Osteoblast-like cell initial adhesion onto a network-structured titanium oxide layer

The TiO2/Ti2O3 layer with a network size of about 10–300nm was formed on a Ti substrate using fast anodization treatment in an alkaline solution. The number of osteoblast-like cells attached to the anodized Ti substrates was higher (over 1.4 times) than that on untreated Ti.