreversible and is more suitably known as destructive . Encoder;Movie;Cineon;Lossy_compression;Source_code;JPEG;DVD;Video_CD;Vorbis;FLAC;WavPack;Raw_image_format;Mobile_phone;Mobile_device;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Transcoding;Transcoding; Transcoding Transcoding is the direct digital-to-digital data conversion of one encoding to another, [ 1 ] such as for movie data files or audio files. This is usually done in cases where a target device (or workflow ) does not support the format or has limited storage capacity that mandates a reduced file size, [ 1 ] or to convert incompatible or obsolete data to a better-supported or modern format. Transcoding can be performed just while files are being searched, as well as for presentation. For example, Cineon and DPX files have been widely used as a common format for digital cinema , but the data size of a two-hour movie is about 8 terabytes (TB). [ 1 ] That large size can increase the cost and difficulty of handling movie files. However, transcoding into a JPEG2000 lossless format has better compression performance than other lossless coding technologies, and in many cases, JPEG2000 can compress images to half-size. [ 1 ] Transcoding is commonly a lossy process , introducing generation loss ; however, transcoding can be lossless if the input is losslessly compressed and the output is either losslessly compressed or uncompressed. [ 1 ] The process of lossy-to-lossy transcoding introduces varying degrees of generation loss . In other cases, the transcoding of lossy to lossless or uncompressed is technically a lossless conversion because no information is lost, however the process is irreversible and is more suitably known as destructive . Encoder;Movie;Cineon;Lossy_compression;Source_code;JPEG;DVD;Video_CD;Vorbis;FLAC;WavPack;Raw_image_format;Mobile_phone;Mobile_device;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Transcoding;Transcoding; Traverso_DAW Traverso DAW is a cross-platform multitrack audio recording and audio editing suite with support for CD mastering and non-linear processing. It is Free Software , licensed under the GNU General Public License . Traverso offers a unique user interface using both the mouse and the keyboard together for precision and speed. [ 2 ] Designed for scalability, Traverso DAW can be used by live musicians using a netbook . [ 3 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_workstation;Software_license;Audio_engineering;Netbook;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;Traverso_DAW;Traverso_DAW; Trent_Reznor Musician;Songwriter;Record_producer;Violin;Guitar;Piano;Synthesizer;Cello;Double_bass;Record_label;Universal_Music_Group;Nine_Inch_Nails;Record_producer;Nine_Inch_Nails;Nine_Inch_Nails;Piano;Rolling_Stone;Rolling_Stone;Drums;Nine_Inch_Nails;Nine_Inch_Nails;Nine_Inch_Nails;Extended_play;Grammy_Award;Entertainment_Weekly;Nine_Inch_Nails;Facebook;Compact_disc;Extended_play;Led_Zeppelin;Universal_Music_Group;John_Lennon;Rolling_Stone;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Entertainment_Weekly;Rolling_Stone;Nine_Inch_Nails;News.com;Wired_News;Nielsen_Company;Rolling_Stone;Rolling_Stone;Nine_Inch_Nails;Nine_Inch_Nails;Trent_Reznor;Trent_Reznor; Tribler Tribler is an open source peer-to-peer client with various features for watching videos online. The user interface of Tribler is very basic and focused on ease of use, instead of diversity of features. [ 2 ] Tribler is based on the BitTorrent protocol and uses an overlay network for content searching, which makes the program operate independent of external websites and renders it immune to governmental restraint. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Due to this overlay network Tribler does not require an external website or indexing service to discover content. [ 5 ] Tribler features include: video-only searching, experimental video streaming, and an integrated video player . Tribler is available for Linux, Windows and OS X. [ 6 ] The name Tribler stems from the word Tribe , referring to the usage of social networks in this P2P client. The first version of Tribler was a small enhancement on the ABC (Yet Another BitTorrent Client) In 2009 the development team behind Tribler stated that their efforts for the coming years are focused on integration of Tribler in television hardware. [ citation needed ] In 2012 the lead researcher stated “we’re going to take Internet privacy to the next level” by releasing Tribler with a proxy layer. [ 7 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Open_source;Proxy_server;Collaborative_filtering;Last.fm;Amazon.com;Vuze;Video_on_demand;Streaming_media;Broadcatching;LimeWire;QBittorrent;Vuze;Kazaa;Broadcatching;Open_Music_Model;Tribler;Tribler; Tribune_Company The Tribune Company is a large American multimedia corporation based in Chicago, Illinois . It is the nation's second-largest newspaper publisher, with ten daily newspapers and commuter tabloids including Chicago Tribune , Los Angeles Times , Hartford Courant , Orlando Sentinel , South Florida Sun-Sentinel , Baltimore Sun , Daily Press and The Morning Call , among others. Through Tribune Broadcasting , the company operates 23 television stations, WGN America on national cable, and Chicago's WGN radio . The group's combined reach is more than 80 percent of U.S. television households. Investment interests include Food Network (31%). Tribune Interactive , another subsidiary, manages the interactive operations of major daily newspapers such as Chicago Tribune and Los Angeles Times and their associated websites. Its national network sites owned with partners include CareerBuilder.com , Cars.com , Apartments.com and Topix.net . With more than 50 websites overall, Tribune Interactive ranks among the nation's leading news and information networks. The sites attract more than 20 million unique visitors per month. Tribune Media Services provides syndicated content to print and electronic media. Key company investment interests include CareerBuilder (30.8% owned), Classified Ventures (28%) and Topix.com (34%). Television;Multimedia;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;United_Kingdom;United_States_dollar;Los_Angeles_Times;Warner_Bros._Television;Time_Warner;CBS;United_Airlines;Google_News;Bloomberg_News;New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Website;CNN;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times_Company;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;CNN;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;Fiscal_year;Motorola;Tribune_Company;Tribune_Company; Tricyclic Tricyclics are chemical compounds that contain three interconnected rings of atoms . Many compounds have a tricyclic structure, but in pharmacology , the term has traditionally been reserved to describe heterocyclic drugs. Among these are antidepressants , antipsychotics , and antihistamines (as antiallergens , anti- motion sickness drugs, antipruritics , and hypnotics / sedatives ) of the dibenzazepine , dibenzocycloheptene , dibenzothiazepine , dibenzothiepin , phenothiazine , and thioxanthene chemical classes , and others. Dibenzazepine;Phenothiazine;Antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Sedative;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Chemical_class;Promethazine;Chlorpromazine;Typical_antipsychotic;Imipramine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Maprotiline;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Clozapine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Loratadine;Imipramine;Amitriptyline;Mirtazapine;Iprindole;Tianeptine;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Chlorprothixene;Loxapine;Clozapine;Promethazine;Cyproheptadine;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Rupatadine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Pizotifen;Monatepil;PubMed_Identifier;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Tricyclic;Tricyclic; Tricyclic_antidepressant Tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) are heterocyclic chemical compounds used primarily as antidepressants . The TCAs were first discovered in the early 1950s and were subsequently introduced later in the decade; [ 1 ] they are named after their chemical structure , which contains three rings of atoms . The tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs), which contain four rings of atoms, are a closely related group of antidepressant compounds. In recent times, the TCAs have been largely replaced in clinical use in most parts of the world by newer antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which typically have more favorable side-effects profiles, though they are still sometimes prescribed for certain indications . Amitriptyline;Antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Butriptyline;Clomipramine;Demexiptiline;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Metapramine;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Amineptine;Iprindole;Opipramol;Tianeptine;Trimipramine;Chlorpromazine;Antipsychotic;Imipramine;Dibenzazepine;Amitriptyline;Insomnia;Suicide;Anxiety;Histamine_receptor;Antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Iprindole;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Inverse_agonist;Antimuscarinic;Cimetidine;Antipsychotic;Astemizole;Terfenadine;Antipsychotic;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Imipramine;Carbamazepine;Oxcarbazepine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant; Trifluoperazine InChI=1S/C21H24F3N3S/c1-25-11-13-26(14-12-25)9-4-10-27-17-5-2-3-6-19(17)28-20-8-7-16(15-18(20)27)21(22,23)24/h2-3,5-8,15H,4,9-14H2,1H3 Y Key:ZEWQUBUPAILYHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Trifluoperazine ( Eskazinyl , Eskazine , Jatroneural , Modalina , Stelazine , Terfluzine , Trifluoperaz , Triftazin ) is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine chemical class . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Australia;United_States;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_Kingdom;United_States;Route_of_administration;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Chemical_class;Antipsychotic;Antimuscarinic;United_Kingdom;Insomnia;Italy;Prochlorperazine;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Trifluoperazine;Trifluoperazine; Triflupromazine Triflupromazine ( Vesprin ) is an antipsychotic medication of the phenothiazine class. Among different effects of triflupromazine indication for use of this drug is severe emesis. Due to its potential side effects (triflupromazine has higher risk for side effects than many other antipsychotics) it is not gold standard in antiemetic therapy. Serious side effects of trifluproamzine can be akathisia and tardive dyskinesia as well as the rare, but potentially fatal, neuroleptic malignant syndrome . International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;United_States;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Promazine;Chlorpromazine;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Triflupromazine;Triflupromazine; Trilateration Trilateration;Trilateration; Trimipramine InChI=1S/C20H26N2/c1-16(14-21(2)3)15-22-19-10-6-4-8-17(19)12-13-18-9-5-7-11-20(18)22/h4-11,16H,12-15H2,1-3H3 Y Key:ZSCDBOWYZJWBIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Trimipramine ( Surmontil , Rhotrimine , Stangyl ) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It has antidepressant , anxiolytic , antipsychotic , sedative , and analgesic effects. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Trade_name;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;Renal;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Sedative;Imipramine;Levomepromazine;Doxepin;Amitriptyline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Antidepressant;Pirandamine;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Tianeptine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Setiptiline;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Tricyclic;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Azepindole;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Mariptiline;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Pipofezine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azipramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Esmirtazapine;Maprotiline;Mazindol;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Methylene_blue;Histamine_antagonist;Captodiame;Hydroxyzine;Brompheniramine;Pheniramine;Opipramol;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Sedative;Inverse_agonist;Captodiame;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Hydroxyzine;Methapyrilene;Pheniramine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Antidepressant;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Niaprazine;Cimetidine;Cyclobenzaprine;Hydroxyzine;Orphenadrine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Trimipramine;Trimipramine; Tripelennamine InChI=1S/C16H21N3/c1-18(2)12-13-19(16-10-6-7-11-17-16)14-15-8-4-3-5-9-15/h3-11H,12-14H2,1-2H3 Y Key:UFLGIAIHIAPJJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y Y (what is this?) (verify) Tripelennamine (sold as Pyribenzamine by Novartis ) is a psychoactive drug and member of the pyridine and ethylenediamine classes that is used as an antipruritic and first-generation antihistamine . It can be used in the treatment of asthma , hay fever , rhinitus and urticaria , but is now less common as it has been replaced by newer antihistamines. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;MedlinePlus;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Hay_fever;Urticaria;Sedative;Orphenadrine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Orphenadrine;Diphenhydramine;Cyclobenzaprine;Hydroxyzine;Doxylamine;Phenyltoloxamine;Orphenadrine;Cyclizine;Meclozine;Promethazine;Hydroxyzine;Cyclizine;Promethazine;Diphenhydramine;Phenindamine;Orphenadrine;Meclozine;Cyproheptadine;Diphenhydramine;Orphenadrine;Brompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Hydroxyzine;Cyclizine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Thonzylamine;Mepyramine;Thenalidine;Chloropyramine;Promethazine;Tolpropamine;Dimetindene;Clemastine;Bamipine;Isothipendyl;Diphenhydramine;Chlorphenoxamine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tripelennamine;Tripelennamine; Triple_DES In cryptography , Triple DES is the common name for the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm ( TDEA or Triple DEA ) block cipher , which applies the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher algorithm three times to each data block. The original DES cipher's key size of 56 bits was generally sufficient when that algorithm was designed, but the availability of increasing computational power made brute-force attacks feasible. Triple DES provides a relatively simple method of increasing the key size of DES to protect against such attacks, without the need to design a completely new block cipher algorithm. Backward_compatibility;Microsoft_Outlook;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;PDF;PDF;PDF;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Triple_DES;Triple_DES; Triprolidine InChI=1S/C19H22N2/c1-16-7-9-17(10-8-16)18(19-6-2-3-12-20-19)11-15-21-13-4-5-14-21/h2-3,6-12H,4-5,13-15H2,1H3/b18-11+ Y Key:CBEQULMOCCWAQT-WOJGMQOQSA-N Y Solubility in water N (what is this?) (verify) Triprolidine ( Actidil , Myidil ) is an over-the-counter antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It is used to combat the symptoms associated with allergies and is sometimes combined with other cold medications designed to provide general relief for flu -like symptoms. Like many over-the-counter antihistamines, the most common side effect is drowsiness. Triprolidine is a quick acting drug that can clear congestion and stop runny noses in 15-30 minutes. [ citation needed ] International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Hepatic;Excretion;Renal;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Histamine_antagonist;Levocabastine;Antazoline;Thonzylamine;Azelastine;Olopatadine;Pseudoephedrine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Triprolidine;Triprolidine; Tritoqualine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Chemical_formula;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Urticaria;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Tritoqualine;Tritoqualine; Tropatepine International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Nitrogen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Benzatropine;Chlorphenoxamine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Profenamine;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Tropatepine; True_Knowledge United_Kingdom;Internet;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;Knowledge_base;Question_answering;Database;Evi;IPhone;Google_Play;Cyc;Wolfram_Alpha;The_Daily_Telegraph;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers; Truevision_TGA Truevision TGA , often referred to as TARGA , is a raster graphics file format created by Truevision Inc. (now acquired by Avid Technology ). It was the native format of TARGA and VISTA boards, which were the first graphic cards for IBM-compatible PCs to support Highcolor / truecolor display. This family of graphic cards was intended for professional computer image synthesis and video editing with PCs; for this reason, usual resolutions of TGA image files match those of the NTSC and PAL video formats. TARGA is an acronym for T ruevision A dvanced R aster G raphics A dapter ; TGA is an initialism for T ruevision G raphics A dapter . TGA files commonly have the extension ".tga" on PC DOS / Windows systems and Mac OS X (older Macintosh systems use the "TPIC" type code ). The format can store image data with 8, 15, 16, 24, or 32 bits of precision per pixel [ 1 ] – the maximum 24 bits of RGB and an extra 8-bit alpha channel . Color data can be color-mapped , or in direct color or truecolor format. Image data may be stored raw, or optionally, a lossless RLE compression similar to PackBits can be employed. This encoding performs poorly when compressing images with many color variations, such as digital photos, but works well for textures and simpler images. TGA files are in widespread use due to their simplicity and ease of implementation and lack of encumbering patents. Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Raster_graphics;Raster_graphics;Graphics_processing_unit;NTSC;PAL;Filename_extension;DOS;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Macintosh;Type_code;Pixel;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Metadata;Video;BMP_file_format;Portable_Network_Graphics;Metadata;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Truevision_TGA;Truevision_TGA; Tudou Tudou, Inc. ( simplified Chinese : 土豆网 ; traditional Chinese : 土豆網 ; pinyin : Tǔdòu Wǎng ; literally "Potato Net") is a video-sharing website in People's Republic of China , where users can upload, view and share video clips . Tudou went live on April 15, 2005 and by September 2007, served over 55 million videos each day. [ 2 ] Tudou states they are one of the world's largest bandwidth users, moving more than 1 Petabyte per day to 7 million users. YouTube does serve a larger number of videos per day, but since the average Tudou video is longer in duration, the total amount of minutes of video being streamed daily from Tudou is significantly larger - about 15 billion minutes vs. 3 billion for YouTube. [ 2 ] The Shanghai -based service uses Adobe Flash technology to publish more than 50,000 new videos each day, including amateur content such as videoblogging and original videos, movie and TV clips, and music videos . Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos, using on-line and Windows-based upload tools. [ 3 ] On March 12, 2012, it was announced that Youku reached an agreement to acquire Tudou in a stock-for-stock transaction, and the new entity will be named Youku Tudou Inc. [ 4 ] Slogan;Internationalization_and_localization;Chinese_language;Website;YouTube;Adobe_Flash;Movie;Television_program;Music_videos;Youku;United_States;YouTube;IDG;Adobe_Flash_Player;Windows_Media_Player;QuickTime;RealPlayer;Web_browser;VLC_media_player;Windows_Media_Video;Audio_Video_Interleave;QuickTime;Adobe_Systems;Content_delivery_network;Youku;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Tudou;Tudou; Tunewiki TuneWiki is a music-centered startup that provides scrolling lyrics through its social music players for cellphones and handheld devices. With over 6 million lyrics and the world's largest scrolling lyrics library, TuneWiki currently has agreements with the major music publishers including Sony, Universal, and EMI to legally use synchronized lyrics in TuneWiki's music applications. Furthermore, the mobile TuneWiki applications also provide lyrics for streaming radio on mobile phones, and TuneWiki has location-based technology to let users see where their favorite music is being played around the world. Users follow other users to discover music and have conversations around the music they listen to. [ 1 ] TuneWiki was founded by Rani Cohen- Chairman, Amnon Sarig, ex-President and Chad Kouse- CTO. Larry Goldberg is the CEO. The company is funded by Benchmark Capital , Motorola , NTT Docomo , Telia Sonera , and Sandisk . TuneWiki also makes mobile games for iOS and Android phones including Lyric Legend, Lyric Legend 2, and Dance Legend. Motorola;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Windows_Media_Player;Spotify;Tunewiki;Tunewiki; Turkmenistan Asia;Europe;Spain;California;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Kyrgyzstan;Tajikistan;Mongolia;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Vietnam;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Kyrgyzstan;Tajikistan;Kyrgyzstan;Tajikistan;Ukraine;Albania;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Brunei;Chad;The_Gambia;Kyrgyzstan;Malaysia;Mauritania;Mozambique;Sierra_Leone;Tajikistan;Thailand;Kyrgyzstan;Turkmenistan;Turkmenistan; TweetDeck TweetDeck is a social media dashboard application for management of Twitter and Facebook accounts. Like other Twitter applications it interfaces with the Twitter API to allow users to send and receive tweets and view profiles. It is the most popular Twitter application with a 23% market share as of June 2009, following only the official Twitter website with 45.7% share for posting new status updates. [ 1 ] It is compatible with several operating systems including Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , Chrome OS , Linux , and FreeBSD . [ 2 ] An iPhone version was released on June 19, 2009 and an iPad version was released in May 2010 as well. An Android version was made available in October 2010 after a public beta period. [ 3 ] TweetDeck was originally developed by Iain Dodsworth [ 4 ] , until May 25, 2011, when TweetDeck was acquired by Twitter with a rumored $40 – $50 million purchase price including both cash and Twitter stock. [ 5 ] Twitter then released a new version of the application branded "TweetDeck by Twitter" on December 8, 2011, as part of Twitter's redesign of its services. TweetDeck changed from an Adobe AIR application to a native Windows and Mac OS X application in this release, and also introduced a web version of TweetDeck for WebKit -based browsers based on TweetDeck's existing Google Chrome app. The update dropped support for LinkedIn , Google Buzz , Foursquare and MySpace accounts. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Computing_platform;IOS;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Facebook;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Facebook;API;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;IPhone;IPad;WebKit;Google_Chrome;Social_network_service;Facebook;Nielsen_Company;Seesmic;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;TweetDeck;TweetDeck; Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh Apple's Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh is a limited-edition personal computer that was released in 1997 in celebration of the company's 20th birthday. While the machine is often regarded as a stylistic landmark, [ 1 ] it was met with lukewarm sales, and was derided for its exorbitant price and for championing form over function. [ 2 ] United_States_dollar;PowerPC;Kibibyte;SCSI;Apple_Desktop_Bus;SCSI;SuperDrive;Apple_Inc.;Personal_computer;ATI_Technologies;Bose_Corporation;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Touchpad;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Bose_Corporation;Mac_Mini;Steve_Wozniak;Steve_Jobs;Mac_OS_X;Mac_Mini;Harman_Kardon;Apple_Inc.;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_II;Apple_IIe;Apple_III;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_Plus;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_II;Macintosh_IIx;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_TV;Macintosh_Quadra;PowerBook;PowerBook_Duo;Power_Macintosh;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh_Performa;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Macintosh_Centris;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_displays;Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive;PowerCD;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Desktop_Bus;Apple_Mouse;Apple_Scanner;Apple_QuickTake;Apple_Modem;MessagePad;PowerCD;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh;Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh; TwinVQ TwinVQ (transform-domain weighted interleave vector quantization ) is an audio compression technique developed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) Human Interface Laboratories (now Cyber Space Laboratories) in 1994. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The compression technique has been used in both standardized and proprietary designs. Codec;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Proprietary_software;API;API;Filename_extension;FFmpeg;Libavcodec;VLC_media_player;Winamp;Comparison_of_audio_formats;ISO;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;TwinVQ;TwinVQ; Type_code A type code is the only mechanism used in pre- OS X versions of the Macintosh operating system to denote a file's format , in a manner similar to file extensions in other operating systems. Codes are four-byte OSTypes . For example, the type code for a HyperCard stack is STAK; the type code of any application program is APPL. OS X retains type codes, but supports filename extensions as well. The deprecation of type codes (and creator codes ) over the older extension system, popularised by PDP-11 systems ( RT-11 , RSX-11 , etc.), CP/M , and most recently by Microsoft 's MS-DOS , has been very controversial with Mac users. The type and creator system is considerably richer and more sophisticated than that provided by extensions, and many users felt that adopting DOS conventions is a backward step. They claim that type and creator information rightfully belongs to the metadata associated with a file, and is therefore illogically placed within the file's name, where its presence can cause problems for the user. Apple defends the decision by saying that extensions have become the de facto standard for indicating file type, and they need to work seamlessly with the rest of the industry. Type codes are not readily accessible for users to manipulate, although they can be viewed and changed with certain software, most notably the OS X command line tools GetFileInfo and SetFile which are installed as part of the developer tools into /Developer/Tools , or the ResEdit utility available for older Macs. Changes done in OS X v10.4 with the addition of Uniform Type Identifiers suggest that Apple heard those criticisms and is working on a file type successor to both type code and filename extensions. [ 1 ] OS_X;Apple_Macintosh;Operating_system;File_format;OSType;HyperCard;Software;Creator_code;Microsoft;ResEdit;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;WorldScript;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Type_code;Type_code; Type_system Weak_typing;Programming_language;Computer_science;Compiler;Programming_language;Computer;Compiler;Division_by_zero;Fortran;Perl;JavaScript;MATLAB;GNU_Octave;Perl;Programming_language;JavaScript;AppleScript;JavaScript;JavaScript;Perl;Programming_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Microsoft;Type_system;Type_system; Typical_antipsychotic Typical antipsychotics (sometimes referred to as first generation antipsychotics , conventional antipsychotics , classical neuroleptics , traditional antipsychotics , or major tranquilizers ) are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis (in particular, schizophrenia ). Typical antipsychotics may also be used for the treatment of acute mania, agitation, and other conditions. The first typical antipsychotics to enter clinical use were the phenothiazines . Second-generation antipsychotics are known as atypical antipsychotics . Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways , but compared to the typicals, the atypicals are less likely to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities in patients, which include unsteady Parkinson's disease -type movements, body rigidity and involuntary tremors . [ 1 ] These abnormal body movements can become permanent even after medication is stopped. Chlorpromazine;Antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Fluphenazine;Sedation;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Fluphenazine;Flupentixol;Zuclopenthixol;Quetiapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Diphenhydramine;Clozapine;Prochlorperazine;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Mesoridazine;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Perphenazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Fluphenazine;Zuclopenthixol;Flupentixol;Prochlorperazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Typical_antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic; Typography_of_Apple_Inc. Apple Inc. has used a variety of typefaces in its marketing , operating systems , and industrial design . Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Apple_II;Apple_Macintosh;Adobe_Systems;Adobe_Systems;IPod;IPod_nano;Podium_Sans;Helvetica;Helvetica;Ronald_Wayne;Apple;Personal_digital_assistant;Apple_Keyboard;IBook;PowerBook;MacBook;MacBook_Pro;Volkswagen;Apple_IIe;ANSI;Helvetica;Espy_Sans;Helvetica;IPod;IPod_mini;IPod_Photo;Podium_Sans;John_Gruber;Daring_Fireball;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.; U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA or USFDA ) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services , one of the United States federal executive departments . The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety , tobacco products , dietary supplements , prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines , biopharmaceuticals , blood transfusions , medical devices , electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), and veterinary products . The FDA also enforces other laws, notably Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act and associated regulations, many of which are not directly related to food or drugs. These include sanitation requirements on interstate travel and control of disease on products ranging from certain household pets to sperm donation for assisted reproduction . The FDA is led by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs , appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate . The Commissioner reports to the Secretary of Health and Human Services . The 21st and current Commissioner is Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg . She has served as Commissioner since February 2009. The FDA has its headquarters at White Oak, Maryland . [ 3 ] The agency also has 223 field offices and 13 laboratories located throughout the 50 states , the United States Virgin Islands , and Puerto Rico . [ 4 ] In 2008, the FDA started opening offices in foreign countries, including China , India , Costa Rica , Chile , Belgium , and the United Kingdom . [ 5 ] Puerto_Rico;Costa_Rica;Chile;Belgium;United_Kingdom;United_States;Drug_development;Television;US_Supreme_Court;Barack_Obama;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States; UK – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 51°30′N 0°7′W  /  51.5°N 0.117°W  / 51.5; -0.117 Official language(s) English [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Recognised regional languages Irish , Scottish Gaelic , Scots and Ulster Scots , Welsh , Cornish [ nb 2 ] Ethnic groups ( 2001 See: UK ethnic groups list [ 4 ] ) Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy 243,610 km 2 ( 80th ) 62,262,000 [ 5 ] ( 22nd ) 255.6/km 2 ( 51st ) $2,308.503 Billion [ 7 ] $2,452.689 Billion [ 7 ] 0.863 [ 9 ] ( very high ) ( 28th ) Pound sterling ( GBP ) A second coat of arms is used in Scotland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , [ nb 5 ] commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe . The country includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland . [ nb 6 ] Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , the North Sea , the English Channel and the Irish Sea . The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system , with its seat of government in the capital city of London . It is a country in its own right [ 10 ] and consists of four countries : England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . The latter three of these are devolved administrations, each with varying powers, [ 11 ] [ 12 ] based in their capital cities Belfast , Edinburgh and Cardiff respectively. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies : Guernsey , Jersey and the Isle of Man . [ 13 ] The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories . [ 14 ] These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history . British influence can still be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former territories. The UK is a developed country and has the world's seventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and eighth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It was the world's first industrialised country [ 15 ] and the world's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries. [ 16 ] The UK remains a great power with leading economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence. [ 17 ] It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth in the world. [ 18 ] The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946. It has been a member of the European Union and its predecessor the European Economic Community since 1973. It is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 , the G8 , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization . Europe;European_Union;English_language;Republic_of_Ireland;English_language;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Thailand;Canada;European_Union;Gibraltar;European_Union;Barack_Obama;Japan;Hydrogen;English_language;British_English;European_Union;English_language;The_Beatles;Folk_music;Heavy_metal_music;The_Beatles;Led_Zeppelin;Brit_Awards;British_Phonographic_Industry;Coldplay;The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy;ITV;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Gibraltar;European_Union;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;National_Geographic_Society;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;EMI;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;European_Union;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;Gibraltar;Republic_of_Ireland;English_language;French_language;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;Gibraltar;Canada;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;United_States;European_Union;France;United_States;Colombia;Germany;Portugal;Guatemala;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Argentina;Brazil;Cambodia;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Malta;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom; UK_Intellectual_Property_Office The Intellectual Property Office of the United Kingdom (often The IPO) is, since 2 April 2007, the operating name of The Patent Office . [ 1 ] It is the official government body responsible for intellectual property rights in the UK and is an executive agency of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). [ 2 ] Some work on copyright policy is shared with the Department of Culture, Media and Sport [ citation needed ] and plant breeders' rights are administered by the Plant Variety Rights Office , an agency of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . [ citation needed ] United_Kingdom;Intellectual_property;United_Kingdom; UK_Singles_Chart The UK Singles Chart is compiled by The Official Charts Company (OCC) on behalf of the British record industry . The full chart contains the weekly top-selling 200 single recordings in the United Kingdom , based upon combined record sales and download numbers. However, some media outlets only list the Top 40 (such as the BBC) or the Top 75 (such as Music Week magazine) of this list. Around 6,500 British retail outlets contribute sales data, as well as most UK online digital-download stores. Unlike charts in the United States , no airplay statistics are used for the official UK Singles Chart. The chart week runs from 00:01 Sunday to midnight Saturday, [ 1 ] with most UK digital singles being released on Sundays (followed by CD releases on Monday). [ 2 ] The Top 40 chart is first released on Sunday afternoons by BBC Radio 1 before it is posted on the OCC's website, [ citation needed ] with the top 75 being printed in Music Week magazine the following Monday and the top 200 appearing in the independent newsletter UKChartsPlus on Wednesdays. It is also published online. Radio 1 broadcasts a Top 40 countdown on Sundays from 16:00 to 19:00. The show had various presenters over the years, including Tommy Vance , Mark Goodier , Bruno Brookes and Alan Freeman whose Pick Of The Pops was the chart show from the 1960s into the early 1970s. Since October 2007, Reggie Yates has presented the chart show (until September 2009 with Fearne Cotton ). Cotton was the first permanent female presenter of the Official Chart Show. [ 3 ] A rival chart show, The Big Top 40 Show , is based on downloads and commercial radio airplay and is broadcast on 140 commercial local radio stations. According to the Official Charts Company, the official British singles chart was the New Musical Express chart from 1952 to 1960, the Record Retailer chart from 1960 to 1969 and the Official UK Singles Chart since 1969. According to the Official Charts Company's statistics, as of 1 July 2012 1,200 singles have topped the UK singles chart. [ 4 ] The precise number of chart-toppers is debatable due to the profusion of competing charts from the 1950s to the 1980s, but the usual list used is that endorsed by the Guinness Book of British Hit Singles and subsequently adopted by the Official UK Charts Company. There was no "official" chart before Tuesday, 11 February 1969. Prior to this the BBC compiled its own chart based on an average of the music papers of the time; many songs announced as having reached number one on BBC Radio and Top of the Pops prior to 1969 are not listed as chart-toppers according to the above criteria. United_Kingdom;United_States;NME;Extended_play;Compact_disc;British_Phonographic_Industry;HMV_Group;Virgin_Megastores;Virgin_Megastores;Nielsen_Company;Office_of_Fair_Trading;Internet;MyCoke;ITunes_Store;Gorillaz;Coldplay;Germany;Facebook;Facebook;The_Beatles;NME;Compact_disc;DVD;ITV;The_Beatles;The_Beatles;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;Adobe_Flash;British_Phonographic_Industry;The_Guardian;BBC_News;BBC_News;BBC_News;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;UK_Singles_Chart;UK_Singles_Chart; UMTS_frequency_bands The UMTS frequency bands are radio frequencies used by third generation (3G) wireless Universal Mobile Telecommunications System networks. They were allocated by delegate to the World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-92) held in Málaga-Torremolinos, Spain between February 3, 1992 and March 3, 1992. [ 1 ] Resolution 212 (Rev.WRC-97), adopted at the World Radiocommunication Conference held in Geneva, Switzerland in 1997, endorsed the bands specifically for the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specification by referring to S5.388, which states "The bands 1,885-2,025 MHz and 2,110-2,200 MHz are intended for use, on a worldwide basis, by administrations wishing to implement International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000). Such use does not preclude the use of these bands by other services to which they are allocated. The bands should be made available for IMT-2000 in accordance with Resolution 212 (Rev. WRC-97)." To accommodate the reality that these initially defined bands were already in use in various regions of the world, the initial allocation has been amended multiple times to include other radio frequency bands. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Guatemala;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Optus;Dominican_Republic;Hertz;Bell_Mobility;Telus;Rogers_Wireless;Nextel;Bell_Mobility;Telus;Rogers_Wireless;Nextel;Telstra;Optus;Vodafone;Verizon_Wireless;GSM_frequency_bands;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;UMTS_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands; UPX UPX , the U ltimate P acker for e X ecutables , is a free and open source executable packer supporting a number of file formats from different operating systems. Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Assembly_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Mac_OS_X;DOS;Computing_platform;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Data_compression;Algorithm;Open_source;ARM_architecture;Linux;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;SourceForge;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;UPX;UPX; USA_Today USA Today is a national American daily newspaper published by the Gannett Company . It was founded by Al Neuharth on September 15, 1982. [ 2 ] The newspaper vies with The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) for the position of having the widest circulation of any newspaper in the United States , something it previously held since 2003. [ citation needed ] According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, the paper has 1.8 million copies as of March 2012 [ 1 ] compared with The Wall Street Journal ' s 2.1 million [ 1 ] though this figure includes the WSJ's 400,000 paid-for, online subscribers. [ citation needed ] USA Today remains the widest circulated print newspaper in the United States. [ citation needed ] USA Today is distributed in all fifty states , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , Guam , Canada and the United Kingdom . [ citation needed ] The newspaper has its headquarters in the Tysons Corner area of Fairfax County, Virginia . [ 3 ] Currently, [ when? ] USA Today sells for US$1.00 in newsstands; however, it is often found free at hotels and airports that distribute it to their customers. [ citation needed ] Gannett_Company;United_States;Gannett_Company;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Puerto_Rico;Guam;Canada;United_Kingdom;Television;Green;Red;National_Football_League;Super_Bowl;Associated_Press;MarketWatch;Bloomberg_L.P.;New_York_Times;Television;Films;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;CNN;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;Gannett_Company;Gannett_Company;Gannett_Company;CBS;NBC;United_States_dollar;USA_Today;USA_Today; USB Universal Serial Bus ( USB ) is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication and power supply between computers and electronic devices. [ 2 ] USB is not a true bus, meaning only the root hub sees every signal on the bus. This implies there is no method to monitor upstream communications from a down stream device. USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals , such as keyboards, pointing devices , digital cameras, printers, portable media players , disk drives and network adapters to personal computers , both to communicate and to supply electric power . It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones , PDAs and video game consoles . [ 3 ] USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports , as well as separate power chargers for portable devices. As of 2008 [update] , approximately 6 billion USB ports and interfaces were in the global marketplace, and about 2 billion were being sold each year. [ 4 ] Apple_Desktop_Bus;Megabit;Technical_standard;Computer;Portable_media_player;Personal_computer;Smartphone;Personal_digital_assistant;Video_game_console;IBM;Intel;Microsoft;USB_hub;Webcam;Hexadecimal;Loudspeaker;Microphone;Webcam;Image_scanner;Digital_audio_player;Digital_camera;USB_hub;USB_video_device_class;Webcam;Wireless;Bluetooth;ActiveSync;USB_mass_storage_device_class;SD_card;Parallel_ATA;Serial_ATA;SCSI;DVD;Hard_disk_drive;ESATA;ExpressCard;FireWire;ESATAp;Smartphone;Personal_digital_assistant;Research_In_Motion;Apple_Inc.;Dock_connector;European_Commission;IPod;IPhone;Mobile_phone;Mobile_phone;Nokia;Samsung;Motorola;Sony_Ericsson;LG;European_Commission;European_Union;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;IPad;IBM;CNet;FireWire;VoIP;MIDI;Ethernet;ESATA;SATA;ESATAp;PCI_Express;Linux;PDF;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PDF;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus; USB_flash_drives A USB Flash Drive is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than a floppy disk . Most weigh less than 30 g. [ 1 ] As of September 2011 [update] drives of 256 gigabytes (GB) are available. [ 2 ] Storage capacities as large as 2 terabytes are planned, with steady improvements in size and price per capacity expected. [ 3 ] Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of memory chip used, and a 10 year shelf storage time . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] USB flash drives are often used for the same purposes for which floppy disks or CD-ROMs were used. They are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more durable and reliable because they have no moving parts . Until approximately 2005, most desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk drives, but floppy disk drives have been abandoned in favor of USB ports. USB flash drives use the USB mass storage standard, supported natively by modern operating systems such as Linux , Mac OS X , Windows , and other Unix-like systems, as well as many BIOS boot ROMs. USB drives with USB 2.0 support can store more data and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives like CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and can be read by many other systems such as the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , DVD players and in some upcoming mobile smartphones. Nothing moves mechanically in a flash drive; the term drive persists because computers read and write flash drive data using the same system commands as for a mechanical disk drive , with the storage appearing to the computer operating system and user interface as just another drive. Flash drives are very robust mechanically. A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing plugging into a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist. USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a digital audio player with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music. Data_storage_device;Flash_memory;Universal_Serial_Bus;Floppy_disk;Gigabyte;Floppy_disk;USB_mass_storage_device_class;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;User_interface;Universal_Serial_Bus;Digital_audio_player;Flash_memory;USB;USB;Gigabyte;Sony;IBM;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Megabyte;Floppy_disk;Megabit;Kibibyte;Integrated_circuit;Flash_memory;USB_mass_storage_device_class;Flash_memory;LED;NAND_flash;Digital_camera;Hard_drive;Encryption;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Apple_Inc.;MacBook_Air;Microsoft;Gigabyte;Windows_Vista;Digital_audio_player;IPod_shuffle;Digital_rights_management;FLAC;Linux;Adobe_Flash;Multimedia;Database;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Mac_App_Store;MacBook_Air;Windows_Vista;Encryption;DVD;USB;USB_mass_storage_device_class;Operating_system;Linux;Mozilla_Firefox;SD_card;Floppy_disk;CD;DVD;File_Allocation_Table;Operating_system;MicroSD;Digital_camera;ESATA;Imation;SuperDisk;Microsoft_Windows;Toshiba;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus; USB_hub A USB hub is a device that expands a single USB port into several so that there are more ports available to connect devices to a host system. USB hubs are often built into equipment such as computers, keyboards , monitors , or printers . When such a device has many USB ports they all usually stem from one or two internal USB hubs rather than each port having independent USB circuitry. Physically separate USB hubs come in a wide variety of form factors : from external boxes (looking similar to a Ethernet or network hub ) connectible with a long cable, to small designs that can be directly plugged into a USB port (see the 'compact design' picture). In the middle case, there are "short cable" hubs which typically use an integral 6 inch cable to slightly distance a small hub away from physical port congestion and of course increase the number of available ports. Laptop computers may be equipped with many USB ports, but an external USB hub can consolidate several everyday devices (like a mouse and a printer) into a single hub to enable one-step attachment and removal of all the devices. Universal_Serial_Bus;Power_supply;USB_hub;USB_hub; USB_mass_storage_device_class The USB mass storage device class , otherwise known as USB MSC or UMS , is a protocol that allows a Universal Serial Bus (USB) device to become accessible to a host computing device, to enable file transfers between the two. To the host device, the USB device appears similar to an external hard drive, enabling drag-and-drop file transfers. The USB mass storage device class comprises a set of computing communications protocols defined by the USB Implementers Forum that run on the Universal Serial Bus. The standard provides an interface to a variety of storage devices. A USB flash drive like this one will typically implement the USB mass storage device class. Some of the devices that are connected to computers via this standard include: external magnetic hard drives external optical drives, including CD and DVD reader and writer drives portable flash memory devices adapters bridging between standard flash memory cards and USB connections digital audio players and portable media players Devices which support this standard are referred to as MSC (Mass Storage Class) devices. While MSC is the official abbreviation, UMS (Universal Mass Storage) has become common in online jargon. Universal_Serial_Bus;Hard_drive;CD;DVD;Flash_memory;Digital_camera;Digital_audio_player;Portable_media_player;Mobile_phones;Operating_system;File_Allocation_Table;Hard_drive;Watt;USB_hub;File_Allocation_Table;DOS;Apple_Computer;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS;Hard_drive;SCSI;Embedded_system;File_Allocation_Table;File_Allocation_Table;Microsoft_Windows;HFS_Plus;Apple_Macintosh;Linux;SCSI;Serial_ATA;Parallel_ATA;USB;ESATA;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link; USB_sound_card Motherboard via one of: IBM PC Parallel Port PCMCIA interfaces ( PC Card , Expresscard ) Line in or out: via one of: Analogue - TRS , RCA or DIN connector Digital - RCA, TOSLink or AES/EBU Microphone via one of: Common manufacturers Creative Labs (and subsidiary E-mu Systems ) A sound card (also known as an audio card ) is an internal computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. The term sound card is also applied to external audio interfaces that use software to generate sound, as opposed to using hardware inside the PC. Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation, education and entertainment (games) and video projection. Sound functionality can also be integrated onto the motherboard , using basically the same components as a plug-in card. The best plug-in cards, which use better and more expensive components, can achieve higher quality than integrated sound. The integrated sound system is often still referred to as a "sound card". Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Universal_Serial_Bus;FireWire;Micro_Channel_architecture;PC_Card;TRS_connector;RCA_connector;TOSLINK;Computer;Sound;Capacitor;TRS_connector;RCA_connector;Synthesizer;Hard_disk;Microphone;Speech_recognition;Voice_over_IP;Cirrus_Logic;Surround_sound;Microphone;TRS_connector;TRS_connector;TRS_connector;TRS_connector;TRS_connector;TRS_connector;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Conventional_PCI;Intel;Multimedia;Video_game;Roland_Corporation;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;MIDI;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;Copyright_infringement;Universal_Serial_Bus;Video_game;Codec;Intel;Apple_Computer;Apple_Macintosh;Sun_Microsystems;Apple_II;PC_Card;Disc_jockey;Universal_Serial_Bus;Operating_system;DOS;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Linux_distribution;Codec;Stereophonic_sound;Dolby_Digital;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus; USB_video_device_class The USB video device class (also USB video class or UVC ) is a USB device class that describes devices capable of streaming video like webcams , digital camcorders , transcoders , analog video converters, television tuners , and still-image cameras . The latest revision of the USB video class specification carries the version number 1.1 and was defined by the USB Implementers Forum in a set of documents describing both the basic protocol and the different payload formats [ 1 ] . See also the List of USB video class devices Universal_Serial_Bus;Webcam;Camcorder;Transcoding;Windows_Vista;MPEG_transport_stream;Motion_JPEG;DV;MPEG_transport_stream;Motion_JPEG;Linux;Mac_OS_X;IChat;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;USB_video_device_class;USB_video_device_class; USD The United States dollar ( sign : $ ; code : USD ; also abbreviated US$ ), also referred to as the U.S. dollar or American dollar , is the official currency of the United States of America and its overseas territories. It is divided into 100 smaller units called cents . The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is one of the world's dominant reserve currencies . [ 15 ] Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . [ 16 ] It is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories , the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. United_States;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;Puerto_Rico;Guam;Cambodia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Vietnam;Zimbabwe;Netherlands;Puerto_Rico;United_States;Czech_Republic;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;Peru;Puerto_Rico;Puerto_Rico;Mexico;Massachusetts;New_Jersey;Canadian_dollar;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Canadian_dollar;Chad;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe;Benin;Burkina_Faso;North_America;Canadian_dollar;Danish_krone;Puerto_Rico;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;Ecuador;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Asia;Bhutan;Singapore;Brunei;Cyprus;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar; US_Department_of_Defense 3.23 million total [ 1 ] (2009) US$530.1 billion (2010) [ 2 ] US$549.1 billion (2011) [ 3 ] US$553.0 billion (est. 2012) Department executives Leon Panetta , Secretary Ashton Carter , Deputy Secretary Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force The Pentagon , headquarters of the United States Department of Defense. The Department of Defense (also known as the Defense Department , USDOD , DOD , DoD or the Pentagon [ 4 ] ) is the Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States armed forces . The Department is also the largest employer in the world [ 5 ] , with more than 2.13 million active duty Soldiers, Sailors, Marines, Airmen, and also civilian workers, and over 1.1 million National Guardsmen and members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Reserves. The grand total is just over 3.2 million servicemen and servicewomen, plus the civilians who support them. The Department – headed by the Secretary of Defense – has three subordinate military departments: the Department of the Army , the Department of the Navy , and the Department of the Air Force . In addition, there are many Defense Agencies such as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), the Missile Defense Agency , the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), the National Security Agency (NSA), and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA), all of which are under the command of the Secretary of Defense. DoD also operates several joint services schools, including the National Defense University (NDU) and the National War College (NWC). The Department is allocated the highest level of budgetary resources among all Federal agencies, and this amounts to more than one-half of the annual Federal discretionary budget. DARPA;Fiscal_year;Denmark;Sweden;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Washington_Post;DARPA; US_Department_of_Justice The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ), also referred to as the Justice Department , is the United States federal executive department responsible for the enforcement of the law and administration of justice , equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries. The Department is led by the Attorney General , who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet . The current Attorney General is Eric Holder . United_States_House_of_Representatives;The_Washington_Post;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States; US_Supreme_Court The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States . It has ultimate (but largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and over state court cases involving issues of federal law, and original jurisdiction over a small range of cases. [ 1 ] The Court, which meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. , consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate . Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, or are removed after impeachment . