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Robust Steganalysis Based On Training Set Construction And Ensemble Classifiers Weighting
2015 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON IMAGE PROCESSING (ICIP), pp.1498-1502, (2015)
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Abstract
The cover source mismatch problem in steganalysis is a serious problem which keeps current steganalysis from practical use. It is mainly because of the high intra-class variation of cover and stego samples in the feature space, since current steganalytic features are inevitably affected much by the image content, size, quality and many ot...More
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Introduction
- Modern image steganalysis is usually considered as a supervised classification problem, in which images are represented by feature vectors and a classifier as steganalyzer is trained on cover and stego examples.
- When the testing images are from a source very different from the training set, the performance often degrades significantly
- This has been called the cover source mismatch problem in recent literature [1,2], and has been recognized as a serious issue that may complicate deployment of steganalyzers in real world.
- The time and space complexity may be too high and the usefulness of some data is questionable
Highlights
- Modern image steganalysis is usually considered as a supervised classification problem, in which images are represented by feature vectors and a classifier as steganalyzer is trained on cover and stego examples
- The problem is that it is difficult to get a reliable division on a large data set with high diversity of samples. Another approach focuses on centering or normalizing samples in the feature space [1, 6], but the improvement is limited because the variation of samples is irregularly affected by so many factors
- To construct a large representative training set, we propose using two criteria to select samples from a large amount of images on the Internet: 1) the distance from a sample to previous classifiers learned on the initial training set and, 2) the diversity of the selected samples
- We have proposed to use large representative training set and weighted ensemble classifiers to improve the classification robustness to high intra-class variation
- Experimental results show that our method can improve the performance and robustness of steganalysis under high intra-class variation
- The proposed weighted ensemble classifiers, which are adaptive to the location of testing sample in the feature space, have been proved to be effective in the experiments
Methods
- The authors' overall goal is to construct a training set with samples of high variation and low redundancy.
- In the construction of training set, the authors try to select diverse and representative samples based on the idea of active learning and instance selection [13].
- To make the final constructed training set more compact, the authors employ a diversity measure to further reduce the redundancy of the selected samples
Results
- Experimental results show that the method can improve the performance and robustness of steganalysis under high intra-class variation.
- By enlarging BOSSbase using image processing operations, the detection errors decrease quickly by more than 10%
Conclusion
- The steganalyzer needs to be robust to various images from different sources.
- The authors have proposed to use large representative training set and weighted ensemble classifiers to improve the classification robustness to high intra-class variation.
- The proposed weighted ensemble classifiers, which are adaptive to the location of testing sample in the feature space, have been proved to be effective in the experiments.
- The authors will do more experiments on different steganographic algorithms using massive image data.
- The impact of the original database, the setting of the parameters λ, T, N , as well as the treatment for “unsure” samples will be further studied
Tables
- Table1: Detection errors of classifiers on nsF5 0.2 bpnc. Feature space: LIU (216)
- Table2: Detection errors of classifiers on nsF5 0.2 bpnc. Feature space: CC-PEV (548)
Funding
- This work is funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No 2012CB316300), the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No.61303262), and the National Key Technology R&D Program (Grant No.2012BAH04F02)
Reference
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- J. Kodovsky, V. Sedighi, and J. Fridrich, “Study of cover source mismatch in steganalysis and ways to mitigate its impact,” in Proceedings SPIE, Media Watermarking, Security, and Forensics, 2014, vol. 9028, p. 90280J.
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- J. Kodovskyand J. Fridrich, “Steganalysis in resized images,” in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2013, pp. 2857–2861.
- “BOSS1.01,” http://exile.felk.cvut.cz/boss/BOSSFinal/index.php.
- J. Kodovsky, J. Fridrich, and V. Holub, “Ensemble classifiers for steganalysis of digital media,” Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 7, pp. 432–444, 2012.
- Klaus Brinker, “Incorporating diversity in active learning with support vector machines,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning, 2003.
- J. Fridrich, T. Pevny, and J. Kodovsky, “Statistically undetectable JPEG steganography: Dead ends, challenges, and opportunities,” in Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia and security. 2007, pp. 3–14, ACM.
- Q. Liu, “Steganalysis of DCT-embedding based adaptive steganography and yass,” in Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Multimedia Workshop on Multimedia and Security, New York, NY, USA, 2011, pp. 77–86, ACM.
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- J. Kodovskyand J. Fridrich, “Calibration revisited,” in Proceedings of the 11th ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security. 2009, pp. 63–74, ACM.
- “Source codes,” http://dde.binghamton.edu/download/.
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