The opposite functions of miR-24 in the osteogenesis and adipogenesis of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells are mediated by the HOXB7/β-catenin complex.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) used in combination with nanoparticles or scaffolds represent promising candidates for bone engineering. Compared to bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMMSCs), ADMSCs show a relatively low capacity for osteogenesis. In the current study, miR-24 was identified as an osteogenesis- and adipogenesis-related miRNA that performs opposing roles (inhibition in osteogenesis and promotion in adipogenesis) during these two differentiation processes. Through bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays, homeobox protein Hox-B7 (HOXB7) was identified as a potential novel downstream target of miR-24 that contains a miR-24 binding site in the 3 '-UTR of its mRNA. Overexpression of HOXB7 could partly halt the inhibitory effect of miR-24 on osteogenesis, and downregulation of HOXB7 could also partly suppress the positive effect of miR-24 on adipogenesis. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation experiments found that HOXB7 and beta-catenin formed a functional complex that acted as an essential modulator during osteogenesis and adipogenesis of ADMSCs. After transfecting ADMSCs with an MSNs-PEI-miR-24 agomir or antagomir and loading the cells onto gelatin-chitosan scaffolds, the compounds were assessed for their abilities to repair the critical-sized calvarial defects in rats. Comprehensive evaluation, including micro-CT, sequential fluorescent labeling, and immunohistochemistry analysis, revealed that silencing miR-24 distinctly promoted in vivo bone remolding, whereas overexpression of miR-24 significantly repressed bone formation. Taken together, our findings demonstrated opposite roles for the miR-24/HOXB7/beta-catenin signaling pathway in the osteogenesis and adipogenesis of ADMSCs, which may provide a novel mechanism for determining the balance between these two biological processes.