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States;American_Civil_Liberties_Union;Barack_Obama;Barack_Obama;Thomson_Reuters;Al_Gore;New_Jersey;USA_Today;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Washington_Post;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;The_Washington_Post;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States; Ubetoo Ubetoo is a social networking website aimed towards musicians and filmmakers who want to earn money from their work. The service is divided in streaming and distribution. ITunes;Napster;Spotify;EMusic;Beatport;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Ubetoo;Ubetoo; Ubuntu_Software_Center Ubuntu Software Center or Ubuntu Software Centre (originally codenamed AppCenter ) is a computer program for browsing, installing and removing software on the Ubuntu operating system . Based upon the GNOME application, gnome-app-install, which is similar in function and appearance, it originally served as a GTK+ graphical user interface front-end to the Advanced Packaging Tool , part of the Debian package management system . Today, it also allows users to purchase commercial applications. Ubuntu Software Center can also be used to add and manage repositories as well as Ubuntu Personal Package Archives . It is written in the Python programming language . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Graphical_user_interface;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Synaptic_Package_Manager;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Mythbuntu;Ubuntu_TV;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Ubuntu_Software_Center; Ubuntu_TV Ubuntu TV is a Smart TV operating system developed by Canonical , based on the Ubuntu operating system and using the Unity 2D user interface built with the Qt application framework . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is designed for the living-room TV using a remote control . [ 5 ] Ubuntu TV is a variant of the Ubuntu Linux distribution specially designed for embedded systems integrated into televisions . It was announced by Canonical at CES 2012 with the slogan " TV for human beings ". [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 1 ] Ubuntu TV was shown at Mobile World Congress 2012. [ 9 ] Ubuntu for Android will use the Ubuntu TV interface when connected to a TV. [ 10 ] Software_developer;Linux;Open_source;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;ARM_architecture;User_interface;Software_license;Smart_TV;Television;Remote_control;Linux_distribution;Embedded_systems;Television;Ars_Technica;Google_TV;MythTV;XBMC_Media_Center;Mythbuntu;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Ubuntu_TV;Ubuntu_TV; Ukraine in Europe ( dark grey ) — [ Legend ] 50°27′N 30°30′E  /  50.45°N 30.5°E  / 50.45; 30.5 Official language(s) Recognised regional languages Ethnic groups (2001) 77.8% Ukrainians , 4.9% others and unspecified [ 3 ] Unitary semi-presidential republic Speaker of Parliament Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia Ukrainian National Republic West Ukrainian National Republic Second Declaration of Independence Independence from the Soviet Union 603,628 km 2 ( 46th ) 45,888,000 [ 4 ] ( 28th ) $329.497 billion [ 5 ] $164.960 billion [ 5 ] 27.5 [ 6 ] ( medium ) Eastern European Time ( UTC +2 [ 8 ] ) Eastern European Summer Time ( UTC +3) 1 An independence referendum was held on December 1, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on December 26. The current constitution was adopted on June 28, 1996. Ukraine ( i / juː ˈ k r eɪ n / yew- KRAYN ; Ukrainian : Україна , transliterated : Ukrayina , [ukrɑˈjinɑ] ) is a country in Eastern Europe . Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and the Kingdom of Poland . [ 12 ] After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921 , following World War I and the Russian Civil War . Ukraine emerged from its own civil war , and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union . The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II , and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations. [ 13 ] Ukraine became independent again when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. This dissolution started a period of transition to a market economy , in which Ukraine was stricken with an eight-year recession . [ 14 ] Since then, however, the economy has experienced a high increase in GDP growth . Ukraine was caught up in the worldwide economic crisis in 2008 and the economy plunged. GDP fell 20% from spring 2008 to spring 2009, then leveled off as analysts compared the magnitude of the downturn to the worst years of economic depression during the early 1990s. [ 15 ] However, the country remains a globally important market and, as of 2011, is the world's third largest grain exporter. [ 16 ] Ukraine is a unitary state composed of 24 oblasts (provinces), one autonomous republic (Crimea), and two cities with special status: Kiev , its capital and largest city, and Sevastopol , which houses the Russian Black Sea Fleet under a leasing agreement. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate legislative , executive , and judicial branches. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Ukraine continues to maintain the second largest military in Europe, after that of Russia. The country is home to 46 million people, 77.8 percent of whom are ethnic Ukrainians , with sizable minorities of Russians (17%), Belarusians and Romanians . Ukrainian is the official language of Ukraine. Russian is also widely spoken. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodox Christianity , which has heavily influenced Ukrainian architecture , literature and music . Europe;German_language;Poland;Slovakia;Hungary;Romania;Czech_Republic;Romania;European_Union;Poland;Sierra_Leone;European_Union;Internet;Poland;Folk_music;Classical_music;Jazz;Poland;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;BBC_News;BBC_News;BBC_News;BBC_News;BBC_News;Wikisource;The_New_York_Times;Reuters;Microsoft;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Bulgaria;Romania;Kyrgyzstan;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;United_Kingdom;Canada;Japan;Mexico;United_States;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Vietnam;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Albania;Bulgaria;Greece;Romania;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Canada;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Kyrgyzstan;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;United_Kingdom;United_States;Australia;Japan;Mongolia;Thailand;Latvia;Bulgaria;Romania;Ukraine;Czech_Republic;Poland;Slovakia;Bulgaria;Slovenia;Ukraine;Ukraine; Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro Ulead MediaStudio Pro ( MSP ) is real-time, timeline based prosumer level video editing software by Ulead Systems . It is a suite of 5 digital video and audio applications, including: Video Capture , Video Paint , CG Infinity , Audio Editor and Video Editor . MSP is only available on the Windows platform. Since version 8.0, CG Infinity and Video Paint are separate from the MSP suite, and are being sold as a combination product called VideoGraphics Lab ( VGL ). On June 18, 2008, Corel formally announced that MediaStudio Pro would be discontinued. The final MediaStudio Pro version was 8.10.0039 (Pro 8 Service Pack 1) released June 2, 2006. Corel discontinued support for MediaStudio Pro in June 2009. However, there remains an active community of avid users on the official MediaStudio Pro forum . Version 6.0 is last version to support Windows 95, although recent versions are not compatible with Windows Vista or Windows 7. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Microsoft_Windows;Original_equipment_manufacturer;HDV;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas;VideoPad;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Multimedia;Software;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro; Ultra_Port_Architecture The Ultra Port Architecture (UPA) bus was developed by Sun Microsystems as a high-speed graphics card to CPU interconnect, beginning with the Ultra 1 workstation in 1995. Sun_Microsystems;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Ultra_Port_Architecture; Un_Encuentro Record_label;Heavy_metal_music;ITunes;ITunes;Album;Extended_play;Gibraltar;Un_Encuentro;Un_Encuentro; Underclocking Quiet_PC;Hard_disk;Graphics_processing_unit;Internet;Microsoft_Windows;Intel;Smartphone;Palm_Pre;IPhone;Underclocking;Underclocking; Unibus The Unibus was the earliest of several computer bus technologies used with PDP-11 and early VAX systems manufactured by the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) of Maynard , Massachusetts . Massachusetts;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Unibus;Unibus; Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Surround;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;MPEG_transport_stream;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;ISO_base_media_file_format;MPEG_Surround;Software;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding; Uniform_Resource_Locator Internet;IP_address;Web_browser;Microsoft_Windows;Internet;IP_address;Operating_system;IP_address;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Website; Uniform_Type_Identifier A Uniform Type Identifier ( UTI ) is a text string used on software provided by Apple Inc. to uniquely identify a given class or type of item. Apple provides built-in UTIs to identify common system objects — document or image file types, folders and application bundles, streaming data, clipping data, movie data — and allows third party developers to easily add their own UTIs for application-specific or proprietary uses. Support for UTIs was added in the Mac OS X 10.4 operating system, integrated into the Spotlight desktop search technology, which uses UTIs to categorize documents. One of the primary design goals of UTIs was to eliminate the ambiguities and problems associated with inferring a file's content from its MIME type, filename extension , or type or creator code . [ 1 ] UTIs use a reverse-DNS naming structure. Names may include the ASCII characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9, hyphen ("-"), and period ("."), and all Unicode characters above U+007F. [ 1 ] . Colons and slashes are prohibited for compatibility with Macintosh and POSIX file path conventions. UTIs support multiple inheritance , allowing files to be identified with any number of relevant types, as appropriate to the contained data. Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Filename_extension;Type_code;Creator_code;DOS;Unix;Windows;Type_code;Creator_code;Metadata;Mac_OS_X;Filename_extension;OSType;Quick_Look;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Uniform_Type_Identifier; Unique_Ingredient_Identifier The UNique Ingredient Identifier ( UNII ) is a non-proprietary, free, unique, unambiguous, non-semantic, alphanumeric identifier linked to a substance’s molecular structure and/or descriptive information by the Substance Registration System of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A UNII is always ten characters long, and is randomly generated, so as not to contain any inherent information on time of entry or type of substance. The SRS is used to generate permanent, unique identifiers for substances in regulated products, such as ingredients in drug products. The system uses molecular structure and descriptive information to define a substance and generate the UNII. The primary means for defining a substance is by its molecular structure as represented on a two-dimensional plane. When a molecular structure is not available (e.g., botanicals), the UNII is defined by descriptive information. [ 1 ] The procedures and management of the SRS is provided by the SRS Board which includes experts from both FDA and the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). [ 2 ] Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier; United_Airlines United_States;Continental_Airlines;The_New_York_Times;Air_France;Delta_Air_Lines;Asia;Australia;Delta_Air_Lines;Delta_Air_Lines;Continental_Airlines;Zune;IPod;Active_noise_control;IPod;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Engadget;Continental_Airlines;Continental_Airlines;Alaska_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;Air_France;KLM;Alaska_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;Alaska_Airlines;Delta_Air_Lines;Delta_Air_Lines;Continental_Airlines;Alaska_Airlines;United_Airlines;United_Airlines; United_Kingdom – in Europe ( green dark grey ) – in the European Union ( green ) — [ Legend ] 51°30′N 0°7′W  /  51.5°N 0.117°W  / 51.5; -0.117 Official language(s) English [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Recognised regional languages Irish , Scottish Gaelic , Scots and Ulster Scots , Welsh , Cornish [ nb 2 ] Ethnic groups ( 2001 See: UK ethnic groups list [ 4 ] ) Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy 243,610 km 2 ( 80th ) 62,262,000 [ 5 ] ( 22nd ) 255.6/km 2 ( 51st ) $2,308.503 Billion [ 7 ] $2,452.689 Billion [ 7 ] 0.863 [ 9 ] ( very high ) ( 28th ) Pound sterling ( GBP ) A second coat of arms is used in Scotland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , [ nb 5 ] commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe . The country includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland . [ nb 6 ] Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , the North Sea , the English Channel and the Irish Sea . The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system , with its seat of government in the capital city of London . It is a country in its own right [ 10 ] and consists of four countries : England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . The latter three of these are devolved administrations, each with varying powers, [ 11 ] [ 12 ] based in their capital cities Belfast , Edinburgh and Cardiff respectively. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies : Guernsey , Jersey and the Isle of Man . [ 13 ] The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories . [ 14 ] These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history . British influence can still be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former territories. The UK is a developed country and has the world's seventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and eighth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It was the world's first industrialised country [ 15 ] and the world's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries. [ 16 ] The UK remains a great power with leading economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence. [ 17 ] It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth in the world. [ 18 ] The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946. It has been a member of the European Union and its predecessor the European Economic Community since 1973. It is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 , the G8 , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization . Europe;European_Union;English_language;Republic_of_Ireland;English_language;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Thailand;Canada;European_Union;Gibraltar;European_Union;Barack_Obama;Japan;Hydrogen;English_language;British_English;European_Union;English_language;The_Beatles;Folk_music;Heavy_metal_music;The_Beatles;Led_Zeppelin;Brit_Awards;British_Phonographic_Industry;Coldplay;The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy;ITV;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;Gibraltar;European_Union;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;National_Geographic_Society;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;EMI;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;European_Union;United_Kingdom;Gibraltar;Europe;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;Gibraltar;Republic_of_Ireland;English_language;French_language;European_Union;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Australia;Brunei;Canada;Cyprus;Fiji;The_Gambia;Malawi;Malaysia;Malta;Mozambique;Namibia;New_Zealand;Papua_New_Guinea;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Swaziland;Gibraltar;Canada;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;United_States;European_Union;France;United_States;Colombia;Germany;Portugal;Guatemala;Australia;Belgium;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Canada;Denmark;Japan;Luxembourg;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Norway;Papua_New_Guinea;Spain;Solomon_Islands;Swaziland;Sweden;Thailand;Canada;United_States;Republic_of_Ireland;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Argentina;Brazil;Cambodia;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Malta;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom; United_States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80 percent of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language . ^ c. Whether the United States or China is larger is disputed . The figure given is from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency 's The World Factbook . Other sources give smaller figures. All authoritative calculations of the country's size include only the 50 states and the District of Columbia, not the territories. ^ d. The population estimate includes people whose usual residence is in the fifty states and the District of Columbia, including noncitizens. It does not include either those living in the territories, amounting to more than 4 million U.S. citizens (mostly in Puerto Rico ), or U.S. citizens living outside the United States. ^ e. See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States. ^ f. Does not include Insular areas and United States Minor Outlying Islands , which have their own ISO 3166 codes. The United States of America (commonly called the United States , the U.S. , the USA , America , and the States ) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district . The country is situated mostly in central North America , where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C. , the capital district , lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans , bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean . At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km 2 ) and with over 314 million people, the United States is the third- or fourth-largest country by total area , and the third-largest by both land area and population . It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries . [ 6 ] Paleoindians migrated from Asia to what is now the United States mainland around 15,000 years ago. The Native American population descendent from them was in turn greatly reduced, primarily by disease after European contact and exasperated by European colonization . The United States itself was initially derived from thirteen British colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, delegates to the Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence , which proclaimed their right to self-determination and establishment of a sovereign union. The rebellious states defeated the British Empire in the American Revolution , the first successful colonial war of independence . [ 7 ] The current United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a stronger central government. The Bill of Rights , comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms , was ratified in 1791. Through the 19th century, the United States embarked on a vigorous program of expansion across North America. It displaced native tribes, acquiring the Louisiana territory from France and Florida from Spain. It annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845, leading to war in which it conquered half of Mexico , and purchased Alaska from Russia. During the early territorial expansion, significant disputes between the agrarian slave-holding South and free-soil industrial North led to the American Civil War . The North's victory reestablished the Union, and led to the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ending legalized slavery in the United States. The Plains Indian Wars relocated remaining tribes onto confined reservations, a Congressional Resolution annexed the Republic of Hawaii , then the treaty ending the Spanish-American War ceded Puerto Rico and Guam . By the end of the nineteenth century, its national economy was the world's largest. [ 8 ] The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower . The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity ). [ 3 ] [ 9 ] Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest . [ 3 ] The country accounts for 41% of global military spending , [ 10 ] and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world. [ 11 ] American_English;Barack_Obama;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Puerto_Rico;North_America;Canada;Mexico;Puerto_Rico;Guam;California;Philippines;San_Francisco;Barack_Obama;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Barack_Obama;Barack_Obama;Bhutan;Republic_of_China;European_Union;United_States_dollar;Massachusetts;Puerto_Rico;Guam;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Personal_computer;Internet;Delta_Air_Lines;Massachusetts;New_Jersey;English_language;Spanish_language;Chinese_language;French_language;Korean_language;German_language;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;California;California;Facebook;YouTube;Folk_music;Blues;Jazz;Country_music;Funk;Hip_hop_music;House_music;European_Union;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;North_America;Canada;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Netherlands;Panama;Puerto_Rico;France;United_Kingdom;Colombia;Germany;Portugal;Guatemala;Canada;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;United_Kingdom;European_Union;Canada;France;Germany;Italy;Japan;United_Kingdom;Brazil;Mexico;Argentina;Argentina;Australia;Australia;Brazil;Brazil;Canada;Canada;European_Union;European_Union;France;France;Germany;Germany;Italy;Italy;Japan;Japan;Mexico;Mexico;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;European_Union;Albania;Austria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Canada;Cyprus;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Republic_of_Ireland;Italy;Kyrgyzstan;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;Australia;Japan;Mongolia;Thailand;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Venezuela;European_Union;Canada;Republic_of_Ireland;United_Kingdom;Australia;New_Zealand;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Namibia;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Puerto_Rico;Hong_Kong;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Gibraltar;Malta;Fiji;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Argentina;Brazil;Cambodia;Canada;Czech_Republic;Denmark;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Italy;Japan;Malaysia;Malta;Netherlands;New_Zealand;Norway;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;United_Kingdom;California;Indiana;Kansas;Massachusetts;Michigan;New_Jersey;Guam;Puerto_Rico;Puerto_Rico;United_States;United_States; United_States_Copyright_Office The United States Copyright Office , a part of the Library of Congress , is the official U.S. government body that maintains records of copyright registration in the United States . It is used by copyright title searchers who are attempting to clear a chain of title for copyrighted works. The head of the Copyright Office is called the Register of Copyrights . The current Register is Maria Pallante , who has held the office since 2011. The Copyright Office is housed in the James Madison Memorial Building of the Library of Congress, at 101 Independence Avenue, SE, in Washington, DC. United_States;Wikisource;Project_Gutenberg;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_Copyright_Office;United_States_Copyright_Office; United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (in case citations , E.D. Va. ) is one of two United States district courts serving the Commonwealth of Virginia . It has jurisdiction over the Northern Virginia , Hampton Roads , and Richmond metro areas and surrounding locations. Appeals from the Eastern District of Virginia are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ). Rocket_docket;United_States;James_R._Spencer;James_R._Spencer;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia; United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California The United States District Court for the Northern District of California (in case citations , N.D. Cal. ) is the federal United States district court whose jurisdiction comprises following counties of California : Alameda , Contra Costa , Del Norte , Humboldt , Lake , Marin , Mendocino , Monterey , Napa , San Benito , San Francisco , San Mateo , Santa Clara , Santa Cruz , and Sonoma . The court hears cases in its courtrooms in Eureka , Oakland , San Francisco , and San Jose . It is headquartered in San Francisco. Cases from the Northern District of California are appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ). California;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;San_Francisco;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;California;Barack_Obama;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California; United_States_House_of_Representatives The United States House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the United States Congress ( bicameral legislature ). It is frequently referred to as 'the House'. The other house is the Senate . The composition and powers of the House are established in Article One of the United States Constitution . The major power of the House is to pass federal legislation that affects the entire country although its bills must also be passed by the Senate and further agreed to by the U.S. President before becoming law (unless both the House and Senate re-pass the legislation with a two-thirds majority in each chamber). The House has several exclusive powers: the power to initiate revenue bills, [ 1 ] to impeach officials, [ 2 ] and to elect the U.S. President in case there is no majority in the Electoral College . [ 3 ] Each U.S. state is represented in the House in proportion to its population but is entitled to at least one representative . The most populous state, California , currently has 53 representatives. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435. [ 4 ] Each representative serves for a two-year term. The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , who presides over the chamber, is elected by the members of the House, and is therefore traditionally the leader of the House Democratic Caucus or the House Republican Conference , whichever of the two Congressional Membership Organizations has more (voting) members. The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . United_States;Massachusetts;Guam;United_States_dollar;Barack_Obama;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Washington_Post;United_States_Copyright_Office;United_States;United_States;United_States_dollar;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;United_States_House_of_Representatives; United_States_International_Trade_Commission The United States International Trade Commission ( ITC ) is an independent, bi partisan , quasi judicial , federal agency of the United States that provides trade expertise to both the legislative and executive branches. Furthermore, the agency determines the impact of imports on U.S. industries and directs actions against unfair trade practices, such as subsidies , dumping , patent , trademark , and copyright infringement . United_States;Patent_infringement;Copyright_infringement;United_States_International_Trade_Commission;United_States_International_Trade_Commission; United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office The United States Patent and Trademark Office ( PTO or USPTO ) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that issues patents to inventors and businesses for their inventions, and trademark registration for product and intellectual property identification. The USPTO is based in Alexandria, Virginia , after a 2006 move from the Crystal City area of Arlington, Virginia . The offices under Patents and the Chief Information Officer that remained just outside the southern end of Crystal City completed moving to Randolph Square, a brand-new building in Shirlington Village , on April 27, 2009. The head of the USPTO is David J. Kappos , who was sworn in on August 13, 2009 [ 1 ] following the United States Senate 's confirmation of his appointment by President Barack Obama . [ 2 ] He succeeded John Doll , who served as acting head following the resignation of Jon W. Dudas at the end of the George W. Bush administration . [ 3 ] The USPTO cooperates with the European Patent Office (EPO) and the Japan Patent Office (JPO) as one of the Trilateral Patent Offices . The USPTO is also a Receiving Office, an International Searching Authority and an International Preliminary Examination Authority for international patent applications filed in accordance with the Patent Cooperation Treaty . Trademark;Intellectual_property;Barack_Obama;Portable_Document_Format;TIFF;Dell;Cloud_computing;Netbook;Associated_Press;Wired_News;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office; United_States_dollar The United States dollar ( sign : $ ; code : USD ; also abbreviated US$ ), also referred to as the U.S. dollar or American dollar , is the official currency of the United States of America and its overseas territories. It is divided into 100 smaller units called cents . The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is one of the world's dominant reserve currencies . [ 15 ] Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . [ 16 ] It is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories , the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. United_States;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;Puerto_Rico;Guam;Cambodia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Vietnam;Zimbabwe;Netherlands;Puerto_Rico;United_States;Czech_Republic;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;Peru;Puerto_Rico;Puerto_Rico;Mexico;Massachusetts;New_Jersey;Canadian_dollar;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;United_States;United_States_House_of_Representatives;American_English;Spanish_language_in_the_United_States;Canadian_dollar;Chad;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe;Namibia;Swaziland;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe;Benin;Burkina_Faso;North_America;Canadian_dollar;Danish_krone;Puerto_Rico;El_Salvador;Panama;Ecuador;Ecuador;Guam;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;Palau;Asia;Bhutan;Singapore;Brunei;Cyprus;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar; Universal_Access Apple Universal Access is a component of the Mac OS X operating system that provides computing abilities to the blind, deaf, and handicapped. Software_developer;Apple_Computer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;System_Preferences;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Universal_Access;Universal_Access; Universal_Binary A universal binary is, in Apple parlance, an executable file or application bundle that runs natively on either PowerPC or Intel -manufactured IA-32 or Intel 64 -based Macintosh computers; it is an implementation of the concept more generally known as a fat binary . With the release of Mac OS X Snow Leopard , and before that, since the move to 64-bit architectures in general, some software publishers such as Mozilla [ 1 ] have used the term Universal to refer to a fat binary that includes tailored builds for both i386 (32-bit Intel) and x86_64 systems. The same mechanism which is used to select between the custom PowerPC or Intel builds of an application, is also used to select between the 32-bit or 64-bit builds of either PowerPC or Intel architectures. Apple, however, continues to require native compatibility with both PowerPC and Intel in order to grant third-party software publishers permission to use Apple's trademarks related to Universal binaries. [ 2 ] At the same time, Apple does not specify whether or not such third-party software publishers must (or should) bundle separate builds for both the 32-bit and 64-bit variants of either architecture. The universal binary format was introduced at the 2005 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as a means to ease the transition from the existing PowerPC architecture to systems based on Intel processors, which began shipping in 2006. Universal binaries typically include both PowerPC and x86 versions of a compiled application. The operating system detects a universal binary by its header, and executes the appropriate section for the architecture in use. This allows the application to run natively on any supported architecture, with no negative performance impact beyond an increase in the storage space taken up by the larger binary. Starting with Mac OS X Snow Leopard, only Intel-based Macs are supported, so software that specifically depends upon capabilities present only in OS X 10.6 or newer no longer require Intel/PPC fat binaries. Additionally, starting with Mac OS X Lion, only 64-bit Intel Macs are supported; therefore, software that specifically depends on new features in Mac OS X 10.7 or newer no longer require 32-bit/64-bit fat binaries. Presently, fat binaries would only be necessary for software that is designed to have backward compatibility with older versions of Mac OS X running on older hardware. Apple_Inc.;Application_software;PowerPC;Intel;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;PowerPC;Operating_system;Backward_compatibility;Random_access_memory;Mac_OS_X;Intel;Sun_Microsystems;SPARC;Xcode;Xcode;Mac_OS_X;Final_Cut_Studio;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;System_Profiler;Apple_Computer;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Universal_binary;Universal_binary; Universal_Media_Studios Universal Television ( UTV ) is the television production arm of the NBCUniversal Television Group , and by extension, the NBC television network (since a majority of the company's shows air on NBC, and accounts for most of that network's prime time programming). It was formerly known as Revue Studios , NBC Studios , NBC Universal Television Studio ( NUTS ), and Universal Media Studios ( UMS ). Both NBC Studios and Universal Network Television are predecessors of Universal Media Studios. United_States;NBCUniversal;Television;NBC;NBC;CBS;NBC;Paramount_Pictures;United_States;NBC;Universal_Studios;Paramount_Pictures;Universal_Studios;United_States;Universal_Studios;NBC;NBC;NBC;NBC;NBC;Broadway_Video;NBC;Broadway_Video;NBC;NBC;NBC;NBC;NBC;NBC;NBC;NBC;NBC;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;Universal_Studios;NBC;CNBC;CNBC;NBC;Hulu;NBCNews.com;Universal_Music_Group;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company; Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard. Developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), UMTS is a component of the International Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 standard set and compares with the CDMA2000 standard set for networks based on the competing cdmaOne technology. UMTS uses Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile network operators. UMTS specifies a complete network system which uses, covering the radio access network ( UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network , or UTRAN), the core network ( Mobile Application Part , or MAP) and the authentication of users via SIM cards ( Subscriber Identity Module ). The technology described in UMTS is sometimes also referred to as Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) or 3GSM. [ 1 ] Unlike EDGE (IMT Single-Carrier, based on GSM ) and CDMA2000 (IMT Multi-Carrier), UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency allocations. GSM;Subscriber_Identity_Module;EDGE;GSM;HSDPA;Bluetooth;Infrared;USB;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;CDMA;Telstra;Internet;UMTS_frequency_bands;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;Germany;Telstra;Optus;Vodafone_Australia;UMTS_frequency_bands;Subscriber_Identity_Module;UMTS_frequency_bands;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;EDGE;Video_on_demand;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;HSDPA;HSDPA;Subscriber_Identity_Module;UMTS_frequency_bands;Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications;GPRS;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;ZDNet;International_Standard_Book_Number;Cellular_network;GSM;GSM;GSM;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Evolved_HSPA;GSM_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System;Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System; Universal_Music_Group Universal Music Group ( UMG ) is an American multinational music company. It is the largest of the "big four" record companies by its leading market share and its multitude of global operations. Universal Music Group is a wholly owned subsidiary of French media conglomerate Vivendi . Universal Music Group owns a music publisher , Universal Music Publishing Group , which became the world's largest following the 2007 acquisition of BMG Music Publishing . The UMG corporate headquarters are located in Santa Monica, California , United States . Universal_Studios;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;United_States;Universal_Studios;NBC;Time_Warner;Warner_Music_Group;Bertelsmann_Music_Group;Sony_Music_Entertainment;EMI;France;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Imeem;Imeem;Megaupload;YouTube;Megaupload;Megaupload;United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California;YouTube;YouTube;The_Guardian;YouTube;Facebook;Motown;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Universal_Music_Group;Universal_Music_Group; Universal_Serial_Bus Universal Serial Bus ( USB ) is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication and power supply between computers and electronic devices. [ 2 ] USB is not a true bus, meaning only the root hub sees every signal on the bus. This implies there is no method to monitor upstream communications from a down stream device. USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals , such as keyboards, pointing devices , digital cameras, printers, portable media players , disk drives and network adapters to personal computers , both to communicate and to supply electric power . It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones , PDAs and video game consoles . [ 3 ] USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports , as well as separate power chargers for portable devices. As of 2008 [update] , approximately 6 billion USB ports and interfaces were in the global marketplace, and about 2 billion were being sold each year. [ 4 ] Apple_Desktop_Bus;Megabit;Technical_standard;Computer;Portable_media_player;Personal_computer;Smartphone;Personal_digital_assistant;Video_game_console;IBM;Intel;Microsoft;USB_hub;Webcam;Hexadecimal;Loudspeaker;Microphone;Webcam;Image_scanner;Digital_audio_player;Digital_camera;USB_hub;USB_video_device_class;Webcam;Wireless;Bluetooth;ActiveSync;USB_mass_storage_device_class;SD_card;Parallel_ATA;Serial_ATA;SCSI;DVD;Hard_disk_drive;ESATA;ExpressCard;FireWire;ESATAp;Smartphone;Personal_digital_assistant;Research_In_Motion;Apple_Inc.;Dock_connector;European_Commission;IPod;IPhone;Mobile_phone;Mobile_phone;Nokia;Samsung;Motorola;Sony_Ericsson;LG;European_Commission;European_Union;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;IPad;IBM;CNet;FireWire;VoIP;MIDI;Ethernet;ESATA;SATA;ESATAp;PCI_Express;Linux;PDF;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;PDF;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Webcam;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Universal_Serial_Bus;Universal_Serial_Bus; Universal_Studios Universal Studios (also known as Universal Pictures ), a division of NBCUniversal , is one of the six major movie studios and is one of the longest-lived motion picture studios to be located outside of Hollywood. [ 3 ] Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , [ 4 ] it is the oldest movie studio in the United States of America. It is also the second oldest in the world that is still in continuous production; the first being Gaumont Pictures , the next oldest is Paramount Pictures . [ 3 ] On May 11, 2004, the controlling stake in the company was sold by Vivendi Universal to General Electric , parent of NBC . [ 5 ] The resulting media super-conglomerate was renamed NBC Universal, while Universal Studios Inc. remained the name of the production subsidiary. In addition to owning a sizable film library spanning the earliest decades of cinema to more contemporary works, it also owns a sizable collection of TV shows through its subsidiary NBCUniversal Television Distribution . It also acquired rights to several prominent filmmakers' works originally released by other studios through its subsidiaries over the years. Selected clips and footage shot by Universal Studios are available for purchase from the NBCUniversal Archives . Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California . Distribution and other corporate offices are in New York City. Universal Studios is a Member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). NBCUniversal;United_States;NBCUniversal;NBCUniversal;NBCUniversal;Paramount_Pictures;NBC;Universal_Media_Studios;France;Paramount_Pictures;NBC;NBC_Universal;Paramount_Pictures;Paramount_Pictures;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros._Television;Crackle;CBS;Warner_Bros._Television;NBC;North_America;Paramount_Pictures;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;California;California;Film;Film;Television;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Philippines;Fearnet;ThePlatform;NBCUniversal;NBCUniversal;NBC;CNBC;CNBC;NBC;Hulu;NBCNews.com;Universal_Music_Group;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Sony;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros.;Universal_Studios;Universal_Studios; Universal_binary A universal binary is, in Apple parlance, an executable file or application bundle that runs natively on either PowerPC or Intel -manufactured IA-32 or Intel 64 -based Macintosh computers; it is an implementation of the concept more generally known as a fat binary . With the release of Mac OS X Snow Leopard , and before that, since the move to 64-bit architectures in general, some software publishers such as Mozilla [ 1 ] have used the term Universal to refer to a fat binary that includes tailored builds for both i386 (32-bit Intel) and x86_64 systems. The same mechanism which is used to select between the custom PowerPC or Intel builds of an application, is also used to select between the 32-bit or 64-bit builds of either PowerPC or Intel architectures. Apple, however, continues to require native compatibility with both PowerPC and Intel in order to grant third-party software publishers permission to use Apple's trademarks related to Universal binaries. [ 2 ] At the same time, Apple does not specify whether or not such third-party software publishers must (or should) bundle separate builds for both the 32-bit and 64-bit variants of either architecture. The universal binary format was introduced at the 2005 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as a means to ease the transition from the existing PowerPC architecture to systems based on Intel processors, which began shipping in 2006. Universal binaries typically include both PowerPC and x86 versions of a compiled application. The operating system detects a universal binary by its header, and executes the appropriate section for the architecture in use. This allows the application to run natively on any supported architecture, with no negative performance impact beyond an increase in the storage space taken up by the larger binary. Starting with Mac OS X Snow Leopard, only Intel-based Macs are supported, so software that specifically depends upon capabilities present only in OS X 10.6 or newer no longer require Intel/PPC fat binaries. Additionally, starting with Mac OS X Lion, only 64-bit Intel Macs are supported; therefore, software that specifically depends on new features in Mac OS X 10.7 or newer no longer require 32-bit/64-bit fat binaries. Presently, fat binaries would only be necessary for software that is designed to have backward compatibility with older versions of Mac OS X running on older hardware. Apple_Inc.;Application_software;PowerPC;Intel;Apple_Macintosh;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;PowerPC;Operating_system;Backward_compatibility;Random_access_memory;Mac_OS_X;Intel;Sun_Microsystems;SPARC;Xcode;Xcode;Mac_OS_X;Final_Cut_Studio;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;System_Profiler;Apple_Computer;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;Universal_binary;Universal_binary; University_of_New_Mexico The University of New Mexico at Albuquerque (officially University of New Mexico , although also commonly referred to as UNM-Albuquerque , UNM , or New Mexico ) is a public research university located in Albuquerque , New Mexico , in the United States . It is the state's flagship research institution. It is the largest post-secondary institution in the state in terms of total enrollment across all campuses as of 2012, [ 2 ] [ 5 ] as well as one of the state's largest employers. Founded in 1889, it offers bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and professional degree programs in a wide variety of fields. Its Albuquerque campus currently encompasses over 600 acres (2.4 km²), and there are branch campuses in Gallup , Los Alamos , Rio Rancho , Taos , and in Valencia County . [ 6 ] Coordinates : 35°05′02″N 106°37′07″W  /  35.08389°N 106.61861°W  / 35.08389; -106.61861 United_States;Stanford_University;University_of_New_Mexico;University_of_New_Mexico; Unix Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX , sometimes also written as Unix ) is a multitasking , multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT T employees at Bell Labs , including Ken Thompson , Dennis Ritchie , Brian Kernighan , Douglas McIlroy , Michael Lesk and Joe Ossanna . The Unix operating system was first developed in assembly language , but by 1973 had been almost entirely recoded in C , greatly facilitating its further development and porting to other hardware. Today's Unix system evolution is split into various branches, developed over time by AT T as well as various commercial vendors, universities (such as University of California, Berkeley 's BSD ), and non-profit organizations. The Open Group , an industry standards consortium, owns the UNIX trademark. Only systems fully compliant with and certified according to the Single UNIX Specification are qualified to use the trademark; others might be called Unix system-like or Unix-like , although the Open Group disapproves [ 1 ] of this term. However, the term Unix is often used informally to denote any operating system that closely resembles the trademarked system. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large-scale adoption of Unix (particularly of the BSD variant, originating from the University of California, Berkeley ) by commercial startups, the most notable of which are Solaris , HP-UX , Sequent , and AIX , as well as Darwin , which forms the core set of components upon which Apple 's OS X , Apple TV , and iOS are based. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Today, in addition to certified Unix systems such as those already mentioned, Unix-like operating systems such as MINIX , Linux , and BSD descendants ( FreeBSD , NetBSD , OpenBSD , and DragonFly BSD ) are commonly encountered. The term traditional Unix may be used to describe an operating system that has the characteristics of either Version 7 Unix or UNIX System V . Software_developer;Open_source;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Operating_system;Assembly_language;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;Apple_TV;Linux;Mobile_device;Internet;Plain_text;DARPA;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Sun_Microsystems;Microsoft;Application_programming_interface;Linux;Windows_NT;Trademark;Apple_Computer;NeXT;Mac_OS_X;Desktop_computer;IRIX;IBM;Sun_Microsystems;Open_source;Assembly_language;FTP;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Internet;Free_software;Free_Software_Foundation;API;DARPA;Compiler;Trademark;IRIX;Mac_OS_X;Linux;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Operating_system;IRIX;Linux;OS_X;QNX;VxWorks;Operating_system;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Unix;Unix; Unlock_phone A SIM lock , simlock , network lock or subsidy lock is a capability built into mobile phones by mobile phone manufacturers. Network providers use this capability to restrict the use of these phones to specific countries and network providers. Generally, phones can be locked to accept only SIM cards with certain International Mobile Subscriber Identities (IMSIs); IMSIs may be restricted by: Mobile country code (MCC; e.g., will only work with SIM issued in one country) Mobile network code (MNC; e.g., AT T Mobility , T-Mobile , Vodafone , Bell Mobility etc.) Mobile subscriber identification number (MSIN; i.e., only one SIM can be used with the phone) Additionally, some phones, especially Nokia phones can lock group IDs which are used in voice group call service . In most countries, mobile phones are shipped with country and/or network provider locks. [ citation needed ] Most mobile phones can be unlocked to work with any GSM , such as O 2 or Orange (in the UK), but the phone may still display the original branding and may not support features of the new carrier; besides the locking, phones may also have firmware installed on them which is specific to the network provider. For example, a Vodafone or Telstra branded phone in Australia will display the relevant logo and may only support features provided by that network (e.g. Vodafone Live!). This firmware is installed by the service provider and is separate from the locking mechanism. Most phones can be unbranded by reflashing a different firmware version, a procedure recommended for advanced users only. The reason many network providers SIM lock their phones is that they offer phones at a discount to customers in exchange for a contract to pay for the use of the network for a specified time period, usually between one and three years. This business model allows the company to recoup the cost of the phone over the life of the contract. Such discounts are worth up to several hundred US dollars. If the phones were not locked, users might sign a contract with one company, get the discounted phone, then stop paying the monthly bill (thus breaking the contract) and start using the phone on another network or even sell the phone for a profit. SIM locking curbs this, by prohibiting change of network (using a new SIM). SIM locking is very common if subsidised phones are sold with prepaid contracts. Mobile_phone;Subscriber_Identity_Module;Vodafone;Bell_Mobility;GSM;Firmware;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Sony_Ericsson;IMEI;Firmware;IMEI;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Bell_Mobility;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;DMCA;IMEI;Mobile_phone;SIM_lock;SIM_lock; Urinary_retention Urinary retention , also known as ischuria , is a lack of ability to urinate . It is a common complication of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), although it can also be caused by nerve dysfunction, constipation, infection, or medications (including anticholinergics , antidepressants , COX-2 inhibitors , [ 1 ] amphetamines and opiates ). Diagnosis and/or treatment may require use of a catheter or prostatic stent . Antidepressant;Anxiety;Histamine;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Urinary_retention;Urinary_retention; Urticaria Urticaria (from the Latin urtica , nettle (whence It. ortica , Sp. ortiga , Pg. urtiga , Fr. ortie ) urere , to burn), [ 1 ] commonly referred to as hives , is a kind of skin rash notable for pale red, raised, itchy bumps. Hives are frequently caused by allergic reactions; however, there are many non-allergic causes. Most cases of hives lasting less than six weeks (acute urticaria) are the result of an allergic trigger. Chronic urticaria (hives lasting longer than six weeks) is rarely due to an allergy. The majority of patients with chronic hives have an unknown ( idiopathic ) cause. In perhaps as many as 30–40% of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria, it is caused by an autoimmune reaction. Acute viral infection is another common cause of acute urticaria (viral exanthem ). Less common causes of hives include friction, pressure, temperature extremes, exercise, and sunlight. MedlinePlus;Histamine;Hydroxyzine;Histamine;Loratadine;Diphenhydramine;Ranitidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Doxepin;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Hay_fever;Urticaria;Urticaria; User_interface The user interface , in the industrial design field of human–machine interaction , is the space where interaction between humans and machines occurs. The goal of interaction between a human and a machine at the user interface is effective operation and control of the machine, and feedback from the machine which aids the operator in making operational decisions. Examples of this broad concept of user interfaces include the interactive aspects of computer operating systems , hand tools , heavy machinery operator controls, and process controls. The design considerations applicable when creating user interfaces are related to or involve such disciplines as ergonomics and psychology . A user interface is the system by which people ( users ) interact with a machine . The user interface includes hardware (physical) and software (logical) components. User interfaces exist for various systems , and provide a means of: Generally, the goal of human-machine interaction engineering is to produce a user interface which makes it easy, efficient, and enjoyable to operate a machine in the way which produces the desired result. This generally means that the operator needs to provide minimal input to achieve the desired output, and also that the machine minimizes undesired outputs to the human. Ever since the increased use of personal computers and the relative decline in societal awareness of heavy machinery , the term user interface has taken on overtones of the graphical user interface , while industrial control panel and machinery control design discussions more commonly refer to human-machine interfaces. Other terms for user interface include human–computer interface ( HCI ) and man–machine interface ( MMI ). Operating_system;Personal_computer;Graphical_user_interface;Database;Computer_science;Touchscreen;Graphical_user_interface;Application_software;Internet;Web_browser;Touchscreen;Stylus;Mobile_device;Desktop_computer;Touchpad;Gesture_recognition;Mouse_gesture;Direct_manipulation;Natural_language_user_interface;Loudspeaker;Accessibility;Digital_object_identifier;User_interface;User_interface; VAIO VAIO ( / ˈ v aɪ . oʊ / ) is a sub-brand used for many of Sony 's computer products. Sony;Sony;Computer;Japan;Personal_computer;Laptop;Desktop_computer;Home_theater_PC;Hard_drive;DVD;Technical_support;Intel;Seagate_Technology;Toshiba;Infineon;Backlight;HDMI;Composite_video;Dell;CPU;Sony;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Television;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Sony;VAIO;VAIO; VAXBI_Bus The VAXBI bus (VAX Bus Interconnect bus) was a computer bus designed and sold by the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) of Maynard, Massachusetts . VAX BI to Unibus adapter. The bus was an advanced, configuration-free synchronous bus used on DEC's later VAX computers. Like the Unibus and Q-Bus before it, it used memory-mapped I/O but had 32-bit address and data paths. The VAXBI was a multiplexed bus with fully distributed arbitration and geographic addressing. All of the logic required to implement a VAXBI interface was contained within a single custom integrated circuit (the "BIIC") and the physical layout and printed wiring board layup for compliant cards was tightly specified, right down to the location of the dual amber status LEDs that were required. The portion of the card that was reserved for the bus interface was referred to as "the VAXBI corner". VAXBI licensees were given the appropriate engineering drawings to allow them to exactly replicate a compliant card. VAXBI cards mounted into backplanes using a ZIF connector; depending on the backplane design, cards could be loaded from the top or the front side of the backplane. No cable connections were permitted on the cards; all connections were made via three uncommitted rows of backplane connectors. Similarly, no configuration jumpers were permitted on the cards; all setup was done by jumpers inserted on the backplane connectors or via software configuration. Originally conceived by its engineers to be an open bus, it was forced to be a tightly licensed bus by Digital's marketing and management, and was not nearly as successful as had originally been hoped-for. It was used in the VAX 6000 , VAX 8000 (82xx, 83xx, 85xx, 87xx, 88xx models) and the VAX 9000 systems. A PDP-11 implementation (the PDP-11/27) was also envisioned but never advanced beyond the concept stage. Computer bus official and de facto standards ( wired ) List of bus bandwidths Intel QuickPath Interconnect Parallel ATA (PATA) Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) RS-232 (serial port) IEEE-1284 (parallel port) External PCI Express x16 Note: interfaces are listed in speed ascending order (roughly), the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest This minicomputer -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VAXBI_Bus oldid=444820583 " Categories : Computer buses DEC hardware Minicomputers Minicomputer stubs Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Computer;Unibus;Unibus;LED;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;VAXBI_Bus;VAXBI_Bus; VCR Television_program;Sony;United_States_dollar;Movie;United_Kingdom;Video_compression;Sony;JVC;Europe;United_States_dollar;Video_CD;DVD;Digital_video_recorder;TiVo;Best_Buy;Composite_video;DVD;Compact_Disc;Roku;Personal_computer;Japan;United_States_dollar;Roku;Digital_video_recorder;TiVo;Luminance;DVD;DVD;Video;Camcorder;DV;Flash_memory;Hard_drive;Secure_Digital;The_Washington_Post; VESA_Local_Bus The VESA Local Bus (usually abbreviated to VL-Bus or VLB ) was mostly used in personal computers. VESA ( Video Electronics Standards Association ) Local Bus worked alongside the ISA bus; it acted as a high-speed conduit for memory-mapped I/O and DMA , while the ISA bus handled interrupts and port-mapped I/O . Conventional_PCI;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Direct_memory_access;Graphical_user_interface;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;CPU;Hard_disk;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;Micro_Channel_architecture;NuBus;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;VESA_Local_Bus;VESA_Local_Bus; VGA Video Graphics Array ( VGA ) refers specifically to the display hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, [ 1 ] but through its widespread adoption has also come to mean either an analog computer display standard , the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector or the 640×480 resolution itself. While this resolution was superseded in the personal computer market in the 1990s, it is becoming a popular resolution on mobile devices. [ 2 ] VGA was the last graphical standard introduced by IBM that the majority of PC clone manufacturers conformed to, making it today (as of 2010 [update] ) the lowest common denominator that almost all post-1990 PC graphics hardware can be expected to implement down to the lowest level of hardware registers, obviating the need for any device-specific firmware or driver software (while all VGA compatible hardware has on-board firmware as well, the only standardized API of that firmware was created for 16-bit real mode and can't easily be used by newer 32- or 64-bit operating systems). [ citation needed ] For example, the Microsoft Windows splash screen , in versions prior to Windows Vista, appears while the machine is still operating in VGA mode, which is the reason that this screen always appears in reduced resolution and color depth. Windows Vista and newer versions can make use of the VESA BIOS Extension support of newer graphics hardware to show their splash screen in a higher resolution than VGA allows. VGA was officially followed by IBM's Extended Graphics Array (XGA) standard, but it was effectively superseded by numerous slightly different extensions to VGA made by clone manufacturers that came to be known collectively as Super VGA . Today, the VGA analog interface is used for widescreen resolutions including 1920×1080. However, there can be picture quality degradation when compared to using a DVI or HDMI connection, especially on larger sized LCD/LED monitors or TVs. How discernible this quality difference is depends on the individual's eyesight. Blu-ray playback at 1080p is possible via the VGA analog interface, if Image Constraint Token (ICT) is not enabled on the Blu-ray disc. Display_resolution;VGA_connector;VGA_connector;Personal_computer;Personal_computer;Firmware;API;Microsoft_Windows;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Display_resolution;Pixel;Hertz;Raster_graphics;Electrical_impedance;VGA_connector;VGA_connector;Progressive_scan;Hertz;Hertz;Personal_computer;Hexadecimal;Kibibyte;DOS;Backward_compatibility;Graphics_processing_unit;Display_resolution;VGA;TRS_connector;TOSLINK;VGA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;F_connector;HDMI;TRS_connector;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Component_video;Component_video;HDMI;HDMI;Video_Graphics_Array;Video_Graphics_Array; VGA_connector A Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a three-row 15-pin DE-15 connector. The 15-pin VGA connector is found on many video cards, computer monitors, and some high definition television sets. On laptop computers or other small devices, a mini-VGA port is sometimes used in place of the full-sized VGA connector. DE-15 is also conventionally called RGB connector, D-sub 15, mini sub D15, mini D15, DB-15, HDB-15, HD-15 or HD15 (High Density, to distinguish it from the older and less flexible DE-9 connector used on some older VGA cards, which has the same shell size but only two rows of pins). VGA connectors and cables carry analog component RGBHV (red, green, blue, horizontal sync , vertical sync ) video signals, and VESA Display Data Channel (VESA DDC) data. In the original version of DE-15 pinout, one pin was keyed and 4 pins carried Monitor ID bits which were rarely used; VESA DDC redefined some of these pins and replaced the key pin with +5 V DC power supply. The VGA interface is not engineered to be hotpluggable (so that the user can connect or disconnect the output device while the host is running), although in practice this can be done and usually does not cause damage to the hardware or other problems. However, nothing in the design ensures that the ground pins make a connection first and break last, so hotplugging may introduce surges in signal lines which may or may not be adequately protected against. Also, depending on the hardware and software, detecting a monitor being connected might not work properly in all cases. Video_Graphics_Array;Component_video;HDMI;Component_video;HDMI;TRS_connector;TOSLINK;Composite_video;RCA_connector;F_connector;HDMI;TRS_connector;VGA_connector;VGA_connector; VHDL Verilog;Programming_paradigm;Type_system;Integrated_circuit;Logic_synthesis;FPGA;Dataflow_programming;Verilog;Verilog;VHDL;VHDL; VIGRA VIGRA [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is the abbreviation for "Vision with Generic Algorithms". It is a free open source computer vision library which focuses on customizable algorithms and data structures . VIGRA component can be easily adapted to specific needs of target application without compromising execution speed, by using template techniques similar to those in the C++ Standard Template Library . