Methods of Arterial and Venous Assessment

Diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in patients with vascular disease are guided primarily by the history and physical examination. However, the accuracy and accessibility of non-invasive investigations have greatly increased due to technological advances in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) scanning. CT angiography (CTA) and MR angiography (MRA) continue to evolve rapidly, and are best described as ‘minimally invasive’ techniques when used with intravenous (i.v) contrast. This chapter describes the main investigative techniques used in arterial and venous disease. Principles of vascular ultrasound