N -Glycan profiling of lung adenocarcinoma in patients at different stages of disease

Lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) is the most common form of lung cancer that increases in non-smokers at younger age. Altered protein glycosylation is one of the hallmarks of malignancy, its role in cancer progression is still poorly understood. In this study, we report mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of N- glycans released from fresh or defrosted tissue specimens from 24 patients with LAC. Comparison of cancerous versus adjacent healthy tissues revealed substantial differences in N -glycan profiles associated with disease. The significant increase in paucimannose and high-mannose glycans with 6–9 mannose residues and decline in the sialylated complex biantenary core fucosylated glycan with composition NeuAcGal 2 GlcNAc 2 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 Fuc were general features of tumors. In addition, 42 new N -glycan compositions were detected in cancerous tissues. The prominent changes in advanced disease stages were mostly observed in core fucosylated N -glycans with additional fucose (Fuc) residue/s and enhanced branching with non-galactosylated N- acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) units. Both of these monosaccharide types were linked preferably on the 6-antenna. Importantly, as compared with noncancerous tissues, a number of these significant changes were clearly detectable early on in stage I. Application of N -glycan data obtained from tissues was next assessed and validated for evaluation of small sized biopsies obtained via bronchoscopy. In summary, observed alterations and data of newly detected N- glycans expand knowledge about the glycosylation in LAC and may contribute to research in more tailored therapies. Moreover, the results demonstrate effectiveness of the presented approach for utility in rapid discrimination of cancerous from healthy lung tissues.