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Open_source;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;CellCognition;Ilastik;GitHub;International_Standard_Book_Number;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;VXL;CellCognition;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;VIGRA;VIGRA; VLC_media_player VLC media player (also known as VLC ) is a highly portable free and open-source media player and streaming media server written by the VideoLAN project. It is a cross-platform media player, with versions for Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux , Android , BSD , Solaris , iOS , Syllable , BeOS , MorphOS , QNX and eComStation . [ 6 ] VLC media player supports many audio and video compression methods and file formats , including DVD-video , video CD and streaming protocols . It is able to stream over computer network and to transcode multimedia files. [ 6 ] VLC used to stand for VideoLAN Client , but since VLC is no longer simply a client, that initialism no longer applies. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The default distribution of VLC includes a large number of free decoding and encoding libraries, avoiding the need for finding/calibrating proprietary plugins. Many of VLC's codecs are provided by the libavcodec library from the FFmpeg project, but it uses mainly its own muxer and demuxers and its own protocols. It also gained distinction as the first player to support playback of encrypted DVDs on Linux and OS X by using the libdvdcss DVD decryption library. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Windows;OS_X;Linux;QNX;IOS;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Streaming_media;Microsoft_Windows;OS_X;Linux;IOS;QNX;Data_compression;File_format;Video_CD;Transcode;Libavcodec;FFmpeg;OS_X;IPad;IPhone;IPod_Touch;Winamp;XMMS;Mouse_gesture;Application_software;IOS;Multimedia_framework;MPEG_transport_stream;HDV;FireWire;Disk_image;Libavcodec;Flash_Video;Material_Exchange_Format;Free_software;FireWire;DirectX;AVCHD;Music_visualization;Software_developer;Programming_language;Operating_system;Computing_platform;.NET_Framework;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;API;JavaScript;DirectShow;QuickTime;Ogg;Web_browser;Mozilla_Firefox;Google_Chrome;WebKit;Google;Adobe_Flash;Component_Object_Model;Internet_Explorer;Operating_system;FTP;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Matroska;Ogg;WAV;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;AIFF;VOB;RealMedia;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;RealVideo;Sorenson_codec;YouTube;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Prores;SubStation_Alpha;SubRip;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Apple_Lossless;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;RealAudio;Speex;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Transcode;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Jon_Lech_Johansen;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;VLC_media_player;VLC_media_player; VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation The VXI bus architecture is an open standard platform for automated test based upon VMEbus . VXI stands for V ME e X tensions for I nstrumentation, defining additional bus lines for timing and triggering as well as mechanical requirements and standard protocols for configuration, message-based communication, multi-chassis extension, and other features. In 2004, the 2eVME extension was added to the VXI bus specification, giving it a maximum data rate of 160 MB/s. The basic building block of a VXI system is the mainframe or chassis. This contains up to 13 slots into which various modules (instruments) can be added. The mainframe also contains all the power supply requirements for the rack and the instruments it contains. Instruments in the form of VXI Modules then fit the slots in the rack. VXI bus modules are typically 6U in height (see Eurocard ) and C-size (unlike VME bus modules which are more commonly B-size). It is therefore possible to configure a system to meet a particular requirement by selecting the required instruments. The VXIbus grew from the VME bus specification, it was established in 1987 by Hewlett Packard (now Agilent Technologies ), Racal Instruments (now EADS North America Test and Services ), Colorado Data Systems, Wavetek and Tektronix . VXI is promoted by the VXIbus Consortium, whose sponsor members are currently (in alphabetical order) Agilent Technologies , Bustec , EADS North America Test and Services (formerly Racal Instruments), National Instruments , Teradyne , and VTI Instruments (formerly known as VXI Technology) [ 1 ] . ZTEC Instruments is a participating Executive Member. VXI's core market is in Military and Avionics Automatic Test Systems. The VXI plug play Alliance specified additional hardware and software interoperability standards, notably the Virtual Instrument Software Architecture or VISA, although the alliance was eventually merged with the IVI Foundation . Application software that supports VXI plug play instrument drivers for controlling instruments include LabVIEW and MATLAB . There is a VXIbus Consortium of industry leaders, which can be found at http://www.vxibus.org/ VMEbus;Agilent_Technologies;Agilent_Technologies;National_Instruments;Teradyne;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation; VMEbus Central_processing_unit;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;American_National_Standards_Institute;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Megabyte;Backplane;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Central_processing_unit;Data_acquisition;VXS;CompactPCI;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Verilog;VMEbus;VMEbus; VOB VOB ( V ideo Ob ject ) is the container format in DVD-Video media. VOB can contain digital video , digital audio , subtitles , DVD menus and navigation contents multiplexed together into a stream form. Files in VOB format may be encrypted. Filename_extension;Media_container;Digital_video;MPEG_program_stream;Digital_video;DVD;MPEG_program_stream;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Dolby_Digital;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Ripping;MPlayer;VLC_media_player;Media_Player_Classic;Enhanced_VOB;Enhanced_VOB;Advanced_Audio_Coding;List_of_video_editing_software;SourceForge;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;WAV;WebM;VOB;VOB; VOIP Voice over IP ( VoIP , or Voice over Internet Protocol ) commonly refers to the communication protocols , technologies, methodologies, and transmission techniques involved in the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet . Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony , Internet telephony , voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony , IP communications , and broadband phone . Internet telephony refers to communications services —voice, fax , SMS , and/or voice-messaging applications— that are transported via the Internet, rather than the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The steps involved in originating a VoIP telephone call are signaling and media channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signal, encoding, packetization, and transmission as Internet Protocol (IP) packets over a packet-switched network . On the receiving side, similar steps (usually in the reverse order) such as reception of the IP packets, decoding of the packets and digital-to-analog conversion reproduce the original voice stream. [ 1 ] Even though IP Telephony and VoIP are terms that are used interchangeably, they are actually different; IP telephony has to do with digital telephony systems that use IP protocols for voice communication, while VoIP is actually a subset of IP Telephony. VoIP is a technology used by IP telephony as a means of transporting phone calls. [ 2 ] Early providers of Voice over IP services offered business models (and technical solutions) that mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second generation providers, such as Skype have built closed networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free calls and convenience, while denying their users the ability to call out to other networks. This has severely limited the ability of users to mix-and-match third-party hardware and software. Third generation providers, such as Google Talk have adopted [ 3 ] the concept of Federated VoIP - which is a complete departure from the architecture of the legacy networks. These solutions typically allow arbitrary and dynamic interconnection between any two domains on the Internet whenever a user wishes to place a call. VoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the set-up and tear-down of calls as well as audio codecs which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network as digital audio via an audio stream . The choice of codec varies between different implementations of VoIP depending on application requirements and network bandwidth; some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech , while others support high fidelity stereo codecs. Some popular codecs include u-law and a-law versions of G.711 , G.722 which is a high-fidelity codec marketed as HD Voice by Polycom , a popular open source voice codec known as iLBC , a codec that only uses 8 kbit/s each way called G.729 , and many others. VoIP is available on many smartphones and Internet devices so that users of portable devices that are not phones, may place calls or send SMS text messages over 3G or Wi-Fi . [ 4 ] Multimedia;Internet;Skype;Google_Talk;Internet;Streaming_media;Stereophonic_sound;Smartphone;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Local_area_network;Skype_protocol;Ethernet;Computer;Smartphones;Skype;Universal_Serial_Bus;Multiplexing;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Ethernet;Local_area_network;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Assisted_GPS;GSM;GSM;Caller_ID;Codec;Digital_video_recorder;Cellular_network;Panama;European_Union;Skype;Intel;Microsoft;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Open_source_software;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Web_chat;Blog;Mobile_phone;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Voice_over_IP;Voice_over_IP; VXL VXL, the ' Vision-something-Library ,' is a collection of open source C++ libraries for Computer Vision . The idea is to replace X with one of many letters, i.e. G (VGL) is a geometry library, N (VNL) is a numerics library, I (VIL) is an image processing library, etc. These libraries can be used for general scientific computing as well as computer vision. Some examples of usage can be found at http://apps.sourceforge.net/trac/vxl/wiki/Q%26A Open_source;Free_software;CellProfiler;ImageJ;Endrov;OpenCV;GemIdent;OsiriX;FreeSurfer;InVesalius;FMRIB_Software_Library;AFNI;Insight_Segmentation_and_Registration_Toolkit;Integrating_Vision_Toolkit;CellCognition;VIGRA;Ilastik;Proprietary_software;Matlab;Mathematica;Bitplane;Comparison_of_image_processing_software;VXL;VXL; VXS ANSI;VMEbus;PCI_Express;InfiniBand;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;Wired_communication;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;VXS;VXS; V_Cast Verizon_Wireless;Megabit;Megabit;Digital_rights_management;HTC_Corporation;HTC_Corporation;Motorola;Nokia;Samsung;Mobile_phone;Verizon_Wireless;Internet;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;V_Cast;V_Cast; Value_proposition International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Value_proposition;Value_proposition; Vannevar_Bush Vannevar Bush ( / v æ ˈ n iː v ɑr / van- NEE -var ; March 11, 1890 – June 28, 1974) was an American engineer , inventor and science administrator known for his work on analog computers , for his role as an initiator and administrator of the Manhattan Project , for founding Raytheon , and for the memex , an adjustable microfilm viewer with a structure analogous to that of the World Wide Web . In 1945, Bush published As We May Think in which he predicted that "wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified". [ 1 ] The memex influenced generations of computer scientists, who drew inspiration from its vision of the future. For his master's thesis, Bush invented and patented a "profile tracer", a mapping device for assisting surveyors . It was the first of a string of inventions. He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at MIT in 1919, and founded the company now known as Raytheon in 1922. Starting in 1927, Bush constructed a differential analyzer , an analog computer with some digital components that could solve differential equations with as many as 18 independent variables. An offshoot of the work at MIT by Bush and others was the beginning of digital circuit design theory. Bush became Vice President of MIT and Dean of the MIT School of Engineering in 1932, and president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1938. Bush was appointed to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1938, and soon became its chairman. As Chairman of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), and later Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), Bush coordinated the activities of some six thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare. Bush was a well-known policymaker and public intellectual during World War II , when he was in effect the first presidential science advisor . As head of NDRC and OSRD, he initiated the Manhattan Project, and ensured that it received top priority from the highest levels of government. In Science, The Endless Frontier , his 1945 report to the President of the United States, Bush called for an expansion of government support for science, and he pressed for the creation of the National Science Foundation . United_States;The_New_York_Times;Fiscal_year;New_York_Times;General_Motors;New_York_Times;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;United_States;United_States;Vannevar_Bush;Vannevar_Bush; Variable_bit_rate Variable bitrate ( VBR ) is a term used in telecommunications and computing that relates to the bitrate used in sound or video encoding. As opposed to constant bitrate (CBR), VBR files vary the amount of output data per time segment. VBR allows a higher bitrate (and therefore more storage space) to be allocated to the more complex segments of media files while less space is allocated to less complex segments. The average of these rates can be calculated to produce an average bitrate for the file. MP3 , WMA , Vorbis , and AAC audio files can optionally be encoded in VBR. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Variable bit rate encoding is also commonly used on MPEG-2 video, MPEG-4 Part 2 video ( Xvid , DivX , etc.), MPEG-4 Part 10 /H.264 video, Theora , Dirac and other video compression formats. Additionally, variable rate encoding is inherent in lossless compression schemes such as FLAC and Apple Lossless . Constant_bitrate;Windows_Media_Audio;Vorbis;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Xvid;DivX;Theora;FLAC;Apple_Lossless;Digital_audio_player;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Creative_Technology;Streaming_media;Constant_bitrate;Data_compression;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_codec;Video_codec;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Variable_bitrate; Variable_bitrate Variable bitrate ( VBR ) is a term used in telecommunications and computing that relates to the bitrate used in sound or video encoding. As opposed to constant bitrate (CBR), VBR files vary the amount of output data per time segment. VBR allows a higher bitrate (and therefore more storage space) to be allocated to the more complex segments of media files while less space is allocated to less complex segments. The average of these rates can be calculated to produce an average bitrate for the file. MP3 , WMA , Vorbis , and AAC audio files can optionally be encoded in VBR. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Variable bit rate encoding is also commonly used on MPEG-2 video, MPEG-4 Part 2 video ( Xvid , DivX , etc.), MPEG-4 Part 10 /H.264 video, Theora , Dirac and other video compression formats. Additionally, variable rate encoding is inherent in lossless compression schemes such as FLAC and Apple Lossless . Constant_bitrate;Windows_Media_Audio;Vorbis;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Xvid;DivX;Theora;FLAC;Apple_Lossless;Digital_audio_player;Microsoft;Apple_Inc.;Creative_Technology;Streaming_media;Constant_bitrate;Data_compression;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_codec;Video_codec;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Variable_bitrate; Velocity_Micro Velocity Micro is a privately held computer manufacturer located in Richmond, VA (USA), specializing in custom high-end computers. Its high-performance product line includes gaming systems, notebooks, netbooks, home servers, digital media creation workstations, home and home office PCs, home entertainment media centers, Tesla based supercomputers , and business solutions. Velocity Micro's business model revolves around offering leading edge technology while providing personalized, US-based care and customer service to create what they term the "New PC Experience". [ 1 ] Desktop_computer;Laptop;Maximum_PC;Tablet_computer;Best_Buy;Amazon.com;CNET;Maximum_PC;Dell;Alienware;Maximum_PC;CNET;Velocity_Micro;Velocity_Micro; Venezuela Venezuela ( i / ˌ v ɛ n ə z ˈ w eɪ l ə / VEN -uh- ZWALE -uh , locally: [βeneˈswela] ), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela [reˈpuβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela] ), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America . Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 square kilometres (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population of 29,105,632. Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity , with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east. Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 despite resistance from indigenous peoples . It became the first Spanish American colony to declare independence ( in 1811 ), but did not securely establish independence until 1821 (initially as a department of the federal republic of Gran Colombia , gaining full independence in 1830). During the 19th century Venezuela suffered political turmoil and dictatorship, and it was dominated by regional caudillos (military strongmen) well into the 20th century. The country first saw a democratic rule from 1945 to 1948, and, after a period of dictatorship has remained democratic since 1958, during which time most countries of Latin America suffered one or more military dictatorships . Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis causing up to 3,000 deaths in the Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992 , and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez for embezzlement of public funds in 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election of former career officer Hugo Chávez , and the launch of the Bolivarian Revolution , beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela . Venezuela is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District (covering Caracas ), and Federal Dependencies (covering Venezuela's offshore islands). Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; [ 5 ] [ 6 ] the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital, Caracas, which is also the largest city. Since the discovery of oil in the early 20th century, Venezuela has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil and has the largest oil reserves . Previously an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa , oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The 1980s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long-running economic crisis, which saw inflation peak at 100% in 1996 and poverty rates rise to 66% in 1995 [ 7 ] as (by 1998) per capita GDP fell to the same level as 1963, down a third from its 1978 peak. [ 8 ] The recovery of oil prices after 2001 boosted the Venezuelan economy and facilitated social spending, although the fallout of the 2008 global financial crisis saw a renewed economic downturn. Spanish_language;Spanish_language;Spain;Spanish_language;Colombia;Panama;Ecuador;Bolivia;Peru;Bolivia;United_Kingdom;Germany;Italy;Netherlands;Portugal;France;Colombia;Brazil;United_Kingdom;United_States;Jaguar;Colombia;Germany;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;German_language;Italian_language;Panama;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Google_Books;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Venezuela;Venezuela;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;France;Paraguay;Peru;Bolivia;Brazil;Cape_Verde;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;France;Guatemala;Honduras;Italy;Mozambique;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Portugal;Romania;Spain;Argentina;French_language;Italian_language;Spanish_language;Argentina;Bolivia;Brazil;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Paraguay;Peru;Bolivia;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Paraguay;Mexico;Panama;Argentina;Brazil;Paraguay;Bolivia;Chile;Colombia;Ecuador;Peru;Mexico;New_Zealand;Argentina;Brazil;Bolivia;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa_Rica;Dominican_Republic;Ecuador;El_Salvador;Guatemala;Honduras;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;United_States;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Malaysia;Mexico;Peru;Sri_Lanka;Zimbabwe;Mauritania;Brazil;Venezuela;Venezuela; VentureBeat No reason has been cited for the Wikify tag on this article. You can insert a reason using the | reason = parameter, like this: {{ Wikify |reason=Your reason here}} Please replace HTML markup with wiki markup where appropriate. Add wikilinks. Where appropriate, make links to other articles by putting "[[" and "]]" on either side of relevant words (see WP:LINK for more information) and check that your links work as expected. Please do not link terms that most readers are familiar with, such as common occupations, well-known geographical terms, and everyday items. Format the lead. Create or improve the lead paragraph . Arrange section headers as described at Wikipedia:Guide to layout . Add an infobox if it is appropriate for the article. Clean up any linkrot / format the references and footnotes , using citation templates when appropriate. http://www.venturebeat.com Available language (s) VentureBeat is a technology blog that focuses on innovative companies and the forward-thinking executives behind them. VentureBeat;VentureBeat; Veoh Veoh is an Internet television company based in San Diego, California . It allows users to find and watch major studio content, independent productions and user-generated material. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The company is a subsidiary of Israeli start-up Qlipso . [ 5 ] The company received media attention [ 6 ] after Michael Eisner , a former Disney chairman , joined the board. In April 2006, he was one of the investors (along with Time Warner ) in the US$ 12.5 million second round of financing for Veoh and re-affirmed his status in August 2007 as an investor in the company's US$25 million Series C financing round. In 2008, the domain veoh.com attracted approximately 17 million unique visitors monthly according to a Quantcast.com study. [ 7 ] On February 11, 2010, in an open letter published on his blog, company founder and former CEO, Dmitry Shapiro , indicated that "the distraction of the legal battles, and the challenges of the broader macro-economic climate have led to our Chapter 7 bankruptcy ." [ 8 ] On April 7, 2010, it was announced that Israeli start-up company Qlipso acquired Veoh for an undisclosed sum. Qlipso aims to use the acquisition to add users and revenue to its multi-user content sharing service. [ 9 ] Included with recent installations of Veoh is a program called OpenCandy , which some security programs, including Microsoft Security Essentials , class as adware . [ 10 ] Internet_television;Disney;Time_Warner;United_States_dollar;Time_Warner;Intel;Asia;IPhone;IPod_Touch;YouTube;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPod;Sony_PSP;RSS;Adobe_Flash;Freeware;Latvia;Asia;Europe;Universal_Music_Group;YouTube;Metacafe;Los_Angeles_Times;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Veoh;Veoh; Verilog Verilog , standardized as IEEE 1364 , is a hardware description language (HDL) used to model electronic systems. It is most commonly used in the design and verification of digital circuits at the register-transfer level of abstraction . It is also used in the verification of analog circuits and mixed-signal circuits . Programming_paradigm;Software_release_life_cycle;Type_system;Type_system;Weak_typing;Filename_extension;Programming_language;Logic_synthesis;FPGA;FPGA;VHDL;VHDL;International_Standard_Book_Number;VMEbus;Verilog;Verilog; Verizon_Wireless Verizon Wireless (legal name: Cellco Partnership d.b.a. Verizon Wireless), is a mobile network operator that offers wireless voice, messaging and data products and services to customers in the United States. Verizon Wireless is the largest wireless communications services provider in the United States with 108.7 million subscribers as of the end of 2011. [ 3 ] Headquartered in Basking Ridge, New Jersey , the company is a joint venture of U.S. telecommunications firm Verizon Communications and UK multinational mobile network operator Vodafone . [ 4 ] Verizon Communications holds 55 percent ownership and Vodafone hold the remaining 45 percent ownership of the joint venture. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] On January 9, 2009, Verizon Wireless acquired Alltel Wireless in a deal valued at $28.1 billion. Vodafone;Vodafone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Sprint_Nextel;GSM;Text_messaging;PC_Card;Cellular_network;IPhone;Application_software;PC_Magazine;Ringtone;Instant_messaging;Video_on_demand;VoIP;Puerto_Rico;Wireless;GSM;CDMA;Apple_Inc.;IPad;General_Motors;GPS;Assisted_GPS;Bluetooth;OBEX;Motorola;MicroSD;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Vodafone;United_States;Sprint_Nextel;International_Standard_Book_Number;Engadget;Engadget;Mobile_phone;Internet;United_States_dollar;NASDAQ;Vodafone;Vodafone_Australia;Sprint_Nextel;C_Spire_Wireless;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Verizon_Wireless;Verizon_Wireless; Vertu Vertu is a British-based manufacturer and retailer of luxury mobile phones . Formerly a wholly owned subsidiary, the business was an independently run division of the Finnish mobile-phone manufacturer Nokia . In June 2012, Nokia sold Vertu to private equity group EQT VI for an unspecified amount [ 1 ] but will retain a 10% share [ 2 ] . Mobile_phone;Nokia;Hong_Kong;Singapore;Ferrari;Mobile_operating_system;Engadget;Nokia;Mobile_phone;List_of_Nokia_products;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_Communicator;Nokia_Asha;Nokia_Cseries;Nokia_Eseries;Nokia_Nseries;Nokia_Xseries;Nokia_Lumia;Nokia_Internet_Tablet;Nokia_Morph;List_of_Nokia_products;Nokia_phone_series;Vertu;Vertu; Vesicular_monoamine_transporter The vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) is a transport protein integrated into the membrane of intracellular vesicles of presynaptic neurons . It acts to transport monoamines into the synaptic vesicles . Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Ibogaine;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Zotepine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter; Vibrating_structure_gyroscope A vibrating structure gyroscope is a type of gyroscope that functions much like the halteres of an insect. The underlying physical principle is that a vibrating object tends to continue vibrating in the same plane as its support rotates. In the engineering literature, this type of device is also known as a Coriolis vibratory gyro because as the plane of oscillation is rotated, the response detected by the transducer results from the Coriolis term in its equations of motion (" Coriolis force "). Vibrating structure gyroscopes are simpler and cheaper than conventional rotating gyroscopes of similar accuracy. Miniaturized devices using this principle are a relatively inexpensive type of attitude indicator . Gyroscope;Integrated_circuit;Accelerometer;STMicroelectronics;IPod_Touch;Image_stabilization;Vibrating_structure_gyroscope;Vibrating_structure_gyroscope; Video Video is the technology of electronically capturing , recording , processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion. Film;Still_image;Cathode_ray_tube;Television;Display_device;DVD;Frame_rate;PAL;NTSC;Progressive_scan;Cathode_ray_tube;Frames_per_second;Television;Page_orientation;Pixel;Digital_video;Video_compression;Video_compression;Image_compression;DVD;AVCHD;VGA;Display_resolution;Data_storage_device;Video_codec;Canada;Europe;Japan;Brazil;Argentina;NTSC;United_States;Canada;Japan;PAL;Europe;Asia;Brazil;Argentina;Europe;France;Sony;JVC;JVC;Sony;JVC;JVC;Sony;JVC;Sony;Sony;JVC;Sony;Sony;DV;HDV;JVC;Sony;DVD;Sony;Toshiba;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Ogg;Theora;WebM;Video_codec;Video_editing;Digital_video;Progressive_scan;Television;Video_codec;Open_Directory_Project;Open_Directory_Project;HDV;Video_CD;DVD;Digital_video;DV;AVCHD;Video;Video; VideoPad VideoPad is a video editing software developed by NCH Software for the home and professional market. The software is complemented by the virtual dub plug-ins that work with the software. [ 1 ] VideoPad is part of a suite that integrates with other software created by NCH Software . These other software include WavePad , a sound editing software. Software_developer;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_editing_software;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;VideoPad; VideoThang VideoThang is free video editing software that works on Windows 2000 , Windows XP , and Windows Vista . The software has three parts to it which are My Stuff , Edit My Stuff , and My Mix . The software accepts MOV , AVI , MPG , MP4 , PNG , WMV , FLV , and MP3 . Its official website is now no longer available. Video_editing_software;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Audio_Video_Interleave;Portable_Network_Graphics;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Multimedia;Software;VideoThang;VideoThang; Video_CD Sony;JVC;Compact_Disc;DVD;DVD;Video;Compact_Disc;Personal_computer;Video_game_console;Sony;JVC;Compact_disc;DVD;MPEG_program_stream;NTSC;PAL;NTSC;PAL;NTSC;PAL;Constant_bitrate;Hertz;Constant_bitrate;Intel;Asia;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Singapore;Malaysia;Thailand;Philippines;Video_compression;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Vista;Media_Player_Classic;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS;Linux;DVD;DVD;Sony;New_York_Times;EE_Times;EE_Times;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;New_York_Times;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Video;HDV;DVD;Digital_video;DV;AVCHD;Video_CD;Video_CD; Video_Disk_Recorder VDR ( The Video Disk Recorder ) is an open source application for Linux designed to allow any computer to function as a digital video recorder , in order to record and replay TV programming using the computer's hard drive . The computer needs to be equipped with a digital TV tuner card . VDR can also operate as an mp3 player and DVD player using available plugins . VDR uses drivers from the LinuxTV project. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Open_source;Linux;Digital_video_recorder;Hard_drive;Digital_audio_player;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Video_Disk_Recorder; Video_Graphics_Array Display_resolution;VGA_connector;VGA_connector;Personal_computer;Personal_computer;Firmware;API;Microsoft_Windows;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Display_resolution;Pixel;Hertz;Raster_graphics;Electrical_impedance;VGA_connector;VGA_connector;Progressive_scan;Hertz;Hertz;Personal_computer;Hexadecimal;Kibibyte;DOS;Backward_compatibility;Graphics_processing_unit;Display_resolution;VGA;TRS_connector;TOSLINK;VGA_connector;Composite_video;RCA_connector;F_connector;HDMI;TRS_connector;Tip_ring_sleeve;TOSLINK;Component_video;Component_video;HDMI;HDMI;Video_Graphics_Array;Video_Graphics_Array; Video_Unlimited Video Unlimited is an online film and Television programme distribution service that is part of the Sony Entertainment Network . NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;United_States;Canada;Japan;Europe;United_Kingdom;Germany;France;Spain;Italy;Portugal;Belgium;Poland;Sony;Sony;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Television;Compact_Disc;DVD;DV;Sony_Reader;VAIO;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Gracenote;Sony_Pictures_Entertainment;Fearnet;IMAX;PlayStation_Vita;Square_Enix;Content_delivery_network;Music_Unlimited;Fearnet;Crackle;Video_Unlimited;Video_Unlimited; Video_camera Sony;Television;Cathode_ray_tube;Digital_video;Hard_disk;Flash_memory;Camcorder;VCR;Webcam;Digital_video_recorder;Digital_camera;Webcam;Mobile_phone;Video_camera;Video_camera; Video_codec Codec;Software;Video_compression;Digital_video;Compact_disc;DVD;Video_CD;DV;Sony;Apple_Inc.;Raw_image_format;DivX;Proprietary_software;Xvid;Free_software;Open_source_software;FFmpeg;Libavcodec;MPlayer;VLC_media_player;Ffdshow;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;Apple_Inc.;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Sorenson_codec;QuickTime;Sorenson_codec;Flash_Video;RealVideo;RealNetworks;Cinepak;Indeo;Intel;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Multiplexing;Frame_rate;Transcoding;Display_resolution;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Video_codec;Video_codec; Video_compression In computer science and information theory , data compression , source coding , [ 1 ] or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Compression can be either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy . No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by identifying marginally important information and removing it. The process of reducing the size of a data file is popularly referred to as data compression, although its formal name is source coding (coding done at the source of the data, before it is stored or transmitted). Compression is useful because it helps reduce resources usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity . Because compressed data must be decompressed to be used, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression, this situation is far from being a free lunch . Data compression is subject to a space-time complexity trade-off. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed, and the option to decompress the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient or require additional storage. The design of data compression schemes involve trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced ( e.g. , when using lossy data compression ), and the computational resources required to compress and uncompress the data. New alternatives to traditional 'sample-sense-compress' systems (which sample a full resolution then compress), provide efficient resource usage based on principles of compressed sensing . Compressed sensing techniques circumvent the need for data-compression by sampling off a cleverly selected basis. Source_code;Computer_science;Lossless_data_compression;PKZIP;Gzip;Portable_Network_Graphics;JBIG;DjVu;Lossless_data_compression;Luminance;JPEG;Image_compression;Digital_camera;DVD;Video_codec;Video_compression;Software;Compact_disc;Vorbis;FLAC;Shorten;Shorten;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Apple_Lossless;WavPack;Internet;Video_codec;Video_codec;Image_compression;Lossy_compression;Pixel;Video_codec;Variable_bitrate;JPEG;Image_compression;DV;Video_compression_picture_types;HDV;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;DVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;DivX;Xvid;Sony;Samsung;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Apple_TV;International_Organization_for_Standardization;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Digital_signal_processing;Image_compression;Transcoding;Video_compression_picture_types;International_Standard_Book_Number;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_codec;Video_codec;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Multimedia;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Data_compression;Data_compression; Video_compression_picture_types In the field of video compression a video frame is compressed using different algorithms with different advantages and disadvantages, centered mainly around amount of data compression . These different algorithms for video frames are called picture types or frame types . The three major picture types used in the different video algorithms are I , P and B . They are different in the following characteristics: I ‑frames are the least compressible but don't require other video frames to decode. P ‑frames can use data from previous frames to decompress and are more compressible than I‑frames. B ‑frames can use both previous and forward frames for data reference to get the highest amount of data compression. Video_compression;Algorithm;Data_compression;Video_compression;DVD;Videoconferencing;Video_compression;Video;Data_compression;Lossy_compression;Lossless_data_compression;Adaptive_DPCM;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Image_compression;Pixel;Image_resolution;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Video_codec;Video_codec;Constant_bitrate;Variable_bitrate;Video_compression_picture_types;Video_compression_picture_types; Video_conferencing Videoconferencing is the conduct of a videoconference (also known as a video conference or videoteleconference ) by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is a type of groupware . Videoconferencing differs from videophone calls in that it's designed to serve a conference or multiple locations rather than individuals. [ 1 ] It is an intermediate form of videotelephony , first deployed commercially in the United States by AT T during the early 1970s as part of their development of Picturephone technology. With the introduction of relatively low cost, high capacity broadband telecommunication services in the late 1990s, coupled with powerful computing processors and video compression techniques, videoconferencing usage has made significant inroads in business, education, medicine and media. Like all long distance communications technologies (such as phone and Internet), by reducing the need to travel to bring people together the technology also contributes to reductions in carbon emissions , thereby helping to reduce global warming . Videophone;Video_codec;Videophone;Videophone;Television;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Personal_computer;Codec;San_Francisco;Skype;IChat;Frames_per_second;Display_resolution;Mobile_device;Software;Codec;Video_camera;Webcam;Television;Microphone;Loudspeaker;Local_area_network;Internet;Remote_control;Algorithm;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Multimedia;Microsoft;Logitech;Digital_camera;VoIP;Videophone;Video_codec;Videophone;Sorenson_codec;Mobile_phone;Video;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Webcam;Videophone;Webcam;The_New_York_Times;Digital_object_identifier;The_New_York_Times;USA_Today;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Videoconferencing;Videoconferencing; Video_converter Transcoding is the direct digital-to-digital data conversion of one encoding to another, [ 1 ] such as for movie data files or audio files. This is usually done in cases where a target device (or workflow ) does not support the format or has limited storage capacity that mandates a reduced file size, [ 1 ] or to convert incompatible or obsolete data to a better-supported or modern format. Transcoding can be performed just while files are being searched, as well as for presentation. For example, Cineon and DPX files have been widely used as a common format for digital cinema , but the data size of a two-hour movie is about 8 terabytes (TB). [ 1 ] That large size can increase the cost and difficulty of handling movie files. However, transcoding into a JPEG2000 lossless format has better compression performance than other lossless coding technologies, and in many cases, JPEG2000 can compress images to half-size. [ 1 ] Transcoding is commonly a lossy process , introducing generation loss ; however, transcoding can be lossless if the input is losslessly compressed and the output is either losslessly compressed or uncompressed. [ 1 ] The process of lossy-to-lossy transcoding introduces varying degrees of generation loss . In other cases, the transcoding of lossy to lossless or uncompressed is technically a lossless conversion because no information is lost, however the process is irreversible and is more suitably known as destructive . Encoder;Movie;Cineon;Lossy_compression;Source_code;JPEG;DVD;Video_CD;Vorbis;FLAC;WavPack;Raw_image_format;Mobile_phone;Mobile_device;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Transcoding;Transcoding; Video_editing This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (April 2008) The term video editing can refer to: Linear video editing , using video tape Non-linear editing system (NLE), using computers with video editing software Vision mixing , when working within live television and video production environments Video_editing_software;Video_editing_software;Sequence;Hard_drive;Digital_video;Codec;Sony_Vegas;CyberLink;PowerDirector;Media_Composer;Apple_Inc.;Final_Cut_Pro;Adobe_Systems;Lightworks;Motion_graphics;DVD;Streaming_media;QuickTime;Apple_Inc.;IMovie;Microsoft;Windows_Movie_Maker;AVS_Video_Editor;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;CyberLink;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas;Pinnacle_Studio;Avidemux;VirtualDub;Kdenlive;PiTiVi;Cinelerra;Video_editing;Video_editing; Video_editing_software Video editing software is application software which handles the post-production video editing of digital video sequences on a computer non-linear editing system (NLE). It has replaced traditional flatbed celluloid film editing tools and analogue video tape -to-tape online editing machines. NLE software is typically based on a timeline interface paradigm where sections of moving image video recordings, known as clips, are laid out in sequence and played back. The NLE offers a range of tools for trimming, splicing, cutting and arranging clips across the timeline. As digital NLE systems have advanced their toolset, their role has expanded and most consumer and professional NLE systems alike now include a host of features for colour manipulation, titling and visual effects, as well as tools for editing and mixing audio in conjunction with the image. Once a project is complete, the NLE system can then be used to export to movie in a variety of formats in context which may range from broadcast tape formats to compressed formats for the Internet, DVD and mobile devices. Application_software;Video_editing;Digital_video;List_of_video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Software;Video_editing_software;Video_editing_software; Video_for_Windows Multimedia_framework;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Digital_video;Apple_Computer;QuickTime;Apple_Macintosh;Audio_Video_Interleave;Application_programming_interface;Software_developer;Digital_video;Component_Object_Model;Internet_Explorer;San_Francisco_Canyon_Company;San_Francisco_Canyon_Company;QuickTime;DirectX;DirectShow;Cinepak;Indeo;Audio_Video_Interleave;DirectShow;QuickTime;DirectX;DirectShow;Microsoft_Gadgets;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework;Video_for_Windows;Video_for_Windows; Video_game A video game is an electronic game that involves human interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device . The word video in video game traditionally referred to a raster display device, [ 1 ] but following popularization of the term "video game", it now implies any type of display device . The electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms; examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles . These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld devices . Specialized video games such as arcade games , while previously common, have gradually declined in use. Video games have gone on to become an art form and industry . The input device used to manipulate video games is called a game controller , and varies across platforms. For example, a controller might consist of only a button and a joystick , while another may feature a dozen buttons and one or more joysticks. Early personal computer games often needed a keyboard for gameplay , or more commonly, required the user to buy a separate joystick with at least one button. [ 2 ] Many modern computer games allow or require the player to use a keyboard and a mouse simultaneously. A few of the most common game controllers are gamepads , mice, keyboards, and joysticks. Video games typically use additional means of providing interactivity and information to the player. Audio is almost universal, using sound reproduction devices, such as speakers and headphones . Other feedback may come via haptic peripherals , such as vibration or force feedback , with vibration sometimes used to simulate force feedback. In the early days of cartridge consoles, they were sometimes called TV games . Video_game_console;User_interface;Video;Raster_graphics;Display_device;Personal_computer;Video_game_console;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Headphones;Cathode_ray_tube;Television;Integrated_circuit;United_States;Japan;Personal_computer;Handheld_game_console;Mobile_phone;Facebook;Smart_TV;Smartphone;Microsoft_Windows;Zylom;GameHouse;IBM;Cisco_Systems;Musician;Internet;Star_Trek;Local_area_network;Profanity;United_States;California;Michigan;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Europe;European_Union;Germany;Norway;Switzerland;United_Kingdom;Switzerland;North_America;Japan;United_Kingdom;Australia;Spain;Germany;Mexico;France;Italy;NPD_Group;United_States;Video_game_console;Handheld_game_console;Digital_distribution;Sony;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wired_News;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Future_plc;Imagine_Publishing;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;About.com;International_Standard_Book_Number;Canada;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Portable_Document_Format;Digital_object_identifier;Portable_Document_Format;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Video_game;Video_game; Video_game_console A video game console is an interactive entertainment computer or customized computer system that produces a video display signal which can be used with a display device (a television , monitor , etc.) to display a video game . The term "video game console" is used to distinguish a machine designed for people to buy and use primarily for playing video games on a TV. As of 2007, it is estimated that video game consoles have made up 75% of the world's gaming market. [ 1 ] They have been banned in China since June 2000. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Television;Video_game;PAL;Sega;Apple_Computer;Macintosh;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;Sony;USD;Software_piracy;DVD;DVD;Xbox;Microsoft;United_States;Sony;Bluetooth;Serial_ATA;Universal_Serial_Bus;SD_card;Infrared;CPU;Floppy_disk;DVD;USB;Netflix;Hulu;Eurogamer;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Xbox;Zeebo;Personal_computer;Desktop_computer;Small_form_factor;Laptop;Netbook;Tablet_computer;Personal_digital_assistant;Mobile_phone;Smartphone;Portable_media_player;Digital_audio_player;Handheld_game_console;Wireless_sensor_network;Video_game_console;Video_game_console; Video_on_demand Video on Demand ( VOD ) or Audio and Video on Demand ( AVOD ) are systems which allow users to select and watch/listen to video or audio content on demand. IPTV technology is often used to bring video on demand to televisions and personal computers . [ 1 ] Television VOD systems either stream content through a set-top box , a computer or other device, allowing viewing in real time, or download it to a device such as a computer, digital video recorder (also called a personal video recorder ) or portable media player for viewing at any time. The majority of cable - and telco -based television providers offer both VOD streaming, including pay-per-view and free content, whereby a user buys or selects a movie or television program and it begins to play on the television set almost instantaneously, or downloading to a DVR rented from the provider, or downloaded onto a pc, for viewing in the future. Internet television , using the Internet , is an increasingly popular form of video on demand. Some airlines offer AVOD as in-flight entertainment to passengers through individually controlled video screens embedded in seatbacks or armrests or offered via portable media players . Airline AVOD systems offer passengers the opportunity to select specific stored video or audio content and play it on demand including pause, fast forward, and rewind. Video;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;IPTV;Television;Streaming_media;Digital_video_recorder;Portable_media_player;Movie;Television_program;Digital_video_recorder;Internet_television;Internet;Hard_disk;CPU;Local_area_network;Acorn_Computers;United_Kingdom;ITV;United_States;Digital_video_recorder;Internet;File_sharing;Digital_video_recorder;Australia;Telstra;BBC_iPlayer;ITV;IPTV;Hulu;YouTube;Netflix;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;Reuters;Video_on_demand;Video_on_demand; Video_podcast A podcast is a type of digital media consisting of an episodic series of audio , video , PDF , or ePub files subscribed to and downloaded through web syndication or streamed online to a computer or mobile device. The word is a neologism derived from "broadcast" and "pod" from the success of the iPod , as podcasts are often listened to on portable media players . A list of all the audio or video files currently associated with a given series is maintained centrally on the distributor's server as a web feed , and the listener or viewer employs special client application software , known as a podcatcher , that can access this web feed, check it for updates, and download any new files in the series. This process can be automated so that new files are downloaded automatically. Files are stored locally on the user's computer or other device ready for offline use, giving simple and convenient access to episodic content. