Moderators of congruent alliance between therapists and clients: A realistic accuracy model.

Congruence between therapists' and their clients' alliance ratings was found to be beneficial to therapeutic processes and outcomes. To date, however, less is known about the possible moderators of such congruence. The current study adapted Funder's (1995) realistic accuracy model to identify a judge characteristic (therapists' affiliative tendencies), a target characteristic (clients' affiliative tendencies), information (time elapsed in therapy), and traits (bond vs. task/goal aspects of the alliance) that may moderate this congruence. These were examined using the innovative truth-and-bias model (West & Kenny, 2011), which allows the simultaneous estimation of two different congruence indices within repeatedly measured data: therapist/client temporal congruence (i.e., the correlation over time between therapists' and their clients' alliance ratings) and directional discrepancy (i.e., the average difference between therapists' and their clients' alliance ratings across sessions). Clients (n = 109) and therapists (n = 62) at a university-based clinic rated their affiliation tendencies at the beginning of treatment and rated their alliance perception after each session. Time elapsed in therapy, as well as therapists' (but not clients') affiliative tendencies were linked to higher therapist/client temporal congruence and to lower therapist directional discrepancy. In addition, congruence was higher for the bond aspect of the therapeutic alliance than for goals/tasks. Consistent with Funder's model, multiple factors (including judge, information, and trait) were associated with therapist/client congruence in alliance. Public Significance Statement Therapists appear to be more congruent with their clients in their assessment of the bond component of alliance, as opposed to their assessment of the therapy's goals or tasks. These findings highlight the need for greater communication regarding goals and tasks. In addition, the finding that therapists' affiliative tendencies are related to their ability to be congruent with their clients' alliance perceptions points to the importance of attending to therapists' personalities and their influence on therapy processes.