Biomechanical properties of the ex vivo porcine trachea: A benchmark for three-dimensional bioprinted airway replacements

Purpose: Combining tissue engineering and three-dimensional (3D) printing may allow for the introduction of a living functional tracheal replacement graft. However, defining the biomechanical properties of the native trachea is a key prerequisite to clinical translation. To achieve this, we set out to define the rotation, axial stretch capacity, and positive intraluminal pressure capabilities for ex vivo porcine tracheas.Study design: Animal study.Materials and methods: Six full-length ex vivo porcine tracheas were bisected into 5.5 cm segments. Maximal positive intraluminal pressure was measured by sealing segment ends with custom designed 3D printed caps through which a pressure transducer was introduced. Axial stretch capacity and rotation were evaluated by stretching and rotating the segments along their axis between two clamps, respectively.Results: Six segments were tested for axial lengthening and the average post-stretch length percentage was 148.92% (range 136.81-163.48%, 95% CI 153-143%). The mean amount of length gain achieved per cartilaginous ring was 7.82% (range 4.71-10.95%, 95% CI 6.3-9.35%). Four tracheal segments were tested for maximal positive intraluminal pressure, which was over 400 mmHg. Degree of rotation testing found that the tracheal segments easily transformed 180. in anterior-posterior bending, lateral bending, and axial rotational twisting.Conclusions: We define several biomechanical properties of the ex vivo porcine trachea by reporting the rotation, axial stretch capacity, and positive intraluminal pressure capabilities. We hope that this will aid future work in the clinical translation of 3D bioprinted airway replacement grafts and ensure their compatibility with native tracheal properties.