Postural adaptations to repeated optic flow stimulation in older adults

The purpose of this study is to understand the processes of adaptation (changes in within-trial postural responses) and habituation (reductions in between-trial postural responses) to visual cues in older and young adults. Of particular interest were responses to sudden increases in optic flow magnitude. The postural sway of 25 healthy young adults and 24 healthy older adults was measured while subjects viewed anterior–posterior 0.4Hz sinusoidal optic flow for 45s. Three trials for each of three conditions were performed: (1) constant 12cm optic flow amplitude (24cm peak-to-peak), (2) constant 4cm amplitude (8cm p-t-p), and (3) a transition in amplitude from 4 to 12cm. The average power of head sway velocity (Pvel) was calculated for consecutive 5s intervals during the trial to examine the changes in sway within and between trials. A mixed factor repeated measures ANOVA was performed to examine the effects of subject Group, Trial, and Interval on the Pvel. Pvel was greater in older adults in all conditions (p<0.001). During the 12cm constant amplitude trials, within-trial adaptation occurred for all subjects, but there were differences in the between-trial habituation. Pvel of the older adults decreased significantly between all 3 trials, but decreased only between Trials 1 and 2 in young adults. While the responses of the young adults to the transition in optic flow from 4 to 12cm did not significantly change, older adults had an increase in Pvel following the transition, ranging from 6.5dB for the first trial to 3.4dB for the third trial. These results show that older adults can habituate to repeated visual perturbation exposures; however, this habituation requires a greater number of exposures than young adults. This suggests aging impacts the ability to quickly modify the relative weighting of the sensory feedback for postural stabilization.