Surface electrochemical impedance in situ monitoring of cell-cultured titanium with a nano-network surface layer

A TiO2 layer with a nano-network size under 100nm was developed on titanium (Ti) substrate using galvanodynamic anodization treatment. The network-structured TiO2 layer on Ti substrate showed a higher (1.8–3.8 times) electrochemical impedance (2–4.7×106Ωcm2) and better cell spreading, namely better biocompatibility, than the untreated Ti surface.