Modal-independent Pattern Recognition Deficit in Developmental Dyscalculia Adults: Evidence from Tactile and Visual Enumeration.

•We examined visual and tactile enumeration among adults with developmental dyscalculia (DD) and matched controls.•DD participants were less accurate than controls in canonical arrangements of 5–9 dots and in random arrangements of 5 dots.•DD participants were less accurate in tactile enumeration, most profoundly in neighboring finger-counting arrangements.•We showed a modal-independent pattern recognition deficit in those with DD.•We emphasized the role of fingers in ordinal and cardinal representation of numbers.