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In this way it is contrasted to webcasting ( Internet streaming ). As discussed by Richard Berry, podcasting is both a converged medium bringing together audio, the web and portable media player , and a disruptive technology that has caused some in the radio business to reconsider some established practices and preconceptions about audiences, consumption, production and distribution. [ 3 ] This idea of disruptiveness is largely because no one person owns the technology; it is free to listen and create content, which departs from the traditional model of 'gate-kept' media and production tools. [ 4 ] It is very much a horizontal media form: producers are consumers and consumers become producers and engage in conversations with each other. [ 5 ] Digital_video;PDF;EPub;IPod;Portable_media_player;Application_software;Software;Computer;Portable_media_player;The_Guardian;IPod;ITunes;Leo_Laporte;MTV;Apple_Inc;United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office;Apple_Inc.;IPod;Audiobook;RSS;Audiobook;Internet;Weblog;RSS;Audiobook;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;The_Guardian;Digital_object_identifier;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Podcast;Podcast; Videoconferencing Videoconferencing is the conduct of a videoconference (also known as a video conference or videoteleconference ) by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is a type of groupware . Videoconferencing differs from videophone calls in that it's designed to serve a conference or multiple locations rather than individuals. [ 1 ] It is an intermediate form of videotelephony , first deployed commercially in the United States by AT T during the early 1970s as part of their development of Picturephone technology. With the introduction of relatively low cost, high capacity broadband telecommunication services in the late 1990s, coupled with powerful computing processors and video compression techniques, videoconferencing usage has made significant inroads in business, education, medicine and media. Like all long distance communications technologies (such as phone and Internet), by reducing the need to travel to bring people together the technology also contributes to reductions in carbon emissions , thereby helping to reduce global warming . Videophone;Video_codec;Videophone;Videophone;Television;Video_compression;Frame_rate;Personal_computer;Codec;San_Francisco;Skype;IChat;Frames_per_second;Display_resolution;Mobile_device;Software;Codec;Video_camera;Webcam;Television;Microphone;Loudspeaker;Local_area_network;Internet;Remote_control;Algorithm;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Multimedia;Microsoft;Logitech;Digital_camera;VoIP;Videophone;Video_codec;Videophone;Sorenson_codec;Mobile_phone;Video;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Webcam;Videophone;Webcam;The_New_York_Times;Digital_object_identifier;The_New_York_Times;USA_Today;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Videoconferencing;Videoconferencing; Videophone A videophone is a telephone with a video display , capable of simultaneous video and audio for communication between people in real-time . Videophone service provided the first form of videotelephony , later to be followed by videoconferencing , webcams , and finally high-definition telepresence . At the dawn of its commercial deployment from the 1950s through the 1990s, videotelephony also included 'image phones' which would exchange still images between units every few seconds over conventional POTS -type telephone lines, essentially the same as slow scan TV systems. The development of advanced technology video codecs and high bandwidth Internet telecommunication services allowed videophones to provide high quality colour service between users almost anyplace in the world that the Internet is available, often at low or nominal costs. In the present day videophones have become widely available at reasonable cost, although not widely used in everyday communications for a variety of reasons. However, they are particularly useful to the deaf and speech-impaired who can use them with sign language , and are becoming increasingly popular for educational instruction , telemedicine and to those with mobility issues . Display_device;Video;Sound;Videoconferencing;Webcam;Codec;IP_address;VoIP;Videoconferencing;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Germany;Canada;United_States_dollar;Codec;France;Sweden;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Mobile_phone;Webcam;Video_codec;Sorenson_codec;Mobile_phone;Video;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;Deutsche_Telekom;Video_compression;Video_compression;Equalization;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Instant_messaging;Skype;Video_codec;Star_Trek;Warner_Bros.;United_Kingdom;Skype;Smartphone;USA_Today;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;New_York_Times;Digital_object_identifier;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Popular_Science;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Videophone;Videophone; Vietnam in ASEAN ( dark grey ) — [ Legend ] 21°2′N 105°51′E  /  21.033°N 105.85°E  / 21.033; 105.85 Official language(s) Vietnamese alphabet Nominally Marxist–Leninist single-party state Trương Tấn Sang Nguyễn Tấn Dũng Chairman of National Assembly Nguyễn Sinh Hùng Trương Hòa Bình Nguyễn Phú Trọng Independence from China Independence from France Current constitution 331,210 km 2 ( 65th ) 91,519,289 [ 3 ] ( 13th ) $320.874 billion [ 4 ] $135.411 billion [ 4 ] 38 [ 5 ] ( medium ) 0.593 [ 6 ] ( medium ) ( 128th ) đồng (₫) [ 7 ] ( VND ) ICT (Indochina Time) UTC+7 ( UTC +7) Map of the Indochina Peninsula, showing Vietnam and its neighbors. According to the official name and 1992 Constitution. Vietnam ( i / ˌ v j ɛ t ˈ n ɑː m / ), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam ( listen ) ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia . With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country , and the eighth-most-populous Asian country . The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east. [ 8 ] The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River . Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam . Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War , which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975. After the war, Vietnam was unified under a Communist government, but was politically isolated and economically backward. In 1986, the government initiated a series of economic and political reforms , which began Vietnam's path towards integration into the world economy. [ 9 ] By 2000, it had established diplomatic relations with most nations. Its economic growth has been among the highest in the world since 2000, [ 9 ] and according to Citigroup , such high growth is set to continue. Vietnam has the highest Global Growth Generators Index among 11 major economies, [ 10 ] and its successful economic reforms resulted in it joining the World Trade Organization in 2007. However, the country still suffers from relatively high levels of income inequality , disparities in healthcare provision, and poor gender equality . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Laos;Cambodia;Laos;Cambodia;Germany;Philippines;Norway;Singapore;Portugal;Intellectual_property;Thailand;Applied_mathematics;Chinese_language;French_language;German_language;English_language;Japanese_language;Korean_language;Internet;Cantonese;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;CNN;International_Standard_Book_Number;BBC_News;Open_Directory_Project;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Australia;Taiwan;Asia;Bhutan;Brunei;Cambodia;Cyprus;Japan;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Malaysia;Mongolia;Nepal;Philippines;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;Tajikistan;Thailand;Turkmenistan;Taiwan;Hong_Kong;Macau;Laos;Brunei;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;Papua_New_Guinea;Solomon_Islands;Australia;Brunei;Cambodia;Japan;Laos;Malaysia;New_Zealand;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;United_States;Albania;Belgium;Benin;Bulgaria;Burkina_Faso;Cambodia;Canada;Cape_Verde;Chad;Cyprus;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;Greece;Laos;Luxembourg;Mauritania;Romania;Seychelles;Switzerland;Austria;Czech_Republic;Dominican_Republic;Hungary;Latvia;Lithuania;Mozambique;Poland;Slovakia;Slovenia;Thailand;Ukraine;Laos;Cambodia;Laos;Malaysia;Thailand;Taiwan;Brunei;Cambodia;Fiji;Guam;Malaysia;Federated_States_of_Micronesia;New_Zealand;Palau;Papua_New_Guinea;Philippines;Singapore;Solomon_Islands;Sri_Lanka;Thailand;United_States;Hong_Kong;Macau;Malaysia;Singapore;Taiwan;European_Union;Vietnam;Vietnam; Vimeo Vimeo / ˈ v ɪ m i oʊ / [ 2 ] is a U.S.-based video-sharing website on which users can upload, share and view videos. [ 3 ] It was founded by Jake Lodwick and Zach Klein in November 2004. They left the company in 2007 [ 4 ] and 2008 respectively. The name Vimeo was created by Lodwick and is a play on the word video, inserting the word "me" as a reference to the site's dedication to user-made video and is also an anagram of the word "movie". [ 5 ] IAC/InterActiveCorp purchased Vimeo in August 2006, as part of its acquisition of Connected Ventures. [ 6 ] Dae Mellencamp is the Chief Executive Officer of Vimeo. In January 2009, Mellencamp joined IAC as General Manager of Vimeo. [ 7 ] United_States;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;Spanish_language;Website;Mobile_device;Britney_Spears;Adobe_Flash;Gigabytes;VentureBeat;VentureBeat;Newsweek;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Vimeo;Vimeo; Viola The viola ( / v i ˈ oʊ l ə / or / v aɪ ˈ oʊ l ə / ) [ 1 ] is a bowed string instrument . It is the middle voice of the violin family , between the violin and the cello . French_language;German_language;Musical_instrument;Violin;Cello;Double_bass;Violin;Cello;Violin;Cello;Hertz;Folk_music;Piano;Jazz;Blues;Slovakia;Hungary;Romania;Viola;Viola; Violin This article is part of the Fiddle and Violin series. Basic physics of the violin History of the violin Making and maintenance Violin construction Violin family of instruments The violin is a string instrument , usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths . It is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also includes the viola , cello , and double bass . The violin is sometimes informally called a fiddle , regardless of the type of music played on it. The word violin comes from the Medieval Latin word vitula , meaning stringed instrument ; [ 1 ] this word is also believed to be the source of the Germanic "fiddle". [ 2 ] The violin, while it has ancient origins, acquired most of its modern characteristics in 16th-century Italy , with some further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries. Violinists and collectors particularly prize the instruments made by the Gasparo da Salò , Giovanni Paolo Maggini , Stradivari , Guarneri and Amati families from the 16th to the 18th century in Brescia and Cremona and by Jacob Stainer in Austria . Great numbers of instruments have come from the hands of "lesser" makers, as well as still greater numbers of mass-produced commercial "trade violins" coming from cottage industries in places such as Saxony , Bohemia , and Mirecourt . Many of these trade instruments were formerly sold by Sears, Roebuck and Co. and other mass merchandisers. A person who makes or repairs violins is called a luthier , or simply a violin maker. The parts of a violin are usually made from different types of wood (although electric violins may not be made of wood at all, since their sound may not be dependent on specific acoustic characteristics of the instrument's construction), and it is usually strung with gut , nylon or other synthetic, or steel strings. Someone who plays the violin is called a violinist or a fiddler. The violinist produces sound by drawing a bow across one or more strings (which may be stopped by the fingers of the other hand to produce a full range of pitches), by plucking the strings (with either hand), or by a variety of other techniques . The violin is played by musicians in a wide variety of musical genres, including Baroque music , classical , jazz , folk music , rock and roll and metal . The violin has come to be played in many non-western music cultures all over the world. German_language;French_language;Italian_language;Musical_instrument;Viola;Cello;Double_bass;Viola;Cello;Double_bass;Italy;Austria;Jazz;Folk_music;Mongolia;Asia;Viola;Cello;Italy;Europe;Italy;Italy;Piano;Hertz;Pizzicato;Folk_music;Pizzicato;Italian_language;Viola;Cello;Double_bass;Jazz;Soul_music;Motown;Electronic_music;Guitar;Classical_music;Folk_music;Italy;Folk_music;Cello;International_Standard_Book_Number;Violin;Violin; Virgin_Megastores Virgin Megastores is an international chain of record shops , founded by Sir Richard Branson on London's Oxford Street in early 1976. Virgin Megastores are best described today as entertainment retailers. In 1979 the company opened their first Megastore at the end of Oxford Street and Tottenham Court Road . [ 1 ] The company expanded to hundreds of stores worldwide in the 1990s, but has lost a large number of stores in recent years, largely with the sale, and eventual closing, of the UK and US stores. Current operations are mainly in France, Australia and the Middle East, consisting of over 100 stores. Video_game_console;DVD;Record_shop;CD;DVD;IPod;Greece;WH_Smith;Video_game;San_Francisco;Amazon.com;The_Guardian;BBC_News;Financial_Times;The_Guardian;BBC_News;Virgin_Mobile_Australia;Virgin_Megastores;Virgin_Megastores; Virgin_Mobile_Australia Virgin Mobile Australia ( VMA ) is a telecommunications company based in Sydney , Australia . They sell through over 3500 retail outlets, including flagship stores in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, as well as via telesales and web-based stores. VMA offers pre-paid, monthly and CAP plans for mobile phones. It also has two wireless broadband products. They are Broadband At Home and Mobile Broadband. Optus;Australia;Optus;Australia;Optus;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Ringtones;Videophone;Email;Optus;Wireless;Yahoo;Flickr;Optus;Telstra;Vodafone_Australia;Virgin_Megastores;Virgin_Mobile_Australia;Virgin_Mobile_Australia; VirtualDub VirtualDub is a video capture and video processing utility for Microsoft Windows written by Avery Lee. It is designed to process linear video streams, including filtering and recompression. [ 3 ] VirtualDub was originally created for the purpose of compressing anime videos of Sailor Moon . [ 4 ] Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License , VirtualDub is free software . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Assembly_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Microsoft_Windows;Free_software;Audio_Video_Interleave;Codec;DirectShow;Video_for_Windows;FireWire;BMP_file_format;Truevision_TGA;Frame_rate;SDK;Hard_disk;Windows_bitmap;Truevision_TGA;Microsoft;Advanced_Systems_Format;Trademark;Free_software;VirtualDubMod;Matroska;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Avidemux;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;VirtualDubMod;Video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;VirtualDub;VirtualDub; VirtualDubMod VirtualDubMod was an open source video capture and linear processing tool for Microsoft Windows , based on Avery Lee's VirtualDub . Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Open_source;List_of_video_editing_software;Microsoft_Windows;VirtualDub;Matroska;Codec;Avidemux;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;VirtualDub;VirtualDub;German_language;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;VirtualDubMod;VirtualDubMod; Virtual_folder In computing, a virtual folder generally denotes an organizing principle for files that is not dependent on location in a hierarchical directory tree. Instead, they consist of scripts that coalesce results from a data store, which may be a database or a custom index, and presents them visually in the format in which folder views are presented. Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Word;Property_list;Mac_OS_X;ITunes;IPhoto;Windows_Vista;XML;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;XML;Windows_XP;Opera_Mail;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;ITunes;Windows_Media_Player;International_Standard_Book_Number;Virtual_folder;Virtual_folder; Virtual_instrumentation Virtual instrumentation is the use of customizable software and modular measurement hardware to create user-defined measurement systems, called virtual instruments . Traditional hardware instrumentation systems are made up of pre-defined hardware components, such as digital multimeters and oscilloscopes that are completely specific to their stimulus, analysis, or measurement function. Because of their hard-coded function, these systems are more limited in their versatility than virtual instrumentation systems. The primary difference between hardware instrumentation and virtual instrumentation is that software is used to replace a large amount of hardware. The software enables complex and expensive hardware to be replaced by already purchased computer hardware; e. g. analog-to-digital converter can act as a hardware complement of a virtual oscilloscope , a potentiostat enables frequency response acquisition and analysis in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with virtual instrumentation. The concept of a synthetic instrument is a subset of the virtual instrument concept. A synthetic instrument is a kind of virtual instrument that is purely software defined. A synthetic instrument performs a specific synthesis, analysis, or measurement function on completely generic, measurement agnostic hardware. Virtual instruments can still have measurement specific hardware, and tend to emphasize modular hardware approaches that facilitate this specificity. Hardware supporting synthetic instruments is by definition not specific to the measurement, nor is it necessarily (or usually) modular. Leveraging commercially available technologies, such as the PC and the analog-to-digital converter , virtual instrumentation has grown significantly since its inception in the late 1970s. Additionally, software packages like National Instruments ' LabVIEW and other graphical programming languages helped grow adoption by making it easier for non-programmers to develop systems. Frequency_response;National_Instruments;LabVIEW;Graphical_programming;Virtual_instrumentation;Virtual_instrumentation; Virtual_keyboard IPad;Touchscreen;Linux;Personal_digital_assistant;Tablet_computer;Touchscreen;Mobile_phone;Operating_system;IBM;JavaScript;Virtual_keyboard;Virtual_keyboard; Virtuality Virtuality;Virtuality; VisSim Programming_paradigm;Visual_programming_language;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows;Linux;Filename_extension;Dynamical_system;Model_based_design;Embedded_systems;Digital_signal_processing;Embedded_systems;Model_based_design;Embedded_system;User_interface;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Web_based_simulation;MATLAB;Simulink;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Free_software;ADMB;FreeMat;GNU_Octave;Gretl;Scilab;Proprietary_software;DADiSP;LabVIEW;MATLAB;Mathematica;List_of_numerical_analysis_software;Comparison_of_numerical_analysis_software;VisSim;VisSim; Visual_Studio Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft . It is used to develop console and graphical user interface applications along with Windows Forms applications, web sites , web applications , and web services in both native code together with managed code for all platforms supported by Microsoft Windows , Windows Mobile , Windows CE , .NET Framework , .NET Compact Framework and Microsoft Silverlight . Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense as well as code refactoring . The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger. Other built-in tools include a forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer , class designer, and database schema designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every level—including adding support for source-control systems (like Subversion and Visual SourceSafe ) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client: Team Explorer). Visual Studio supports different programming languages by means of language services, which allow the code editor and debugger to support (to varying degrees) nearly any programming language, provided a language-specific service exists. Built-in languages include C / C++ (via Visual C++ ), VB.NET (via Visual Basic .NET ), C# (via Visual C# ), and F# (as of Visual Studio 2010 [ 5 ] ). Support for other languages such as M , Python , and Ruby among others is available via language services installed separately. It also supports XML / XSLT , HTML / XHTML , JavaScript and CSS . Individual language-specific versions of Visual Studio also exist which provide more limited language services to the user: Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual J#, Visual C#, and Visual C++. Microsoft provides "Express" editions of its Visual Studio 2010 components Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual C++, and Visual Web Developer at no cost. Visual Studio 2010, 2008 and 2005 Professional Editions, along with language-specific versions (Visual Basic, C++, C#, J#) of Visual Studio Express 2010 are available for free to students as downloads via Microsoft's DreamSpark program. Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Microsoft;Graphical_user_interface;Application_software;Web_application;Web_service;Microsoft_Windows;.NET_Framework;Programming_language;XML;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Component_Object_Model;Software_development_kit;XML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;JavaScript;Web_application;Database;User_interface;HTML;CSS;JavaScript;Component_Object_Model;API;Microsoft;Compiler;Component_Object_Model;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;Microsoft;Microsoft;Web_application;Web_service;Procedural_programming;Programming_language;Microsoft;SQL;Software;Server_Message_Block;Microsoft;Sun_Microsystems;Database;Silverlight;XML;Microsoft;.NET_Framework;Sun_Microsystems;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Windows_NT;Microsoft;Windows_Vista;HTML;CSS;Silverlight;Windows_Vista;SQL;JavaScript;Portable_Network_Graphics;Microsoft;Microsoft;Visual_Studio;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;EWeek;Microsoft;Microsoft;Application_programming_interface;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Freeware;Xcode;Retail_software;.NET_Framework;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV; Visual_effects Visual effects (commonly shortened to Visual F/X or VFX ) are the various processes by which imagery is created and/or manipulated outside the context of a live action shoot. Visual effects involve the integration of live-action footage and generated imagery to create environments which look realistic, but would be dangerous, costly, or simply impossible to capture on film. Visual effects using computer generated imagery (so recently become accessible to the Independent filmmaker with the introduction of affordable animation and compositing software. Compositing;Compositing;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Soundtrack;Film;Visual_effects;Visual_effects; Visual_modeling Visual modeling is the graphic representation of objects and systems of interest using graphical languages . Visual modeling languages may be General-Purpose Modeling (GPM) languages (e.g., UML , Southbeach Notation , IDEF ) or Domain-Specific Modeling (DSM) languages (e.g., SysML ). They include industry open standards (e.g., UML, SysML), as well as proprietary standards, such as the visual languages associated with VisSim , MATLAB and Simulink , OPNET , and NI Multisim . VisSim is unique in that it provides a royalty-free, downloadable Viewer that lets anyone open and interactively simulate VisSim models. Visual modeling languages are an area of active research that continues to evolve, as evidenced by increasing interest in DSM languages, visual requirements , and visual OWL ( Web Ontology Language ). [ 1 ] VisSim;MATLAB;Simulink;Visual_modeling;Visual_modeling; Visual_programming_language Programming_language;Dataflow_programming;Mac_OS;Microsoft_Windows;AudioMulch;LabVIEW;Visual_effects;Compositing;Lego_Mindstorms_NXT;Quartz_Composer;Native_Instruments;Simulink;Apple_Inc.;Programming_language;VisSim;Dataflow_programming;Flowchart;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Programming_paradigm;Array_programming;Assembly_language;Dataflow_programming;Functional_programming;Imperative_programming;Logic_programming;Procedural_programming;Visual_programming_language;Visual_programming_language; Visual_voicemail Visual voicemail is random access voicemail with a visual interface. Such an interface presents a list of messages for playback and may include a transcript of each message. In 2007, Apple 's iPhone was the first cell phone promoting this feature. Since then, several companies in the telecommunications space have integrated a visual element into their voicemail services, as Samsung 's Instinct and the BlackBerry Storm and Torch. Other phone system vendors are now also offering these features for internal voicemail users. This complements the basic voicemail to e-mail or via SMS to mobile devices which is becoming ubiquitous in that it allows better management of voicemail messages without clogging up the user's inbox and saves time filtering spam. One way to use visual voicemail is via mobile client applications. T-Mobile International launched the service as Mobilbox Pro in August 2009 for a range of Symbian S60 devices with announcement to support further phones including Windows Mobile and Android devices. In April 2009, OMTP created a Technical Recommendation [ 1 ] for an open and standardised visual voice mail (VVM) interface protocol which VVM clients may use to interact with a voicemail server. The key functions of this interface are the support of message retrieval, message upload, VVM management, greeting management and provisioning. The document intention is to ensure that standard functionality of voice mail servers may be accessed through a range of VVM clients via the defined interface. This approach leaves scope for operators/carriers and vendors to differentiate their products. In 2010, Google Voice became available without invitation. As a voicemail application on Google's Android platform, it can assume control of the visual voicemail functionality in place of a carrier's own application. BlackBerry_Pearl;Apple_Inc.;IPhone;Samsung;BlackBerry_Storm;Visual_voicemail;Visual_voicemail; VoIP Multimedia;Internet;Skype;Google_Talk;Internet;Streaming_media;Stereophonic_sound;Smartphone;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Local_area_network;Skype_protocol;Ethernet;Computer;Smartphones;Skype;Universal_Serial_Bus;Multiplexing;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Ethernet;Local_area_network;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Assisted_GPS;GSM;GSM;Caller_ID;Codec;Digital_video_recorder;Cellular_network;Panama;European_Union;Skype;Intel;Microsoft;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Open_source_software;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Web_chat;Blog;Mobile_phone;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Voice_over_IP;Voice_over_IP; Vocal_music Vocal music is a genre of music performed by one or more singers , with or without instrumental accompaniment, in which singing (i.e. vocal performance) provides the main focus of the piece. [ 1 ] Music which employs singing but does not feature it prominently is generally considered instrumental music (e.g. the wordless women's choir in the final movement of Holst 's The Planets ) as is music without singing. Music without any non-vocal instrumental accompaniment is referred to as a cappella . [ 2 ] Vocal music typically features sung words called lyrics , although there are notable examples of vocal music that are performed using non-linguistic syllables or noises, sometimes as musical onomatopoeia . A short piece of vocal music with lyrics is broadly termed a song . Vocal music is probably the oldest form of music, since it does not require any instrument besides the human voice . All musical cultures have some form of vocal music. Hip_hop_music;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Vocal_music;Vocal_music; Vocus Vocus ( NASDAQ : VOCS ) is a publicly held company that provides on-demand software for public relations , marketing and communications professionals. Their software provides news monitoring and management, social media monitoring and management, press release distribution and reporting and analytics, and includes a media contacts database . Vocus software is used by more than 4,000 organizations worldwide, and is available in seven languages. Vocus is based in Beltsville , Maryland , but has offices throughout Europe and Asia. According to the Washington Post index, Vocus is one of the top 125 public companies headquartered in Washington D.C. and its suburbs. Vocus went public in 2005. NASDAQ;NASDAQ;Social_media;PRWeb;Natural_language_processing;RSS;Associated_Press;Vocus;Vocus; Vodafone Vodafone Group Plc ( LSE : VOD , NASDAQ : VOD ) is a British multinational telecommunications company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. [ 2 ] It is the world's second-largest mobile telecommunications company measured by both subscribers and 2011 revenues (in each case behind China Mobile ), and had 439 million subscribers as of December 2011. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Vodafone owns and operates networks in over 30 countries and has partner networks in over 40 additional countries. [ 6 ] Its Vodafone Global Enterprise division provides telecommunications and IT services to corporate clients in over 65 countries. Vodafone also owns 45% of Verizon Wireless , the largest mobile telecommunications company in the United States measured by subscribers. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Vodafone has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . It had a market capitalisation of approximately £89.1 billion as of 6 July 2012 ( 2012 -07-06 ) [update] , the third-largest of any company listed on the London Stock Exchange. [ 9 ] It has a secondary listing on NASDAQ . NASDAQ;Mobile_phone;Vodafone_Australia;Vodafone_U.K.;NASDAQ;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Verizon_Wireless;United_States;NASDAQ;Verizon_Wireless;Cloud_computing;Verizon_Wireless;Verizon_Wireless;Verizon_Wireless;GSM;Vodafone_Australia;Vodafone_Australia;Vodafone_Australia;SIM_card;Windows_Live_Messenger;Cloud_computing;Cloud_computing;YouTube;Reuters;Vodafone_Australia;Verizon_Wireless;United_Kingdom;Tesco_Mobile;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Sprint_Nextel;Telus;Software;Google;Nuance_Communications;Broadcom;Nvidia;Mobile_phone;Dell;Foxconn;HTC_Corporation;Samsung_Electronics;Sony_Ericsson;Toshiba;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;BAE_Systems;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;Vodafone; Vodafone_Australia Vodafone Australia is a mobile telephone company, a subsidiary of Vodafone Hutchison Australia . Vodafone Australia was formerly a wholly owned subsidiary of Vodafone Plc (which is based in the UK ). On 10 June 2009, after ACCC approval, Vodafone Australia merged with the Australian subsidiary of Hutchison 3G (known by its '3' brand) to become Vodafone Hutchison Australia Pty Ltd, owned by Hutchison Telecommunications Australia (a subsidiary of Hutchison Whampoa ) and Vodafone Group PLC on a 50-50 basis. [ 3 ] Phone products include prepaid and postpaid mobile services, on GSM and 3G UMTS mobile networks. Vodafone live! is Vodafone's mobile Internet service. Mobile_phone;United_Kingdom;GSM;Mobile_virtual_network_operator;Woolworths_Limited;Optus;Telstra;Virgin_Mobile_Australia;Vodafone;Verizon_Wireless;Vodafone_Australia;Vodafone_Australia; Vodafone_U.K. Vodafone UK is a provider of telecommunications services in the United Kingdom, and a part of the Vodafone Group . Vodafone;Vodafone;GSM;Vodafone;Vodafone_Australia;Verizon_Wireless;United_Kingdom;Tesco_Mobile;United_Kingdom;Tesco_Mobile;Vodafone; Voddler Software_design;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Video_on_demand;Vudu;Spotify;Grooveshark;Application_software;Graphical_user_interface;Boxee;Europe;North_America;Sweden;Finland;Social_networking;Boxee;Spotify;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Norway;Denmark;Finland;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Adobe_Flash;Web_browser;Vudu;Hard_disk_drive;Social_networking;Facebook;Boxee;Source_code;XBMC_Media_Center;FFmpeg;Source_code;Compiler;Executable;XBMC_Media_Center;Hulu;LoveFilm;Vudu;Grooveshark;Spotify;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Voddler;Voddler; VoiceOver VoiceOver is a screen reader built into Apple Inc. 's Mac OS X , iOS and iPod operating systems. By using VoiceOver, the user can access their Macintosh or iOS device based on spoken descriptions and, in the case of the Mac, the keyboard . The feature is designed to increase accessibility for blind and low-vision users, as well as for users with dyslexia . Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Screen_reader;Software_license;Screen_reader;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;IPod;Apple_Macintosh;MacBook;Magic_Trackpad;Multitouch;IPod_Shuffle;IPhone;IPod_touch;IPad;OS_X;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;IOS;IPhone;List_of_iOS_devices;IPod_Touch;List_of_iPod_models;IPad;Cocoa_Touch;Core_Animation;Core_Location;FaceTime;ITunes;IOS;IOS_version_history;Notification_Center;IOS_SDK;WebKit;Find_My_Friends;IMovie;IPod;IBooks;IBooks_Author;Safari_version_history;SpringBoard;Game_Center;IAd;ITunes_Store;MobileMe;ICloud;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;IMessage;FairPlay;History_of_the_iPhone;IFund;Jailbreaking_for_iOS;Apple_Ax;Newton_OS;MessagePad;VoiceOver;VoiceOver; Voice_Control A voice command device (VCD) is a device controlled by means of the human voice. By removing the need to use buttons, dials and switches , consumers can easily operate appliances with their hands full or while doing other tasks. Some of the first examples of VCDs can be found in home appliances with washing machines that allow consumers to operate washing controls through vocal commands and mobile phones with voice-activated dialing . Newer VCDs are speaker-independent, so they can respond to multiple voices, regardless of accent or dialectal influences. They are also capable of responding to several commands at once, separating vocal messages, and providing appropriate feedback , accurately imitating a natural conversation. [ 1 ] They can understand around 50 different commands and retain up to 2 minutes of vocal messages. [ 1 ] VCDs can be found in computer operating systems, commercial software for computers, mobile phones, cars, call centers, and internet search engines such as Google . In 2007, a CNN business article reported that voice command was over a billion dollar industry and that companies like Google and Apple were trying to create voice recognition features. [ 2 ] It has been five years since the article was published, and since then the world has witnessed a variety of voice command devices. In addition, Google created a voice recognition engine called Pico TTS and Apple has released Siri. Voice command devices are becoming more widely available, and innovative ways for using the human voice are always being created. For example, Business Week suggests that the future remote controller is going to be the human voice. Currently Xbox Live allows such features and Jobs hinted at such a feature on the new Apple TV . [ 3 ] Google;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Apple_TV;Apple_Macintosh;Windows;Personal_computer;Windows_Vista;Internet;Mac_OS_X;Google_Play;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;BlackBerry_App_World;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;BlackBerry;BlackBerry_OS;Bluetooth;CNET;Speech_recognition;Voice_command_device;Voice_command_device; Voice_command_device A voice command device (VCD) is a device controlled by means of the human voice. By removing the need to use buttons, dials and switches , consumers can easily operate appliances with their hands full or while doing other tasks. Some of the first examples of VCDs can be found in home appliances with washing machines that allow consumers to operate washing controls through vocal commands and mobile phones with voice-activated dialing . Newer VCDs are speaker-independent, so they can respond to multiple voices, regardless of accent or dialectal influences. They are also capable of responding to several commands at once, separating vocal messages, and providing appropriate feedback , accurately imitating a natural conversation. [ 1 ] They can understand around 50 different commands and retain up to 2 minutes of vocal messages. [ 1 ] VCDs can be found in computer operating systems, commercial software for computers, mobile phones, cars, call centers, and internet search engines such as Google . In 2007, a CNN business article reported that voice command was over a billion dollar industry and that companies like Google and Apple were trying to create voice recognition features. [ 2 ] It has been five years since the article was published, and since then the world has witnessed a variety of voice command devices. In addition, Google created a voice recognition engine called Pico TTS and Apple has released Siri. Voice command devices are becoming more widely available, and innovative ways for using the human voice are always being created. For example, Business Week suggests that the future remote controller is going to be the human voice. Currently Xbox Live allows such features and Jobs hinted at such a feature on the new Apple TV . [ 3 ] Google;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Apple_TV;Apple_Macintosh;Windows;Personal_computer;Windows_Vista;Internet;Mac_OS_X;Google_Play;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;BlackBerry_App_World;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;BlackBerry;BlackBerry_OS;Bluetooth;CNET;Speech_recognition;Voice_command_device;Voice_command_device; Voice_control A voice command device (VCD) is a device controlled by means of the human voice. By removing the need to use buttons, dials and switches , consumers can easily operate appliances with their hands full or while doing other tasks. Some of the first examples of VCDs can be found in home appliances with washing machines that allow consumers to operate washing controls through vocal commands and mobile phones with voice-activated dialing . Newer VCDs are speaker-independent, so they can respond to multiple voices, regardless of accent or dialectal influences. They are also capable of responding to several commands at once, separating vocal messages, and providing appropriate feedback , accurately imitating a natural conversation. [ 1 ] They can understand around 50 different commands and retain up to 2 minutes of vocal messages. [ 1 ] VCDs can be found in computer operating systems, commercial software for computers, mobile phones, cars, call centers, and internet search engines such as Google . In 2007, a CNN business article reported that voice command was over a billion dollar industry and that companies like Google and Apple were trying to create voice recognition features. [ 2 ] It has been five years since the article was published, and since then the world has witnessed a variety of voice command devices. In addition, Google created a voice recognition engine called Pico TTS and Apple has released Siri. Voice command devices are becoming more widely available, and innovative ways for using the human voice are always being created. For example, Business Week suggests that the future remote controller is going to be the human voice. Currently Xbox Live allows such features and Jobs hinted at such a feature on the new Apple TV . [ 3 ] Google;Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Apple_TV;Apple_Macintosh;Windows;Personal_computer;Windows_Vista;Internet;Mac_OS_X;Google_Play;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;BlackBerry_App_World;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;BlackBerry;BlackBerry_OS;Bluetooth;CNET;Speech_recognition;Voice_command_device;Voice_command_device; Voice_over_IP Voice over IP ( VoIP , or Voice over Internet Protocol ) commonly refers to the communication protocols , technologies, methodologies, and transmission techniques involved in the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet . Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony , Internet telephony , voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony , IP communications , and broadband phone . Internet telephony refers to communications services —voice, fax , SMS , and/or voice-messaging applications— that are transported via the Internet, rather than the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The steps involved in originating a VoIP telephone call are signaling and media channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signal, encoding, packetization, and transmission as Internet Protocol (IP) packets over a packet-switched network . On the receiving side, similar steps (usually in the reverse order) such as reception of the IP packets, decoding of the packets and digital-to-analog conversion reproduce the original voice stream. [ 1 ] Even though IP Telephony and VoIP are terms that are used interchangeably, they are actually different; IP telephony has to do with digital telephony systems that use IP protocols for voice communication, while VoIP is actually a subset of IP Telephony. VoIP is a technology used by IP telephony as a means of transporting phone calls. [ 2 ] Early providers of Voice over IP services offered business models (and technical solutions) that mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second generation providers, such as Skype have built closed networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free calls and convenience, while denying their users the ability to call out to other networks. This has severely limited the ability of users to mix-and-match third-party hardware and software. Third generation providers, such as Google Talk have adopted [ 3 ] the concept of Federated VoIP - which is a complete departure from the architecture of the legacy networks. These solutions typically allow arbitrary and dynamic interconnection between any two domains on the Internet whenever a user wishes to place a call. VoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the set-up and tear-down of calls as well as audio codecs which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network as digital audio via an audio stream . The choice of codec varies between different implementations of VoIP depending on application requirements and network bandwidth; some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech , while others support high fidelity stereo codecs. Some popular codecs include u-law and a-law versions of G.711 , G.722 which is a high-fidelity codec marketed as HD Voice by Polycom , a popular open source voice codec known as iLBC , a codec that only uses 8 kbit/s each way called G.729 , and many others. VoIP is available on many smartphones and Internet devices so that users of portable devices that are not phones, may place calls or send SMS text messages over 3G or Wi-Fi . [ 4 ] Multimedia;Internet;Skype;Google_Talk;Internet;Streaming_media;Stereophonic_sound;Smartphone;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Local_area_network;Skype_protocol;Ethernet;Computer;Smartphones;Skype;Universal_Serial_Bus;Multiplexing;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Ethernet;Local_area_network;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Assisted_GPS;GSM;GSM;Caller_ID;Codec;Digital_video_recorder;Cellular_network;Panama;European_Union;Skype;Intel;Microsoft;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Open_source_software;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Web_chat;Blog;Mobile_phone;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Voice_over_IP;Voice_over_IP; Volkswagen Volkswagen (abbreviated VW ) is a German automobile manufacturer and the original and biggest-selling marque of the Volkswagen Group . Volkswagen means "people's car" in German , in which it is pronounced [ˈfɔlksˌvaːɡən] . Its current tagline or slogan is Das Auto (The Car). Volkswagen has three cars in the top 10 list of best selling cars of all time compiled by the website 24/7 Wall St : the Volkswagen Golf , the Volkswagen Beetle , and the Volkswagen Passat . With these three cars, Volkswagen has the most cars of any automobile manufacturer in the list that are still being manufactured. [ 1 ] Germany;German_language;United_States_dollar;United_States;Audi;Audi;Audi;BMW;Audi;J._D._Power_and_Associates;General_Motors;Germany;Mexico;Slovakia;Brazil;Argentina;Portugal;Spain;Poland;Forbes;BlackBerry;Audi;BMW;Renault;Audi;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Guardian;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Bloomberg_L.P.;International_Standard_Book_Number;Audi;Volkswagen;Volkswagen; Volvo_Cars Volvo Car Corporation , or Volvo Personvagnar AB , is a Swedish automobile manufacturer founded in 1927, in Gothenburg , Sweden . It is owned by Zhejiang Geely Holding Group . [ 2 ] Volvo was originally formed as a subsidiary company to the ball bearing maker SKF . When Volvo AB was introduced on the Swedish stock exchange in 1935, SKF sold most of the shares in the company. Volvo Cars was owned by AB Volvo until 1999, when it was acquired by the Ford Motor Company as part of its Premier Automotive Group . Geely Holding Group then acquired Volvo from Ford in 2010. [ 3 ] Volvo manufactures and markets a range of SUVs , station wagons (estates) , and sedans (saloons) , compact executive sedans and coupes . With approximately 2,300 local dealers from around 100 national sales companies worldwide, Volvo Cars' largest markets are the United States, Sweden, China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Belgium. [ 1 ] In 2011, Volvo recorded global sales of 449,255 cars, an increase of 20.3% compared to 2010. [ 4 ] Sweden;Sweden;Sweden;United_Kingdom;United_States_dollar;Trademark;Land_Rover;European_Commission;Audi;Ferrari;Sweden;Sweden;Sweden;Sweden;Belgium;Sweden;Sweden;Sweden;Malaysia;Netherlands;Canada;Sweden;Thailand;Chile;Renault;United_States;Sweden;United_Kingdom;Germany;Belgium;Italy;Netherlands;France;Trademark;MarketWatch;Fox_News;Land_Rover;Land_Rover;Volvo_Cars;Volvo_Cars; Vorbis Vorbis is a free software / open source project headed by the Xiph.Org Foundation (formerly Xiphophorus company). The project produces an audio format specification and software implementation ( codec ) for lossy audio compression . Vorbis is most commonly used in conjunction with the Ogg container format [ 7 ] and it is therefore often referred to as Ogg Vorbis . Vorbis is a continuation of audio compression development started in 1993 by Chris Montgomery . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Intensive development began following a September 1998 letter from the Fraunhofer Society announcing plans to charge licensing fees for the MP3 audio format . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Vorbis project started as part of the Xiphophorus company's Ogg project (also known as OggSquish multimedia project). [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Chris Montgomery began work on the project and was assisted by a growing number of other developers. They continued refining the source code until the Vorbis file format was frozen for 1.0 in May 2000 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 14 ] and a stable version (1.0) of the reference software was released on July 19, 2002. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The Xiph.Org Foundation maintains a reference implementation, libvorbis , the latest official version of which is 1.3.3, released on February 3, 2012. [ 18 ] There are also some fine-tuned forks , most notably aoTuV , that offer better audio quality, particularly at low bitrates. These improvements are periodically merged back into the reference codebase. Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;Ogg;Matroska;WebM;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Open_source;Codec;Lossy_compression;Ogg;Digital_container_format;Source_code;Ogg;Free_software;Video_game;Jamendo;Spotify;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Audio;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Musepack;Windows_Media_Audio;LAME;Compact_disc;Variable_bit_rate;Matroska;WebM;Metadata;BSD_License;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_player;Samsung;Iriver;BSD_License;Google;Iriver;IPod;Rockbox;VLC_media_player;MPlayer;Winamp;Apple_Computer;ITunes;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Windows_Media_Player;DirectShow;Multimedia_framework;FFmpeg;Linux;XMMS;Xine;Filename_extension;Web_browser;Google_Chrome;SeaMonkey;WAV;Theora;FFmpeg;Libavcodec;Ogg;Playlist;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Free_Software_Foundation;Ogg;Theora;FLAC;CELT;Speex;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Vorbis;Vorbis; Vox_Media Vox Media Inc. (previously known as Sports Blogs, Inc and publicly known as Vox ) is an American global internet media company that currently has two major editorial brands, SB Nation and The Verge , and when it launches later this year, video-gaming site Polygon . Vox is headquartered at 1740 N St NW in Washington. Founded in 2003 by political activist Jerome Armstrong , freelance writer Tyler Bleszinski and Markos Moulitsas (creator of Daily Kos ), the network features over 300 sites with over 400 paid writers. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Vox's portfolio currently includes sports network SB Nation and technology website The Verge . The company focuses on developing high-quality grassroots content on the web, offering over 300 [ 4 ] distinct community-focused websites, each with its own name, URL, brand, writers, and guidelines. The sports network, SBNation.com, covers most or all teams of the MLB , NBA , NFL , MLS , and NHL , as well as NASCAR , MMA , college sports , pro cycling , and other sports. Former AOL programming chief Jim Bankoff is chairman and CEO of Vox Media Inc. [ 5 ] Blog;Internationalization_and_localization;English_language;AOL;Joshua_Topolsky;New_York_Times;Vox_Media;Vox_Media; Vudu Vudu, Inc. is a content delivery and media technology company responsible for Vudu-branded interactive media services and devices. Vudu distributes full-length movies over the Internet to television in the United States of America . It does this with a content delivery network that uses a hybrid peer-to-peer TV technology. [ 2 ] Vudu is sometimes stylized as VUDU and was acquired by Walmart in March 2010, Vudu began by only making its own set-top boxes (the Vudu Box and the Vudu XL), but Vudu now primarily markets its software as a Smart TV / Connected TV platform and VoD (Video on Demand) distribution service to third-party consumer electronics devices. [ 2 ] Vudu is also available within PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . As of December 2011, the Vudu app within the Boxee media player, is no longer supported. [ citation needed ] Walmart;Internet;Content_delivery_network;Walmart;Smart_TV;Video_on_demand;Dolby_Digital;Streaming_media;Flickr;Picasa;Video_on_demand;Brightcove;IMDb;Wireless_Application_Protocol;The_New_York_Times;Best_Buy;LG;Samsung;Toshiba;HDTV;HDMI;Component_video;Composite_video;TOSLINK;Ethernet;USB;Hard_drive;Remote_control;Infrared;HDMI;Composite_video;TOSLINK;RCA_connector;Amazon_Instant_Video;Hulu;LoveFilm;Netflix;Voddler;Smart_TV;Internet_television;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Vudu;Vudu; Vuze Vuze (previously Azureus ) is a BitTorrent client used to transfer files via the BitTorrent protocol . Vuze is written in Java , and uses the Azureus Engine. In addition to downloading data linked to .torrent files, Azureus allows users to view, publish and share original DVD and HD quality video content. [ 3 ] Content is presented through channels and categories containing TV shows, music videos, movies, video games and others. Additionally, if users prefer to publish their original content, they may earn money from it. Azureus was first released in June 2003 at SourceForge.net , mostly to experiment with the Standard Widget Toolkit from Eclipse . It later became one of the most popular BitTorrent clients. [ 4 ] The Azureus software was released under the GNU General Public License , and remains as a free software application. However, the Vuze software added in more recent versions is proprietary and users are required to accept these more restrictive license terms in order to install current versions of the BitTorrent client. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Computing_platform;File_size;Megabyte;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;DVD;Free_software;Proprietary_software;Encryption;Proxy_server;User_interface;Database;CNET;SourceForge;SourceForge;Broadcatching;LimeWire;QBittorrent;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Vuze;Vuze; VxWorks VxWorks is a real-time operating system developed as proprietary software by Wind River Systems of Alameda, California , USA. First released in 1987, VxWorks is designed for use in embedded systems . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Embedded_system;PowerPC;SuperH;ARM_architecture;Software_license;EULA;Proprietary_software;Embedded_system;Intel;Embedded_system;File_Allocation_Table;PowerPC;SPARC;SuperH;ARM_architecture;XScale;Embedded_system;BMW;National_Instruments;Toshiba;Digital_video_recorder;Siemens_AG;Sun_Microsystems;Dell;QNX;VxWorks;VxWorks; WAV Waveform Audio File Format ( WAVE , or more commonly known as WAV due to its filename extension), [ 3 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] (also, but rarely, named, Audio for Windows [ 9 ] ) is a Microsoft and IBM audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs . It is an application of the Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) bitstream format method for storing data in "chunks", and thus is also close to the 8SVX and the AIFF format used on Amiga and Macintosh computers, respectively. It is the main format used on Windows systems for raw and typically uncompressed audio. The usual bitstream encoding is the linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM) format. Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Microsoft;IBM;Software_release_life_cycle;Audio_file_format;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Microsoft;Audio_file_format;Personal_computer;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Apple_Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Windows;Macintosh;Linux;Intel;Central_processing_unit;Codec;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Compact_Disc;Microsoft_Windows;User_interface;Surround_sound;Metadata;File_sharing;Internet;Lossless_data_compression;Gigabyte;Sound_Forge;FLAC;Hertz;Compact_disc;GSM;Smart_Bitrate_Control;MPEG;Megabyte;Gigabyte;Megabyte;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WebM;WAV;WAV; WD_TV The WD TV is a consumer device produced by Western Digital that plays videos, images, and music from USB drives. It can play high-definition video through an HDMI port, and standard video through composite video cables. It can play most common video and audio formats. Digital_media_receiver;Fast_Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;HDMI;HDMI;Composite_video;RealVideo;Ethernet;YouTube;Flickr;Pandora_Radio;Facebook;Streaming_media;Netflix;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;WD_TV;WD_TV; WH_Smith WHSmith plc ( LSE : SMWH ) (known colloquially as Smith's ) is a British retailer, headquartered in Swindon , Wiltshire , England. It is best known for its chain of high street , railway station , airport , hospital and motorway service station shops selling books , stationery , magazines , newspapers , and entertainment products. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index . It has been innovative over the course of its history, being the first chain store company in the world and was responsible for the creation of the ISBN book catalogue system. United_Kingdom;International_Standard_Book_Number;ITV;Television;Republic_of_Ireland;Singapore;BBC_News;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_States;Thailand;Republic_of_Ireland;Republic_of_China;Canada;Japan;Philippines;Finland;Germany;Borders_Group;United_States;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;United_States;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom; WSJ The Wall Street Journal. is an American English-language international daily newspaper. It is published in New York City by Dow Jones Company , a division of News Corporation , along with the Asian and European editions of the Journal . The Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States, by circulation . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , it has a circulation of 2.1 million copies (including 400,000 online paid subscriptions), as of March 2010, [ 2 ] compared to USA Today ' s 1.8 million. Its main rival, in the business newspaper sector, is the London-based Financial Times , which also publishes several international editions. The Journal primarily covers American economic and international business topics, and financial news and issues. Its name derives from Wall Street , located in New York City, which is the heart of the financial district ; it has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8, 1889, by Charles Dow , Edward Jones , and Charles Bergstresser . The newspaper version has won the Pulitzer Prize thirty-three times, [ 3 ] including 2007 prizes for its reporting on backdated stock options and the adverse effects of China's booming economy . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] USA_Today;Financial_Times;America_Online;Financial_Times;The_Guardian;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;CNBC;Digital_object_identifier;Newsweek;USA_Today;Bloomberg_L.P.;Associated_Press;The_Washington_Post;BBC_News;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;Tribune_Company;CNN;Associated_Press;Financial_Times;All_Things_Digital;MarketWatch;National_Geographic_Society;NBCUniversal;Associated_Press;Hulu;NBCUniversal;The_Walt_Disney_Company;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;NASDAQ;NASDAQ;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Washington_Post;Los_Angeles_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Wall_Street_Journal; WWDC The Apple Worldwide Developers Conference , commonly abbreviated WWDC , is a conference held annually in California by Apple Inc. The conference is primarily used by Apple to showcase its new software and technologies for developers , as well as offering hands-on labs and feedback sessions. The number of attendees usually varies between 2,000 to 4,200 developers; however, during WWDC 2007, Steve Jobs noted that there were over 5,000 attendees. WWDC 2008–2012 were capped and sold out at 5,000 attendees (5,200 including special attendees). Moscone_Center;California;Apple_Inc.;Software_developer;Steve_Jobs;Xserve;ISight;Apple_Cinema_Display;IBM;PowerPC;Intel;Mac_Pro;Xserve;QuickTime;Xserve;Mac_OS_X_Server;Operating_system;Steve_Jobs;Stevenote;Tim_Cook;OS_X;IOS;NeXT;Mac_OS;PDF;QuickDraw;Mac_OS_X;WebObjects;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_OS_X_Panther;IPhoto;IMovie;IDVD;ISight;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;San_Francisco;Steve_Jobs;Mac_Pro;PowerPC;Xserve;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Photo_Booth;Core_Animation;Dashcode;IChat;San_Francisco;Steve_Jobs;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Web_browser;Windows;IPhone;SDK;San_Francisco;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPhone_SDK;IOS_version_history;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;MobileMe;San_Francisco;IOS_version_history;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;MacBook_Pro;SVP;Steve_Jobs;San_Francisco;FaceTime;IMovie;Application_software;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Steve_Jobs;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IPhone;IPhone;Macworld; Walmart Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. ( NYSE : WMT ), branded as Walmart since 2008 and WAL★MART before then, is an American multinational retailer corporation that runs chains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. The company is the world's third largest public corporation , according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2012. It is also the biggest private employer in the world with over two million employees, and is the largest retailer in the world. Walmart remains a family-owned business , as the company is controlled by the Walton family who own a 48% stake in Walmart. