Permanent magnets are the oldest functional materials in human civilization. However, the applications of permanent magnets are still rapidly growing today. As the key materials for energy conversion in many modern machineries and devices, stronger permanent magnets can be a solution to the current energy crisis. To produce the next generation of permanent magnets based on nanoscale composite structures, systematic research has been carried out in our UT Arlington Nanostructured Magnetic Materials Research Group and very encouraging progress has been made in the past several years.