Deregulation of gene expression induced by environmental tobacco smoke exposure in pregnancy.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in pregnant women may have detrimental effects such as spontaneous abortion, lower birth weight, stillbirth, and reduced infant lung function. To extend our knowledge on the molecular effects of tobacco smoke exposure in pregnancy, we analyzed transcriptome alterations in passive smokers (PS) and compared them with those in active smokers (AS). Using Illumina Expression Beadchips with 24,526 transcript probes, gene expression patterns were assayed in placentas from PS (N = 25) exposed to ETS throughout pregnancy and nonexposed (NS) counterparts (N = 34) and in cord blood cells from their newborns. ETS exposure was evaluated by questionnaire disclosure and cotinine measurement in maternal and cord blood. A total of 158 genes were significantly deregulated in the placentas of PS compared with NS. These genes were associated with the extracellular matrix, apoptosis, placental function, blood clotting, response to stress, and lipid metabolism. Cord blood of the newborns of PS displayed differential expression of 114 genes encoding mainly adhesion molecules and regulators of immunologic response. A comparison of the affected pathways between PS and AS indicated that ETS exposure and active smoking in pregnancy partly employ the same molecular mechanisms. This study demonstrates that even low dose exposure to ETS during pregnancy leads to significant deregulation of transcription in placental and fetal cells. These data suggest that the effect of ETS on the fetus is primarily indirect, mediated via deregulation of placental functions.