Direct detection and prediction of all pneumococcal serogroups by target enrichment-based next-generation sequencing.

Despite the availability of standard methods for pneumococcal serotyping, there is room for improvement in the available methods, in terms of throughput, multiplexing capacity, and the number of serotypes identified. We describe a target enrichment-based next-generation sequencing method applied to nasopharyngeal samples for direct detection and serogroup prediction of all known serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 32 to the serotype level and the rest to the closely related serogroup level. The method was applied to detect and to predict the serogroups of pneumococci directly in clinical samples and from sweeps of primary culture DNA, with increased detection rates versus culture-based identification and agreement with the serotypes/ serogroups determined by conventional serotyping methods. We propose this method, in conjunction with traditional serotyping methods, as an alternative to rapid detection and serotyping of pneumococci.