Systematics of snow voles (Chionomys, Arvicolinae) revisited.

To elucidate the evolutionary history of snow voles, genus Chionomys, we studied the phylogeography of Chionomys nivalis across its range and investigated its relationships with two congeneric species, Chionomys gud and Chionomys roberti, using independent molecular markers. Analyses were based on mitochondrial (∼940bp cyt b) and Y-chromosomal (∼2020bp from three introns) genetic variation. Our data provide conclusive evidence for a Caucasian and Middle Eastern origin for the three species and a subsequent westward expansion of C. nivalis. In addition, we discuss the taxonomic status of the genus Chionomys in relation to the genus Microtus.