All-polymeric flexible transparent heaters.

All-polymeric flexible transparent heaters are demonstrated for the first time. Thin films of four poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based materials embedding different dopants exhibit low sheet resistances, down to 57 Ω sq-1 associated with good transparencies (> 87 %) and a haze lower than 1 %. These transparent thin films show excellent heating properties, with high heating rates (up to 1.6 °C s-1) and steady state temperatures exceeding 100 °C when subjected to a 12 V bias. Very high areal power densities were also measured, reaching almost 10 000 W m-2. The temperature rises are finely fitted with a thermal model. It is further demonstrated that these new transparent heaters can be efficiently integrated for applications in thermochromic displays and visor deicers.