Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids in Korean Chrysanthemum species via suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages

This study was conducted to compare flavonoids and anti-inflammatory effects in Korean Chrysanthemum species. Leaf samples were identified using HPLC/MS with five flavonoids: luteolin-7- O -rutinoside, luteolin-7- O glucoside, apigenin-7- O -glucoside, apigenin, and acacetin-7- O -rutinoside. Leaf extracts from four taxa dose-dependently suppressed LPS-stimulated NO production significantly ( p <0.05) inhibited production of LPS-induced PGE 2 compared with controls. The extracts reduced the LPS-induced expressions of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 and inhibited LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 production for anti-inflammatory effects.