Menopause transition and cardiovascular disease risk

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) notably increases in the fifth decade of a woman's life, coinciding with the onset of menopause and occurring 10 years later than the similar age-related increase in men. Menopause marks a significant transition in a woman's life and is accompanied by cardiometabolic changes, including a shift in body composition, increased blood pressure, disruptions in lipoproteins, and insulin resistance. There is increasing evidence that the menopause transition is a risk factor for CVD, independent of age-related changes, especially considering that the earlier the onset of menopause, the greater is the CVD risk. Further, menopause-related symptoms such as vasomotor symptoms, sleep disturbances, and mood changes may all have a direct impact on CVD risk. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding CVD in midlife women, focusing on the cardiometabolic changes related to ovarian aging versus chronological aging, as well as those related to specific menopause characteristics, including age, type of menopause and the use of menopause hormone therapy.