PSA model with consideration of the effect of fault-tolerant techniques in digital I&C systems

•A PSA modeling method was proposed with consideration of the effect fault-tolerant techniques in digital I&C systems.•Due to multiple fault-tolerant techniques, it was proposed to divide the areas according to the inspecting functions and to evaluate the unavailability of each area separately.•An application to evaluate the effects of the fault detection coverage of fault-tolerant techniques was performed.