Insulin Promotes Invasion and Migration of KRASG12D Mutant HPNE Cells by Upregulating MMP‐2 Gelatinolytic Activity Via ERK‐ and PI3K‐dependent Signalling

Hyperinsulinemia is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, but the function of insulin in carcinogenesis is unclear, so this study aimed to elucidate the carcinogenic effects of insulin and the synergistic effect with the KRAS mutation in the early stage of pancreatic cancer.