Exploring the microbiome of healthy and diseased peri-implant sites using Illumina Sequencing.

AimTo compare the microbiome of healthy (H) and diseased (P) peri-implant sites and determine the core peri-implant microbiome. Materials and MethodsSubmucosal biofilms from 32 H and 35 P sites were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing (MiSeq, Illumina), QIIME and HOMINGS. Differences between groups were determined using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), t tests and Wilcoxon rank sum test and FDR-adjusted. The peri-implant core microbiome was determined. ResultsPCoA showed partitioning between H and P at all taxonomic levels. Bacteroidetes, Spirochetes and Synergistetes were higher in P, while Actinobacteria prevailed in H (p<.05). Porphyromonas and Treponema were more abundant in P while Rothia and Neisseria were higher in H (p<.05). The core peri-implant microbiome contained Fusobacterium, Parvimonas and Campylobacter sp. T.denticola, and P.gingivalis levels were higher in P, as well as F.alocis, F.fastidiosum and T.maltophilum (p<.05). ConclusionThe peri-implantitis microbiome is commensal-depleted and pathogen-enriched, harbouring traditional and new pathogens. The core peri-implant microbiome harbours taxa from genera often associated with periodontal inflammation.