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It is also one of the world's most valuable companies . [ 6 ] The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, incorporated on October 31, 1969, and publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972. It is headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas . Walmart is also the largest grocery retailer in the United States. In 2009, it generated 51% of its US$258 billion sales in the U.S. from grocery business. [ 7 ] It also owns and operates the Sam's Club retail warehouses in North America. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Walmart has 8,500 stores in 15 countries, under 55 different names. [ 10 ] The company operates under the Walmart name in the United States, including the 50 states and Puerto Rico . It operates in Mexico as Walmex , in the United Kingdom as Asda , in Japan as Seiyu , and in India as Best Price. It has wholly owned operations in Argentina , Brazil , and Canada. Walmart's investments outside North America have had mixed results: its operations in the United Kingdom, South America and China are highly successful, whereas ventures in Germany and South Korea were unsuccessful. Puerto_Rico;Argentina;Brazil;Target_Corporation;Internet;Slogan;Target_Corporation;Streaming_media;Generic_drug;Software;Dell;Brazil;Mexico;Puerto_Rico;Canadian_English;Chile;Vudu;Fiscal_year;Target_Corporation;Costco;DVD;The_Washington_Post;United_States_House_of_Representatives;Barack_Obama;Newsweek;Target_Corporation;The_New_York_Times;Bloomberg_L.P.;The_Wall_Street_Journal;BusinessWeek;International_Herald_Tribune;International_Standard_Book_Number;BusinessWeek;CNN;Reuters;The_New_York_Times;BusinessWeek;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;Fox_News;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Reuters;About.com;The_New_York_Times;Der_Spiegel;The_New_York_Times;Bloomberg_L.P.;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Los_Angeles_Times;Los_Angeles_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Forbes;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Bloomberg_L.P.;CNN;BusinessWeek;BusinessWeek;BusinessWeek;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;Financial_Times;CNBC;The_Washington_Post;USA_Today;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Newsweek;The_New_York_Times;BusinessWeek;BusinessWeek;The_Wall_Street_Journal;The_New_York_Times;The_New_York_Times;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Bloomberg_L.P.;The_Washington_Post;Associated_Press;Digital_object_identifier;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;Cisco_Systems;Intel;IBM;Microsoft;The_Walt_Disney_Company;General_Motors;Walmart;Walmart; Walt_Disney_Pictures Walt Disney Pictures is an American film studio owned by The Walt Disney Company . It is also a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Studios and the main production company for live-action feature films within the Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group , based at the Walt Disney Studios . Their most commercially successful production partners in later years have been Pixar , Great Oaks , Caravan Pictures , Studio Ghibli , Jerry Bruckheimer Films, Marvel Studios , Spyglass Entertainment , Starz Media , Walden Media , Mandeville Films , Gunn Films , Jim Henson Pictures and Saturn Films . Animated features produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios , Pixar Animation Studios , DisneyToon Studios and Studio Ghibli (North America distribution) are usually released by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under the Walt Disney Pictures banner. Exceptions include Who Framed Roger Rabbit and The Nightmare Before Christmas which were originally released under Disney's Touchstone imprint (The latter has since been re-released under the traditional Disney banner). These two films are also regarded as more like "Disney" films compared to other Touchstone titles. Beginning in 2011, the logo and opening credit change shortened its name to simply "Disney". Film;The_Walt_Disney_Company;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Pixar;Pixar;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Sony;Paramount_Pictures;Universal_Studios;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros.;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Walt_Disney_Pictures; Walt_Mossberg Walter S. Mossberg (born March 27, 1947) is an American journalist who is the principal technology columnist for The Wall Street Journal . Steve_Jobs;United_States;United_States;The_Wall_Street_Journal;All_Things_Digital;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Walter_Mossberg;Walter_Mossberg; Walter_Mossberg Walter S. Mossberg (born March 27, 1947) is an American journalist who is the principal technology columnist for The Wall Street Journal . Steve_Jobs;United_States;United_States;The_Wall_Street_Journal;All_Things_Digital;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Walter_Mossberg;Walter_Mossberg; Wardriving Wardriving is the act of searching for Wi-Fi wireless networks by a person in a moving vehicle, using a portable computer, smartphone or personal digital assistant (PDA). Software for wardriving is freely available on the Internet , notably NetStumbler , InSSIDer or Ekahau Heat Mapper [ 1 ] for Windows ; Kismet or SWScanner for Linux , FreeBSD , NetBSD , OpenBSD , DragonFly BSD , and Solaris ; and KisMac for Macintosh . There are also homebrew wardriving applications for handheld game consoles that support Wi-fi , such as sniff_jazzbox/wardive for the Nintendo DS, Road Dog for the Sony PSP , WiFi-Where for the iPhone , and G-MoN and Wardrive for Android and WlanPollution [ 2 ] for Symbian NokiaS60 devices. There also exists a mode within Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops for the Sony PSP (wherein the player is able to find new comrades by searching for wireless access points) which can be used to wardrive. Treasure World for the DS is a commercial game in which gameplay wholly revolves around wardriving. Smartphone;Personal_digital_assistant;Software;Internet;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Macintosh;Sony_PSP;IPhone;Sony_PSP;Computer;PC_Card;Toshiba;Smartphone;Global_Positioning_System;GPS;IOS;Geolocation;GPS;Intel;Skyhook_Wireless;Geotagging;Engadget;Wardriving;Wardriving; Warner_Bros. Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. , also known as Warner Bros. Pictures or simply Warner Bros. (though the name was occasionally given in full form as Warner Brothers during the company's early years), is an American producer of film, television, and music entertainment. One of the major film studios , it is a subsidiary of Time Warner , with its headquarters in Burbank, California and New York. Warner Bros. has several subsidiary companies, including Warner Bros. Studios, Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment , Warner Bros. Television , Warner Bros. Animation , Warner Home Video , New Line Cinema , TheWB.com , and DC Comics . Warner owns half of The CW Television Network . Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). [ 1 ] Time_Warner;Time_Warner;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros._Television;North_America;Poland;Paramount_Pictures;Synchronization;Universal_Studios;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Warner_Bros._Television;CBS;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Time_Warner;AOL;Tribune_Company;Harry_Potter;Universal_Studios;Toshiba;Time_Warner;Rotten_Tomatoes;The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Warner_Bros._Television;Rotten_Tomatoes;Time_Warner;Asia;Entertainment_Weekly;NME;CNN;CNN;GameTap;Warner_Bros._Television;Rotten_Tomatoes;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;Sony;Paramount_Pictures;Universal_Studios;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.; Warner_Bros._Television Warner Bros. Television is the television production arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment , itself part of Time Warner . Alongside CBS Television Studios , it serves as a television production arm of The CW Television Network (in which Time Warner has a 50% ownership stake), though it also produces shows for other networks, such as Shameless on Showtime and The Closer on TNT (though Time Warner owns TNT). Time_Warner;Television_program;United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Time_Warner;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros.;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros.;NBC;America_Online;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Rotten_Tomatoes;Time_Warner;Asia;Entertainment_Weekly;NME;CNN;CNN;GameTap;Warner_Bros.;Warner_Bros.;Rotten_Tomatoes;MovieTickets.com;United_States_dollar;Warner_Bros._Television;Warner_Bros._Television; Warner_Music_Group Warner Music Group (WMG) is the third largest business group and family of record labels in the recording industry , making it one of the big four record companies . For three decades the conglomerate was known as WEA, which stood for Warner Bros. - Elektra - Atlantic Records; three major record companies that signed and developed musical acts and, in turn, distributed product for subsidiaries and other record labels. The current incarnation of the company as Warner Music Group was formed in 2004 when it was spun off and made completely separate from Time Warner ; as a result Time Warner no longer retains any ownership whatsoever in the Warner Music Group, despite its name. WMG also has a music publishing arm called Warner/Chappell Music , which is one of the world's largest music-publishing companies. In May 2011, the company announced its sale to Access Industries Inc. The purchase of the company was completed on July 20, 2011. [ 2 ] United_States_dollar;United_States_dollar;Warner_Bros.;Time_Warner;Record_label;Music_industry;Time_Warner;Warner_Bros.;Paramount_Pictures;Canada;Universal_Music_Group;Australia;Classical_music;Soul_music;Led_Zeppelin;Heavy_metal_music;Led_Zeppelin;Sony_Music_Entertainment;MTV;Time_Warner;Universal_Music_Group;Heavy_metal_music;CNN;The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy;Universal_Music_Group;EMI;Time_Warner;AOL;Sony;Universal_Music_Group;EMI;EMI;Digital_Rights_Management;YouTube;Sony_BMG;EMI;Spotify;EMI;The_Washington_Post;Universal_Music_Group;Sony_Music_Entertainment;YouTube;Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers;AOL;The_New_York_Times;MarketWatch;Associated_Press;Yahoo;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;World_Music_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;Warner_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group; Warranty In business and legal transactions, a warranty is an assurance by one party to the other party that specific facts or conditions are true or will happen; the other party is permitted to rely on that assurance and seek some type of remedy if it is not true or followed. In real estate transactions, a general warranty deed is an agreement that the buyer's title to a parcel of land will be defended. A limited warranty deed , on the other hand, is a promise that the title will be defended against a limited set of claims which is usually claims arising from incumberances executed by the grantor. Thus, a general warranty deed binds the grantor to defend the title against all claims even those arising from previous owners; whereas, a limited warranty deed typically only binds the grantor to defend the title against claims arising from when the grantor held title to the property. A limited warranty deed is the deed of choice for banks when selling foreclosed properties. A warranty may be express or implied, depending on the product. Massachusetts;Consumer_protection;Best_Buy;United_States;Consumer_protection;Warranty;Warranty; Watt The watt ( / ˈ w ɒ t / WOT ; symbol: W ) is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). The unit, defined as one joule per second , measures the rate of energy conversion or transfer. Hertz;Watt;Watt; Wattpad Wattpad describes itself as “the best place to discover and share stories.” It is a repository for user-uploaded electronic texts. The content includes work by undiscovered and published writers. Delivery emphasizes the mobile phone platform, using the free Freda ebook reader.[1] According to Wattpad founder and CEO Ivan Yuen, "marketers can currently upload material for reading by mobile users at no charge".[2] Works available on wattpad.com and the Wattpad mobile app include science fiction, poetry, YA stories, and other kinds of creative writing. Project_Gutenberg;Wattpad;Wattpad; WavPack WavPack is a free , open source lossless audio compression format developed by David Bryant. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Filename_extension;Free_software;Open_source;File_format;WAV;Surround_sound;Open_source;Streaming_media;Rockbox;Winamp;DirectShow;IPod;Rockbox;Stereophonic_sound;Unix;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;DOS;Palm_OS;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;SPARC;WinZip;PKZIP;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;WavPack;WavPack; WaveLab WaveLab is a digital audio editor by Steinberg aimed at the professional as well as the semi-professional market. It supports multi-channel files, DirectX plugin , VST plugin and DVD-Audio creation. WaveLab was for a long time the main competitor to Sound Forge . Wavelab was started in 1995 and it is mainly the work of one programmer, Philippe Goultier. Cut-down versions of WaveLab include WaveLab Studio, WaveLab Essential and WaveLab LE. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Digital_audio_editor;Sound_Forge;Steinberg_Cubase;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;WaveSurfer;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;WaveLab; WaveSurfer WaveSurfer is an audio editor widely used for studies of acoustic phonetics . It is a simple but fairly powerful program for interactive display of sound pressure waveforms, spectral sections, spectrograms, pitch tracks and transcriptions. It can read and write a number of transcription file formats used in industrial speech research including TIMIT . WaveSurfer is free software , distributed under a permissive free software licence . [ 1 ] Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;File_size;Megabyte;List_of_software_categories;Digital_audio_editor;Software_license;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;IRIX;Digital_audio_editor;Free_software;Gnome_Wave_Cleaner;Jokosher;LMMS;MusE;Qtractor;ReZound;Rosegarden;Traverso_DAW;Proprietary_software;Ableton_Live;ACID_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;AudioDesk;AudioMulch;BIAS_Peak;Cakewalk_Sonar;Digital_Performer;FL_Studio;FL_Studio_Mobile;Steinberg_Cubase;Steinberg_Nuendo;GarageBand;GoldWave;KRISTAL_Audio_Engine;Logic_Pro;MAGIX_Samplitude;MAGIX_Sequoia;Mixcraft;MU.LAB;Orion_Platinum;Zynewave_Podium;PreSonus_Studio_One;Pro_Tools;REAPER;Renoise;Sony_Vegas;Sound_Forge;Sound_Studio;Sound_Tools;SoundDroid;Tracktion;WaveLab;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;WaveSurfer;WaveSurfer; Way_to_Normal Way to Normal is a 2008 studio album by Ben Folds . It was released on 30 September 2008 in the United States and on 29 September 2008 in the United Kingdom . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The album is Folds' highest-charting debut ever in the US, reaching #11 on the Billboard 200 in its first week of release. [ 15 ] A music video for "You Don't Know Me" was directed by Eric Wareheim , featuring Eric himself and his comedy partner Tim Heidecker . In 2009, Folds re-released the album in less compressed audio quality as Stems Seeds , adding various bonus tracks and providing " stems " for fans to create their own remixes. Ben_Folds;Japan;Australia;European_Union;United_States;Canada;Record_label;Record_producer;Ben_Folds;Entertainment_Weekly;Rolling_Stone;Ben_Folds;United_States;United_Kingdom;Rolling_Stone;Rolling_Stone;Ben_Folds;Way_to_Normal;Way_to_Normal; Weak_typing Inferred vs. Manifest Dynamic vs. Static Nominal vs. Structural Type_system;Computer_science;Type_system;Programming_language;Compiler;Weak_typing;Weak_typing; Weather_Channel The Weather Channel ( TWC ) is an American cable and satellite television network that, since May 2, 1982, broadcasts weather forecasts and weather-related news, along with entertainment programming related to weather such as Storm Stories , 24 hours a day. In addition to its programming on the cable channel , TWC also provides forecasts for terrestrial and satellite radio stations, newspapers, and websites, and maintains an extensive online presence at weather.com . Content from The Weather Channel is available for purchase from the NBCUniversal Archives . The Weather Channel debuted its high-definition simulcast on September 26, 2007. It has its headquarters in the Cumberland area of metro Atlanta, Georgia , in unincorporated Cobb County near the intersection of Interstates 75 and 285 . NBCUniversal;HDTV;Puerto_Rico;NBC;CNBC;IPTV;Internet_television;IPTV;NBC_Universal;Puerto_Rico;USA_Today;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Short_message_service;HDTV;NBC_Universal;NBCUniversal;CNN;CNBC;Spanish_language;NBCUniversal;Universal_Studios;Universal_Studios;NBC;CNBC;CNBC;NBC;Hulu;NBCNews.com;Universal_Music_Group;Paramount_Pictures;The_Walt_Disney_Company;Nielsen_Company;Deutsche_Telekom;CNN;Delta_Air_Lines; WebFetch WebFetch is a set of Perl 5 modules written by Ian Kluft from 1998 through 2009 that provides a framework for retrieving information feeds from the Web, or posting a feed on a web site. It is intended to be run on a Unix or Linux server automatically, such as from cron . The current version 0.13 was released September 20, 2009. It is Open Source software , licensed under the GNU General Public License . [ 1 ] WebFetch can collect various types of inputs via plugin modules and send or store them to various outputs also via plugin modules. Inputs include RSS , Atom , local news feed files, and perl data structures. Outputs include perl data structures, the Template Toolkit and pages in TWiki systems. [ 1 ] Before there were RSS and Atom aggregation, WebFetch started with modules to retrieve news in ad-hoc feed formats of various web sites, including Slashdot . [ 2 ] WebFetch is available from the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network . [ 1 ] The following Perl modules are included with it. WebFetch::Input::Atom - Atom feed reader WebFetch::Input::PerlStruct - Perl structure input WebFetch::Input::RSS - RSS feed reader WebFetch::Input::SiteNews - local "site news" file reader WebFetch::Output::Dump - perl structure dump output WebFetch::Output::TT - Template Toolkit output WebFetch::Output::TWiki - TWiki page output The following Perl modules were based on ad-hoc news formats from before RSS, and in some cases web scraping . They used to be provided with WebFetch in the past, but were deprecated and removed. [ 3 ] WebFetch::CNNsearch WebFetch::DebianNews WebFetch::Freshmeat WebFetch::LinuxDevNet WebFetch::LinuxTelephony WebFetch::LinuxToday WebFetch::32BitsOnline Unix;Linux;Open_source_software;Slashdot;CPAN;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;WebFetch;WebFetch; WebGUI Open_source;Perl;Website;Web_application;Source_code;Internet_forum;SQL;Blog;News_aggregator;Database;Operating_System;Perl;Perl;Compiler;Executable;Graphical_user_interface;Web_browser;WebGUI;WebGUI; WebKit WebKit is a layout engine designed to allow web browsers to render web pages . WebKit underlies the Apple Safari and Google Chrome browsers. As of July 2012 it has the most market share of any layout engine at over 40% of the browser market share according to StatCounter . It is also used as the basis for the experimental browser included with the Amazon Kindle ebook reader, as well as the default browser in the iOS , Android , BlackBerry Tablet OS and webOS mobile operating systems. The WebKit engine provides a set of classes to display web content in windows, and implements browser features such as following links when clicked by the user, managing a back-forward list, and managing a history of pages recently visited. WebKit's HTML and JavaScript code originally began as a fork of the KHTML and KJS libraries from KDE , [ 2 ] and has now been further developed by individuals from KDE, Apple Inc. , Nokia , Google , Bitstream , RIM , Samsung , Igalia , and others. [ 3 ] Mac OS X , Windows , GNU / Linux , and some other Unix-like operating systems are supported by the project. [ 4 ] WebKit's WebCore and JavaScriptCore components are available under the GNU Lesser General Public License , and the rest of WebKit is available under a BSD-form license. [ 5 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Google;Palm_Inc.;Samsung;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Web_browser;Google_Chrome;Amazon_Kindle;IOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;WebOS;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Google;Samsung;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;Operating_system;HTML;Macworld_Expo;Steve_Jobs;Mac_OS_X;Ars_Technica;Weblog;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Bertrand_Serlet;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Compiler;IOS;Microsoft_Entourage;Shiira;Google_Chrome;Maxthon;OmniWeb;ICab;WebOS;Google_Chrome;IOS;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Palm_Pre;Amazon_Kindle;Microsoft_Windows;Nokia;Samsung;SVG;Application_programming_interface;Compiler;ICab;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WidSets;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;Xgrid;XNU;Classic_Environment;JavaScript;JavaScript;WebKit;WebKit; WebM WebM is an audio-video format designed to provide royalty-free , open video compression for use with HTML5 video . The project's development is sponsored by Google Inc . A WebM file consists of VP8 video and Vorbis audio streams, in a container based on a profile of Matroska . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The project releases WebM related software under a BSD license and all users are granted a worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free patent license. Despite this, some in the industry have called upon Google to provide indemnification against patent suits. [ 5 ] Filename_extension;Matroska;Google;Media_container;Vorbis;Matroska;Video_compression;Google;Vorbis;Matroska;Mozilla_Firefox;Google_Chrome;QuickTime;Adobe_Systems;VLC_media_player;Winamp;MPlayer;FFmpeg;Multiplexing;Matroska;LiVES;FFmpeg;Broadcom;Nvidia;YouTube;Skype;Logitech;Free_Software_Foundation;Theora;WebP;YouTube;Ars_Technica;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;WebM; WebOS Open webOS , formerly HP webOS or simply webOS, is a mobile operating system based on a Linux kernel , initially developed by Palm , which was later acquired by Hewlett-Packard . [ 2 ] The official name is webOS , uncapitalised, [ 3 ] but WebOS is also used. [ note 1 ] Palm launched webOS in January 2009. Various versions of webOS have been featured on several devices, including Pre , Pixi , and Veer phones and the HP TouchPad tablet. After the HP Touchpad's firesale, HP planed to make WebOS open source. It was then named Open WebOS to indicate that it's now open source. In the June update of the Open WebOS blog, WebOS released WebOS Community Edition also known as WebOS CE. It allowed people to modify the HP TouchPad to make it better and then use that knowledge to apply on Open WebOS. After WebOS Community Edition was released it was stated that Open WebOS will not be supporting existing WebOS devices therefore WebOS Community Edition would be the current WebOS's open source package where people can still keep WebOS alive by fixing bugs,security patches, and many more things. It was also stated that WebOS Community Edition will be available through Preware Installation. Software_developer;Linux;Software_release_life_cycle;ARM_architecture;User_interface;Software_license;Open_source;Mobile_operating_system;Palm_Pre;Palm_OS;Palm_Pre;Sprint_Nextel;Tablet_computer;Microsoft_Windows;Palm_Pre;Touchscreen;Cloud_computing;Application_software;Palm_OS;Ogg_Vorbis;FLAC;Graphical_user_interface;Linux_distribution;Software_development_kit;JavaScript;CSS;WebOS;Agilent_Technologies;CNN;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;Palm_Treo;WebOS;Palm_Pre;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;Windows_Phone;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_phone;GSM;Mobile_operating_system;Mobile_security;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Mobile_instant_messaging;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Push_email;Text_messaging;Ringtone;SMS_language;Mobile_device;Comparison_of_smartphones;Camera_phone;Smartphone;List_of_mobile_network_operators;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Linux;Linux_distribution;Free_Software_Foundation;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;WebOS;Open_webOS;Open_webOS; WebObjects WebObjects is a Java web application server from Apple Inc. , and a web application framework that ran on the server. It was available at no additional cost. Its hallmark features were its object-orientation , database connectivity, and prototyping tools. Applications created with WebObjects could be deployed as web sites, Java Web Start desktop applications, and/or standards-based web services . WebObjects was created by NeXT Software, Inc. , first publicly demonstrated at the Object World conference in 1995 and released to the public in March 1996. The time and cost benefits of rapid, object-oriented development attracted major corporations to WebObjects in the early days of e-commerce , with clients including Disney , Dell Computer , BBC News , Merrill Lynch , Motorola , DreamWorks SKG , GE Capital , and Fannie Mae . However, following NeXT 's merger into Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects' public profile has languished in the marketplace. With many early adopters having since switched to alternative technologies, Apple remains the biggest client for WebObjects, relying on it to power its online Apple Store , MobileMe online services, and the iTunes Store — WebObjects' highest-profile implementation to date. The deployment runtime is pure Java, and Apple allows users to deploy WebObjects applications on any platform which supports Java. One can use the included WebObjects Java SE application server or deploy on third-party Java EE application servers such as JBoss , Apache Tomcat , WebLogic Server or IBM WebSphere . WebObjects was cut as a default install from Apple's Snow Leopard Server operating system. Shortly after this move, Apple ceased promoting or selling WebObjects. As of 2011, WebObjects is actively supported by its developer community, the "WebObjects Community Association". The organization last held a developer conference as recently as 2011. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;NeXT;The_Walt_Disney_Company;BBC_News;Motorola;NeXT;Apple_Inc.;MobileMe;ITunes_Store;Mac_OS_X;Xcode;Xcode;HTML;XML;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;SQL;Mac_OS_X;Linux;NeXT;Apple_Inc.;XML;Mac_OS_X;Xcode;Mac_OS_X;Xcode;Xcode;Mac_OS_X;Xcode;Core_Data;HTML;HTML;Microsoft;Sourceforge;Revision_control;JavaScript;Perl;WebGUI;Drupal;JavaScript;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;Xsan;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;NeXT;Steve_Jobs;Interface_Builder;United_States_dollar;Fiscal_year;WebObjects;WebObjects; WebP WebP (pronounced "weppy" ) [ 5 ] [ 6 ] is an image format that employs both lossy [ 7 ] and lossless compression. It is developed by Google , based on technology acquired with the purchase of On2 Technologies . [ 8 ] As a derivative of the video format VP8 , it is a sister project to the multimedia container format WebM . [ 9 ] WebP related software is released under a BSD license . The format was first announced in 2010 and is supposed to be a new open standard for lossily-compressed true-color graphics on the web, thereby being presented as a direct competitor to the older JPEG scheme, to which it is meant to compare favorably with the production of smaller files for comparable image quality. [ 10 ] On October 3, 2011 they announced WebP support for animation, ICC profile , XMP metadata and tiling (compositing very large images from max. 16384×16384 tiles). [ 11 ] On November 18, 2011 they introduced lossless compression and support for transparency ( alpha channel ) in both the lossless and lossy modes. According to Google's measurements, a PNG to WebP conversion results in a 45% reduction in file size when starting with PNGs found on the web, and a 28% reduction in size compared to PNGs that are re-compressed with pngcrush and PNGOUT . [ 12 ] Filename_extension;Google;Lossy_compression;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Lossy_compression;Google;WebM;JPEG;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Metadata;Free_software;Google_Chrome;WebM;Adobe_Flash;Picasa;Adobe_Photoshop;GIMP;Web_application;WebM;JPEG_XR;Portable_Network_Graphics;ZDNet;Ars_Technica;Microsoft;The_Register;San_Francisco;GitHub;IDG;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;WebP;WebP; Web_application A web application is an application that is accessed over a network such as the Internet or an intranet . [ 1 ] The term may also mean a computer software application that is coded in a browser-supported language (such as JavaScript , combined with a browser-rendered markup language like HTML ) and reliant on a common web browser to render the application executable . Web applications are popular due to the ubiquity of web browsers, and the convenience of using a web browser as a client , sometimes called a thin client . The ability to update and maintain web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially thousands of client computers is a key reason for their popularity, as is the inherent support for cross-platform compatibility. Common web applications include webmail , online retail sales, online auctions , wikis and many other functions. Google;Open_source;Application_software;Internet;Intranet;JavaScript;HTML;Executable;Thin_client;User_interface;Personal_computer;Technical_support;HTML;JavaScript;JavaScript;Adobe_Flash;JavaScript;XML;JavaScript;Adobe_Flash;Perl;Cloud_computing;Open_source_software;MediaWiki;Video_editing;Open_source;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Jonathan_Zittrain;Facebook;Google_Apps;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Web_service;Web_widget;Sun_Microsystems;Open_Directory_Project;Web_application;Web_application; Web_based_simulation Web-based simulation (WBS) is the invocation of computer simulation services over the World Wide Web , specifically through a web browser . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Increasingly, the web is being looked upon as an environment for providing modeling and simulation applications, and as such, is an emerging area of investigation within the simulation community. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Web_browser;Mobile_operating_system;Video_game_console;Graphical_user_interface;JavaScript;Cloud_computing;MATLAB;VisSim;Digital_object_identifier; Web_browser A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web . An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page , image, video, or other piece of content. [ 1 ] Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet . Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems . The major web browsers are Firefox , Chrome , Internet Explorer , Opera , and Safari . [ 2 ] Software_application;Application_software;Internet;Google_Chrome;Internet_Explorer;Microsoft;Internet_Explorer;Microsoft_Windows;NeXT;Mobile_phone;Embedded_system;Open_source;Google_Chrome;Uniform_Resource_Locator;HTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;XML;Adobe_Flash;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Explorer;News_aggregator;XHTML;Mashable;CNN;Microsoft;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;Web_browser;Web_browser; Web_browsing A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web . An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page , image, video, or other piece of content. [ 1 ] Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet . Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems . The major web browsers are Firefox , Chrome , Internet Explorer , Opera , and Safari . [ 2 ] Software_application;Application_software;Internet;Google_Chrome;Internet_Explorer;Microsoft;Internet_Explorer;Microsoft_Windows;NeXT;Mobile_phone;Embedded_system;Open_source;Google_Chrome;Uniform_Resource_Locator;HTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;XML;Adobe_Flash;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Explorer;News_aggregator;XHTML;Mashable;CNN;Microsoft;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;XHTML;JavaScript;MathML;GUI_widget;XML;Desktop_computer;Avant_Browser;Camino;Kazehakase;SeaMonkey;WebKit;Avant_Browser;Google_Chrome;ICab;Maxthon;OmniWeb;Shiira;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Maxthon;Internet_Explorer;WebKit;NetFront;Video_game_console;WebKit;Google_TV;NetFront;MSN_TV;Web_browser;Web_browser; Web_chat A web chat is a system that allows users to communicate in real time using easily accessible web interfaces. It is a type of internet online chat distinguished by its simplicity and accessibility to users who do not wish to take the time to install and learn to use specialized chat software. This trait allows users instantaneous access and only a web browser is required to chat. Users will always get the latest version of a chat service because no software installation or updates are required. Web_browser;HTML;Adobe_Flash;Open_Directory_Project;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Voice_over_IP;Blog;Web_chat;Web_chat; Web_service A Web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over the Web ( Internet ). The W3C defines a "Web service" as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network ". It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically Web Services Description Language, known by the acronym WSDL ). Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards." [ 1 ] The W3C also states, "We can identify two major classes of Web services, REST -compliant Web services, in which the primary purpose of the service is to manipulate XML representations of Web resources using a uniform set of " stateless " operations; and arbitrary Web services, in which the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations." [ 2 ] Internet;XML;XML;.NET_Framework;Software_development_kit;Open_source;Web_service;Web_service; Web_widget In computing , a web widget is a software widget for the web. It's a small application that can be installed and executed within a web page by an end user. They are derived from the idea of code reuse . Other terms used to describe web widgets include: [ citation needed ] portlet , web part , gadget, badge, module, webjit, capsule, snippet, mini and flake. Widgets are typically created in DHTML , JavaScript , or Adobe Flash . Widgets often take the form of on-screen device (clocks, event countdowns, auction-tickers, stock market tickers, flight arrival information, daily weather etc.). GUI_widget;Software_widget;JavaScript;Adobe_Flash;JavaScript;Flash_Video;HTML;CSS;API;Facebook;Widget_engine;Mobile_device;Web_widget;Web_widget; Webcam A webcam is a video camera that feeds its images in real time to a computer or computer network , often via USB , ethernet , or Wi-Fi . Their most popular use is the establishment of video links , permitting computers to act as videophones or videoconference stations . The common use as a video camera for the World Wide Web gave the webcam its name. Other popular uses include security surveillance, computer vision , video broadcasting, and for recording social videos . Webcams are known for their low manufacturing cost and flexibility, [ 1 ] making them the lowest cost form of videotelephony . They have also become a source of security and privacy issues, as some built-in webcams can be remotely activated via spyware . Video_camera;Computer;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;Videophone;Video_conferencing;Video_camera;Logitech;Apple_Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Videoconferencing;Laptop;Video_camera;Videophone;Videoconferencing;Instant_messaging;AOL_Instant_Messenger;VoIP;Skype;Personal_computer;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;Logitech;Digital_photography;Windows;Photo_Booth;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Flash;Microphone;Fixed_focus;Fixed_focus;Video_Graphics_Array;Frame_rate;Quarter_VGA;Universal_Serial_Bus;JPEG;Camera_phone;Integrated_circuit;Microphone;Videoconferencing;USB_video_device_class;Windows_XP;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Computer;ISight;IP_address;MacBook;Videoconferencing;Videoconferencing;Videophone;Video_codec;Videophone;Sorenson_codec;Mobile_phone;Video;Sound_recording_and_reproduction;YouTube;Video_camera;Videoconferencing;Videophone;TIME;BBC_News;USA_Today;USA_Today;Digital_object_identifier;The_New_York_Times;PC_Magazine;Gawker;The_Register;New_York_Times;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog;Computer;Image_scanner;Microphone;Touchpad;Touchscreen;Removable_media;Floppy_disk;Central_processing_unit;Hard_disk_drive;Ethernet;Universal_Serial_Bus;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Webcam;Webcam; Webdav Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning ( WebDAV ) is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) that facilitates collaboration between users in editing and managing documents and files stored on World Wide Web servers. A working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) defines WebDAV in RFC 4918 . The WebDAV protocol makes the Web a readable and writable medium. [ 1 ] It provides a framework for users to create, change and move documents on a server; typically a web server or web share. The most important features of the WebDAV protocol include the maintenance of properties about an author or modification date, namespace management, collections, and overwrite protection. Maintenance of properties includes such things as the creation, removal, and querying of file information. Namespace management deals with the ability to copy and move web pages within a server’s namespace. Collections deals with the creation, removal, and listing of various resources. Lastly, overwrite protection handles aspects related to locking of files. The WebDAV working group concluded its work in March 2007, after the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) accepted an incremental update to RFC 2518 . Other extensions left unfinished at that time, such as the BIND method , have been finished by their individual authors, independent of the formal working group. As of 2011 [update] , many modern operating systems provide built-in support for WebDAV. Operating_system;Data_storage_device;Web_browser;Revision_control;XML;Mac_OS_X;IDisk;MobileMe;Windows_Explorer;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Server_Message_Block;Microsoft_Windows;XML;API;Instant_messaging;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Rsync;Presence_information;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Apple_Filing_Protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Skype;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;ITunes_Store;JavaScript;Windows_Live_Messenger;Skype;Spotify;Server_Message_Block;Winamp;Xfire; Weblog A blog (a portmanteau of the term web log ) [ 1 ] is a discussion or information site published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete entries ("posts") typically displayed in reverse chronological order so the most recent post appears first. Until 2009 blogs were usually the work of a single individual, occasionally of a small group, and often were themed on a single subject. More recently "multi-author blogs" (MABs) have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors and professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, interest groups and similar institutions account for an increasing proportion of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other " microblogging " systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into societal newstreams. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog . The emergence and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web publishing tools that facilitated the posting of content by non-technical users. (Previously, a knowledge of such technologies as HTML and FTP had been required to publish content on the Web.) Although not a must, most good quality blogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via GUI widgets on the blogs, and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites. [ 2 ] In that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking . Indeed, bloggers do not only produce content to post on their blogs but also build social relations with their readers and other bloggers. [ 3 ] Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries ; yet still others function more as online brand advertising of a particular individual or company. In education blogs can be used as instructional resources. These blogs are referred to as an Edublog . A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages , and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art ( art blogs ), photographs ( photoblogs ), videos ( video blogs or "vlogs"), music ( MP3 blogs ), and audio ( podcasts ). Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts. As of 16 February 2011 ( 2011 -02-16 ) [update] , there were over 156 million public blogs in existence. [ 4 ] HTML;FTP;GUI_widget;Podcast;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Website;Google;Engadget;Genre;Mobile_device;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Bloglines;Malaysia;Delta_Air_Lines;Google;IBM;Singapore;BBC_News;Internet_forum;CNET;The_New_York_Times;The_Guardian;Wired_Magazine;USA_Today;The_Washington_Post;CNN;Digital_object_identifier;BBC_News;The_Guardian;CNN;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;RSS;RSS_enclosure;Geotagging;Streaming_media;Video_podcast;Instant_messaging;Broadcatching;News_aggregator;Social_network_service;Email;Electronic_mailing_list;Internet_forum;Instant_messaging;Internet_Relay_Chat;Videoconferencing;Voice_over_IP;Web_chat;Blog;Blog; Website A website , also written as Web site , [ 1 ] web site , or simply site , [ 2 ] is a set of related web pages containing content such as text , images , video , audio , etc. A website is hosted on at least one web server , accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet address known as a Uniform Resource Locator . All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web . A webpage is a document , typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML , XHTML ). A webpage may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors . Webpages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption ( HTTP Secure , HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the webpage content. The user's application, often a web browser , renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal . The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator (URL) called the web address . The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of the site which generally includes a home page with most of the links to the site's web content , and a supplementary about, contact and link page . Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription websites include many business sites, parts of news websites, academic journal websites, gaming websites, file-sharing websites, message boards , web-based email , social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock market data, and websites providing various other services (e.g., websites offering storing and/or sharing of images, files and so forth). Video;Sound;Internet;Local_area_network;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Plain_text;HTML;XHTML;Web_browser;Internet_forum;Email;Social_networking;Software;Computer;Microsoft;TextEdit;IWeb;Perl;Database;XML;RSS;Adobe_Flash;JavaScript;Webcam;Reuters;The_Washington_Post;Google;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Internet_Archive;Internet_Archive;Blog;Celebrity;Celebrity;Facebook;About.com;Internet_forum;Flickr;YouTube;Facebook;CNN;Credit_card;Intranet;Bing;Web_application;Facebook;Yahoo;Celebrity;Cisco_Systems;Website;Website; Websites A website , also written as Web site , [ 1 ] web site , or simply site , [ 2 ] is a set of related web pages containing content such as text , images , video , audio , etc. A website is hosted on at least one web server , accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet address known as a Uniform Resource Locator . All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web . A webpage is a document , typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML , XHTML ). A webpage may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors . Webpages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption ( HTTP Secure , HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the webpage content. The user's application, often a web browser , renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal . The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator (URL) called the web address . The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of the site which generally includes a home page with most of the links to the site's web content , and a supplementary about, contact and link page . Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription websites include many business sites, parts of news websites, academic journal websites, gaming websites, file-sharing websites, message boards , web-based email , social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock market data, and websites providing various other services (e.g., websites offering storing and/or sharing of images, files and so forth). Video;Sound;Internet;Local_area_network;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Plain_text;HTML;XHTML;Web_browser;Internet_forum;Email;Social_networking;Software;Computer;Microsoft;TextEdit;IWeb;Perl;Database;XML;RSS;Adobe_Flash;JavaScript;Webcam;Reuters;The_Washington_Post;Google;Apple_Inc.;Microsoft;Internet_Archive;Internet_Archive;Blog;Celebrity;Celebrity;Facebook;About.com;Internet_forum;Flickr;YouTube;Facebook;CNN;Credit_card;Intranet;Bing;Web_application;Facebook;Yahoo;Celebrity;Cisco_Systems;Website;Website; West_Yorkshire_Police West Yorkshire Police Logo of the West Yorkshire Police. In the Public Service West Yorkshire Constabulary Bradford City Police £396.0 million [ 1 ] Governmental: Government agency Jurisdictional structure Operations jurisdiction * Police area of West Yorkshire in the country of England , UK Map of West Yorkshire Police's jurisdiction. West Yorkshire Police Authority Constituting instrument Local civilian police Operational structure 6,225 (of which 403 are Special Constables ) [ 1 ] Police Community Support Officers Sir Norman Bettison , Chief Constable www.westyorkshire.police.uk * Police area agency: Prescribed geographic area in the country, over which the agency has usual operational jurisdiction. West Yorkshire Police is the territorial police force responsible for policing West Yorkshire in England. It is the fourth largest force in England and Wales by number of officers, with 5671 officers. West Yorkshire Police Authority contains 9 councillors, and 8 independent members. The councillors are appointed by the five borough councils in the area – Bradford , Calderdale , Kirklees , Leeds and Wakefield . United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;West_Yorkshire_Police;West_Yorkshire_Police; Western_Digital_Media_Center The Media Center, branded by Western Digital , is a 7,200- rpm hard drive (either 160 GB or 250GB), combined with a reader of CompactFlash Type I and II, Microdrive , Memory Stick , Memory Stick Pro, MultiMediaCard , Secure Digital , and SmartMedia media. It can use either FireWire or USB to interface with a personal computer (Farrance, 2004). Although branded as a Media Center this product is not a traditional media center and is nothing but a storage device and cannot actually play any media to a TV or Monitor. It must be plugged into a computer using the appropriate software to play any media. Hard_drive;Gigabyte;Microdrive;Secure_Digital;FireWire;USB;Personal_computer;Home_theater_PC;Seagate_Technology;Roku;Western_Digital_Media_Center;Western_Digital_Media_Center; Western_Infirmary Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary;Western_Infirmary;Western_Infirmary; WhatsApp IOS;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;BlackBerry_OS;IOS;Windows_Phone;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Proprietary_software;Instant_messaging;Smartphone;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Windows_Phone;Financial_Times;Skype;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Mobile_security;Free_software;EBuddy;Google_Talk;BlackBerry_Messenger;BlackBerry_OS;IMessage;IOS;Meebo;Google_Play;Google;BlackBerry_App_World;Research_In_Motion;Microsoft;Vox_Media;Financial_Times;CNET;Macworld;Financial_Times;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;WhatsApp;WhatsApp; White_Room " White Room " is a psychedelic rock song by British supergroup Cream , [ 1 ] written by bassist Jack Bruce and poet Pete Brown . It originally appeared on the US release of their double album , Wheels of Fire , by Atco Records in July 1968 and was released as a single in September 1968 (see 1968 in music ), on the same label. The single reached the top 30 in 7 countries, including Australia , where it topped the Go-Set National Top 40 singles chart. [ 2 ] The song was edited for the single release on AM Radio stations , although album-oriented FM Radio stations would play the full album version. Record_label;Songwriter;Record_producer;United_States;Australia;Record_producer;Viola;Ringo_Starr;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Rovi_Corporation;The_Beatles;George_Harrison;White_Room;White_Room; White_label White label records are vinyl records with adhesive plain white labels affixed. Test pressings, usually with Test Pressing written on the label, with catalogue number, artist and recording time or date, are produced in small quantities (usually under 5 copies) to evaluate the quality of the disc production. Plain white label promos were produced in larger quantities by bigger record labels, often containing a biography of the band, to distribute as demonstration discs ("demos") to music distributors, and radio stations in order to assess consumer opinion. Today, white labels are usually produced in small amounts (fewer than 300) by small record companies or DJs and are most popular with house music and hip-hop DJs. In the early 1990s, hardcore techno/house artists created tracks in home or local studios and had 500 or a few thousand singles pressed on 12" white labels, which were easy to sell at dance music record stores. [ 1 ] Steve Beckett of Warp Records recalls that "shops would take fifty white labels off you for five pounds each, no problem. Dance music was all imports, then people in Britain started doing it for themselves, and their tracks started to get better than the tunes in America." [ 1 ] Record labels like Warp and Shut Up and Dance were begun as white-label enterprises, providing cutting-edge dance music to pirate radio stations and music stores. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In the US, the traditional term "White Label Promo" (often abbreviated as WLP) refers to a promotional pressing with a label that has mostly the same text and label logo/artwork as the commercial label, but with a white background instead of the color or artwork found on the commercial pressings. Today, white labels are commonly used to promote new artists or upcoming albums by veteran artists. In some cases white labels are issued to conceal artist identities (examples of this include songs by Traci Lords and LaToya Jackson , whose record companies issued white labels so that DJs would have no pre-conceived notions about the music just by seeing who the artist was). Many dance music producers press copies of white labels in order to test crowd response in dance clubs to their own musical productions. White labels can be found at most music stores that carry vinyl. House_music;Hip_hop_music;Dance_music;Record_producer;Bootleg_recording;International_Standard_Book_Number;White_label;White_label; WiFi Wi-Fi ( / ˈ w aɪ f aɪ / , also spelled Wifi or WiFi ) is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves ) over a computer network , including high-speed Internet connections. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any " wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ' (IEEE) 802.11 standards". [ 1 ] However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN". A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video game console, smartphone , tablet , or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point . Such an access point (or hotspot ) has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square miles — this is achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. "Wi-Fi" is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance and the brand name for products using the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. Only Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully may use the "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED" designation and trademark. Wi-Fi has had a checkered security history. Its earliest encryption system, WEP , proved easy to break. Much higher quality protocols, WPA and WPA2, were added later. However, an optional feature added in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), has a flaw that allows a remote attacker to recover the router's WPA or WPA2 password in a few hours on most implementations. [ 2 ] Some manufacturers have recommended turning off the WPS feature. The Wi-Fi Alliance has since updated its test plan and certification program to ensure all newly-certified devices resist brute-force AP PIN attacks. Smartphone;Tablet_computer;Backward_compatibility;Wireless;Local_area_network;Cellular_network;IOS;IPhone;Handheld_game_console;Digital_camera;Local_area_network;Mobile_phone;Bluetooth;Local_area_network;IPTV;Encryption;Graphical_user_interface;Embedded_system;Conventional_PCI;Wireless;Czech_Republic;Bluetooth;Universal_Serial_Bus;Local_area_network;Universal_Serial_Bus;ExpressCard;PC_Card;AirPort;AirPort_Utility;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Cellular_network;Ethernet;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Wardriving;Zero_configuration_networking;Website;CNET;Bloomberg_Businessweek;International_Standard_Book_Number;Ethernet;Bluetooth;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network; WiMP WiMP (Wireless Music Player) is a Norwegian proprietary music streaming service that allows instant listening to specific tracks or albums, with virtually no buffering delay. Music can be browsed by artist, by album or by created playlists as well as by direct searches. The service is made by the Norwegian company Aspiro in co-operation with the music store Platekompaniet and the telecommunications company Telenor [ 1 ] . Music in WiMP is streamed using the HE-AAC file format in a bitrate of 64 kbit/s or the AAC file format in a bitrate of 256 kbit/s if the high quality streaming option is selected. Software_design;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Linux_distribution;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;German_language;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Last.fm;Online_music_store;Last.fm;Spotify;Comparison_of_online_music_stores;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;WiMP;WiMP; WidSets WidSets is a mobile runtime technology, and a mobile service powered by the said technology, based on the Java MIDP 2.0 platform , from the Finnish mobile company Nokia . It is both a widget engine and a widget deployment service where mini-applications called widgets can be uploaded to WidSets servers to be compiled and then automatically deployed to MIDP 2.0 compliant mobile phones running the WidSets client software. The widgets are created using Extensible Markup Language (XML), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and Helium scripting language . [ 1 ] Widsets is a combined application and service that is similar to what a widget does on a desktop PC, on a wide variety of mobile phones. WidSets are micro-applications intended to perform a single function. WidSets, like widgets , generally rely on some kind of web service to provide information to the user. WidSets was officially launched in October 2006. It worked on all Java MIDP 2.0 phones, including non-Nokia ones, and was regarded as a mobile counterpart to Netvibes . [ 2 ] The current version as of May 2008 [update] is version 2.0.0 for both the client and the SDK. The Register asked Nokia about the status of WidSets in June 2009, and was told that WidSets was part of Ovi . Further inquiries, however, lead to Nokia admitting that WidSets is no longer developed. [ 3 ] Example widgets include currency converters, news headlines retrievers and weather forecast information. Mobile_Information_Device_Profile;Nokia;Widget_engine;Cascading_Style_Sheets;GUI_widget;Netvibes;The_Register;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Software_widget;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;WidSets; Widescreen Paramount_Pictures;IMAX;PAL;NTSC;Belgium;Netherlands;Austria;Germany;UK;HDTV;DVD;Toshiba;IMac;Laptop;Laptop;Photograph;IMAX;Film;IMAX;Widescreen;Widescreen; Widget_engine A software widget is a generic type of software application comprising portable code intended for one or more different software platforms . The term often implies that either the application, user interface, or both, are light, meaning relatively simple and easy to use, as exemplified by a desk accessory or applet , as opposed to a more complete software package such as a spreadsheet or word processor. Software_application;GUI_widget;Graphical_user_interface;Web_widget;HTML;Facebook;Application_programming_interface;Software_developer;XML;JavaScript;Source_code;Web_widget;GUI_widget;Apple_Macintosh;Windows_Vista;Adesklets;Screenlets;Linux;Web_widget;The_Washington_Post;Desk_Accessory;GUI_widget;Widget_engine;Comparison_of_widget_engines;Web_widget;Adesklets;AveDesk;DesktopX;GDesklets;Kapsules;Klipfolio_Dashboard;Microsoft_Gadgets;NetFront;Netvibes;KDE_Plasma_Workspaces;Screenlets;Samurize;SuperKaramba;WebKit;WidSets;Software_widget;Software_widget; Wii_Shop_Channel The Wii Shop Channel is an online shop for the Wii video game console that allows users to download Virtual Console and WiiWare games, and new channels. Downloading may require redeeming Wii Points . The channel launched with Wii on November 19, 2006. Available software is currently organized into three sections: Virtual Console, WiiWare, and Wii Channels. Computing_platform;Website;Japan;Video_on_demand;Netflix;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;PlayStation_Store;Netflix;Hulu;BBC_iPlayer;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Wii_Shop_Channel; Wikisource Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki , operated by the Wikimedia Foundation . Its aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, it has expanded to become a general-content library. The project officially began in November 24, 2003 under the name Project Sourceberg . The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later. The project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration . The project holds works that are either in the public domain or freely licenced ; professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products ; and are verifiable. