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Plant pathogens use sophisticated strategies to infect their host plants. Our model organism is Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of pepper and tomato. Essential for Xcv pathogenicity is a type III secretion system that translocates bacterial effector proteins (T3Es) into the plant cell. Once inside the plant cell T3Es interfere with plant cell signaling and metabolic pathways to the benefit of the pathogen, which in turn can multiply in the intercellular spaces of the plant tissue. The effectors contribute to the virulence of the bacterium, e.g., by suppression of plant defense responses. Our key objectives are to identify and characterize novel bacterial virulence factors and to study the corresponding plant processes in disease and defense. To date, more than thirty T3Es have been confirmed experimentally. Our long-term goal is the analysis of interesting T3ES with respect to their localization in the plant cell and their potential effect on plant immunity, gene expression and other aspects that might be important during infection, e.g., plant protein secretion and plant cell structure.
Resistant tomato and pepper lines specifically recognize certain "injected" bacterial effector proteins that were designated "avirulence" proteins. For example, the AvrBs3 protein induces a hypersensitive reaction (HR) in pepper plants carrying the dominant resistance gene Bs3. The HR is a rapid, localized cell death reaction of the infected plant tissue. In susceptible pepper plants, i.e., in the absence of recognition, AvrBs3 induces hypertrophy (cell enlargement), which reflects the virulence function of AvrBs3. Hypertrophy also occurs in tomato and other solanaceous plants. AvrBs3 was the first TAL-effector identified (Bonas et al. 1989). Using immunocytology we have shown that AvrBs3 localizes to the plant nucleus. Where it acts as a transcription factor. Its activity depends on a central region of 34-amino acid repeats, nuclear localization signals and an acidic activation domain in the C-terminus. The repeat region turned out to be a novel DNA-binding motif, with one repeat binding one DNA-basepair (Boch et al. 2009).
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Simon Ortmann,Jolina Marx,Christina Lampe, Tim-Martin Ehnert, Sarah Zinecker, Matthias Reimers,Ulla Bonas,Jessica Lee Erickson
The Plant Journalno. 1 (2021): 8-22
Johannes Stuttmann,Karen Barthel,Patrick Martin,Jana Ordon, Jessica L. Erickson, Rosalie Herr, Filiz Ferik,Carola Kretschmer, Thomas Berner,Jens Keilwagen,Sylvestre Marillonnet,Ulla Bonas
crossref(2020)
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