Potential-Induced Degradation of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Solar Cells: Alkali Metal Drift and Diffusion Effects

Potential-induced degradation (PID) of photovoltaic modules is due to transport of alkali metal ions (Na+ ) from the soda-lime glass (SLG) into the semiconductors. For the most efficient polycrystalline absorbers, Na and K in the Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGS) absorber often benefit performance, so a more detailed mechanism for PID is needed. To that end, CIGS solar cells have been encapsulated, stressed...