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of other digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofReadPage extension, which ensures the reliability and accuracy of the project's texts. Some Wikisources now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource hosts other media, from comics to film to audio books. The only original works allowed on Wikisource are translations and annotations. Slogan;Project_Gutenberg;Image_processing;Portable_Document_Format;DjVu;List_of_digital_library_projects;German_language;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Newsweek;International_Standard_Book_Number;Wikisource;Wikisource; WildTangent WildTangent is a Redmond, Washington based [ 1 ] game network, privately held in the United States that powers game services for several PC manufacturers including HP, Dell, Toshiba, Gateway, Samsung, Acer and Sony VAIO. Collectively, WildTangent’s owned and operated service reaches over 20 million monthly gamers in the United States and Europe with a catalog of more than 1000 games from nearly 100 developers. The company recently announced its upcoming Android games service launching at the end of 2011. It also announced its launch partner is T-Mobile. The company also manages the advertising sales for a group of gaming properties including Mochi Media , Sony Online Entertainment 's Free Realms , PopCap , PlayFirst ,as well as Artix’s AdventureQuest , DragonFable and MechQuest properties. The company owns a patent portfolio covering in-game advertising and game delivery technologies and operates advertising campaigns for more than 50 US brands. WildTangent makes money through a combination of online sales, subscription, advertising and micro-transactions using a proprietary micro-currency called WildCoins. Video_game;United_States;Personal_computer;Europe;Bejeweled;PC_Magazine;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;WildTangent;WildTangent; WinAce WinAce is an archiving program for Windows with its own " ACE " compressed archive format and built-in support for other common archive formats types such as ZIP , RAR and CAB . They also offer a freeware (but not free software ) command-line decompression (including listing and testing) program called Unace for Mac OS X and Linux . WinAce peaked in popularity around 2000, but since fallen in popularity to WinRAR and Windows' built-in Zip functionality [ citation needed ] . Beginning with version 2.65, WinAce is bundled with the WhenU adware program. This bundle has been removed from the current version (2.69) and has been replaced with an opt-in sponsorship deal via TrialPay. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Freeware;Free_software;Mac_OS_X;Linux;WinRAR;DOS;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;WinAce;WinAce; WinDVD Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Personal_computer;Hard_disk_drive;Codec;DivX;Xvid;Windows_Media_Video;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Digital_rights_management;MPEG_transport_stream;Xvid;DivX;QuickTime;RealMedia;RealVideo;WAV;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Linear_pulse_code_modulation;Dolby_Digital;Dolby_Digital;RealMedia;RealAudio;Progressive_scan;Closed_captioning;DivX;Surround_sound;Headphones;Database;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;WinDVD;WinDVD; WinRAR WinRAR is a shareware file archiver and data compression utility developed by Eugene Roshal and distributed by Ron Dwight , first released in autumn of 1993. [ 3 ] It is one of the few applications that is able to create RAR archives natively, because the encoding method is held to be proprietary . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Graphical_user_interface;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Commercial_software;Proprietary_software;Shareware;Shareware;Data_compression;Proprietary_software;ARJ;Gzip;Executable;Encryption;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Central_processing_unit;Windows_Vista;Windows_NT;Comparison_of_file_archivers;KGB_Archiver;WinZip;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;WinRAR;WinRAR; WinZip WinZip is a proprietary file archiver and compressor for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X , developed by WinZip Computing (formerly Nico Mak Computing). By default, WinZip creates archives in the ZIP file format but also has various levels of support for other archive formats . WinZip has a 45-day free evaluation period. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Shareware;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Graphical_user_interface;PKZIP;Executable;Windows_XP;ARJ;Advanced_Encryption_Standard;Encryption;WavPack;JPEG;WavPack;Windows_Vista;JPEG;OpenCL;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Google_Play;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Kibibyte;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;WinZip;WinZip; Winamp Winamp is a media player for Windows -based PCs and Android devices, written by Nullsoft , now a subsidiary of AOL . It is proprietary freeware / shareware , multi-format, extensible with plug-ins and skins , and is noted for its graphical sound visualization, playlist, and media library features. Winamp was developed by Justin Frankel , Dmitry Boldyrev, and Shiva Ayyadurai and its popularity grew quickly, along with the developing trend of MP3 file sharing . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Macintosh;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft_Windows;Personal_computer;AOL;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Shareware;File_sharing;MIDI;Advanced_Audio_Coding;FLAC;WAV;Windows_Media_Audio;Ogg_Vorbis;Gapless_playback;Ripping;DirectShow;Windows_Media_Player;Surround_sound;Metadata;Gracenote;RSS;Feed_aggregator;Streaming_media;Podcast;Portable_media_player;USB_mass_storage_device_class;ActiveSync;IPod;Blog;Xbox;Software_development_kit;Music_visualization;Portable_media_player;Graphical_user_interface;Genre;IPod;XMMS;Linux;Unix;Microsoft_Windows;Software;Microsoft_Windows;Injunction;International_Organization_for_Standardization;AOL;Playlist;Backward_compatibility;Application_software;Linux;IPod;List_of_media_players;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;List_of_feed_aggregators;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;List_of_audio_conversion_software;CNET;CNET;AOL;Time_Warner;Google_Book_Search;AOL;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNET;International_Standard_Book_Number;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;AOL;Engadget;TechCrunch;AOL_Instant_Messenger;The_Huffington_Post;TechCrunch;AOL_Explorer;Winamp;Winamp; Windows Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). [ 2 ] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7 ; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2 ; the most recent mobile version is Windows Phone 7.5 . Software_developer;Microsoft;C_Programming_Language;Assembly_language;Windows_NT;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;DOS;User_interface;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Graphical_user_interface;Operating_system;Microsoft;Graphical_user_interface;Personal_computer;Mac_OS;Mobile_operating_system;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Apple_Lisa;Macintosh;Assembly_language;Plug_and_play;System_Restore;Windows_ME;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Home_theater_PC;Windows_Vista;Windows_NT;Personal_computer;PowerPC;Intel;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;Windows_Phone;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Internet_Explorer;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Linux;AOL;Mac_OS_X;PowerPC;Macintosh;Mac_OS_X;Wintel;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;Microsoft;EWeek;DOS;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;Operating_system;Microsoft;Windows_NT;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;Operating_system;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;Operating_system;DOS;Linux;Mac_OS;Unix;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows; Windows_DVD_Maker Windows DVD Maker is an application included in Windows Vista Home Premium and Ultimate and Windows 7 Home Premium, Professional, and Ultimate that is designed to enable the creation of DVD movies that can be played using DVD playback software or on a standalone consumer DVD player . It is comparable to iDVD for OS X . Other applications can pass XML files to Windows DVD Maker, thus using its MPEG-2 video and Dolby Digital audio encoding abilities for their own purposes. The application is not included in Windows 8 . [ citation needed ] Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;Windows_Movie_Maker;Windows_Vista;DVD;IDVD;OS_X;XML;Dolby_Digital;User_interface;Windows_Movie_Maker;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;Windows_DVD_Maker;Windows_DVD_Maker; Windows_Explorer This article is about the Windows file system browser. For the similarly named web browser, see Internet Explorer . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (December 2007) A component of Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows 95 onwards File Manager following Windows 3.1x Windows Explorer is a file manager application and also a navigation tool that is included with releases of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95 onwards. It provides a graphical user interface for accessing the file systems . It is also the component of the operating system that presents many user interface items on the monitor such as the taskbar and desktop . Controlling the computer is possible without Windows Explorer running (for example, the File | Run command in Task Manager on NT-derived versions of Windows will function without it, as will commands typed in a command prompt window). Located in the C:\Windows directory, it is sometimes referred to as the Windows shell , explorer.exe , or simply “Explorer”. Internet_Explorer;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Graphical_user_interface;Internet_Explorer;Filename_extension;Microsoft;Uniform_Resource_Locator;ActiveX;Windows_XP;Virtual_folder;MIDI;ActiveX;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Exif;Metadata;Windows_Vista;Internet_Explorer;Metadata;Component_Object_Model;Metadata;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mobile_phone;Digital_camera;Revision_control;Component_Object_Model;.NET_Framework;.NET_Framework;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;DOS;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS;Windows_Explorer;Windows_Explorer; Windows_Live_Mail Windows Live Mail (formerly named Windows Live Mail Desktop , code-named Elroy [ 1 ] ) is a free of charge email client from Microsoft 's Windows Live set of products. It is the successor to Outlook Express on Windows XP and Windows Mail on Windows Vista . The application is available for download via the Windows Live Essentials suite. Windows_Vista;Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Email_client;Software_license;Freeware;Email_client;Microsoft;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Emoticon;Windows_Vista;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Zimbra;Freeware;Opera_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Movie_Maker;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Windows_Live_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail; Windows_Live_Messenger Windows Live Messenger (formerly named MSN Messenger ) is an instant messaging client created by Microsoft that is currently designed to work with Windows XP (up to Wave 3), Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows Mobile , Windows Phone , Windows CE , Xbox 360 , Blackberry OS , iOS , Java ME , S60 on Symbian OS 9.x, and Zune HD . [ 1 ] The client has been part of Microsoft's Windows Live set of online services since 2005. It connects to Microsoft's Messenger service . The client was first released as MSN Messenger on July 22, 1999, [ 2 ] and as Windows Live Messenger on December 13, 2005. [ 3 ] In June 2009, Microsoft reported the service attracted over 330 million active users each month. [ 4 ] Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;Symbian_OS;BlackBerry_OS;Mac_OS_X;Computing_platform;Java_ME;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;Java_ME;Symbian_OS;Windows_Live_Photo_Gallery;Windows_Live_Photo_Gallery;Google;QWERTY;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;Proxy_server;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Encryption;Mac_OS_X;Instant_messaging;Microsoft;Adium;AMSN;Windows_Messenger;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Microsoft;America_Online;AOL_Instant_Messenger;VOIP;Windows_XP;Windows_ME;Windows_XP;Windows_Messenger;User_interface;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Vista;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;ICQ;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;BlackBerry;Zune;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;ZDNet;Gizmodo;Microsoft;Microsoft;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Xfire;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Messenger;Windows_Live_Mail;Windows_Movie_Maker;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Live_Messenger; Windows_Live_Movie_Maker Windows Movie Maker (formerly known as Windows Live Movie Maker , codenamed Sundance , for Windows 7) is a video editing software that is a part of Microsoft 's Windows Essentials software suite. Windows Movie Maker offers the ability to create and edit videos and then publish them to SkyDrive , Facebook , YouTube , and Flickr free of charge. Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Freeware;Video_editing_software;Microsoft;Facebook;YouTube;Flickr;Windows_XP;DVD;Windows_Media_Center;HDV;Camcorder;VCR;Webcam;Windows_Vista;Windows_Live_Photo_Gallery;Webcam;Vimeo;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;Windows_Live_Mail;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Windows_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker; Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience Windows Live Personalized Experience (also known as My.Live.com , previously Live.com ) was a customizable portal launched by Microsoft in early November 2005. It was one of the first Windows Live services to launch. Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;List_of_software_categories;Microsoft_Gadgets;IGoogle;Pageflakes;Windows_Live_Mail;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Movie_Maker;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience; Windows_Live_Photo_Gallery Windows Photo Gallery (formerly known as Windows Live Photo Gallery for Windows 7 users) is a photo editing software that is a part of Microsoft 's Windows Essentials software suite. Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Photo_editing_software;Microsoft;Flickr;Facebook;Metadata;Adobe_Systems;Geotagging;Windows_Vista;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Microsoft;Geotagging;Vimeo;Windows_Live_Mail;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Movie_Maker;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table; Windows_ME Windows Millennium Edition , or Windows Me (pronounced as an abbreviation, "M-E"), is a graphical operating system released on September 14, 2000 by Microsoft , [ 3 ] and was the last operating system released in the Windows 9x series. Support for Windows Me ended on July 11, 2006. [ 2 ] Windows Me was the successor to Windows 98 and was targeted specifically at home PC users. [ 3 ] It included Internet Explorer 5.5 , Windows Media Player 7, and the new Windows Movie Maker software, which provided basic video editing and was designed to be easy to use for home users. Microsoft also updated the graphical user interface, shell features, and Windows Explorer in Windows Me with some of those first introduced in Windows 2000 , which had been released as a business-oriented operating system seven months earlier. Windows Me could be upgraded to Internet Explorer 6 SP1 (but not to SP2 (SV1) or Internet Explorer 7 ), Outlook Express 6 SP1 and Windows Media Player 9 Series. Microsoft .NET Framework up to and including version 2.0 is supported, however versions 2.0 SP1, 3.x, and greater are not. Office XP was the last version of Microsoft Office to be compatible with Windows Me. Windows Me is a continuation of the Windows 9x model, but with restricted access to real mode MS-DOS in order to speed up system boot time. [ 4 ] This was one of the most unpopular changes in Windows Me, because applications that needed real mode DOS to run, such as older disk utilities, did not run under Windows Me (although the system could be booted into real mode DOS using a bootable Windows Me floppy disk). Compared with other releases of Windows, Windows Me had a short shelf-life of just over a year; it was soon replaced by the Windows NT -based Windows XP , which was launched on October 25, 2001. Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Software_license;Windows_XP;Operating_system;Microsoft;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Movie_Maker;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Application_programming_interface;Digital_camera;Image_scanner;DirectShow;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Movie_Maker;DirectShow;Windows_Media_Player;DirectX;FireWire;System_Restore;System_Restore;System_Restore;Virtual_keyboard;Accessibility;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Windows_NT;International_Standard_Book_Number;Microsoft;EWeek;Windows_XP;Microsoft_Windows;DOS;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone; Windows_Marketplace Windows Marketplace [ 1 ] , was a Microsoft platform for the delivery of software electronically that worked with Windows Marketplace and was secured by use of Windows Live ID. The digital locker platform was composed of four major components: Windows Marketplace catalog Multi merchant download cart Digital Locker Assistant (a client side application that facilitates the download of purchased applications) For consumers, the digital locker and Windows Marketplace could be used for purchasing and downloading third party software titles compatible with Microsoft Windows , and then using that purchased software on any computer the software license allows. For software developers, the digital locker and Windows Marketplace could be a cost-effective channel for the distribution of their software titles. A Windows Vista Ultimate Extra , called Secure Online Key Backup allowed backing up EFS recovery certificates, as well as the BitLocker recovery password in the Digital Locker. [ 2 ] Windows Marketplace was only available for residents of the USA and some other countries. Microsoft;Software;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft_Store;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Marketplace; Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile Windows_Marketplace;Software_developer;Microsoft;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Digital_distribution;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft;Web_browser;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;ActiveSync;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft_Outlook;Windows_Phone_Store;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;HTC_TyTN;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Phone_Store;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile; Windows_Media_Audio Windows Media Audio ( WMA ) is an audio data compression technology developed by Microsoft . The name can be used to refer to its audio file format or its audio codecs . It is a proprietary technology that forms part of the Windows Media framework. WMA consists of four distinct codecs. The original WMA codec, known simply as WMA , was conceived as a competitor to the popular MP3 and RealAudio codecs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] WMA Pro , a newer and more advanced codec, supports multichannel and high resolution audio. [ 3 ] A lossless codec, WMA Lossless , compresses audio data without loss of audio fidelity (the regular WMA format is lossy). [ 3 ] WMA Voice , targeted at voice content, applies compression using a range of low bit rates . [ 3 ] Filename_extension;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Microsoft;Microsoft;Audio_file_format;Proprietary_software;RealAudio;Surround_sound;Lossless_data_compression;RealNetworks;Windows_Media_Player;Advanced_Systems_Format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Proprietary_software;Digital_video;Audio_normalization;Digital_rights_management;Windows_Media_DRM;Variable_bit_rate;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Vorbis;Nokia;Vorbis;Motorola;Rockbox;Windows_Media_Player;Shorten;FLAC;Apple_Lossless;WavPack;Open_source_software;Operating_system;Best_Buy;Speex;Internet_radio;LAME;Musepack;Nero_Digital;VLC_media_player;Media_Player_Classic;MPlayer;RealPlayer;Winamp;Windows_Media_DRM;FFmpeg;Linux;Rockbox;Macintosh;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X;QuickTime;Windows_Movie_Maker;Microsoft_Expression_Encoder;GOM_Player;RealPlayer;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_Audition;Adobe_Soundbooth;Windows_Media_Encoder;Open_source;VLC_media_player;Windows_Media_DRM;Napster;Roku;Codec;Windows_Media_Video;JPEG_XR;Windows_Media_DRM;Surround_sound;MPlayer;FFmpeg;Lossless_data_compression;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Audio; Windows_Media_Center Windows Media Center is a digital video recorder and media player developed by Microsoft . It is an application that allows users to view and record live television, as well as organize and play music and videos. The application is included in various versions of Windows XP Media Center Edition , Windows Vista Home Premium and Ultimate and all editions of Windows 7 except for Starter and Home Basic. It will also be available for Windows 8 Pro. Media Center can play slideshows , videos and music from local hard drives , optical drives and network locations. Users can stream television programs and films through selected services such as Netflix . Content can be played back on computer monitors or on television sets through the use of devices called Windows Media Center Extenders . It is possible to watch and pause live TV with support for up to four TV tuners or two dual-tuner cards (a maximum of two tuners outside of the United States ). These TV tuner cards can support TV broadcasts in Standard Definition as well as high definition video through DVB-T and ATSC standards. These standards are unencrypted broadcast television. It is possible to view encrypted private network television stations that are not broadcast over the air with internal and external tuner options that support the insertion of a CableCard provided by the Cable TV company. Many brands of tuner cards allow connection of traditional TV antennas to the RF connector on a PCI or PCIe expansion card that is installed within the PC with Windows Media Center functionality. Microsoft_Windows;Digital_video_recorder;Windows_Vista;DirectShow;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_XP;Digital_video_recorder;Microsoft;Application_software;Windows_Vista;Digital_photography;Hard_drive;Television_program;Film;Netflix;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;United_States;Conventional_PCI;Windows_XP;User_interface;Aspect_ratio;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Television;Portable_media_player;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;Remote_control;Film;Smartphone;Windows_Media_Player;Zune;Windows_Media_Encoder;Windows_Media_Video;API;API;.NET_Framework;XML;Internet_Explorer;JavaScript;XBMC;MediaPortal;Home_theater_PC;ZDNet;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Center; Windows_Media_Center_Extender Windows Media Center Extenders (officially "Extender for Windows Media Center" ) are devices that are configured to connect via a Network link to a computer running Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition , Windows Vista Home Premium/Ultimate or Windows 7 Home Premium or higher to stream the computer's media center functions to the Extender device. This allows someone to be able to use the Media Center and its features (such as view photos, videos, listen to music, watch live television and use DVR functions, watch recorded TV, etc.) on their television or other display device. The advantage with these devices is that the household's primary computer (hosting Media Center) can be physically set up in a location more appropriate for its role, instead of being in the living room. Additionally, with an Extender, the Media Center can be accessed at the same time by several users. The Xbox 360 gaming console is a very popular example of a Media Center Extender and is presently the only extender still in production. Windows_Media_Center;Digital_video_recorder;Linux;Windows_Media_Center;Codec;DivX;Xvid;Windows_Media_Video;HDTV;HDMI;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Media_Center;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;XBMC;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;Windows_Media_Center_Extender; Windows_Media_Components_for_QuickTime Windows Media Components for QuickTime , also known as Flip4Mac WMV Player by Telestream, Inc. is one of the few commercial products that allow playback of Microsoft 's proprietary audio and video codecs inside QuickTime for Mac OS X . It allows playback of: Windows Media Video 7, 8, 9, SD and HD Windows Media Audio 7, 8, 9, Professional and Lossless It also includes a web browser plug-in to allow playback of embedded Windows Media files in web pages. With the components installed, any QuickTime-compatible application is able to directly play WMV content. This includes the official QuickTime Player by Apple as well as countless third party players. WMV Player also allows Windows media files to be associated to QuickTime Player. On 2006-01-12, Microsoft discontinued support for Windows Media Player for Mac OS X and began distributing a free version of WMV Player as Windows Media Components for QuickTime on their website [1] . Preference_Pane;Software_developer;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Multimedia_framework;Microsoft;QuickTime;Mac_OS_X;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Player;Universal_Binary;Perian;VLC_media_player;Open_source;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Windows_Media_Components_for_QuickTime;Windows_Media_Components_for_QuickTime; Windows_Media_DRM Digital_Rights_Management;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft_Windows;SourceForge;Codec;Shareware;Windows_Media_DRM;Windows_Media_DRM; Windows_Media_Encoder Windows Media Encoder is a freely downloadable media encoder developed by Microsoft which enables content developers to convert or capture both live and prerecorded audio, video, and computer screen images to Windows Media formats for live and on-demand delivery. It is the successor of NetShow Encoder . [ 1 ] As of October 2010, it is still available for download, but cannot be found in the Microsoft download search index: it has been replaced by a free version of Microsoft Expression Encoder . The Media 8 Encoding Utility is still listed. The latest version, Windows Media Encoder 9 Series, can encode video using Windows Media Video version 7, 8 or 9. Audio encoding uses a number of Windows Media Audio version 9.2 or version 10 (if the version 10 codecs are installed) profiles and a Windows Media Audio 9 Voice speech codec . Content can also be created as uncompressed audio or video. It is available in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Windows Media Encoder 9 Series enables two-pass encoding to optimize quality for on-demand ( streamed or download-and-play) content. It also supports variable bitrate (VBR) encoding for download-and-play scenarios. True VBR can be applied over the entire duration of a high-motion sequence, ensuring the highest quality. This version also enables scripted encoding with the wmcmd.vbs VBScript file allowing content developers to encode large numbers of prerecorded media files. Bundled with the program are the applications Windows Media File Editor, Windows Media Profile Editor, and Windows Media Stream Editor. The GUI encoder application is actually a "wrapper" of the encoder itself. Developers can write their own applications using Visual Studio to perform the same functions found in the application. These applications can be used to automate audio and video production. An SDK is also available. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Freeware;Multimedia;Codec;Microsoft;Video_on_demand;Microsoft_Expression_Encoder;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Audio;Streaming_media;Variable_bitrate;Codec;Visual_Studio;Microsoft_Expression_Encoder;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Movie_Maker;Microsoft_Expression_Encoder;Windows_Media_Encoder;Windows_Media_Encoder; Windows_Media_Player Windows Media Player (abbreviated WMP ) is a media player and media library application developed by Microsoft that is used for playing audio , video and viewing images on personal computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system , as well as on Pocket PC and Windows Mobile -based devices. Editions of Windows Media Player were also released for Mac OS , Mac OS X and Solaris but development of these has since been discontinued. In addition to being a media player, Windows Media Player includes the ability to rip music from and copy music to compact discs, burn recordable discs in Audio CD format or as data discs with playlists such as an MP3 CD , synchronize content with a digital audio player (MP3 player) or other mobile devices, and enable users to purchase or rent music from a number of online music stores . Windows Media Player replaced an earlier application called Media Player , adding features beyond simple video or audio playback. Windows Media Player 11 is available for Windows XP and included in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 . The default file formats are Windows Media Video (WMV), Windows Media Audio (WMA), and Advanced Systems Format (ASF), and its own XML based playlist format called Windows Playlist ( WPL ). The player is also able to utilize a digital rights management service in the form of Windows Media DRM . Windows Media Player 12 is the most recent version of Windows Media Player. It was released on July 22, 2009 [ 3 ] along with Windows 7 and has not been released for previous versions of Windows. [ 4 ] Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Media_Center;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Ripping;Online_music_store;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Audio;Advanced_Systems_Format;XML;Digital_rights_management;Windows_Media_DRM;Video_for_Windows;Digital_video;Audio_Video_Interleave;Indeo;DirectShow;DirectShow;Advanced_Audio_Coding;QuickTime_File_Format;AVCHD;.mts;Advanced_Systems_Format;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Video;Compact_Disc;Variable_bitrate;WAV;Windows_Media_DRM;WAV;Windows_Explorer;ITunes;ActiveX;Internet_Explorer;Microsoft;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Zune;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X;ITunes;QuickTime;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Windows_Media_Video;Apple_Computer;QuickTime;European_Commission;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;List_of_media_players;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Windows_Media_Encoder;Microsoft;Microsoft;CNET;CNET;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;Freeware;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Adobe_Media_Player;CrystalPlayer;Dell_MediaDirect;GOM_Player;JetAudio;Macromedia_Shockwave;MadCat_Media_Browser;Media_Go;Media_Player_Classic;MediaMonkey;Mpxplay;MusicBee;MusikCube;InterActual_Player;QuickTime;Quintessential_Player;QuuxPlayer;Style_Jukebox;Winamp;Linux;Baudline;Beep_Media_Player;Cmus;Exaile;Gnome_Music_Player_Client;JuK;Kaffeine;LinuxMCE;Muine;Music_Player_Daemon;Music_on_Console;Ogle_DVD_Player;Rhythmbox;Xine;XMMS;Boxee;DivX_Player;Ffplay;ITunes;MPlayer;QuickTime;RealPlayer;VLC_media_player;XBMC;Zinf;Commercial_software;Bundled_software;Microsoft_Windows;Connect_Player;PowerDVD;SonicStage;WinDVD;Windows_Media_Center;Mac_OS_X;CenterStage;Pocket_Tunes;CoreAVC;The_Core_Pocket_Media_Player;DoubleTwist;RealPlayer;Tunewiki;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Media_Player; Windows_Media_Video Windows Media Video ( WMV ) is a video compression format for several proprietary codecs developed by Microsoft . The original video format, known as WMV , was originally designed for Internet streaming applications, as a competitor to RealVideo . The other formats, such as WMV Screen and WMV Image , cater for specialized content. Through standardization from the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), [ 1 ] [ 2 ] WMV 9 has gained adoption for physical-delivery formats such as HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Filename_extension;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Microsoft;Data_compression;File_format;Proprietary_software;Microsoft;RealVideo;Advanced_Systems_Format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Windows_Media_Audio;Digital_rights_management;Matroska;Audio_Video_Interleave;Video_for_Windows;Codec;Audio_Video_Standard;RealVideo;Variable_bit_rate;MPEG_transport_stream;Lossless_data_compression;Slideshow;Frames_per_second;Windows_Media_Player;RealPlayer;MPlayer;Media_Player_Classic;Windows_Media_DRM;Linux;FFmpeg;Macintosh;PowerPC;Mac_OS_X;QuickTime;Linux;FFmpeg;MPlayer;Macintosh;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Movie_Maker;Windows_Media_Encoder;Microsoft_Expression_Encoder;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Adobe_After_Effects;Windows_Media_Encoder;Windows_Media_DRM;Digital_rights_management;Video_for_Windows;Codec;Windows_Media_DRM;Windows_Media_Audio;JPEG_XR;Windows_Movie_Maker;MPlayer;FFmpeg;Lossless_data_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Windows_Media_Video;Windows_Media_Video; Windows_Messenger Windows Messenger is a client by Microsoft that is included in the Windows XP operating system . Designed for use by corporate users as well as home users, it was originally created as a streamlined and integrated version of MSN Messenger . After its initial release in 2001, it was later upgraded in 2004, when it was made available for Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003 . Since then, development on Windows Messenger has stopped, with the exception of security updates. It has been superseded by Microsoft's similarly named but separate and newer client, Windows Live Messenger , for connections to the .NET Messenger Service , and by Microsoft Lync (formerly Microsoft Office Communicator) in corporate environments. The client is not related to the Windows NT Messenger service , which was designed for local area networks ( LAN ). Windows_Live_Messenger;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_XP;Windows_Live_Messenger;Microsoft;Windows_XP;Operating_system;Windows_Live_Messenger;Microsoft_Lync;Windows_NT;Local_area_network;Windows_XP;Instant_messaging;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Windows_Live_Messenger;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Microsoft_Outlook;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Live_Messenger;Microsoft_Lync;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Windows_Messenger;Windows_Messenger; Windows_Movie_Maker Windows Movie Maker (formerly known as Windows Live Movie Maker , codenamed Sundance , for Windows 7) is a video editing software that is a part of Microsoft 's Windows Essentials software suite. Windows Movie Maker offers the ability to create and edit videos and then publish them to SkyDrive , Facebook , YouTube , and Flickr free of charge. Software_developer;Microsoft;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;List_of_software_categories;Video_editing_software;Software_license;Freeware;Video_editing_software;Microsoft;Facebook;YouTube;Flickr;Windows_XP;DVD;Windows_Media_Center;HDV;Camcorder;VCR;Webcam;Windows_Vista;Windows_Live_Photo_Gallery;Webcam;Vimeo;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Store;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;Windows_Live_Mail;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;Video_editing_software;Comparison_of_video_editing_software;List_of_video_editing_software;Avidemux;Jahshaka;Cinelerra;Kdenlive;LiVES;OpenShot_Video_Editor;PiTiVi;VirtualDub;VirtualDubMod;Lightworks;VideoThang;Windows_Live_Movie_Maker;Adobe_Premiere_Elements;Adobe_Premiere_Pro;Avid_Free_DV;AVS_Video_Editor;EditDV;Edius;Final_Cut_Express;Final_Cut_Pro;FORscene;IMovie;Magix_Movie_Edit_Pro;MainActor;Media_Composer;Montage_Extreme;MoviePlus;Pinnacle_Studio;PowerDirector;Sony_Vegas_Pro;Sony_Vegas_Movie_Studio;Ulead_MediaStudio_Pro;VideoPad;Windows_Movie_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker; Windows_NT Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft , the first version of which was released in July 1993. It was a powerful high-level-language-based, processor-independent, multiprocessing, multiuser operating system with features comparable to Unix . It was intended to complement consumer versions of Windows that were based on MS-DOS . NT was the first fully 32-bit version of Windows, whereas its consumer-oriented counterparts, Windows 3.1x and Windows 9x , were 16-bit/32-bit hybrids. Windows 2000 , Windows XP , Windows Server 2003 , Windows Vista , Windows Home Server , Windows Server 2008 , Windows 7 , Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 are members of the Windows NT family, although they are not branded using the name "Windows NT". Software_developer;Microsoft;Assembly_language;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;PowerPC;ARM_architecture;User_interface;Windows_Explorer;Software_license;Software_license_agreement;Operating_system;Microsoft;Unix;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Intel;PowerPC;ARM_architecture;Application_programming_interface;Graphical_user_interface;File_Allocation_Table;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Application_programming_interface;Windows_Vista;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;ARM_architecture;Windows_Explorer;C_Programming_Language;PowerPC;Motorola;Power_Macintosh;Sun_Microsystems;SPARC;ARM_architecture;Xbox;Microsoft_Windows;Open_source;International_Standard_Book_Number;New_York_Times;International_Standard_Book_Number;Microsoft;Gizmodo;Microsoft_Windows;DOS;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;Windows_NT;Windows_NT; Windows_Phone Monolithic ( Windows CE ) (Windows Phone 7) Hybrid ( Windows NT ) (Windows Phone 8) Default user interface Graphical ( Metro-style ) Commercial proprietary software www.microsoft.com/windowsphone/ Windows Phone is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft , and is the successor to its Windows Mobile platform, [ 3 ] although incompatible with it. [ 4 ] Unlike its predecessor, it is primarily aimed at the consumer market rather than the enterprise market. [ 5 ] It was launched in the second half of 2010, with a release in Asia following in early 2011. [ 6 ] With Windows Phone, Microsoft created a new user interface, featuring its design language called Metro . Additionally, the software is integrated with third party services and Microsoft services, and sets minimum requirements for the hardware on which it runs. [ 7 ] Software_developer;North_America;Europe;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Windows_NT;User_interface;Graphical_user_interface;Software_license;Commercial_software;Proprietary_software;Mobile_operating_system;Microsoft;EWeek;Software_development_kit;WebOS;HTC_Corporation;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Nokia;Windows_NT;VoIP;Nokia;Samsung;User_interface;Social_network_service;Zune;Virtual_keyboard;Windows_Live_Messenger;Facebook;Text_messaging;Facebook;Microsoft_Outlook;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;Post_Office_Protocol;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Zune;Advanced_Audio_Coding;DivX;Xvid;JPEG;Video_game;Mac_OS_X;USB;Microsoft_Outlook;ActiveSync;Cloud_computing;Google;USB;Bluetooth_profile;Podcasts;Microsoft;Digital_rights_management;EMI;Warner_Music_Group;Sony_BMG;Universal_Music_Group;Paramount_Pictures;Universal_Studios;Silverlight;Microsoft_Windows;Microsoft;Samsung;ARM_architecture;GPU;Flash_memory;Accelerometer;Proximity_sensor;Assisted_GPS;Compass;Gyroscope;Engadget;Gizmodo;ZDNet;Gartner;Nielsen_Company;IOS;Mobile_operating_system;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Microsoft;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Engadget;AOL;Ars_Technica;Engadget;AOL;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;EWeek;Ziff_Davis;Microsoft;Engadget;AOL;PC_Magazine;Ziff_Davis;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Engadget;AOL;SlashGear;Microsoft;Microsoft;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;Engadget;AOL;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Ars_Technica;AOL;Engadget;AOL;Vox_Media;Vox_Media;Nokia;Gizmodo;Future_plc;Microsoft;Vox_Media;Microsoft;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;Engadget;AOL;Microsoft;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;Engadget;AOL;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;Ars_Technica;TechRadar;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;SlashGear;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;CNET;CBS_Interactive;Engadget;AOL;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Joshua_Topolsky;Engadget;AOL;Microsoft;Gizmodo;Gawker_Media;ZDNet;CBS_Interactive;IDG;Gartner;Gartner;Gartner;Gartner;Gartner;Nielsen_Company;Boy_Genius_Report;Nielsen_Company;Nielsen_Company;Nielsen_Company;Nielsen_Company;Microsoft;ActiveSync;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft_Outlook;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;HTC_TyTN;Dell;Toshiba;HTC_Corporation;Nokia;Nokia_Lumia;Samsung;Microsoft_Windows;DOS;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mobile_operating_system;Linux;WebOS;BlackBerry_Tablet_OS;IOS;BlackBerry_OS;Palm_OS;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Windows_Phone;Windows_Phone; Windows_Phone_Store Windows Phone Store (formerly [ citation needed ] named Windows Phone Marketplace ) is a service by Microsoft for its Windows Phone platform that allows users to browse and download applications that have been developed by third-parties. Like much of the new Windows Phone 7 " Metro UI ", the UI is presented in a " panoramic view" where the user can browse categories and titles, see featured items, and get details with ratings, reviews, screen shots, and pricing information. The Windows Phone Marketplace was launched along with Windows Phone 7 in Oct 2010 in some countries. It was reported on October 4, 2010 that the Windows Phone SDK has been downloaded over half a million times. [ 1 ] As of June 5, 2012, the Marketplace had more than 100,000 apps available. [ 2 ] With the rollout of Mango (Windows Phone 7.5) the online web Marketplace was unveiled by Microsoft, it offers various features like silent over the air installation of apps to the user's device. Software_design;Microsoft;Software_developer;Microsoft;Programming_language;Silverlight;Operating_system;Windows_Phone;Computing_platform;Windows_Phone;File_size;List_of_software_categories;Digital_distribution;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Microsoft;Windows_Phone;Mobile_apps;User_interface;Software_development_kit;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Podcasts;Application_software;The_Register;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;ActiveSync;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Microsoft_Outlook;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;HTC_TyTN;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Windows_Phone_Store; Windows_Store Windows Store is an upcoming digital distribution platform developed by Microsoft Corporation as part of Windows 8 for Metro style applications. [ 1 ] The Windows Store will also allow developers to advertise their desktop applications. It will support both free and paid applications, with the paid applications ranging from $1.49 to $999.99. Developers will also be able to offer free trials. The Windows Store was made available concurrently with the release of the Windows 8 Consumer Preview which was released on February 29, 2012. [ 2 ] Microsoft_Windows;Digital_distribution;Windows_Marketplace;Digital_distribution;Engadget;Component_Object_Model;ActiveX;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;.NET_Framework;Server_Message_Block;System_Restore;Windows_DVD_Maker;Internet_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center;Windows_Media_Player;Hard_link;File_Allocation_Table;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Windows_Store;Windows_Store; Windows_Vista Mainstream support: Ended on April 10, 2012. Extended support: Until April 11, 2017. [ 3 ] Development of Windows Vista Features new to Windows Vista Management features new to Windows Vista Security and safety features new to Windows Vista Technical features new to Windows Vista Windows Vista I/O technologies Windows Vista networking technologies Features removed from Windows Vista Windows Vista editions Windows Vista is an operating system released in several variations by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops , laptops, tablet PCs , and media center PCs. Prior to its announcement on July 22, 2005, Windows Vista was known by its codename "Longhorn". [ 4 ] Development was completed on November 8, 2006, and over the following three months, it was released in stages to computer hardware and software manufacturers, business customers and retail channels. On January 30, 2007, it was released worldwide [ 5 ] and was made available for purchase and download from Microsoft's website. [ 6 ] The release of Windows Vista came more than five years after the introduction of its predecessor, Windows XP , the longest time span between successive releases of Microsoft Windows desktop operating systems. It was succeeded by Windows 7 , which was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009 and released worldwide for retail on October 22, 2009. Windows Vista contained many changes and new features , including an updated graphical user interface and visual style dubbed Aero , a redesigned search function, multimedia tools including Windows DVD Maker , and redesigned networking, audio, print, and display sub-systems. Vista aimed to increase the level of communication between machines on a home network , using peer-to-peer technology to simplify sharing files and media between computers and devices. Windows Vista included version 3.0 of the .NET Framework , allowing software developers to write applications without traditional Windows APIs . Microsoft's primary stated objective with Windows Vista was to improve the state of security in the Windows operating system. [ 7 ] One common criticism of Windows XP and its predecessors was their commonly exploited security vulnerabilities and overall susceptibility to malware , viruses and buffer overflows . In light of this, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates announced in early 2002 a company-wide " Trustworthy Computing initiative," which aimed to incorporate security into every aspect of software development at the company. Microsoft stated that it prioritized improving the security of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 above finishing Windows Vista, thus delaying its completion. Even though Windows Vista's security flaws were fixed, hackers made an array of new viruses that bypassed its security features. [ 8 ] While these new features and security improvements have garnered positive reviews, Vista has also been the target of much criticism and negative press. Criticism of Windows Vista has targeted its high system requirements, its more restrictive licensing terms, the inclusion of a number of new digital rights management technologies aimed at restricting the copying of protected digital media, lack of compatibility with some pre-Vista hardware and software, and the number of authorization prompts for User Account Control . As a result of these and other issues, Windows Vista had seen initial adoption and satisfaction rates lower than Windows XP. [ 9 ] However, with an estimated 330 million Internet users as of January 2009, it had been announced that Vista usage had surpassed Microsoft’s pre-launch two-year-out expectations of achieving 200 million users. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] At the release of Windows 7 (October 2009), Windows Vista (with approximately 400 million Internet users) was the second most widely used operating system on the Internet with an approximately 19% market share, the most widely used being Windows XP with an approximately 63% market share. [ 12 ] As of May 2010, Windows Vista's market share had an estimated range from 15% to 26%. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] As of August 2012 [update] , Vista market share was 8.11%. [ 15 ] Microsoft_Windows;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Computing_platform;Windows_XP;Operating_system;Microsoft;Desktop_computer;Tablet_computer;Home_theater_PC;Windows_XP;Microsoft_Windows;Graphical_user_interface;Windows_DVD_Maker;.NET_Framework;Software_developer;Digital_rights_management;Windows_XP;Windows_XP;C_Programming_Language;Assembly_language;Windows_Explorer;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;Windows_DVD_Maker;Windows_Movie_Maker;Windows_Media_Center;Web_application;CPU;Windows_Media_Video;Central_processing_unit;Flash_memory;Graphics_processing_unit;Operating_system;Internet_Explorer;ActiveX;.NET_Framework;User_interface;Web_service;Tablet_computer;DirectX;ATI_Technologies;Windows_Messenger;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;FireWire;European_Union;Central_processing_unit;DirectX;DirectX;Hard_disk_drive;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Source_code;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;Google;Application_programming_interface;Windows_Media_Center;Gartner;Forrester_Research;GPU;Ars_Technica;Digital_rights_management;Open_source;Microsoft;EWeek;Engadget;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Creative_Technology;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;The_New_York_Times;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;DOS;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Windows_Phone;Windows_Vista;Windows_Vista; Windows_XP Windows XP is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers , including home and business desktops, laptops and media centers . First released to computer manufacturers on August 24, 2001, [ 4 ] it is the second most popular version of Windows , based on installed user base. [ 5 ] The name "XP" is short for "eXPerience", [ 6 ] highlighting the enhanced user experience . [ 7 ] Windows XP, the successor to Windows 2000 and Windows Me , was the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on the Windows NT kernel . Windows XP was released worldwide for retail sale on October 25, 2001, and over 400 million copies were in use in January 2006. [ 8 ] It was succeeded by Windows Vista in January 2007. Direct OEM and retail sales of Windows XP ceased on June 30, 2008. Microsoft continued to sell Windows XP through their System Builders (smaller OEMs who sell assembled computers) program until January 31, 2009. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] On April 10, 2012, Microsoft reaffirmed that extended support for Windows XP and Office 2003 would end on April 8, 2014 and suggested that administrators begin preparing to migrate to a newer OS. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The NT -based versions of Windows, which are programmed in C , C++ , and assembly , [ 14 ] are known for their improved stability and efficiency over the 9x versions of Microsoft Windows . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Windows XP presented a significantly redesigned graphical user interface , a change Microsoft promoted as more user-friendly than previous versions of Windows. A new software management facility called Side-by-Side Assembly was introduced to ameliorate the " DLL hell " that plagued 9x versions of Windows. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] It is also the first version of Windows to use product activation to combat illegal copying . During Windows XP's development, the project was codenamed "Whistler", after Whistler, British Columbia , as many Microsoft employees skied at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort. [ 19 ] According to web analytics data generated by W3Schools , from September 2003 to July 2011, Windows XP was the most widely used operating system for accessing the w3schools website, which they claim is consistent with statistics from other websites. As of July 2012 [update] , Windows XP market share is at 26.1% after having peaked at 76.1% in January 2007. [ 5 ] Microsoft_Windows;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Commercial_software;Computing_platform;Windows_Vista;Operating_system;Microsoft;Personal_computer;Home_theater_PC;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Vista;Windows_NT;C_Programming_Language;Assembly_language;Microsoft_Windows;Graphical_user_interface;Windows_bitmap;DirectX;Windows_Explorer;System_Restore;USB;Liquid_crystal_display;Internet;Bluetooth;FireWire;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Movie_Maker;Windows_Media_Encoder;Windows_Media_Center;Mac_OS;Unix;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Tablet_computer;Voice_over_IP;Thin_client;European_Commission;Windows_Media_Player;European_Union;Monopoly;Dell;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Messenger;DVD;Windows_Media_Player;.NET_Framework;Windows_Messenger;Universal_Serial_Bus;SATA;Hard_disk_drive;Sun_Microsystems;Windows_Media_Center;Hertz;Megabyte;Headphones;Headphones;Headphones;Netbook;Software_license_agreement;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;Microsoft;ComputerWorld;Microsoft;International_Standard_Book_Number;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;DOS;Windows_NT;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;Windows_XP;Windows_XP; Windows_bitmap The BMP file format , also known as bitmap image file or Device Independent Bitmap (DIB) file format or simply a bitmap , is a raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap digital images , independently of the display device (such as a graphics adapter), especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. The BMP file format is capable of storing 2D digital images of arbitrary width, height, and resolution, both monochrome and color, in various color depths , and optionally with data compression , alpha channels , and color profiles . Filename_extension;Type_code;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Raster_graphics;Raster_graphics;Display_device;Microsoft_Windows;Data_compression;Microsoft_Windows;Hexadecimal;JPEG;Portable_Network_Graphics;Windows_XP;Adobe_Photoshop;Adobe_Flash;GIMP;Google_Chrome;Portable_Network_Graphics;Graphical_user_interface;Lossless_data_compression;Truevision_TGA;International_Standard_Book_Number;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Raster_graphics;APNG;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;BMP_file_format;BMP_file_format; WinnowTag winnowTag is a web-based recommender system and news aggregator in which a person tags example items as belonging to a topic, thus training statistical text classification software to find more items on that same topic. [ 1 ] Released as a publicly available web application in September 2010 [ 2 ] by Mindloom, winnowTag uses Winnow content recommendation, a Naive Bayes text classifier evolved from SpamBayes . [ 3 ] Users of winnowTag create and share tags, and use the shared tags of others to find on-topic content in real time. Users can add feeds, import OPML feed lists, and publish feeds of items found by tags. winnowTag collects and retains items from the last three months of thousands of blog, news, and website Atom and RSS feeds . News_aggregator;Web_application;RSS;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;WinnowTag;WinnowTag; Wintek Wintek is a maker of electronic components, mainly touch screens for devices such as Apple 's iPhone . IPhone;Taiwan;Vietnam;Wintek;Wintek; Wintel Wintel is a portmanteau of Windows and Intel , referring to personal computers using Intel x86 compatible processors running Microsoft Windows. It is mostly used to describe the monopolistic actions undertaken by both companies when attempting to dominate the market. