Two Level Recursive Reasoning by Humans Playing Sequential Fixed-Sum Games
msra(2013)
摘要
Recursive reasoning of the form what do I think that you think that I think (and so on) arises often while acting rationally in multiagent settings. Previous investigations indicate that humans do not tend to ascribe recursive thinking to others. Several multiagent decision- making frameworks such as RMM, I-POMDP and the theory of mind model recursive reasoning as integral to an agent's rational choice. Real-world application settings for multiagent decision making tend to be mixed involving humans and human-controlled agents. We investigate recursive reasoning exhibited by humans during strategic decision making. In a large experiment involv- ing 162 participants, we studied the level of recursive reasoning generally displayed by humans while playing a sequential fixed- sum, two-player game. Our results show that subjects experiencing a strategic game made more competitive with fixed-sum payoffs and tangible incentives predominantly attributed first-level recur- sive thinking to opponents. They acted using second level of rea- soning exceeding levels of reasoning observed previously.
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关键词
human behavior,decision making,recursive reasoning,theory,rational choice
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