Repeated oral dose toxicity study of nickel oxide nanoparticles in Wistar rats: a histological and biochemical perspective.

Despite the increasing use of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs), limited information is available on their toxicological effects. Health consequences of 28 days repeated oral exposure to NiO NPs have not been explored thoroughly. Hence, toxicity investigations were performed after 28-day daily exposure in albino Wistar rats with NiO NPs following Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development test guideline 407. Histopathology, biochemical indices including oxidative stress and biodistribution patterns were evaluated to decipher the toxicological impact of NiO NPs. NiO NP characterization by transmission electron microscopy showed an average size of 12.9 (+/- 3.4) nm. Histological studies depicted a prominent impact on the vital organs of the rats. A dose-dependent rise in both aminotransferase enzyme values was recorded in the homogenates of liver and kidney tissues. A significant decrease in superoxide dismutase activity and increase in catalase activity was noted. Further, a dose-dependent decrease in reduced glutathione content was recorded in rats, which suggested generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Increase in the malondialdehyde levels was observed with an increase in the dose substantiating the antioxidant enzyme activity profiles. Biodistribution studies indicated maximum accumulation of Ni content in liver followed by kidney. Excretion of Ni was predominantly through feces and a little through renal clearance. Our study indicated that NiO NPs adversely alter the biochemical profile of the rats and cause histological damage. Further investigations are warranted to address the mechanism by which physiological path these NiO NPs exhibit their toxic nature in in vivo.