Glycogen synthase kinase 3β and β-catenin pathway is involved in toll-like receptor 4-mediated NADPH oxidase 1 expression in macrophages: GSK3β-β-catenin is involved in Nox1 expression

Macrophage activation contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In the vascular system, the major source of reactive oxygen species is the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family. Nox1 is induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in macrophages, but the expression mechanism is not fully understood. We found that LPS causes beta-catenin accumulation by glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3 beta) inactivation, and that beta-catenin accumulation increases Nox1 expression. LPS induced Nox1 mRNA expression and reactive oxygen species generation in Raw264.7 cells. Using bone marrow-derived macrophages from toll-like receptor 4 mutant mice, we also tested whether LPS-induced Nox1 expression is toll-like receptor 4 dependent. LPS caused GSK3 beta phosphorylation, induced beta-catenin accumulation and increased nuclear translocation. The GSK3 beta inhibitor LiCl potentiated LPS-induced Nox1 expression in accordance with beta-catenin accumulation and nuclear translocation. Conversely, ectopic expression of a constitutively active GSK3 beta mutant severely attenuated Nox1 expression. These findings identify a novel regulatory pathway controlling Nox1 expression by LPS-stimulated macrophages.