Association mapping of germination traits in Arabidopsis thaliana under light and nutrient treatments: searching for G×E effects.

In the natural world, genotype expression is influenced by an organism's environment. Identifying and understanding the genes underlying phenotypes in different environments is important for making advances in fields ranging from evolution to medicine to agriculture. With the availability of genome-wide genetic-marker datasets, it is possible to look for genes that interact with the environment. Using the model organism, Arabidopsis thaliana, we looked for genes underlying phenotypes as well as genotype-by-environment interactions in four germination traits under two light and two nutrient conditions. We then performed genome-wide association tests to identify candidate genes underlying the observed phenotypes and genotype-by-environment interactions. Of the four germination traits examined, only two showed significant genotype-by-environment interactions. While genome-wide association analyses did not identify any markers or genes explicitly linked to genotype-by-environment interactions, we did identify a total of 55 markers and 71 genes associated with germination differences. Of the 71 genes, four-ZIGA4, PS1, TOR, and TT12-appear to be strong candidates for further study of germination variation under different environments.