Image analysis of immune cell patterns in the human mammary gland during the menstrual cycle refines lymphocytic lobulitis

Purpose To improve microscopic evaluation of immune cells relevant in breast cancer oncoimmunology, we aim at distinguishing normal infiltration patterns from lymphocytic lobulitis by advanced image analysis. We consider potential immune cell variations due to the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives in non-neoplastic mammary gland tissue. Methods Lymphocyte and macrophage distributions were analyzed in the anatomical context of the resting mammary gland in immunohistochemically stained digital whole slide images obtained from 53 reduction mammoplasty specimens. Our image analysis workflow included automated regions of interest detection, immune cell recognition, and co-registration of regions of interest. Results In normal lobular epithelium, seven CD8 ^+ lymphocytes per 100 epithelial cells were present on average and about 70