The kinematics of star clusters undergoing gas expulsion in Newtonian and Milgromian dynamics.

We study the kinematics of stars in clusters undergoing gas expulsion in standard Newtonian dynamics and also in Milgromian dynamics (MOND). Gas expulsion can explain the observed line-of-sight (LoS) velocity dispersion profile of NGC 2419 in Newtonian dynamics. For a given star formation efficiency (SEE), the shapes of the velocity dispersion profiles, which are normalized by the velocity dispersion at the projected half-mass radius, are almost indistinguishable for different SEE models in Newtonian dynamics. The velocity dispersion of a star cluster in the outer halo of a galaxy can indeed have a strong radial anisotropy in Newtonian dynamics after gas expulsion. MOND displays several different properties from Newtonian dynamics. In particular, the slope of the central velocity dispersion profile is less steep in MOND for the same SFE. Moreover, for a given SFE, more massive embedded cluster models result in more rapidly declining central velocity dispersion profiles for the final star clusters, while less massive embedded cluster models lead to flatter velocity dispersion profiles for the final products. The onset of the radial-orbit instability in post-gas-expulsion MOND models is discussed. SFEs as low as a few per cent, typical of molecular clouds, lead to surviving ultradiffuse objects. Gas expulsion alone is unlikely the physical mechanism for the observed velocity dispersion profile of NGC 2419 in MOND.