Television food and beverage marketing to children in Costa Rica: current state and policy implications.
PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION(2019)
摘要
Objective: To examine the frequency of television (TV) food and beverage advertisements (F&B ads) to which children (4-11 years) are likely exposed and the nutrient profile of products advertised. Design: TV broadcasting between September and November 2016 was recorded (288 h of children's programming; 288 h of family programming) resulting in 8980 advertisements, of which 1862 were F&B ads. Of those, 1473 could be classified into one of the seventeen food groups, and into permitted/non-permitted according to the WHO-EU nutrient profile model. Persuasive marketing techniques used were also identified. Setting: TV programming was recorded for four weekdays and four weekend days, between 06.00 and 00.00 hours (576 total hours), for four channels (two national and two cable), in Costa Rica. Results: Mean (sd) number of F&B ads/h was greater in cable than national channels (3 center dot 7 (0 center dot 4) v. 2 center dot 8 (0 center dot 4), P < 0 center dot 05) and during children's peak viewing hours (4 center dot 4 (0 center dot 4) v. 2 center dot 9 (0 center dot 3)). Of F&B ads classified with WHO-EU nutrient profile model (n 1473, 71 center dot 1 %), 91 center dot 1 % were non-permitted to be marketed to children. Categories most frequently advertised were ready-made/convenience foods (16 %), chocolates/confectionery/desserts (15 %), breakfast cereals (14 %), beverages (15 %), edible ices (9 %) and salty snacks (8 %). Non-permitted F&B ads were more likely to use promotional characters, brand benefit claims, and nutrition and health claims than permitted F&B ads. Conclusions: Children watching popular TV channels in Costa Rica are exposed to a high number of unhealthy F&B ads daily. Our findings help justify the need for regulatory actions by national authorities.
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关键词
INFORMAS,Food advertising,Food marketing,Food environment,Child-directed marketing
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