Characteristics of fatal road crashes involving unlicensed drivers or riders: Implications for countermeasures.

•One out of ten drivers or riders involved in a fatal crash does not hold a valid license.•Seventy percent of unlicensed drivers in fatal crashes are influenced by alcohol.•Unlicensed drivers are over-represented in speed-related fatal crashes.•Electronic driver authentication can prevent unlicensed persons from driving.fective Strategies for a Safer Road Tr.•Driver authentication, alcolock and ISA can prevent up to 28% of fatal crashes.