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Atoms and molecules in intense laser fields: gauge invariance of theory and models
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS, no. 15 (2013): 153001
摘要
Gauge invariance was discovered in the development of classical electromagnetism and was required when the latter was formulated in terms of the scalar and vector potentials. It is now considered to be a fundamental principle of nature, stating that different forms of these potentials yield the same physical description: they describe the...更多
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