Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses of mammal bone fossils from the Zhongba site in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of the Yangtze River, China

Based on AMS 14 C dating data, carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were conducted on mammal bone collagen of deer, cattle and pigs from the Zhongba site in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of the Yangtze River. These analyses were conducted to reconstruct palaeodiets of mammals, palaeoecology, palaeoenviroment and previous human activities in the study area. Results show that the collagen loss of bone did not change the in vivo isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, and most of the bone fossils were well preserved. The bone collagen of samples from deer had a mean δ 13 C of −23.1‰ and a mean δ 15 N of 4.7‰, suggesting that deer subsisted in a closed habitat and fed on branches and leaves. The bone collagen of cattle had a mean δ 13 C of −19.6‰ and a mean δ 15 N of 5.2‰, which indicates that cattle subsisted in an open habitat and fed on grasses and stems. The δ 13 C values show that both deer and cattle fed on C 3 plants and lived in the same ecosystem, but the t -test results show that deer δ 13 C and δ 15 N values were both more negative than those of cattle, indicating that they inhabited different niches. The δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of cattle partially overlapped those of deer, suggesting some competition in diets between them. The t -tests show that the δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of pigs were more positive than those of cattle and deer, which signifies that pigs occupied a higher trophic level compared to cattle and deer. The wide range of pig δ 13 C values demonstrates that pig trading had been taking place from early Neolithic Age to late Bronze Age. There were no significant differences in deer δ 13 C and δ 15 N values among different archaeological periods, making it clear that climatic, ecological and environmental conditions were kept relatively stable from 2200 to 4200 a BP. This stability may have been responsible for the extensive and complete cultural layers at the Zhongba site. The minimum number of samples required to estimate the mean δ 13 C values of deer, pigs and cattle are 8, 73 and 16, respectively, and for mean δ 15 N values of deer, pigs and cattle, the minimum numbers are 4, 5 and 6, respectively.