The antibiotic robenidine exhibits guanabenz-like cytoprotective properties by a mechanism independent of protein phosphatase PP1:PPP1R15A

The aminoguanidine compound robenidine is widely used as an antibiotic for the control of coccidiosis, a protozoal infection in poultry and rabbits. Interestingly, robenidine is structurally similar to guanabenz (analogs), which are currently undergoing clinical trials as cytoprotective agents for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we show that robenidine and guanabenz protect cells from a tunicamycin-induced unfolded protein response to a similar degree. Both compounds also reduced the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced activation of NF-kappa B. The cytoprotective effects of guanabenz (analogs) have been explained previously by their ability to maintain eIF2 alpha phosphorylation by allosterically inhibiting protein phosphatase PP1:PPP1R15A. However, using a novel split-luciferase-based protein-protein interaction assay, we demonstrate here that neither robenidine nor guanabenz disrupt the interaction between PPP1R15A and either PP1 or eIF2 alpha in intact cells. Moreover, both drugs also inhibited the unfolded protein response in cells that expressed a nonphosphorylatable mutant (S51A) of eIF2 alpha. Our results identify robenidine as a PP1: PPP1R15A-independent cytoprotective compound that holds potential for the management of protein misfolding-associated diseases.