Thrombospondin-1 is produced by retinal glial cells and inhibits the growth of vascular endothelial cells.

Background/Aims: By the release of antiangiogenic factors, Muller glial cells provide an angiostatic environment in the normal and ischemic retina. We determined whether Muller cells produce thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a known inhibitor of angiogenesis. Methods: Secretion of TSP-1 by cultured Muller cells was determidewith ELISA. Slices of rat retinas and surgically excised retinal membranes of human subjects were immunostained against TSP-1 and the glial marker vimentin. The effects of TSP-1 on the growth of bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs) and activation of ERK1/2 were determined with DNA synthesis and migration assays, and Western blotting, respectively. Results: Cultured Muller clsecrete TSP-1 under normoxic and hypoxic (0.2% O-2) conditions. Secretion of TSP-1 was increased in hypoxia compared to normoxia. In rat retinal slices, glial, retinal ganglion, and possibly horizontal cells were stained for TSP-1. Retinal glial cells in preretinal membranes from human subjects with nonhypoxic epiretinal gliosis (macular pucker) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, respectively, were immunopositive for TSP-1. Exogenous TSP-1 reduced the VEGF-induced proliferation and migration of BRECs and decreased the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 in BRECs. Conclusion: The data suggest that Muller cells are one major source oTSP-1 in the normal and ischemic retina. Glia-derived TSP1 may inhibit angiogenic responses in the ischemic retina. (C) 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel