Flexible transparent electrodes made of core-shell-structured carbon/metal hybrid nanofiber mesh films fabricated via electrospinning and electroplating

The development of practical flexible transparent electrodes is one of the major core technology fields for future nanoscale optoelectronics. Despite the many efforts to replace the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, preparing practical alternatives that satisfy the essential requirements of flexible transparent electrodes remains a challenge. In this work, core-shell-structured carbon/metal hybrid mesh (CS-CMHM) films, comprised of a metal layer coated onto conductive carbon nanofiber network structures, were fabricated using electrospinning and electroplating and demonstrated potential for use as flexible transparent electrodes. In contrast to previously described techniques that use conventional polymer fibers as sacrificial structures, the conductive carbon nanofibers used in the current technique that we developed provided bi-functionality: they formed conductive core channels and artificial supports of the metal structures. The CS-CMHM films displayed superior optoelectrical, mechanical, and thermal properties: they transmitted ∼91% of visible light, showed a low sheet resistance of ∼2.7 Ω/sq, and displayed excellent mechanical stability even after 10000 cycles of bending the films to a radius of 5 mm; also, applying a voltage of only 3 V to a transparent heater based on CS-CMHM films resulted in the temperature of the film surface increasing very rapidly in the first 20 s, and soon thereafter reaching ∼280 °C. Based on these results, we believe that the use of CS-CMHM films and the process we developed to fabricate them open up great opportunities for high-performance flexible transparent electronics.