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Microsoft_Windows;Intel;Personal_computer;Monopoly;Apple_II;Apple_Computer;Macintosh;Micro_Channel_architecture;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Backward_compatibility;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VESA_Local_Bus;Hard_disk_drive;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Windows_NT;Microsoft_Windows;Netbook;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;Wintel;Wintel; Wire_frame_model A wire frame model is a visual presentation of a three dimensional or physical object used in 3D computer graphics . It is created by specifying each edge of the physical object where two mathematically continuous smooth surfaces meet, or by connecting an object's constituent vertices using straight lines or curves. The object is projected onto the computer screen by drawing lines at the location of each edge.The term wireframe comes from designers using metal wire to represent the 3 dimensional shape of solid objects.3D wireframe allows to construct and manipulate solids and solid surfaces.3D solid modeling technique efficiently draws high quality representation of solids than the conventional line drawing. Using a wire frame model allows visualization of the underlying design structure of a 3D model. Traditional 2-dimensional views and drawings can be created by appropriate rotation of the object and selection of hidden line removal via cutting planes. Since wireframe renderings are relatively simple and fast to calculate, they are often used in cases where a high screen frame rate is needed (for instance, when working with a particularly complex 3D model, or in real-time systems that model exterior phenomena). When greater graphical detail is desired, surface textures can be added automatically after completion of the initial rendering of the wireframe. This allows the designer to quickly review chansolids or rotate the object to new desired views without long delays associated with more realistic rendering . The wire frame format is also well suited and widely used in programming tool paths for DNC (Direct Numerical Control) machine tools. Wire frame models were used extensively in video games to represent 3D objects during the 1980s and early 1990s when properly filled 3D objects would have been too complex to calculate and draw with the computers of the time. Wireframe models are also used as the input for CAM( computer-aided manufacturing ). There are mainly three types of 3D CAD models. Wireframe is one of them and it is most abstract and least realistic. Other types of 3D CAD models are surface and solid. This method of modelling consists only lines,points and curves defining the edges of a object. Video_game; Wired_Magazine Wired is a full-color monthly American magazine and on-line periodical, published since January 1993, that reports on how new and developing technology affects culture, the economy, and politics. Owned by Condé Nast , it is headquartered in San Francisco , California . It now has four international editions: Wired UK , Wired Italia , Wired Japan and Wired Germany (since September 2011). In its earliest colophons Wired credited Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan as its " patron saint ." From the beginning, the strongest immediate influence on the magazine's editorial outlook came from the techno-utopian agenda of co-founder Stewart Brand and his long-time associate Kevin Kelly . [ 2 ] From 1998 to 2006, Wired magazine and Wired News (which publishes at Wired.com) had separate owners. However, throughout that time, Wired News remained responsible for reprinting Wired magazine's content online, due to a business agreement made when Condé Nast purchased the magazine (but not the website). In July 2006, Condé Nast announced an agreement to buy Wired News for $25 million, reuniting the magazine with its website. Wired is known for coining new terms, such as "the Long Tail " [ 3 ] and " crowdsourcing ". [ 4 ] It is also well known for its annual tradition of handing out Vaporware Awards which recognize "products, videogames and other nerdy tidbits pitched, promised and hyped, but never delivered". [ 5 ] English_language;San_Francisco;California;Wired_News;Rolling_Stone;Macworld;Singapore;Ziff_Davis;Apple_Inc.;Intel;Sony;Weblog;Open_source;CNET;San_Francisco;Steven_Levy;John_Markoff;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;Ars_Technica;The_Register;PC_Magazine;Popular_Mechanics;Popular_Science;Ars_Technica;Gizmodo;Lifehacker;Slashdot;TechCrunch;Engadget;Mashable;ReadWriteWeb; Wired_News Wired News is an online technology news website , formerly known as HotWired , that split off from Wired magazine when the magazine was purchased by Condé Nast Publishing in the 1990s. Wired News was owned by Lycos not long after the split, until Condé Nast purchased Wired News on July 11, 2006. Competition from sites like The Drudge Report and The Political Simpleton slightly decreased after the 2006 purchase, due to the increase in advertising revenue. Long separate, the site once again features content from the magazine. Wired_magazine;Website;Blog;Video_game;Ars_Technica;Wired_News;Wired_News; Wired_communication Wired Communication refers to the transmission of data over a wire -based communication technology . Examples include telephone networks , cable television or internet access , and fiber-optic communication . Also waveguide (electromagnetism) , used for high-power applications, is considered as wired line. Alternatively, communication technologies that don't rely on wires to transmit data are considered wireless . Wireless;Technical_standard;De_facto_standard;System_bus;Control_bus;Address_bus;Bus_contention;Plug_and_play;Unibus;VAXBI_Bus;STD_Bus;System_Management_Bus;Industry_Standard_Architecture;Amiga_Zorro_II;Amiga_Zorro_III;Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control;FASTBUS;Low_Pin_Count;HP_Precision_Bus;Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture;VMEbus;VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;VXS;NuBus;TURBOchannel;Micro_Channel_architecture;SBus;VESA_Local_Bus;Conventional_PCI;PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation;GSC_bus;CoreConnect;InfiniBand;Ultra_Port_Architecture;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;PCI_Express;Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect;HyperTransport;PC_Card;ExpressCard;Multidrop_bus;Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture;Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface;Storage_Module_Device;Parallel_ATA;Direct_memory_access;Serial_Storage_Architecture;HIPPI;Serial_ATA;ESATA;ESATAp;SCSI;Parallel_SCSI;Serial_attached_SCSI;Fibre_Channel;ISCSI;ATAoE;Apple_Desktop_Bus;HIL_bus;MIDI;Multibus;ACCESS.bus;Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus;Parallel_SCSI;Profibus;Universal_Serial_Bus;Fibre_Channel;Camera_Link;Wired_communication;Wired_communication; Wired_magazine English_language;San_Francisco;California;Wired_News;Rolling_Stone;Macworld;Singapore;Ziff_Davis;Apple_Inc.;Intel;Sony;Weblog;Open_source;CNET;San_Francisco;Steven_Levy;John_Markoff;The_Guardian;International_Standard_Book_Number;Ars_Technica;The_Register;PC_Magazine;Popular_Mechanics;Popular_Science;Ars_Technica;Gizmodo;Lifehacker;Slashdot;TechCrunch;Engadget;Mashable;ReadWriteWeb; Wireless Wireless telecommunications is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few metres for television remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometres for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios , cellular telephones , personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking . Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, Garage door openers or garage doors, wireless computer mice , keyboards and Headset (audio) , headphones , radio receivers , satellite television , broadcast television and cordless telephones . Television;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Global_Positioning_System;Global_Positioning_System;Bluetooth;Television;Infrared;Remote_control;Cellular_network;Infrared;Mobile_phone;Local_area_network;Internet;Ethernet;GSM;Code_division_multiple_access;General_Packet_Radio_Service;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;Bluetooth;Cellular_network;Remote_control;Wireless_sensor_network;Bluetooth;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Open_Directory_Project;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;Wireless;Wireless; Wireless_Application_Protocol Wireless Application Protocol ( WAP ) is a technical standard for accessing information over a mobile wireless network . A WAP browser is a web browser for mobile devices such as mobile phones (called "cellular phones" or "mobile phones") that uses the protocol. Before the introduction of WAP, mobile service providers had limited opportunities to offer interactive data services, but needed interactivity to support Internet and Web applications such as: Email by mobile phone Tracking of stock-market prices The Japanese i-mode system offers another major competing wireless data protocol. Technical_standard;Web_browser;Mobile_device;Mobile_phones;Internet;Email;GSM;CDMA;GPRS;XHTML;XHTML;Cascading_Style_Sheets;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;HTML;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Wireless_Application_Protocol; Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format (shortened to Wireless Bitmap and with file extension .wbmp ) is a monochrome graphics file format optimized for mobile computing devices. WBMP images are monochrome (black white) so that the image size is kept to a minimum. A black pixel is denoted by 0 and a white pixel is denoted by 1. For colored images, WAP supports the Portable Network Graphics format. [ 1 ] Filename_extension;Portable_Network_Graphics;Mozilla_Firefox;Multimedia_Messaging_Service;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Raster_graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;Cineon;Digital_Picture_Exchange;OpenEXR;FlashPix;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;Apple_Icon_Image_format;ILBM;JBIG;JPEG;JPEG_XR;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Portable_Network_Graphics;QuickTime_VR;Truevision_TGA;Tagged_Image_File_Format;WebP;Raw_image_format;DjVu;Portable_Document_Format;PICT;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format; Wireless_Distribution_System A wireless distribution system (WDS) is a system enabling the wireless interconnection of access points in an IEEE 802.11 network. It allows a wireless network to be expanded using multiple access points without the traditional requirement for a wired backbone to link them. The notable advantage of WDS over other solutions is it preserves the MAC addresses of client frames across links between access points. [ 1 ] An access point can be either a main, relay, or remote base station . A main base station is typically connected to the (wired) Ethernet . A relay base station relays data between remote base stations, wireless clients or other relay stations to either a main or another relay base station. A remote base station accepts connections from wireless clients and passes them on to relay stations or to main stations. Connections between "clients" are made using MAC addresses. All base stations in a wireless distribution system must be configured to use the same radio channel, method of encryption (none, WEP , or WPA ) and the same encryption keys. They may be configured to different service set identifiers . WDS also requires every base station to be configured to forward to others in the system. WDS may also be considered a repeater mode because it appears to bridge and accept wireless clients at the same time (unlike traditional bridging ). However, with this method, throughput is halved for all clients connected wirelessly. Ethernet; Wireless_sensor_network A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature , sound , pressure , etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The more modern networks are bi-directional, also enabling control of sensor activity. The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance; today such networks are used in many industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, and so on. The WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller , an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting . A sensor node might vary in size from that of a shoebox down to the size of a grain of dust, although functioning "motes" of genuine microscopic dimensions have yet to be created. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from a few to hundreds of dollars, depending on the complexity of the individual sensor nodes. Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth. The topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network . The propagation technique between the hops of the network can be routing or flooding. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In computer science and telecommunications , wireless sensor networks are an active research area with numerous workshops and conferences arranged each year. Sensor;Sound;Computer_science;Universal_Serial_Bus;Operating_system;Digital_object_identifier;LabVIEW;LinuxMCE;Wireless_sensor_network;Wireless_sensor_network; Wolfram_Alpha Wolfram Alpha (also styled WolframAlpha and Wolfram|Alpha ) is an answer engine developed by Wolfram Research . It is an online service that answers factual queries directly by computing the answer from structured data, rather than providing a list of documents or web pages that might contain the answer as a search engine might. [ 4 ] Wolfram Alpha is based on the computational platform Mathematica , written by British scientist Stephen Wolfram in 1988. [ 5 ] Wolfram Alpha was announced in March 2009 and subsequently released on 15 May 2009. [ 1 ] Wolfram_Research;Wolfram_Research;Mathematica;Knowledge_base;Mathematica;Nicaragua;Cyc;Bing;Question_answering;IOS;PC_Magazine;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Zairja;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Alpha; Wolfram_Research President, Stephen Wolfram International Strategic Director, Conrad Wolfram Mathematica , Wolfram Workbench , grid Mathematica , web Mathematica , Wolfram Alpha Wolfram Media Inc., Wolfram Research Europe Ltd. in the United Kingdom, Wolfram Research Asia Ltd. in Japan and Wolfram Research South America in Peru. Coordinates : 40°05′50″N 88°14′44″W  /  40.097128°N 88.245690°W  / 40.097128; -88.245690 Wolfram Research is a private company that makes computation software. The founder and CEO of Wolfram Research is Stephen Wolfram , scientist and author, who maintains close involvement with the development of Mathematica . The primary software product of Wolfram Research is the program Mathematica , an environment for technical computing, which has, as of November 2010, undergone an upgrade to version 8. Other products include Wolfram SystemModeler , Wolfram Workbench , Mathematica Link for Excel , [ 1 ] grid Mathematica , and web Mathematica . The company launched Wolfram Alpha , an answer engine on 16 May 2009. It brings a new approach to knowledge generation and acquisition that involves large amounts of curated computable data in addition to semantic indexing of text. [ 2 ] Wolfram Research served as the mathematical consultant for the CBS television series Numb3rs , a show about the mathematical aspects of crime-solving. [ 3 ] Wolfram Research acquired MathCore Engineering AB on March 30, 2011. [ 4 ] On July 21, 2011 Wolfram Research launched the Computable Document Format (CDF). CDF is an electronic document format [ 5 ] designed to allow easy authoring [ 6 ] of dynamically generated interactive content. Mathematica;Wolfram_Alpha;Mathematica;Wolfram_Alpha;CBS;The_Guardian;Wolfram_Research;Wolfram_Research; Wolfson_Microelectronics Wolfson Microelectronics plc ( LSE : WLF ) is a multinational microelectronics and fabless semiconductor company headquartered in Edinburgh , United Kingdom . It specialises in signal processing chips for the consumer electronics market and has engineering and sales offices throughout Asia-Pacific , Europe and the United States . Digital_signal_processing;United_Kingdom;United_Kingdom;Signal_processing;Integrated_circuit;Europe;United_States;Intel;Asia;Motorola;Nokia;Digital_audio_player;Zune;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPod_shuffle;IPod_classic;Sony;Microsoft;Xbox;Logitech;Smartphone;IPhone;IPod_Touch;LG;United_States_dollar;Wolfson_Microelectronics;Wolfson_Microelectronics; Woolworths_Limited Woolworths Limited is a major Australian company with extensive retail interest throughout Australia and New Zealand . It is the: largest retail company in Australia and New Zealand by market capitalisation and sales [ citation needed ] largest food retailer in Australia [ 1 ] and the second largest in New Zealand [ 2 ] largest takeaway liquor retailer in Australia [ 3 ] largest hotel and poker machine operator in Australia [ 3 ] 19th largest retailer in the world (may change from time to time) [ 4 ] Australia;Australia;New_Zealand;Australian_Dollar;Australian_Dollar;Australia;New_Zealand;Optus;IBM;Liquid_crystal_display;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;New_Zealand;Australia;Telstra;Telstra;Costco;Woolworths_Limited;Woolworths_Limited; Workaround A workaround is a bypass of a recognized problem in a system. A workaround is typically a temporary fix that implies that a genuine solution to the problem is needed. But workarounds are frequently as creative as true solutions, involving outside the box thinking in their creation. Typically they are considered brittle in that they will not respond well to further pressure from a system beyond the original design. In implementing a workaround it is important to flag the change so as to later implement a proper solution. Placing pressure on a workaround may result in later system failures. For example, in computer programming workarounds are often used to address a problem or anti-pattern in a library , such as an incorrect return value. When the library is changed, the workaround may break the overall program functionality, effectively becoming an anti-pattern, since it may expect the older, wrong behaviour from the library. Workarounds can also be a useful source of ideas for improvement of products or services. [ 1 ] Workaround;Workaround; Working_Man Heavy_metal_music;Record_label;Songwriter;Alex_Lifeson;Record_producer;Alex_Lifeson;ITunes_Store;Alex_Lifeson;The_Spirit_of_Radio;Rock_music;Working_Man;Working_Man; WorldScript Apple_Macintosh;OS_X;Microsoft_Word;Application_programming_interface;Mac_OS;Apple_Chooser;Drive_Setup;NuCalc;Keychain_Access;QuickTime;Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment;QuickTime;Network_Browser;Apple_Software_Update;System_Profiler;SimpleText;MacsBug;ResEdit;Apple_menu;Balloon_help;Command_key;Control_Strip;Creator_code;Hierarchical_File_System;HFS_Plus;Macintosh_File_System;Option_key;OSType;PICT;QuickDraw;QuickTime;Resource_fork;Macintosh_startup;System_Folder;System_suitcase;Type_code;Macintosh_Toolbox;Mac_OS_memory_management;Old_World_ROM;New_World_ROM;Extensible_Firmware_Interface;WorldScript;WorldScript; World_Music_Awards Sri_Lanka;Cambodia;UK;France;Ringo_Starr;The_Beatles;Ringo_Starr;Music_industry;List_of_popular_music_genres;Blues;Country_music;Electronic_dance_music;Drum_and_bass;Easy_listening;Electronica;Experimental_music;Folk_music;Funk;Gospel_music;Hip_hop_music;Instrumental;Jazz;Latin_American_music;Motown;New_Age_music;Operatic_pop;Pop_music;Reggae;Rock_music;Soul_music;Soundtrack;World_music;Artists_and_repertoire;Entertainment_law;Music_education;Music_executive;Music_journalism;Music_venue;Musical_instrument;Radio_promotion;Record_label;Record_shop;Road_crew;Talent_manager;Tour_promoter;Arrangement;Record_producer;Musician;Session_musician;Songwriter;Audio_engineering;Record_label;EMI;Sony_Music_Entertainment;Universal_Music_Group;Warner_Music_Group;Independent_record_label;List_of_independent_UK_record_labels;Album;Extended_play;American_Music_Award;ARIA_Music_Awards;Billboard_Music_Award;Brit_Awards;Choice_Music_Prize;Classic_Brit_Awards;Golden_Disk_Awards;Grammy_Award;Grand_Prix_du_Disque;Juno_Award;Latin_Grammy_Award;Meteor_Music_Awards;MTV_Europe_Music_Awards;MTV_Video_Music_Award;MuchMusic_Video_Awards;Music_of_Black_Origin_Awards;New_Zealand_Music_Awards;NRJ_Music_Award;TEC_Awards;Record_chart;ARIA_Charts;Irish_Singles_Chart;Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand;UK_Singles_Chart;Music_recording_sales_certification;Australian_Recording_Industry_Association;British_Phonographic_Industry;Music_Canada;Recording_Industry_Association_of_America;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;RIAA_certification;HitQuarters;Hot_Press;NME;Rolling_Stone;Smash_Hits;Amazon.com;Fnac;HMV_Group;Online_music_store;ITunes_Store;Trans_World_Entertainment;Virgin_Megastores;Music_television;Black_Entertainment_Television;Country_Music_Television;Fuse_TV;Juice_TV;MTV;MuchMusic;The_Music_Factory;Star_Academy;Christian_music_industry;Hidden_track;Grammy_Museum;White_label;World_Music_Awards;World_Music_Awards; World_music No reason has been cited for the Wikify tag on this article. You can insert a reason using the | reason = parameter, like this: {{ Wikify |reason=Your reason here}} Please replace HTML markup with wiki markup where appropriate. Add wikilinks. Where appropriate, make links to other articles by putting "[[" and "]]" on either side of relevant words (see WP:LINK for more information) and check that your links work as expected. Please do not link terms that most readers are familiar with, such as common occupations, well-known geographical terms, and everyday items. Format the lead. Create or improve the lead paragraph . Arrange section headers as described at Wikipedia:Guide to layout . Add an infobox if it is appropriate for the article. Clean up any linkrot / format the references and footnotes , using citation templates when appropriate. Unofficially coined in 1982 ( France ) - Officially coined in 1987 ( France , United Kingdom ) Traditional elements were born in the global spectrum of indigenous culture; Fusion with contemporary music elements Typical instruments Traditional and modern stringed ( electric and acoustic ), wind , percussion and plucked tonged instruments , keyboards and electronic synths Mainstream popularity Moderate to strong and steadily increasing [ citation needed ] World music is a term with widely varying definitions, often encompassing music which is primarily identified as another genre. [ citation needed ] This is evidenced by world music definitions such as "all of the music in the world", "somebody else's local music" or "non-western music". In the classic definition, world music is the traditional music or folk music of a culture that is created and played by indigenous musicians and is closely related to the music of the regions of their origin. [ 1 ] The term was originally intended for ethnic-specific music, though globalization is expanding its scope; it now often includes hybrid sub-genres such as World fusion , Global fusion , Ethnic fusion [ 2 ] and Worldbeat [ 3 ] [ 4 ] These terms may also be considered sub-genres of pop music, illustrating that the term world music refers to music that is also classified under other genres. France;France;United_Kingdom;Pop_music;Electric_guitar;Acoustic_guitar;Folk_music;Music_industry;Folk_music;Pop_music;Pop_music;Internet;Last.fm;Asia;Rock_music;Sound_recording;Jazz;Pop_music;Pop_music;Rock_music;Jazz;NME;Reggae;North_America;The_New_York_Times;Belgium;Germany;Germany;Malaysia;Open_Directory_Project;World_music;World_music; World_phone GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the cellular frequencies designated by the ITU for the operation of GSM mobile phones . GSM;Mobile_phone;Europe;Australia;Asia;Peru;Costa_Rica;Brazil;Guatemala;El_Salvador;Venezuela;United_Kingdom;Hong_Kong;Argentina;Brazil;Canada;United_States;North_America;Canada;United_States;Verizon_Wireless;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone;UMTS_frequency_bands;UMTS_frequency_bands;Engadget;Ethernet;Internet;Local_area_network;GSM_frequency_bands;GSM_frequency_bands; Worldwide_Developers_Conference The Apple Worldwide Developers Conference , commonly abbreviated WWDC , is a conference held annually in California by Apple Inc. The conference is primarily used by Apple to showcase its new software and technologies for developers , as well as offering hands-on labs and feedback sessions. The number of attendees usually varies between 2,000 to 4,200 developers; however, during WWDC 2007, Steve Jobs noted that there were over 5,000 attendees. WWDC 2008–2012 were capped and sold out at 5,000 attendees (5,200 including special attendees). Moscone_Center;California;Apple_Inc.;Software_developer;Steve_Jobs;Xserve;ISight;Apple_Cinema_Display;IBM;PowerPC;Intel;Mac_Pro;Xserve;QuickTime;Xserve;Mac_OS_X_Server;Operating_system;Steve_Jobs;Stevenote;Tim_Cook;OS_X;IOS;NeXT;Mac_OS;PDF;QuickDraw;Mac_OS_X;WebObjects;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_OS_X_Panther;IPhoto;IMovie;IDVD;ISight;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;San_Francisco;Steve_Jobs;Mac_Pro;PowerPC;Xserve;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Photo_Booth;Core_Animation;Dashcode;IChat;San_Francisco;Steve_Jobs;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Web_browser;Windows;IPhone;SDK;San_Francisco;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPhone_SDK;IOS_version_history;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;MobileMe;San_Francisco;IOS_version_history;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;MacBook_Pro;SVP;Steve_Jobs;San_Francisco;FaceTime;IMovie;Application_software;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Steve_Jobs;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IPhone;IPhone;Macworld; XBMC XBMC is a free and open source media player application developed by the XBMC Foundation , a non-profit technology consortium . [ 2 ] XBMC is available for multiple operating-systems and hardware platforms, featuring a 10-foot user interface for use with televisions and remote controls . It allows users to play and view most videos, music, podcasts , and other digital media files from local and network storage media and the internet. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It is a popular alternative to Windows Media Center for HTPC (Home Theater PC) use. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] One of XBMC's main features is its customizability. A variety of skins can change its appearance and various add-ons allow users to access online content on services such as YouTube, Spotify , Grooveshark and Pandora Radio . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] XBMC was originally created as a media center application for the original Xbox game console [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 13 ] but is today officially available as a native application for Android , Linux , BSD , Mac OS X , iOS , and Microsoft Windows operating systems. [ 14 ] It is also available as a standalone version referred to as XBMCbuntu . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Because of its open source nature, modified versions of XBMC have been used in a variety of devices including Smart TVs , set-top boxes , digital signage, and hotel television systems. Derivative applications such as MediaPortal , Plex and Voddler have been spun-off from XBMC, some of them, such as Boxee , are certified by the XBMC Foundation and developers and are designated as " Powered by XBMC " or "'' Designed for XBMC ". [ 3 ] [ 9 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Apple_TV;Windows;Computing_platform;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;Internationalization_and_localization;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Home_theater_PC;Digital_media_receiver;Software_license;Remote_control;Podcast;Windows_Media_Center;Home_theater_PC;Spotify;Grooveshark;Pandora_Radio;Xbox;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Smart_TV;MediaPortal;Voddler;Boxee;Local_area_network;Digital_video_recorder;Veoh;Podcast;Source_code;GPU;OpenGL_ES;ARM_architecture;CPU;CPU;Internationalization_and_localization;XML;American_English;Korean_language;Spanish_language;Mexican_Spanish;Application_programming_interface;Digital_distribution;Adobe_Flash;Microsoft_Gadgets;Internet_television;BBC_iPlayer;Hulu;Netflix;Veoh;MLB.tv;Flickr;Instant_messaging;Tetris;Metadata;Touchscreen;IPad;Touchscreen_remote_control;Application_software;Hard_disk;Server_Message_Block;ITunes;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Pandora_Radio;Last.fm;Music_visualization;HDTV;Dolby_Digital;Video_CD;AirPlay;Server_Message_Block;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Zero_configuration_networking;FTP;Audio_Video_Interleave;Windows_Media_Video;Advanced_Systems_Format;Flash_Video;Matroska;QuickTime_File_Format;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Ogg;RealMedia;Indeo;Motion_JPEG;RealVideo;RMVB;Sorenson_codec;Windows_Media_Video;Cinepak;MIDI;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;WAV;AIFF;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Vorbis;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;RealAudio;Shorten;WavPack;Musepack;Shorten;Speex;Windows_Media_Audio;BMP_file_format;JPEG;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Portable_Network_Graphics;Tagged_Image_File_Format;PCX;Truevision_TGA;SubStation_Alpha;Closed_captioning;SubRip;Audio_file_format;Exif;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;Metadata;FFmpeg;VOB;Open_source;Gapless_playback;Digital_camera;Google_Play;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;Touchscreen_remote_control;BlackBerry;Windows_Phone;Linux_distribution;GeeXboX;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Apple_Inc.;Source_code;Executable;Operating_system;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Video_game_console;Embedded_system;Home_cinema;Digital_distribution;Freeware;Touchscreen;Voddler;Graphical_user_interface;Broadcom;Boxee;Freeware;Social_networking;Boxee_Box;GeeXboX;MediaPortal;Commercial_software;Freeware;Proprietary_software;Linux;Flash_memory;Nokia;DirectX;Xbox;Embedded_system;Random_access_memory;PowerPC;ARM_architecture;OpenGL_ES;Graphics_processing_unit;DirectX;Frame_rate;Digital_media_receiver;Graphical_user_interface;GUI_widget;GUI_widget;Application_programming_interface;XML;Encryption;Digital_Rights_Management;Online_music_store;ITunes_Music_Store;MSN_Music;Audible.com;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Media_DRM;DivX;SourceForge;MPlayer;Consumer_Electronics_Control;GNU_Octave;Perl;Open_source;Executable;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Linux_distribution;XBMC;XBMC; XBMC_Media_Center XBMC is a free and open source media player application developed by the XBMC Foundation , a non-profit technology consortium . [ 2 ] XBMC is available for multiple operating-systems and hardware platforms, featuring a 10-foot user interface for use with televisions and remote controls . It allows users to play and view most videos, music, podcasts , and other digital media files from local and network storage media and the internet. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It is a popular alternative to Windows Media Center for HTPC (Home Theater PC) use. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] One of XBMC's main features is its customizability. A variety of skins can change its appearance and various add-ons allow users to access online content on services such as YouTube, Spotify , Grooveshark and Pandora Radio . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] XBMC was originally created as a media center application for the original Xbox game console [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 13 ] but is today officially available as a native application for Android , Linux , BSD , Mac OS X , iOS , and Microsoft Windows operating systems. [ 14 ] It is also available as a standalone version referred to as XBMCbuntu . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Because of its open source nature, modified versions of XBMC have been used in a variety of devices including Smart TVs , set-top boxes , digital signage, and hotel television systems. Derivative applications such as MediaPortal , Plex and Voddler have been spun-off from XBMC, some of them, such as Boxee , are certified by the XBMC Foundation and developers and are designated as " Powered by XBMC " or "'' Designed for XBMC ". [ 3 ] [ 9 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Apple_TV;Windows;Computing_platform;ARM_architecture;PowerPC;Internationalization_and_localization;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Home_theater_PC;Digital_media_receiver;Software_license;Remote_control;Podcast;Windows_Media_Center;Home_theater_PC;Spotify;Grooveshark;Pandora_Radio;Xbox;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Smart_TV;MediaPortal;Voddler;Boxee;Local_area_network;Digital_video_recorder;Veoh;Podcast;Source_code;GPU;OpenGL_ES;ARM_architecture;CPU;CPU;Internationalization_and_localization;XML;American_English;Korean_language;Spanish_language;Mexican_Spanish;Application_programming_interface;Digital_distribution;Adobe_Flash;Microsoft_Gadgets;Internet_television;BBC_iPlayer;Hulu;Netflix;Veoh;MLB.tv;Flickr;Instant_messaging;Tetris;Metadata;Touchscreen;IPad;Touchscreen_remote_control;Application_software;Hard_disk;Server_Message_Block;ITunes;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Pandora_Radio;Last.fm;Music_visualization;HDTV;Dolby_Digital;Video_CD;AirPlay;Server_Message_Block;Apple_Filing_Protocol;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Zero_configuration_networking;FTP;Audio_Video_Interleave;Windows_Media_Video;Advanced_Systems_Format;Flash_Video;Matroska;QuickTime_File_Format;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Ogg;RealMedia;Indeo;Motion_JPEG;RealVideo;RMVB;Sorenson_codec;Windows_Media_Video;Cinepak;MIDI;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;WAV;AIFF;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Vorbis;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec;RealAudio;Shorten;WavPack;Musepack;Shorten;Speex;Windows_Media_Audio;BMP_file_format;JPEG;Graphics_Interchange_Format;Portable_Network_Graphics;Tagged_Image_File_Format;PCX;Truevision_TGA;SubStation_Alpha;Closed_captioning;SubRip;Audio_file_format;Exif;IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model;Metadata;FFmpeg;VOB;Open_source;Gapless_playback;Digital_camera;Google_Play;IPhone;IPad;IPod_Touch;Touchscreen_remote_control;BlackBerry;Windows_Phone;Linux_distribution;GeeXboX;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Apple_Inc.;Source_code;Executable;Operating_system;Original_equipment_manufacturer;Video_game_console;Embedded_system;Home_cinema;Digital_distribution;Freeware;Touchscreen;Voddler;Graphical_user_interface;Broadcom;Boxee;Freeware;Social_networking;Boxee_Box;GeeXboX;MediaPortal;Commercial_software;Freeware;Proprietary_software;Linux;Flash_memory;Nokia;DirectX;Xbox;Embedded_system;Random_access_memory;PowerPC;ARM_architecture;OpenGL_ES;Graphics_processing_unit;DirectX;Frame_rate;Digital_media_receiver;Graphical_user_interface;GUI_widget;GUI_widget;Application_programming_interface;XML;Encryption;Digital_Rights_Management;Online_music_store;ITunes_Music_Store;MSN_Music;Audible.com;Windows_Media_Player;Windows_Media_DRM;DivX;SourceForge;MPlayer;Consumer_Electronics_Control;GNU_Octave;Perl;Open_source;Executable;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Microsoft_Windows;Beyond_TV;DVBViewer;Meedio;MediaPortal;ShowShifter;Windows_Media_Center;OS_X;CenterStage;ITheater;Linux_distribution;Element_OS;GeeXboX;LinuxMCE;Mythbuntu;MythDora;MythTV;Video_Disk_Recorder;Ubuntu_TV;Boxee;SageTV;Digital_media_receiver;Apple_TV;Boxee_Box;Dreambox;HP_MediaSmart_Connect;Hauppauge_MediaMVP;Google_TV;Nexus_Q;Netgear_Digital_Entertainer;Roku;TiVo;WD_TV;Windows_Media_Center_Extender;ATI_Technologies;Elgato;TechniSat;TerraTec;Hauppauge_Computer_Works;HDHomeRun;Remote_control;Touchscreen_remote_control;Mac_Mini;Nvidia;Quiet_PC;Alienware;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Intel;Logitech;Shuttle_Inc.;Sony;VAIO;Toshiba;Velocity_Micro;Zotac;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Digital_media_receiver;HD_media_player;Home_cinema;Home_theater_PC;Internet_television;Media_server;Portable_media_player;Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV;Smart_TV;Free_software;Linux;Perl;Free_Software_Foundation;SourceForge;Digital_rights_management;Proprietary_software;Linux_distribution;Linux_distribution;XBMC;XBMC; XGA The graphics display resolution describes the width and height dimensions of a display, such as a computer monitor , in pixels. Certain combinations of width and height are standardized and typically given a name and an initialism that is descriptive of its dimensions. A higher display resolution means that displayed content appears sharper . Display_resolution;VGA;VGA;VGA;Display_resolution;Mobile_phone;Personal_digital_assistant;Handheld_game_console;IBM;Video_Graphics_Array;Graphics_processing_unit;Digital_video;Digital_camera;Mobile_phone;Frames_per_second;XGA;Display_resolution;YouTube;Touch_screen;IPod_nano;IPhone;BlackBerry_Bold;Palm_Pre;Television;Video_Graphics_Array;VGA_connector;Personal_computer;Display_resolution;VGA;Netbook;Dell;Nokia;Aspect_ratio;Aspect_ratio;Mobile_phones;Video_Graphics_Array;IBM;VGA;XGA;IPhone;Tablet_computer;Display_resolution;Video_Graphics_Array;Central_processing_unit;XGA;Aspect_ratio;Operating_system;XGA;Microsoft_Windows;Operating_system;Windows_Vista;HDTV;Cathode_ray_tube;LCD;Sun_Microsystems;Megabyte;Apple_Computer;Macintosh_II;Widescreen;Laptop;Display_resolution;IBM;Aspect_ratio;Liquid_crystal_display;Sony;Cathode_ray_tube;Megabyte;Laptop;LCD;Display_resolution;Toshiba;Widescreen;Laptop;LCD;MacBook_Pro;Display_resolution;Display_resolution;Image_resolution;Widescreen;Widescreen;Display_resolution;Liquid_crystal_display;Television;Cathode_ray_tube;XGA;Liquid_crystal_display;Apple_Cinema_Display;IMac;MacBook_Pro;Display_resolution;Dell;Samsung;Display_resolution;IBM;Sony;Dell;Display_resolution;LG;Samsung;IBM;Digital_camera;Video_codec;Aspect_ratio;PlayStation_Vita;NTSC;Progressive_scan;Aspect_ratio;Liquid_crystal_display;Apple_LED_Cinema_Display;IMac;Pixel_density;Toshiba;Sony;Display_resolution;Digital_object_identifier;Engadget;BBC_News;Graphics_processing_unit;Video_Graphics_Array;Display_resolution;VGA; XHTML 1.0 (Recommendation) , 1.0 SE (Recommendation) , 1.1 (Recommendation) , 1.1 SE (Recommendation) , XHTML Mobile Profile and C-HTML Character encodings Document Object Model Browser Object Model HTML5 Audio and HTML5 video document markup languages XHTML (E x tensible H yper T ext M arkup L anguage) is a family of XML markup languages that mirror or extend versions of the widely-used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which web pages are written. While HTML (prior to HTML5 ) was defined as an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a very flexible markup language framework, XHTML is an application of XML , a more restrictive subset of SGML. Because XHTML documents need to be well-formed , they can be parsed using standard XML parsers—unlike HTML, which requires a lenient HTML-specific parser . XHTML 1.0 became a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Recommendation on January 26, 2000. XHTML 1.1 became a W3C Recommendation on May 31, 2001. XHTML5 is undergoing development as of September 2009, as part of the HTML5 specification. Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;XML;HTML;HTML;HTML;XML;Hypertext_Markup_Language;XML;MathML;Internet_Explorer;Microsoft;Microsoft;Wireless_Application_Protocol;Internet_forum;Uniform_Resource_Locator;Internet_Explorer;HTML;HTML;HTML;Microsoft;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;MathML;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;XML;XQuery;XHTML;XHTML; XMDF XMDF (eXtensible Model Data Format) is a library providing a standard format for the geometry data storage of river cross-sections, 2D / 3D structured and unstructured meshes, geometric paths through space, and associated time data. XMDF uses HDF5 for cross-platform data storage and compression. It was initiated in Engineer Research and Development Center ( ERDC ) and developed at Brigham Young University . API includes interfaces for C / C++ and Fortran . Software_release_life_cycle;API;Fortran;Software;XMDF;XMDF; XML Filename_extension;Uniform_Type_Identifier;XHTML;RSS;File_format;Internet;Web_service;RSS;XHTML;Apple_Computer;IWork;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Chinese_language;HTML;PDF;XQuery;Encryption;SVG;API;XQuery;.NET_Framework;User_interface;Application_programming_interface;HTML;Type_system;ISO;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;MathML;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;XHTML;XQuery;XML;XML; XMMS The X Multimedia System ( XMMS ) is a free audio player for Unix-like systems. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Winamp;Source_code;Beep_Media_Player;Audio_file_format;Advanced_Audio_Coding;FLAC;Winamp;MPEG;Musepack;Shorten;Speex;WAV;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;XMMS;XMMS; XNU XNU is the computer operating system kernel that Apple Inc. acquired and developed for use in the Mac OS X operating system and released as free and open source software as part of the Darwin operating system. XNU is an acronym for X is Not Unix . [ 1 ] Originally developed by NeXT for the NeXTSTEP operating system, XNU was a hybrid kernel combining version 2.5 of the Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University with components from 4.3BSD and an object-oriented API for writing drivers called Driver Kit. After Apple acquired NeXT, the Mach component was upgraded to 3.0, the BSD components were upgraded with code from the FreeBSD project and the Driver Kit was replaced with a C++ API for writing drivers called I/O Kit . Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Operating_system;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Operating_system;Unix;NeXT;ARM_architecture;Application_programming_interface;Unix;Journaling_file_system;Hierarchical_File_System;Mac_Pro;Xserve;Graphics_processing_unit;Direct_memory_access;USB;FireWire;Linux;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;Xgrid;Classic_Environment;XNU;XNU; XPC_Target xPC Target is a real-time software environment from MathWorks . Together with x86-based real-time systems, it enables engineers to simulate and test Simulink and Stateflow models in an early-as-possible stage in real-time on the physical hardware under test. The recommended development process is to design or model an algorithm or set of algorithms meant to be implemented in hardware in Simulink. This should also include modeling any plant hardware, environment or other phenomenon the algorithm needs to interact with. Simulations should be carried out using different ranges of inputs and design parameters to ensure that the algorithm will operate as expected. Even with the best of efforts to produce the most realistic models and simulation, there are often unknown effects in the real world that still need to be investigated. xPC Target provides a real world intermediate step from the simulation world of Simulink and going to the actual hardware the algorithm will be running on. The model needs to be prepared first for these next steps by replacing models of the plant hardware, environment, and other phenomenon with hardware interface blocks that will communicate and capture feedback from these real world effects. Also the model needs to be set up with an overall fixed rate execution and solver. The whole model containing the algorithm, necessary hardware interface blocks, and other necessary model infrastructure are auto-generated into C code , compiled with a third-party compiler, and transmitted to the x86-based real-time system running the MathWorks provided real-time kernel . Now the model can be run in real time. The xPC Target environment extends the simulation and analysis capabilities of MATLAB and Simulink where the algorithm was first designed (the host computer) to the x86-based real-time system (the target computer). It also enables control, monitoring, and on-the-spot parameter tuning of the real-time application directly from the Simulink model. Once the algorithm or set of algorithms has been tested and verified with xPC Target, they are closer to being implemented in the real hardware. The implementation in the xPC Target environment allowed for the designer to isolate issues with the design of the algorithm from any potential issues with the hardware itself, thus making it easier to debug. When the algorithm or set of algorithms have been placed in its production form on the real hardware, the xPC Target environment can also be used to test how the algorithms are functioning. The original design model with all the testing structure can be used with hardware interface blocks put in place of the algorithm or set of algorithms. With one xPC Target license, from a software perspective many x86-based real-time systems can be created and controlled individually, in groups, or a mixture of groups and individual systems. xPC Target also has an embedded option. [ 1 ] This allows a designer or engineer to deploy their algorithms stand-alone without the host computer or in an embedded configuration to as many x86-based real-time systems as they want. Software_developer;MathWorks;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_license;Proprietary_software;MathWorks;Simulink;Stateflow;MATLAB;XPC_Target;XPC_Target; XQuery Programming_paradigm;Functional_programming;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Type_system;Dynamic_typing;SQL;Operating_system;Filename_extension;Functional_programming;XML;SQL;Functional_programming;SQL;XML;Open_source;Cascading_Style_Sheets;HTML;MathML;Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language;XHTML;XML;SQL;XQuery;XQuery; XScale The XScale , a microprocessor core , is Intel 's and Marvell 's implementation of the ARMv5 architecture , and consists of several distinct families: IXP, IXC, IOP, PXA and CE (see more below). Intel sold the PXA family to Marvell Technology Group in June 2006. [ 1 ] The XScale architecture is based on the ARMv5TE ISA without the floating point instructions. XScale uses a seven-stage integer and an eight-stage memory superpipelined microarchitecture . It is the successor to the Intel StrongARM line of microprocessors and microcontrollers , which Intel acquired from DEC 's Digital Semiconductor division as the side effect of a lawsuit between the two companies. Intel used the StrongARM to replace its ailing line of outdated RISC processors, the i860 and i960 . All the generations of XScale are 32-bit ARMv5TE processors manufactured with a 0.18 µm or 0.13 µm (as in IXP43x parts) process and have a 32 kB data cache and a 32 kB instruction cache. First and second generation XScale cores also have a 2 kB mini-data cache. Products based on the 3rd generation XScale have up to 512 kB unified L2 cache. [ 2 ] Central_processing_unit;Intel;ARM_architecture;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;Encoder;Research_In_Motion;BlackBerry;Palm_Treo;Personal_digital_assistant;Central_processing_unit;Linux;Amazon_Kindle;Pentium_M;Intel_Consumer_Electronics;Sandy_Bridge;Sandy_Bridge;XScale;XScale; Xarchiver Xarchiver is a front-end to various command line archiving tools for Linux and BSD operating systems , designed to be independent of the desktop environment . It is the default archiving application of Xfce and LXDE . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It uses the GTK+ 2 toolkit [ 5 ] to provide the program interface; therefore it is capable of running on any system where GTK+2 support exists. A large number of other applications also use the toolkit, so support is widespread among other Linux distributions irrespective of their specific desktop solution. Supported formats at this time (version 0.5.2) with an appropriate installed program [ 6 ] are 7z , ARJ , bzip2 , gzip , LHA , lzma , lzop , RAR , RPM , DEB , tar , and ZIP . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Xarchiver uses the Direct Save Protocol XDS for drag and drop file saving. [ 12 ] The program acts as a front-end for various commonly installed libraries dealing with the supported compression formats. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Xarchiver can't create archives whose archiver is not installed. [ 6 ] Currently, the Xfce master branch of Xarchiver is being continued at github . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Linux;Operating_system;Linux_distribution;ARJ;Gzip;Lzop;Comparison_of_file_archivers;SourceForge;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Xarchiver;Xarchiver; Xbox Microsoft;Video_game_console;North_America;Japan;North_America;Japan;Europe;DVD;CD;Operating_system;Windows_NT;Windows_XP;Central_processing_unit;USB;Fast_Ethernet;Video_game_console;Microsoft;Sony;Sega;Microsoft;DirectX;Dell;Laptop;Microsoft_Windows;Video_game_console;Sony;Computing_platform;Microsoft;Sega;MTV;Nvidia;Hard_disk_drive;Ripping;DVD;Direct_memory_access;Nvidia;Hungary;Composite_video;Stereophonic_sound;RCA_connector;Operating_system;Application_programming_interface;Microsoft_Windows;DirectX;Windows_NT;User_interface;Hard_drive;Hard_drive;Electronic_Arts;Central_processing_unit;Hertz;Streaming_SIMD_Extensions;Megabyte;Megabyte;Graphics_processing_unit;Nvidia;Pixel;DVD;Gigabyte;Hard_disk_drive;Stereophonic_sound;Stereophonic_sound;Dolby_Digital;Ethernet;Composite_video;Component_video;TOSLINK;RCA_connector;Universal_Serial_Bus;United_Kingdom;XBMC;Linux;Windows_XP;Microsoft;Microsoft;EE_Times;EE_Times;Eurogamer;About.com;Open_Directory_Project;Video_game;Microsoft;Zune;Windows_Phone;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Operating_system;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_NT;Windows_Phone;Xbox;Xbox; Xbox_Live_Marketplace The Xbox Live Marketplace ( XBLM ) is a virtual market designed for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 console that allows Xbox Live members to download purchased or promotional content. The service offers movie and game trailers , Video Store , game demos , Xbox Live Arcade games , Xbox Live Indie Games (Previously Community Games), Games on Demand (Xbox 360 and Xbox Originals ), downloadable content such as map packs, gamer pictures , and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes . The August 11, 2009 update added Xbox 360 games for download, the Avatar Marketplace, and renamed Community Games to Indie Games. The Spring 2007 update to the Xbox 360 Dashboard relocated the Marketplace to its own "blade" in order to bring more attention to the service and make it more accessible to users. Although this has been obsoleted by the NXE update, the section has been implemented into three separate sections in the Dashboard: the Game Marketplace, Video Music Marketplace, and Avatar Marketplace. Downloaded content requires enough space on either the Xbox 360's hard drive, or an Xbox 360 Memory Unit. Selected downloads are placed in a queue and are downloaded whilst the console is powered on and is connected to Xbox Live. Users can choose to send certain downloads to the front of the queue to be downloaded first. Downloads are temporarily halted during certain times where games make use of Xbox Live's features (e.g. online multiplayer). Computing_platform;Microsoft_Windows;Website;Microsoft;Paramount_Pictures;CBS;NBC;Warner_Bros.;Walt_Disney_Pictures;Disney_Channel;Star_Trek;HDTV;Zune;Adobe_Flash;Digital_rights_management;Workaround;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Microsoft;Microsoft;Video_game;Microsoft;Xbox;Zune;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;Zune;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Xbox_Live_Marketplace; Xcas Xcas is a user interface to Giac , a free , basic computer algebra system for Windows , Mac OS X and Linux / Unix . Giac can be used directly inside other C++ programs . Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Free_software;Computer_algebra_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Unix;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Yacas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Programming_language;Xcas;Xcas; Xcode Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;IOS;Mac_App_Store;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;Apple_Developer;Interface_Builder;Graphical_user_interface;AppleScript;Perl;User_interface;Quartz_Composer;Universal_binary;Mac_App_Store;Mac_OS_X_Lion;Mac_OS_X_Lion;IOS;Universal_binary;PowerPC;Intel;IOS_SDK;ARM_architecture;WebObjects;Sun_Microsystems;Apple_Inc.;Freeware;Retail_software;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Developer_Tools;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Dashcode;Xcode;Xcode; Xenharmonic_music Xenharmonic is a term used to describe tuning systems, or music using those systems, which does not conform to or closely approximate the common 12-tone equal temperament . The term was coined by Ivor Darreg , from xenia ( Greek ξενία ), hospitable, and xenos ( Greek ξένος ) foreign. He famously stated: "This writer has proposed the term xenharmonic for music, melodies, scales, harmonies, instruments, and tuning-systems which do not sound like the 12-tone-equal temperament." [ 1 ] The term is meant to include tunings such as 5- and 7-tone equal temperament, which are perhaps excluded under "microtonal" rubric, since their intervals are larger than those of 12-ET . The term "microtonal" may have also been seen as too restrictive in that it was strongly associated with the quartertone movement, and with composers like Julian Carrillo , who only worked in equal temperaments that were multiples of 12. Darreg was among the first to argue that any equal temperament could be a valid source of musical materials. Equal_temperament;Equal_temperament;Equal_temperament;Xenharmonic_music;Xenharmonic_music; Xfire Xfire (pronounced "X-Fire" [ 1 ] ) is a proprietary freeware instant messaging service for gamers , that also serves as a game server browser and has various other features . It is currently available for Microsoft Windows . Xfire was originally developed by Ultimate Arena based in Menlo Park, California . Xfire currently has over 21 million registered users, with frequently over 250,000 users online. [ 2 ] Xfire's Livestream (formerly known as Mogulus ) allows users to broadcast live video streams of their current game to an audience. The website's Top 10 games has viewed World of Warcraft at the 1st place for many years but was recently surpassed by League of Legends on June 20, 2011. On May 16, 2012 Diablo III took the 1st place. A few days later League of Legends was back at the 1st place. Software_design;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Instant_messaging;File_sharing;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Instant_messaging;Microsoft_Windows;Patent_infringement;Video_game;Portable_Network_Graphics;Computer_graphics;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Windows_Live_Messenger;Frame_rate;Software_development_kit;Internet_Explorer;Mozilla_Firefox;Mac_OS_X;XML;HTML;JavaScript;Application_programming_interface;Software_development_kit;Open_source;Open_source;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Instant_messaging;Linux;Kopete;Miranda_IM;Open_source;Adium;Mac_OS_X;Open_source;Mac_OS_X;Instant_messaging;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Rsync;Presence_information;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Apple_Filing_Protocol;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Advanced_Packaging_Tool;Skype;Digital_Audio_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Internet_Relay_Chat;ITunes_Store;JavaScript;Windows_Live_Messenger;Skype;Spotify;Server_Message_Block;Winamp;Instant_messaging;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Skype_protocol;SIMPLE;OSCAR_protocol;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;TOC_protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Mobile_instant_messaging;Buddy_profile;Contact_list;Instant_message_service_center;Instant_messaging_manager;Presence_information;Chatterbot;IM_bot;Internet_Relay_Chat;File_sharing;Voice_over_IP;Webcam;Videoconferencing;Backchannel;Videophone;SMS_language;Emoticon;Chat_log;Web_chat;Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients;AOL_Instant_Messenger;Baidu;BlackBerry_Messenger;Facebook_Messenger;FaceTime;Fetion;ICQ;IMVU;IBM_Lotus_Sametime;Nate;Palringo;Qnext;Skype;Tencent_QQ;Adium;Ayttm;BitlBee;Centericq;EBuddy;SHAPE_Services;Instantbird;Jitsi;Kopete;Meebo;IChat;Miranda_IM;Microsoft_Lync;Quiet_Internet_Pager;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Facebook_features;Gajim;IMessage;Google_Talk;JWChat;Tkabber;WhatsApp;Microsoft_Notification_Protocol;AMSN;Emesene;Windows_Live_Messenger;Windows_Messenger;Xfire;Xfire; Xgrid Xgrid is a proprietary program and distributed computing protocol developed by the Advanced Computation Group subdivision of Apple Inc that allows networked computers to contribute to a single task. It provides network administrators a method of creating a computing cluster , which allows them to exploit previously unused computational power for calculations that can be divided easily into smaller operations, such as Mandelbrot maps . The setup of an Xgrid cluster can be achieved at next to no cost, as Xgrid client is pre-installed on all computers running Mac OS X 10.4 or later . The Xgrid controller, the job scheduler of the Xgrid operation, is also included within Mac OS X Server and as a free download from Apple. Apple has kept the command-line job control mechanism minimalist while providing an API to develop more sophisticated tools built around it. The program employs its own communication protocol layered on top of a schema to communicate to other nodes. This communication protocol interfaces with the BEEP infrastructure , a network application protocol framework . Computers discovered by the Xgrid system, that is computers with Mac OS X's Xgrid service enabled, are automatically added to the list of available computers to use for processing tasks. When the initiating computer sends the complete instructions, or job , for processing to the controller , the controller splits the task up into these small instruction packets, known as tasks . The design of the Xgrid system consists of these small packets being transferred to all the Xgrid-enabled computers on the network. These computers, or nodes , execute the instructions provided by the controller and then return the results. The controller assembles the individual task results into the whole job results and returns them to the initiating computer. Apple modeled the design of Xgrid on the Zilla program, distributed with NeXT 's OPENSTEP operating system application programming interface ( API ), which Apple owned the rights to. The company also opted to provide the client version of Mac OS X with only command-line functions and little flexibility, while giving the Mac OS X Server version of Xgrid a GUI control panel and a full set of features. Software_developer;Apple_Inc.;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Computing_platform;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;EULA;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc;Mac_OS_X_Server;NeXT;API;Mac_OS_X_Server;NeXT;Stanford_University;MacWorld;Executable;Email;XML;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_OS_X_Server;Mac_OS_X;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Ars_Technica;Stanford_University;Stanford_University;MacWorld;Apple_Inc.;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;ICal;FaceTime;Grapher;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Mac_App_Store;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;IChat;ISync;Activity_Monitor;AirPort_Utility;Archive_Utility;Audio_MIDI_Setup;Bluetooth_File_Exchange;ColorSync;DigitalColor_Meter;Directory_Utility;DiskImageMounter;Disk_Utility;Font_Book;Apple_Help_Viewer;Image_Capture;Keychain_Access;Network_Utility;ODBC_Administrator;Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X;Screen_Sharing;Apple_Software_Update;System_Preferences;System_Profiler;Universal_Access;VoiceOver;AirDrop;Command_key;Option_key;Apple_menu;Apple_Push_Notification_Service;AppleScript;Audio_Units;ColorSync;Core_Animation;Core_Audio;Core_Data;Core_Foundation;Core_Image;Core_OpenGL;Core_Text;Core_Video;Common_Unix_Printing_System;Cover_Flow;FileVault;Grand_Central_Dispatch;Apple_Icon_Image_format;Kernel_panic;Launchd;MacRuby;Menu_extra;OpenCL;Preference_Pane;Property_list;QuickTime;Quick_Look;Speakable_items;Uniform_Type_Identifier;Universal_binary;WebKit;XNU;Classic_Environment;Apple_Filing_Protocol;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;QuickTime_Broadcaster;Xgrid;Xgrid; Xine xine ( / ˈ k s iː n / ) [ 2 ] is a multimedia playback engine for Unix-like operating systems released under the GNU General Public License . xine is built around a shared library (xine-lib) that supports different frontend player applications. Another important feature of xine is the ability to manually correct the synchronization of audio and video streams. xine uses libraries from other projects such as liba52 , libmpeg2 , FFmpeg , libmad , FAAD2 , and Ogle . [ 3 ] xine can also use binary Windows codecs through a wrapper, bundled as the w32codecs, for playback of some media formats that are not handled natively. [ 1 ] Software_developer;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Multimedia;Operating_system;Synchronization;FFmpeg;Ogle_DVD_Player;DVD;Linux;Compact_disc;DVD;Video_CD;Audio_Video_Interleave;Advanced_Systems_Format;Matroska;QuickTime;Ogg;RealMedia;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;RealAudio;Shorten;Speex;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Audio;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;RealVideo;Sorenson_codec;Theora;FFmpeg;Digital_video_recorder;Server_Message_Block;Encryption;United_States;Comparison_of_video_codecs;FFmpeg;Open_source;Codec;Comparison_of_video_player_software;Kaffeine;Mac_OS_X;MPlayer;Libavcodec;FFmpeg;VLC_media_player;Libavcodec;FFmpeg;Xine;Xine; Xiph_QuickTime_Components The Xiph QuickTime Components are Xiph.org 's implementation of the Ogg container along with the Speex , Theora , FLAC and Vorbis codecs for QuickTime . This allows users to use Ogg files in popular applications such as iTunes , QuickTime Player and any other application that uses QuickTime for audio and video file support. XiphQT replaces other QuickTime Ogg implementations, such as qtcomponents [ 1 ] and Arek's OggVorbis QuickTime components. Note: Xiph QuickTime Components will play FLAC only if in Ogg container - file suffix .oga. For native FLAC support - file suffix .FLAC - Arek's FLACImporter.component is required. Using FLACImporter.component, QuickTime Player playes native FLAC fine, iTunes might have issues - see FLACImporter.component information. [ 2 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;QuickTime;Software_license;Ogg;Speex;Theora;FLAC;Vorbis;Codec;QuickTime;ITunes;Perian;Windows_Media_Components_for_QuickTime;Ogg;Vorbis;Theora;FLAC;CELT;Speex;Mac_OS;Mac_OS_X;Software;Free_software;Multimedia;Software;Xiph_QuickTime_Components;Xiph_QuickTime_Components; Xsan Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Apple_Inc.;Mac_OS_X;Xserve;Fibre_Channel;Intel;Universal_binary;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Filing_Protocol;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;Xgrid;QuickTime_Broadcaster;Apple_Inc.;List_of_Macintosh_software;OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta;Mac_OS_X_Panther;Mac_OS_X_Tiger;Mac_OS_X_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard;Mac_OS_X_Lion;OS_X_Mountain_Lion;IOS;IOS_version_history;ICloud;MobileMe;ILife;IMovie;IDVD;IPhoto;GarageBand;IWeb;IWork;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;Final_Cut_Pro;DVD_Studio_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;Logic_Studio;Logic_Pro;Soundtrack_Pro;ITunes;ITunes_version_history;Photo_Booth;QuickTime;Safari_version_history;TextEdit;Apple_Remote_Desktop;Mac_OS_X_Server;WebObjects;Apple_Developer_Tools;Dashcode;Interface_Builder;Quartz_Composer;Xcode;Apple_iAd_Producer;MobileMe;AppleWorks;HyperCard;Final_Cut_Express;IChat;Mac_OS;MacDraw;MacPaint;MacProject;MacTerminal;MacWrite;ResEdit;IWork.com;Logic_Express;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Xsan;Xsan; Xserve Xserve was a line of rack unit computers designed by Apple Inc. for use as servers . When the Xserve was introduced in 2002, it was Apple's first designated server hardware design since the Apple Network Server in 1996. It initially featured one or two PowerPC G4 processors, but was later switched over to the then new PowerPC G5 , and subsequently switched again to two quad-core Intel Nehalem microprocessors. [ 1 ] The Xserve can be used for a variety of applications, including file server , web server or even high-performance computing applications using clustering – a dedicated cluster Xserve, the Xserve Cluster Node , without a video card and optical drives was also available. On November 5, 2010, Apple announced that the Xserve line would be discontinued on January 31, 2011 [ 2 ] and replaced with the Mac Pro Server and the Mac Mini Server . Xserve_RAID;Rack_unit;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Network_Server;Intel;Apple_Inc.;Central_processing_unit;Gigabyte;FireWire;Gigabit_Ethernet;Peripheral_Component_Interconnect;Accelerated_Graphics_Port;ATI_Technologies;Megabyte;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;Central_processing_unit;SATA;Terabyte;Apple_Inc.;Central_processing_unit;Intel;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;Terabyte;Apple_Network_Server;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Xserve_RAID;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Xserve;Xserve; Xserve_RAID Xserve RAID was a mass-storage device that was offered by Apple Inc. Xserve RAID held up to 14 hot-swappable Ultra-ATA hard drives, and had a capacity of 10.5 TB when filled with 750 GB modules. Xserve RAID supported RAID levels of 0, 0+1, 1, 3 and 5 in hardware, hybrid RAID levels such as 10 and 50 could be created in software. [ 1 ] It was rack-mountable and was 3 U high. Although the Xserve RAID contained 14 drives, they were split into two independent groups of 7 drives each managed by an identical RAID controller. Importantly, the controllers were independent, but not redundant; each managed seven of the storage array's fourteen drives, given a failure of one of the controllers those 7 drives were not accessible: the other could not take over its duties. Xserve RAID did, however, have redundant cooling units and power supplies. Xserve RAID's ports were two Fibre Channel ports for regular data transfer, a 10 / 100 Ethernet port for remote management, and a serial port for UPS communication via the Simple Signaling Protocol . Apple marketed Xserve RAID mainly as a companion to Xserve in file server and high-performance technical computing applications. The storage array is also useful in some professional environments such as non-linear video editing . Also, Apple certified Xserve RAID for use with some other vendors' servers, such as those running Windows Server 2003 or Red Hat Enterprise Linux . Due to the cross-platform support available, users do not need a Mac to administer the Xserve RAID. Apple shipped a CD-ROM with the device containing the Xserve RAID Admin Tools, a Java software application that runs on most operating systems — including Mac OS X , Microsoft Windows , Linux , and Sun Solaris . Xserve RAID was available in models costing between US$ 5,999 and US$12,999, plus configuration and support options. The Xserve RAID was discontinued on 19 February 2008. [ 2 ] It has been replaced with Promise VTrak E-Class RAID Subsystem. [ 3 ] Apple_Inc.;Terabyte;Gigabyte;Rack_unit;Fibre_Channel;Ethernet;Xserve;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Linux;United_States_dollar;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Outline_of_Apple_Inc.;Steve_Jobs;Steve_Wozniak;Ronald_Wayne;Millard_Drexler;Al_Gore;Tim_Cook;Andrea_Jung;Arthur_D._Levinson;Ronald_Sugar;Bob_Iger;Tim_Cook;Scott_Forstall;Jonathan_Ive;Bob_Mansfield;Peter_Oppenheimer;Philip_W._Schiller;John_Browett;Mark_Papermaster;Bertrand_Serlet;Sina_Tamaddon;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Macintosh;IMac;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;AirPort;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Macintosh_software;FileMaker;Final_Cut_Studio;GarageBand;ILife;IOS;ITunes;IWork;Logic_Studio;Mac_OS_X;Mac_OS_X_Server;QuickTime;Xsan;Apple_Developer;AppleCare;Apple_Specialist;Apple_Store;Apple_certification_programs;Game_Center;IAd;Genius_Bar;IBookstore;ITunes_Store;Mac_App_Store;IWork.com;MobileMe;ICloud;ProCare;Braeburn_Capital;FileMaker_Inc.;List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple;Emagic;FingerWorks;Intrinsity;NeXT;Nothing_Real;P.A._Semi;Silicon_Color;Spruce_Technologies;Apple_Inc._advertising;Think_Different;Get_a_Mac;IPod_advertising;List_of_Apple_Inc._slogans;Apple_Inc._design_motifs;Apple_Industrial_Design_Group;Typography_of_Apple_Inc.;History_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_community;Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.;Apple_Inc._litigation;Apple_Filing_Protocol;QuickTime_Streaming_Server;Xgrid;QuickTime_Broadcaster;Apple_Inc.;EMac;IMac;Mac_Mini;Mac_Pro;Power_Macintosh;Xserve;Apple_Workgroup_Server;IBook;MacBook_family;MacBook;MacBook_Air;MacBook_Pro;PowerBook;Apple_TV;Apple_displays;Apple_Thunderbolt_Display;Apple_Cinema_Display;Apple_Studio_Display;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Photo;IPod_Mini;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Nano;IPod_Touch;MessagePad;AirPort;IPod_click_wheel;ISight;Apple_Keyboard;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Mouse;Apple_USB_Mouse;Apple_Pro_Mouse;Apple_Wireless_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Modem;Apple_Inc.;Macintosh;Desktop_computer;Macintosh;IMac;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_I;Apple_II_series;Apple_III;Apple_Lisa;Compact_Macintosh;Macintosh_II_series;Macintosh_SE;Macintosh_Classic;Macintosh_LC;Macintosh_Quadra;Macintosh_Performa;Macintosh_Centris;Power_Macintosh;EMac;Laptop;MacBook_family;MacBook_Pro;MacBook_Air;PowerBook;IBook;MacBook;Mac_Pro;Mac_Mini;Apple_Workgroup_Server;Apple_Network_Server;Xserve;Apple_TV;IPad;IPhone;IPod;IPod_Classic;IPod_Nano;IPod_Shuffle;IPod_Touch;Apple_Interactive_Television_Box;IPhone;IPod_Mini;Apple_Bandai_Pippin;PowerCD;Apple_QuickTake;AirPort;Apple_displays;Magic_Mouse;Apple_Mighty_Mouse;Magic_Trackpad;Apple_Remote;SuperDrive;Apple_Wireless_Keyboard;Apple_Keyboard;List_of_Apple_drives;ISight;Apple_Modem;Apple_Scanner;Comparison_of_Macintosh_models;List_of_products_discontinued_by_Apple_Inc.;Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products;Xserve_RAID;Xserve_RAID; Xvid Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Video_codec;Software_license;Video_codec;DivX;Proprietary_software;Free_software;Project_Mayo;Winamp;Linux;Slashdot;Video_for_Windows;DirectShow;Libavcodec;FFmpeg;MPlayer;VLC_media_player;Ffdshow;Perian;CD;DVD;Microsoft_Windows;VirtualDub;Video_for_Windows;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Windows;Avidemux;VLC_media_player;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Multimedia;Data_compression;Video_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;Motion_JPEG;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;High_Efficiency_Video_Coding;Audio_Video_Standard;Bink_Video;CineForm;Cinepak;DV;Indeo;OMS_Video;Pixlet;Prores;RealVideo;RTVideo;SheerVideo;Smacker_video;Sorenson_codec;Theora;DNxHD_codec;Windows_Media_Video;RatDVD;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;MPEG_Multichannel;Advanced_Audio_Coding;MPEG_Surround;Audio_Lossless_Coding;Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding;Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding;Dolby_Digital;Apple_Lossless;Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding;CELT;Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec;Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B;FLAC;Half_Rate;Full_Rate;Enhanced_full_rate;Internet_Low_Bit_Rate_Codec;Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec;Musepack;OptimFROG;Original_Sound_Quality;QCELP;RealAudio;RTAudio;Shorten;SILK;Selectable_Mode_Vocoder;Speex;SVOPC;TwinVQ;Vorbis;WavPack;Windows_Media_Audio;Image_compression;International_Organization_for_Standardization;International_Electrotechnical_Commission;JPEG;JPEG_XR;Lossless_JPEG;JBIG;Portable_Network_Graphics;APNG;BMP_file_format;DjVu;OpenEXR;Graphics_Interchange_Format;ICER;ILBM;PCX;Progressive_Graphics_File;Truevision_TGA;QuickTime_VR;Tagged_Image_File_Format;Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format;WebP;Digital_container_format;MPEG_program_stream;MPEG_transport_stream;ISO_base_media_file_format;AMV_video_format;Advanced_Systems_Format;Audio_Interchange_File_Format;Audio_Video_Interleave;Au_file_format;Bink_Video;Digital_Picture_Exchange;Enhanced_VOB;Flash_Video;General_Exchange_Format;Matroska;Material_Exchange_Format;Ogg;QuickTime_File_Format;RatDVD;RealMedia;REDCODE;Resource_Interchange_File_Format;Smacker_video;VOB;WAV;WebM;Xvid;Xvid; Xz xz is a lossless data compression program and file format incorporating the LZMA2 compression algorithm . While xz can only support one file the convention is to bundle a file that is an archive itself, such as those created by the tar or cpio Unix programs. xz is essentially a stripped down version of the 7-Zip program with little archive format functionality, that compresses a single file (as opposed to 7-Zip's more complex capabilities like concatenating compressing entire directories). [ 1 ] Filename_extension;Software_release_life_cycle;Lossless_data_compression;File_format;Algorithm;Unix;Lzip;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Compress;ARJ;KGB_Archiver;Rzip;StuffIt;PAQ;EPUB;PAQ;Xz;Xz; YULS YULS or YUVsoft's Lossless Video Codec is a lossless video codec developed by YUVsoft. It was designed to produce highly compressed lossless video. Compared to many lossless video codecs, YULS has the best compression ratio. [ dubious – discuss ] [ 1 ] Software_design;Software_developer;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Lossless_data_compression;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;Software;YULS;YULS; Yacas Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Computer_algebra_system;Software_license;Computer_algebra_system;Free_software;Programming_language;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Computer_algebra_system;Retail_software;Algebrator;LiveMath;Magma_computer_algebra_system;Mathcad;Mathematica;MuPAD;Open_source_software;CoCoA_System;FriCAS;GAP_computer_algebra_system;GiNaC;Mathomatic;OpenAxiom;SINGULAR;SymPy;Xcas;Freeware;Shareware;CAMAL;Dynamic_Computer_Algebra_System;Macsyma;MuMATH;Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems;Programming_language;Yacas;Yacas; Yahoo NASDAQ;Bangalore;NASDAQ;Social_media;Stanford_University;Google;Microsoft;ComScore;The_New_York_Times;Flickr;Internet_forum;Daylife;The_Wall_Street_Journal;Internet_Archive;Flickr;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;DMCA;Romania;International_Standard_Book_Number;Flickr;NASDAQ;United_States;Adobe_Systems;Amazon.com;Apple_Inc.;Baidu;Broadcom;Cisco_Systems;Costco;Dell;Electronic_Arts;Google;Microsoft;Netflix;Nuance_Communications;Nvidia;Research_In_Motion;Seagate_Technology;Starbucks;Vodafone;Dell;Eastman_Kodak;Toshiba;Dell;IBM;Samsung_Electronics;Seagate_Technology;Amazon.com;Baidu;Google;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Nokia;Research_In_Motion;Samsung_Electronics;Cisco_Systems;Samsung_Electronics;Foxconn;Apple_Inc.;Dell;Samsung_Electronics;Toshiba;IBM;IBM;Broadcom;Intel;Nvidia;Samsung_Electronics;Sony;STMicroelectronics;Toshiba;Adobe_Systems;Apple_Inc.;Google;IBM;Microsoft;Deutsche_Telekom;SingTel;Sprint_Nextel;Vodafone; Yala_Music Yala Music is a company of digital distribution and web-based music streaming service in the arab world [ 2 ] with a french nationality, founded by Patrick Chassany It allows users to listen to various arabian musicians on various devices online, It currently has over 60 000 tracks, 3 500 music videos and 3 000 artists. [ 3 ] Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Yala_Music;Yala_Music; Yerba_Buena_Center_for_the_Arts Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (YBCA) is a multi-disciplinary contemporary arts center in San Francisco , California, United States. Located in Yerba Buena Gardens , YBCA features visual art, performance, and film/video that celebrates local, national, and international artists and the Bay Area 's diverse communities. YBCA programs year-round in two landmark buildings—the Galleries and Forum by Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki and Theater by American architect James Stewart Polshek . The center has been used for the launch of new products by Apple Inc. , including iPods and the iPad . [ 1 ] San_Francisco;Apple_Inc.;IPod;IPad;San_Francisco;Moscone_Center;Yerba_Buena_Center_for_the_Arts;Yerba_Buena_Center_for_the_Arts; YouPorn YouPorn is a free pornographic video sharing website. Since launching in August 2006, it has become the most popular pornographic website on the internet. In November 2007, it was reported to be the largest free pornographic website as well. [ 2 ] As of May 2011 it was the 83rd most popular website overall (it has since been overtaken by XVideos as of July 8, 2011). [ 3 ] This Web 2.0 (or Porn 2.0 ) site differs from many other pornographic websites in that it is completely free and ad-supported. One journalist reported that in May 2007 it generated a monthly ad revenue of $120,000 and that it was owned by Stephen Paul Jones. [ 4 ] Internationalization_and_localization;Luxembourg;Google;Terabyte;Google;Proxy_server;IP_address;Singapore;Sri_Lanka;YouPorn;YouPorn; YouTube YouTube is a video-sharing website, created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005, on which users can upload, view and share videos. [ 3 ] The company is based in San Bruno , California, and uses Adobe Flash Video and HTML5 technology to display a wide variety of user-generated video content, including movie clips , TV clips, and music videos, as well as amateur content such as video blogging and short original videos. Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals, although media corporations including CBS , the BBC , VEVO , Hulu , and other organizations offer some of their material via the site, as part of the YouTube partnership program. [ 4 ] Unregistered users can watch videos, while registered users can upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos considered to contain potentially offensive content are available only to registered users at least 18 years old. In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion, and now operates as a subsidiary of Google. Google;Slogan;Internationalization_and_localization;Flash_Video;CBS;Hulu;Google;Computer_science;ComScore;Google;Google;Forbes;NBC;CBS;Hulu;NBC;Google_Chrome;Social_networking;Adobe_Flash_Player;Web_browser;Adobe_Flash_Player;WebM;Gigabyte;Audio_Video_Interleave;Matroska;QuickTime;DivX;Flash_Video;Theora;VOB;Windows_Media_Video;Progressive_scan;Pixel;Sorenson_codec;Aspect_ratio;Widescreen;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Adobe_Flash;HTML;Social_networking;Barack_Obama;Smartphone;Apple_Inc.;Apple_TV;IPod_Touch;IPhone;Adobe_Flash_Player;Mobile_apps;TiVo;Video_game_console;Eric_Schmidt;Internationalization_and_localization;American_English;British_English;Mexican_Spanish;Australian_English;Canadian_English;Canadian_French;English_language;Spanish_language;Spanish_language;English_language;English_language;English_language;English_language;IP_address;DVD;Metacafe;Vimeo;Walmart;The_New_York_Times;Entertainment_Weekly;Copyright_infringement;Terabyte;Electronic_Frontier_Foundation;Eric_Schmidt;The_Guardian;The_Daily_Telegraph;The_Huffington_Post;ComScore;Reuters;CNET;Apple_Inc.;Gizmodo;ZDNet;Mashable;Mashable;Mashable;The_Next_Web;BBC_News;The_Huffington_Post;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Google;Eric_Schmidt;Al_Gore;Google_Talk;Google_Reader;Google_Chrome;Google_Currents;Picasa;Google_Talk;Google_TV;Google_Apps;Google_Books;Google_Play;Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol;IGoogle;Google_Books;Google_Maps;Google_Street_View;Google_News;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;YouTube;YouTube; Youku Youku Inc. , formerly Youku.com Inc. , [ 3 ] ( Chinese : 合一信息技术（北京）有限公司 [ 2 ] ), doing business as Youku ( simplified Chinese : 优酷 ; traditional Chinese : 優酷 ; pinyin : yōukù ; literally "excellent (and) cool", NYSE : YOKU ), is a Chinese video hosting service based in the People's Republic of China . On March 12, 2012, it was announced that Youku reached an agreement to acquire Tudou in a stock-for-stock transaction, and the new entity will be named Youku Tudou Inc. [ 4 ] Internet;Slogan;Internationalization_and_localization;Chinese_language;Chinese_language;Tudou;Tudou;Free_software;Google_Chrome;Tudou;YouTube;Tudou;The_Wall_Street_Journal;GitHub;Forbes;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Youku;Youku; ZDNet ZDNet is a business technology news website published by CBS Interactive , along with TechRepublic and SmartPlanet . The brand was founded on April 1, 1991 as a general interest technology portal from Ziff Davis and evolved into an enterprise IT-focused online publication owned by CNET Networks . CBS_Interactive;United_States;CBS_Interactive;Ziff_Davis;PC_Magazine;IDG;TechCrunch;ReadWriteWeb;Engadget;Gizmodo;News.com;CBS_Interactive;CNET;Last.fm;Ziff_Davis;PC_Magazine;ExtremeTech;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;ZDNet;ZDNet; Zairja A zairja ( Arabic : زايرجة ‎; also transcribed as zairjah , zairajah , zairdja , zairadja , and zayirga ) was a device used by medieval Arab astrologers to generate ideas by mechanical means. The name may derive from a mixture of the Persian words zaicha ("horoscope; astronomical table") and daira ("circle"). [ 1 ] Ibn Khaldun described it as: "a branch of the science of letter magic, practiced among the authorities on letter magic, is the technique of finding out answers from questions by means of connections existing between the letters of the expressions used in the question. They imagine that these connections can form the basis for knowing the future happenings they want to know." [ 2 ] He suggests that rather than being supernatural it works "from an agreement in the wording of question and answer ... with the help of the technique called the technique of 'breaking down'" (i.e. algebra). By combining number values associated with the letters and categories, new paths of insight and thought were created. According to Ibn Khaldun the most detailed treatment of it is a pseudographical work "Za'irajah of the World" attributed to as-Sabti , which contains operating instructions in hundreds of lines of verse, beginning: [ 2 ] Select a star rise. Figure out its signs. Reverse its root. Straighten it out with the cycle. Someone will perceive those things. He will achieve his purpose And be given their letters in whose arrangement the evidence lies... A manuscript in Rabat recounts Ibn Khaldun's introduction to the machine by Al-Marjānī in 1370 (772 AH), and claims that it was a traditional and ancient science. [ 1 ] When Ibn Khaldun expressed skepticism, the pair asked the instrument how old it was, and was told by the machine it was invented by the prophet Idris (identified with the Biblical Enoch ). It has been suggested that Catalan - Majorcan mystic, Ramon Llull in his travels and studies of Arab culture, became familiar with the zairja, and used it as a prototype for his invention of the Ars Magna . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Ramon_Llull;Alphabet_of_human_thought;Automated_reasoning;Commonsense_knowledge_base;Commonsense_reasoning;Computability;Formal_system;Inference_engine;Knowledge_base;Knowledge_discovery;Knowledge_engineering;Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning;Knowledge_retrieval;Knowledge_extraction;Logic_programming;Semantic_reasoner;Ramon_Llull;An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language;John_Wilkins;Calculus_ratiocinator;Characteristica_universalis;Gottfried_Leibniz;Dewey_Decimal_Classification;Melvil_Dewey;Begriffsschrift;Gottlob_Frege;Mundaneum;Paul_Otlet;Henri_La_Fontaine;Logical_atomism;Bertrand_Russell;Ludwig_Wittgenstein;David_Hilbert;Vannevar_Bush;Prolog;Cyc;True_Knowledge;True_Knowledge;Wolfram_Alpha;Wolfram_Research;IBM;Apple_Inc.;Knowledge_Graph;Google;The_Engine;A_Logic_Named_Joe;Snow_Crash;A.I._Artificial_Intelligence;The_Baroque_Cycle;List_of_fictional_computers;Zairja;Zairja; Zak_and_Sara Ben_Folds;Record_label;Record_producer;Ben_Folds;Ben_Folds;Rolling_Stone;Ben_Folds;Soundtrack;Piano;Guitar;Cello;Ben_Folds;Way_to_Normal;Way_to_Normal; Zattoo Zattoo is an Internet Protocol Television system, [ 1 ] with offices located in Ann Arbor, Michigan , and in Zurich , Switzerland. [ 2 ] It is available on computer, iPhone , iPod Touch and iPad and runs on the operating systems Windows XP , Windows Vista , Mac OS X and Linux . The basic resolution for channels is 352×288, in wide screen 480×288, and the downstream rate amounts to 500 kBps . In high quality, the resolution amounts to 576×528 and the downstream rate to 1.2 MBps . In opposition to the standard channels, the high quality possess the video codec H.264 . [ 3 ] Software_developer;Operating_system;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;IPTV;IPhone;IPod_Touch;IPad;Operating_system;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Mac_OS_X;Linux;Display_resolution;Video_codec;Denmark;United_Kingdom;Switzerland;Denmark;Spain;Germany;Norway;United_Kingdom;France;Austria;Poland;Canada;United_States;Geolocation;IP_address;IPTV;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;United_Kingdom;The_Guardian;Financial_Times;The_Daily_Telegraph;Daily_Mail;The_Mail_on_Sunday;ITV;ITV;BBC_iPlayer;ITV;TVCatchup;TiVo;EMI;Reuters;British_Phonographic_Industry;Zattoo;Zattoo; Zeebo June 25, 2009 (Brazil) November 10, 2009 (Mexico) 2010 (Russia India) digital distribution ARM11 clocked at 528Mhz 6-button dual analog gamepad ZeeboNet on Claro 3G (Brazil) Zeebo is a 3G -enabled entertainment and education system from Zeebo Inc. It not only enables users to play video games , but also connect to the Internet, communicate online and run educational applications. The Zeebo is targeted at developing markets such as BRIC ( Brazil , Russia , India and China ) and Mexico . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Zeebo Inc. says that the Zeebo brings "the fun and excitement of interactive entertainment and education to those who—until now—have had little or no access to such technology." [ 7 ] Video_game_console;Digital_distribution;Central_processing_unit;ARM_architecture;NAND_flash;Secure_Digital;USB;Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution;GPRS;Video_game;Brazil;Mexico;Digital_distribution;Electronic_Arts;Namco;Brazil;Mexico;EDGE;Accelerometer;Hertz;Gigabyte;Video_Graphics_Array;Universal_Serial_Bus;SD_Card;Adaptive_DPCM;Software_development_kit;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Zeebo;Zeebo; Zero_configuration_networking Zero configuration networking ( zeroconf ), is a set of techniques that automatically creates a usable Internet Protocol (IP) network without manual operator intervention or special configuration servers. Zero configuration networking allows devices such as computers and printers to connect to a network automatically. Without zeroconf, a network administrator must set up services, such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS), or configure each computer's network settings manually, which may be difficult and time-consuming. Zeroconf is built on three core technologies: Assignment of numeric network addresses for networked devices Automatic resolution and distribution of computer hostnames Automatic location of network services, such as printing devices Media access control Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Internet_Relay_Chat;Post_Office_Protocol;Session_Initiation_Protocol;Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol;Ethernet;Microsoft;Apple_Computer;Mac_OS_X;IChat;VoIP;Windows_XP;Home_theater_PC;Sun_Microsystems;Linux;Apple_Inc.;Linux;Linux;Digital_object_identifier;Zero_configuration_networking;Zero_configuration_networking; Ziff_Davis Ziff Davis Inc. ( ZD ) is an American publisher and Internet company. It was founded in 1927 in Chicago by William B. Ziff, Sr. and Bernard G. Davis . Throughout most of its history, it was a publisher of hobbyist magazines, often ones devoted to expensive, advertiser-rich hobbies such as cars, photography, and electronics. However, since 1980, Ziff Davis has primarily published computer and technology related magazines, and its growing number of websites, spun off from its magazines, have established Ziff Davis as an Internet Information company. Ziff Davis had several broadcasting properties, first in the mid-1970s, and later with its own technology network ZDTV, later renamed to TechTV , that was sold to Vulcan Ventures in 2001. Ziff Davis' magazine publishing and Internet operations offices are based in New York City, San Francisco and Woburn (Massachusetts). The company (Ziff Davis Media) announced that it had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on March 5, 2008 [ 1 ] and emerged, following a court supervised corporate restructuring in July 2009. [ 2 ] On January 6, 2009, the company sold 1up.com to UGO Entertainment , a division of Hearst Corporation and announced the January 2009 issue of the long-running Electronic Gaming Monthly magazine as the final one. [ 3 ] Former Time Inc. executive Vivek Shah, with financial backing from Boston private equity firm Great Hill Partners, announced on June 4, 2010 the acquisition of Ziff Davis Inc. as the "first step in building a new digital media company that specializes in producing and distributing content for consumers making important buying decisions." [ 4 ] Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;Germany;CBS;PC_Magazine;NBC;CBS;NBC;CBS;PC_Magazine;ZDNet;CNET;Worldwide_Developers_Conference;ExtremeTech;PC_Magazine;PC_Magazine;ExtremeTech;Electronic_Gaming_Monthly;ZDNet;Ziff_Davis;Ziff_Davis; Zimbabwe Zimbabwe ( / z ɪ m ˈ b ɑː b w eɪ / zim- BAHB -way ; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe ) is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the African continent , between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia and a tip of Namibia to the northwest (making this area a quadripoint ) and Mozambique to the east. The capital is Harare . Zimbabwe achieved recognised independence from Britain in April 1980, following a 14-year period as an unrecognised state under the predominantly white minority government of Rhodesia , which unilaterally declared independence in 1965. Rhodesia briefly reconstituted itself as black-majority ruled Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979, but this order failed to gain international acceptance. Zimbabwe has three official languages : English , Shona and Ndebele . The country today equivalent to Zimbabwe was first demarcated by the British South Africa Company in the late 19th century; it became the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923. President Robert Mugabe is the head of State and Commander in Chief of the armed forces . Morgan Tsvangirai is the Prime Minister . Mugabe has been in power since the country's internationally recognised independence in 1980 . United_Kingdom;Namibia;Mozambique;Portugal;Malta;Mozambique;Portugal;Malawi;European_Union;BBC_News;CNN;CNN;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;European_Union;CNN;Fox_News;CNN;CNN;Mozambique;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;International_Standard_Book_Number;About.com;International_Standard_Book_Number;CNN;Associated_Press;Reuters;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Open_Directory_Project;BBC_News;Zimbabwe;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;France;The_Gambia;Italy;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Portugal;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Spain;Swaziland;France;United_Kingdom;The_Gambia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Liberia;Burkina_Faso;Benin;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;The_Gambia;Liberia;Mauritania;Sierra_Leone;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Chad;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Liberia;Benin;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Swaziland;Argentina;Brazil;Chile;Malaysia;Mexico;Peru;Sri_Lanka;Venezuela;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;Malawi;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Swaziland;Benin;Burkina_Faso;Cape_Verde;Chad;Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo;The_Gambia;Liberia;Malawi;Mauritania;Mozambique;Namibia;Seychelles;Sierra_Leone;Swaziland;Gibraltar;Colombia;Cyprus;Seychelles;Solomon_Islands;Papua_New_Guinea;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe; Zimbabwe_Telegraph Zimbabwe Telegraph is an internet newspaper published in Zimbabwe , UK and Canada. It has a specialised focus on current events in Zimbabwe's politics, social and economic developments. The newspaper was first published in late 2008. The Zimbabwe Telegraph's website is an aggregated news and opinion articles. The site covers a wide range of topics, including sections devoted to politics, entertainment, media, health, law and business. Its team of regular bloggers include many people from Zimbabwe's politicians, commentators, and analysts to an extensive network of opinion writers. Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe;Zimbabwe_Telegraph;Zimbabwe_Telegraph; Zimbra Zimbra Collaboration Suite ( ZCS ) is a groupware email server and web client created by Zimbra, Inc., located in Palo Alto, California , USA. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Open_source;Email_client;Application_programming_interface;IMAP;Linux;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Outlook;Nokia_Eseries;BlackBerry;IPhone;Free_Software_Foundation;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;Free_Software_Foundation;Email_client;Open_source_software;Claws_Mail;Gnus;Mozilla_Thunderbird;SeaMonkey;Freeware;Opera_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Novell_GroupWise;Shareware;Pegasus_Mail;Microsoft_Entourage;Internet_Message_Access_Protocol;Post_Office_Protocol;Email;Mozilla_Thunderbird;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Zune;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Zimbra;Zimbra; Zinf Zinf is a free audio player released under the GNU General Public License . It runs on Unix-like operating systems and Windows . Zinf is a continuation of the FreeAmp project and uses the same source code. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Computing_platform;Internationalization_and_localization;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Free_software;Microsoft_Windows;Vorbis;WAV;MPEG;Metadata;Trademark;EMusic;Exaile;Comparison_of_audio_player_software;Zinf;Zinf; ZipGenius ZipGenius is a freeware file archiver developed by Matteo Riso of M.Dev Software for Microsoft Windows . It is capable of handling nearly two dozen file formats, including all the most common formats, as well as password-protect archives and work directly with CD-R /RW drives. It is presented in two editions: standard and suite. While the suite edition includes optional modules of the ZipGenius project (oriented to experts and power-users), the standard setup package simply includes the main ZipGenius application. ZipGenius was first released as Mr. Zip 98 to a strict group of users, and renamed ZipGenius in March 1998. In April 1999, its first public release was made. ZipGenius's latest release is version 6.3.1.2590 (June 2, 2010 ; 2 years ago ( 2010-06-02 ) ), containing a large number of fixes, the majority of which are bug fixes not visible at first glance. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;Freeware;Freeware;Microsoft_Windows;CD;DVD;Windows_XP;Windows_Explorer;Linux;UPX;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Italy;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Zipeg;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;ZipGenius;ZipGenius; ZipTorrent This article refers to the original Ziptorrent C++ Bittorrent client, and the 2007 version of Azureus modified specifically by MediaDefender Inc. to disrupt Bittorrent downloads. ZipTorrent developers 1.3.7.3 (August 24, 2005 ; 6 years ago ( 2005-08-24 ) ) [ ± ] Programming language used n/a (previously ZipTorrent.com ) ZipTorrent was a BitTorrent client written entirely using C++ with the intention of being small and fast. The last known version, 1.3.7.3, was released in 2005, and development has stopped. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Vuze;Broadcatching;LimeWire;QBittorrent;Vuze;ZipTorrent;ZipTorrent; Zipeg Zipeg is an open source free software that extracts files from ZIP , RAR and other archives. Zipeg works under Mac OS X and Windows . It is best known for its file preview ability. It is incapable of compressing files, although it is able to extract compressed ones; it supports RAR, ZIP and other formats. Zipeg is built on top of the 7-Zip backend. Its UI is implemented in Java and is open source. Zipeg automatically detects filenames in national alphabets (code pages) and correctly translates them to Unicode. Zipeg reads EXIF thumbnails from JPEG digital photographs and uses them for "tool tip" style preview and item icons. Mac_OS_X;Windows_XP;Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Mac_OS_X;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;BSD_License;Open_source;Free_software;Mac_OS_X;Microsoft_Windows;Macworld;Data_compression;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Comparison_of_file_archivers;Free_software;File_Roller;FreeArc;KGB_Archiver;PAQ;PeaZip;The_Unarchiver;UPX;Xarchiver;Freeware;Filzip;IZArc;StuffIt_Expander;TUGZip;ZipGenius;Bandizip;Commercial_software;ALZip;Archive_Utility;ARJ;BetterZip;MacBinary;PKZIP;PowerArchiver;StuffIt;WinAce;WinRAR;WinZip;Lossless_data_compression;Free_software;Compress;Gzip;Lzip;Lzop;Rzip;Xz;Comparison_of_audio_formats;Lossy_compression;FAAC;LAME;TooLAME;Libavcodec;CELT;Speex;Musepack;Vorbis;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Apple_Lossless;FLAC;Libavcodec;Audio_Lossless_Coding;OptimFROG;Shorten;WavPack;Video_compression;Comparison_of_video_codecs;Lossy_compression;DivX;Nero_Digital;FFmpeg;Xvid;CoreAVC;DivX;FFmpeg;Nero_Digital;QuickTime;CineForm;Cinepak;DNxHD_codec;Indeo;Libavcodec;Smart_Bitrate_Control;Sorenson_codec;Theora;Windows_Media_Encoder;Lossless_data_compression;Huffyuv;Lagarith;MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec;SheerVideo;YULS;Software;Zipeg;Zipeg; Zoned_CAV Macintosh;Floppy_disk;Apple_Macintosh;Floppy_disk; Zotac Hong_Kong;Europe;Asia;North_America;Hong_Kong;Nvidia;Hong_Kong;Remote_control;Operating_system;XBMC_Media_Center;GeForce;Zotac;Zotac; Zotepine InChI=1S/C18H18ClNOS/c1-20(2)9-10-21-16-11-13-5-3-4-6-17(13)22-18-8-7-14(19)12-15(16)18/h3-8,11-12H,9-10H2,1-2H3 Y Key:HDOZVRUNCMBHFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Zotepine ( Nipolept , Losizopilon , Lodopin , Setous ) is an atypical antipsychotic drug indicated for acute and chronic schizophrenia . It has been used in Germany since 1990 and Japan since 1982. Zotepine is not approved for use in the United States. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Atypical_antipsychotic;Germany;Japan;Typical_antipsychotic;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Zuclopenthixol;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Asenapine;Clozapine;Quetiapine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Metitepine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Asenapine;Metitepine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Nortriptyline;Cyproheptadine;Esmirtazapine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Pizotifen;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amoxapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Asenapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Doxepin;Mianserin;Nortriptyline;Asenapine;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Latrepirdine;Metitepine;Amitriptyline;Amoxapine;Clomipramine;Imipramine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Chlorpromazine;Loxapine;Butaclamol;Metitepine;Pirandamine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Nortriptyline;Pipofezine;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Diphenhydramine;Mepyramine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Cyclobenzaprine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Tianeptine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zuclopenthixol;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Zotepine;Zotepine; Zuclopenthixol InChI=1S/C22H25ClN2OS/c23-17-7-8-22-20(16-17)18(19-4-1-2-6-21(19)27-22)5-3-9-24-10-12-25(13-11-24)14-15-26/h1-2,4-8,16,26H,3,9-15H2/b18-5- Y Key:WFPIAZLQTJBIFN-DVZOWYKESA-N Y N (what is this?) (verify) Zuclopenthixol ( Cisordinol , Clopixol , Acuphase ), also known as zuclopentixol , is a typical antipsychotic drug of the thioxanthene class. It was introduced in 1962 by Lundbeck . [ 1 ] Zuclopenthixol is the cis - isomer of clopenthixol . [ 2 ] Zuclopenthixol is not approved for use in the United States. International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature;Drugs.com;Pregnancy_category;Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods;Route_of_administration;Bioavailability;Plasma_protein_binding;Drug_metabolism;Liver;Excretion;CAS_registry_number;Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System;PubChem;DrugBank;ChemSpider;Unique_Ingredient_Identifier;KEGG;ChEMBL;Chemical_formula;Carbon;Hydrogen;Chlorine;Nitrogen;Oxygen;Molecular_mass;Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification;International_Chemical_Identifier;Typical_antipsychotic;Thioxanthene;Fluphenazine;Flupentixol;Typical_antipsychotic;Thioxanthene;International_Standard_Book_Number;International_Standard_Book_Number;Digital_object_identifier;Digital_object_identifier;PubMed_Identifier;Digital_object_identifier;Antipsychotic;Typical_antipsychotic;Phenothiazine;Acetophenazine;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Chlorpromazine;Fluphenazine;Levomepromazine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Perphenazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Thioxanthene;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Thiothixene;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Fluotracen;Loxapine;Trimipramine;Prothipendyl;Atypical_antipsychotic;Tricyclic;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Atiprosin;Carvedilol;Monatepil;Piperoxan;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Antipsychotic;Piperoxan;Pseudoephedrine;Aptazapine;Esmirtazapine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Olanzapine;Piperoxan;Setiptiline;Atypical_antipsychotic;Pseudoephedrine;Carvedilol;Ciclazindol;Mazindol;Tandamine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Clomipramine;Desipramine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Imipramine;Lofepramine;Melitracen;Nortriptyline;Protriptyline;Trimipramine;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Mianserin;Oxaprotiline;Setiptiline;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Pseudoephedrine;Methylene_blue;Benzatropine;Cyclobenzaprine;Etybenzatropine;Orphenadrine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pirenzepine;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Brompheniramine;Chlorphenamine;Cyproheptadine;Dimenhydrinate;Diphenhydramine;Doxylamine;Mepyramine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Amoxapine;Maprotiline;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Ibogaine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Perazine;Periciazine;Perphenazine;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Sulforidazine;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Asenapine;Carpipramine;Clocapramine;Clozapine;Gevotroline;Mosapramine;Olanzapine;Piquindone;Quetiapine;Zotepine;Thiethylperazine;Amoxapine;Butaclamol;Amineptine;Benzatropine;Ciclazindol;Diphenylpyraline;Etybenzatropine;Mazindol;Tripelennamine;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Methylene_blue;Histaminergic;Histamine_receptor;Betahistine;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Alimemazine;Antazoline;Azatadine;Bamipine;Benzatropine;Bepotastine;Bromazine;Brompheniramine;Buclizine;Captodiame;Carbinoxamine;Chlorcyclizine;Chloropyramine;Chlorothen;Chlorphenamine;Chlorphenoxamine;Cinnarizine;Clemastine;Clobenzepam;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Dexbrompheniramine;Dexchlorpheniramine;Dimenhydrinate;Dimetindene;Diphenhydramine;Diphenylpyraline;Doxylamine;Embramine;Etybenzatropine;Etymemazine;Flunarizine;Histapyrrodine;Homochlorcyclizine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Hydroxyzine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Meclozine;Mepyramine;Mequitazine;Methafurylene;Methapyrilene;Methdilazine;Moxastine;Niaprazine;Orphenadrine;Oxatomide;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pheniramine;Phenyltoloxamine;Pimethixene;Piperoxan;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Pyrrobutamine;Talastine;Thenalidine;Thenyldiamine;Thiazinamium;Thonzylamine;Tolpropamine;Tripelennamine;Triprolidine;Acrivastine;Astemizole;Azelastine;Bepotastine;Bilastine;Cetirizine;Clemastine;Clemizole;Clobenztropine;Ebastine;Emedastine;Epinastine;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Levocabastine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mizolastine;Moxastine;Olopatadine;Rupatadine;Setastine;Talastine;Terfenadine;Desloratadine;Fexofenadine;Levocetirizine;Tricyclic_antidepressant;Amitriptyline;Doxepin;Trimipramine;Tetracyclic_antidepressant;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Typical_antipsychotic;Chlorpromazine;Thioridazine;Atypical_antipsychotic;Clozapine;Olanzapine;Quetiapine;Amthamine;Betazole;Dimaprit;Histamine;Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide;Impromidine;Burimamide;Cimetidine;Ebrotidine;Famotidine;Lafutidine;Lavoltidine;Lupitidine;Metiamide;Niperotidine;Nizatidine;Oxmetidine;Ranitidine;Roxatidine;Cipralisant;Histamine;Imetit;Immepip;Immethridine;Methimepip;Proxyfan;Betahistine;Burimamide;Ciproxifan;Clobenpropit;Conessine;Impentamine;Iodophenpropit;Pitolisant;Thioperamide;Histamine;Thioperamide;Neurotransmitter_transporter;Vesicular_monoamine_transporter;Ibogaine;Reserpine;Tetrabenazine;Enzyme;Histidine_decarboxylase;Meciadanol;Naringenin;Tritoqualine;Diamine_oxidase;Aminoguanidine;Histamine;Ketoconazole;Niaprazine;Buclizine;Meclozine;Buclizine;Cetirizine;Chlorcyclizine;Cinnarizine;Clocinizine;Cyclizine;Hydroxyzine;Meclozine;Oxatomide;Tricyclic;Amoxapine;Clozapine;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Loxapine;Metitepine;Olanzapine;Opipramol;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Pirenzepine;Prochlorperazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Tricyclic;Chemical_class;Acridine;Anthracene;Dibenzazepine;Dibenzocycloheptene;Dibenzodiazepine;Dibenzothiazepine;Dibenzothiepin;Dibenzoxazepine;Phenothiazine;Thioxanthene;Antidepressant;Amezepine;Amineptine;Amitriptyline;Amitriptylinoxide;Amoxapine;Aptazapine;Azepindole;Azipramine;Butriptyline;Cianopramine;Ciclazindol;Ciclopramine;Clomipramine;Cotriptyline;Cyanodothiepin;Demexiptiline;Depramine;Desipramine;Dibenzepin;Dimetacrine;Dosulepin;Doxepin;Enprazepine;Esmirtazapine;Fluotracen;Hepzidine;Homopipramol;Imipramine;Imipraminoxide;Intriptyline;Iprindole;Ketipramine;Litracen;Lofepramine;Losindole;Loxapine;Maprotiline;Mariptiline;Mazindol;Melitracen;Metapramine;Mezepine;Mianserin;Mirtazapine;Naranol;Nitroxazepine;Nortriptyline;Noxiptiline;Octriptyline;Opipramol;Oxaprotiline;Pipofezine;Pirandamine;Propizepine;Protriptyline;Quinupramine;Setiptiline;Tandamine;Tampramine;Tianeptine;Tienopramine;Trimipramine;Histamine_antagonist;Alimemazine;Azatadine;Clobenzepam;Cyproheptadine;Dacemazine;Deptropine;Desloratadine;Epinastine;Etymemazine;Hydroxyethylpromethazine;Isopromethazine;Isothipendyl;Ketotifen;Latrepirdine;Loratadine;Mebhydrolin;Mequitazine;Methdilazine;Olopatadine;Oxomemazine;Phenindamine;Pimethixene;Promethazine;Propiomazine;Rupatadine;Thiazinamium;Antipsychotic;Acetophenazine;Amoxapine;Asenapine;Butaclamol;Butaperazine;Carphenazine;Carpipramine;Chlorpromazine;Chlorprothixene;Ciclindole;Clocapramine;Clorotepin;Clotiapine;Clozapine;Flucindole;Fluotracen;Flupentixol;Fluphenazine;Gevotroline;Homopipramol;Levomepromazine;Loxapine;Mesoridazine;Metitepine;Mosapramine;Naranol;Olanzapine;Perathiepin;Perazine;Perphenazine;Periciazine;Piperacetazine;Pipotiazine;Piquindone;Prochlorperazine;Promazine;Prothipendyl;Quetiapine;Sulforidazine;Thiethylperazine;Thiopropazate;Thioridazine;Thiothixene;Trifluoperazine;Triflupromazine;Zotepine;Atiprosin;Carbamazepine;Carvedilol;Cyclobenzaprine;Eslicarbazepine_acetate;Etazepine;Licarbazepine;Methylene_blue;Monatepil;Oxcarbazepine;Oxitriptyline;Pirenzepine;Pirolate;Pitrazepin;Pizotifen;Profenamine;Telenzepine;Tropatepine;Zuclopenthixol;Zuclopenthixol; Zune November 14, 2006 ( Zune 30 ) [ 1 ] November 13, 2007 ( Zune 4, 8 , 80 ) [ 2 ] June 13, 2008 ( Zune 4, 8 , 80 ) September 16, 2008 ( Zune 16 , 120 ) [ 3 ] [ 4 ] September 15, 2009 ( Zune HD 16, 32 ) [ 5 ] April 12, 2010 ( Zune HD 64 ) [ 6 ] Retail availability Windows Embedded CE 6.0 [ citation needed ] Freescale i. MX31L processor ARM Core Nvidia Tegra APX 2600 (Zune HD) 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 GB flash drive 30, 80, and 120 GB hard drive 1.8in glass LCD screen, resolution 240×320 (Zune 4, 8, 16) 3in QVGA LCD screen, resolution 240×320 (Zune 30) 3.2in glass LCD screen, resolution 240×320 at 4:3 aspect ratio (Zune 80, 120) 3.3in glass OLED touchscreen, resolution 480×272 at 16:9 aspect ratio (Zune HD) Circular directional pad (non-touch) Touch-sensitive Zune Pad (4, 8, 16, 80, 120 GB releases) Capacitive touchscreen Wi-Fi (Zune-Zune, Sync-PC, Microsoft Surface) Portable Media Center Zune was the brand of digital media store developed by Microsoft which includes a line of portable media players that are now discontinued, digital media player software for Windows machines, a music subscription service known as a 'Zune Music Pass', music and video streaming services for the Xbox 360 game console via the Zune Software , music, TV and movie sales, and the media software for Windows Phone . In October 2011, Microsoft announced the discontinuation of all Zune hardware, encouraging users to transition to Windows Phone. In June 2012, Microsoft confirmed that it has plans to discontinue the "Zune" brand, instead Microsoft will offer its digital media services for its line of products (including Windows 8 PCs, Xbox 360 game console, and Windows Phones ) under the " Xbox Music " brand. It has also been rumored that Microsoft will offer video content under the "Xbox Video" brand, though it has not been confirmed. [ 7 ] Microsoft;Portable_media_player;Operating_system;Central_processing_unit;ARM_architecture;Hard_drive;Liquid_crystal_display;Quarter_VGA;Aspect_ratio;Aspect_ratio;USB;Microsoft;Portable_media_player;Windows;Windows_Phone;Microsoft;Windows_Phone;Toshiba;Xbox;Squircle;Audiobooks;Audible.com;United_Airlines;Windows_Phone;Windows_Phone;IPod_nano;Internet_Explorer;Pixel;Hard_disk_drive;Flash_memory;Flash_memory;Flash_memory;Hard_disk_drive;Hard_disk_drive;Flash_memory;Firmware;Microsoft;Belkin;Griffin_Technology;Harman_Kardon;JBL;Logitech;Monster_Cable;ARM_architecture;JPEG;Audio_Video_Interleave;Xvid;Advanced_Audio_Coding;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Audio;Windows_Media_Audio;Graphical_user_interface;Firmware;Windows_Media_DRM;Windows_Phone;Ripping;Metadata;Streaming_media;Windows_XP;Windows_Vista;Windows_Phone;Germany;IPod;NPD_Group;Amazon.com;CBS;Compact_Disc;Steve_Jobs;Comparison_of_portable_media_players;Comparison_of_online_music_stores;Microsoft;CNet;The_New_York_Times_Company;Open_Directory_Project;Microsoft;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_Phone;Internet_Explorer;Skype;Microsoft_Exchange_Server;.NET_Framework;DirectX;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;NBCNews.com;Bing;Microsoft_Store;Xbox;MSN_TV;MSN_TV;Operating_system;Microsoft;Microsoft_Windows;Windows_NT;Windows_Phone;News_aggregator;BlogBridge;BottomFeeder;FeedDemon;Feedly;Flipboard;FreeRange_WebReader;Genieo;Google_Currents;Hubdog;Liferea;Mindity;NetNewsWire;NewsAccess;NewsFire;RSS_Bandit;RSSOwl;Seesmic;Snarfer;TweetDeck;WebFetch;AOL_Explorer;Avant_Browser;Camino;ICab;Internet_Explorer;Kazehakase;Maxthon;Mozilla_Firefox;Netscape_Browser;OmniWeb;SeaMonkey;Shiira;Tencent_Traveler;Claws_Mail;Gnus;IBM_Lotus_Notes;Microsoft_Outlook;Mozilla_Thunderbird;Opera_Mail;Pegasus_Mail;Windows_Live_Mail;Zimbra;Web_application;Bloglines;Cheetah_News;Daylife;Drupal;FriendFeed;Google_News;Google_Reader;IGoogle;DotCMS;Imooty.eu;Newsknowledge;Netvibes;Pageflakes;Six_Apart;Spokeo;WebGUI;Windows_Live_Personalized_Experience;WinnowTag;Adobe_Media_Player;ITunes;MediaMonkey;Rhythmbox;Winamp;Broadcatching;BitLord;Opera_Mail;QBittorrent;Torrent_Swapper;TorrentFlux;Tribler;Vuze;ZipTorrent;Comparison_of_feed_aggregators;RSS_enclosure;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;Zylom;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;Open_webOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Windows_Phone_Store;Zune;Zune; Zylom Zylom is a distributor, developer and publisher of PC-based casual games . Based in Eindhoven , the Netherlands , Zylom delivers the casual games throughout 12 countries in Europe. Zylom offers both online and downloadable games through its own direct-to-consumer web site zylom.com, which has more than 300 games to play and download. On a monthly basis, Zylom offers its games to 13 million unique visitors of whom most are females aged 20 and older. [ 1 ] On average, around 300,000 people play Zylom-games at any point in time. RealNetworks;Netherlands;Netherlands;United_States;United_Kingdom;RealNetworks;Internationalization_and_localization;GameHouse;Germany;United_Kingdom;Germany;United_Kingdom;Spain;France;Italy;Brazil;Brazil;Brazil;Digital_distribution;Content_delivery_network;Amazon_Kindle;PocketBook_International;Sony_Reader;List_of_digital_library_projects;FanFiction.Net;Wattpad;Google_Play;SingTel;Online_music_store;Amie_Street;Bandcamp;Bandit.fm;Beatport;BuyMusic;CD_Baby;Classical_Archives;Deezer;Ditto_Music;Djshop;EMusic;GoMusicNow;Grooveshark;Google_Play;Guvera;Imeem;IMesh;ITunes_Store;Jamendo;Juno_Records;Kazaa;Last.fm;Magnatune;MusicStation;Music_Unlimited;Nimbit;Pandora_Radio;PlayNow.com;Puretracks;Rdio;RouteNote;Sellaband;Simfy;Spotify;Songza;SoundCloud;Streamwaves;Ubetoo;Vodafone;Walmart;WiMP;Yala_Music;Video_on_demand;Amazon_Instant_Video;AOL;BBC_iPlayer;Blockbuster_LLC;Break.com;Brightcove;Crackle;Crunchyroll;Dailymotion;Fearnet;Hulu;Google_Play;Joost;LoveFilm;Megaupload;Metacafe;MUZU_TV;Netflix;The_NewsMarket;PlayNow.com;SVT_Play;PlayStation_Store;Popcornflix;Rutube;Video_Unlimited;ThePlatform;Tudou;TVCatchup;V_Cast;Veoh;Vimeo;Voddler;Vudu;Youku;YouTube;Zattoo;Digital_distribution_in_video_games;Digital_distribution;Microsoft_Windows;Beamdog;Big_Fish_Games;Desura;DotEmu;Gaikai;GameAgent;GameHouse;GamersGate;GameShadow;GameTap;Google_Play;GOG.com;Green_Man_Gaming;Intel_AppUp;Jumboplay;Metaboli;Microsoft_Store;OnLive;Stardock_Central;WildTangent;Windows_Marketplace;Windows_Store;OS_X;GameAgent;GamersGate;Google_Play;Mac_App_Store;Inside_Mac_Games;OnLive;Linux;Desura;Google_Play;Ubuntu_Software_Center;Video_game_console;Nintendo_eShop;Nintendo_Network;PlayStation_Store;Wii_Shop_Channel;Xbox_Live_Marketplace;Zeebo;List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms;Amazon_Appstore;WebOS;BlackBerry_App_World;Cydia;GetJar;Google_Play;Handango;PlayNow.com;Samsung_Apps;Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile;Zylom;Zylom; Zynewave_Podium Podium is a Digital Audio Workstation software program that integrates audio recording, VST plugins and external MIDI and audio gear. An object based project structure allows for advanced media and device management. Feature highlights include hierarchic track layout, integrated sound editor, surround sound, spline curve automation, 64-bit mixing, multiprocessing and a customizable user interface. Software_developer;Software_release_life_cycle;Programming_language;Operating_system;Microsoft_Windows;List_of_software_categories;Software_license;Proprietary_software;MIDI;Zynewave_Podium;Zynewave_Podium;