Quantitative genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity of European beech in a heterogeneous landscape: Indications for past climate adaptation

⬢Larger population differentiation and trait-climate associations for phenology than growth.⬢Adaptive divergence in phenology and growth with respect to temperature and water availability.⬢Minor associations of phenotypes with soil characteristics and geo-topographic variables.⬢Phenotypic plasticity in growth and leaf duration indicated adaptive plasticity.