The role of manganese deposition on graphite in the capacity fading of lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries utilizing manganese-based cathodes have received considerable interest in recent years for their lower cost and more favorable environmental friendliness relative to their cobalt counterparts. However, Li-ion batteries using these cathodes combined with graphite anodes suffer from severe capacity fading at high operating temperatures. In this article, we report on how the dissolution of manganese impacts the capacity fading within the Li-ion batteries. Our investigation reveals that the manganese dissolves from the cathode, transports to the graphite electrode, and deposits onto the outer surface of the innermost solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which is known to be a mixture of inorganic salts (e.g., Li2CO3, LiF, and Li2O). In this location, the manganese facilitates the reduction of the electrolyte and the subsequent formation of lithium-containing products on the graphite, which removes lithium ions from the normal operation of the cell and thereby induces the severe capacity fade.