The protein kinase PknB negatively regulates biosynthesis and trafficking of mycolic acids in mycobacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosisis the causative agent of tuberculosis and remains one of the most widespread and deadliest bacterial pathogens in the world. A distinguishing feature of mycobacteria that sets them apart from other bacteria is the unique architecture of their cell wall, characterized by various species-specific lipids, most notably mycolic acids (MAs). Therefore, targeted inhibition of enzymes involved in MA biosynthesis, transport, and assembly has been extensively explored in drug discovery. Additionally, more recent evidence suggests that many enzymes in the MA biosynthesis pathway are regulated by kinase-mediated phosphorylation, thus opening additional drug-development opportunities. However, how phosphorylation regulates MA production remains unclear. Here, we used genetic strategies combined with lipidomics and phosphoproteomics approaches to investigate the role of protein phosphorylation inMycobacterium. The results of this analysis revealed that the Ser/Thr protein kinase PknB regulates the export of MAs and promotes the remodeling of the mycobacterial cell envelope. In particular, we identified the essential MmpL3 as a substrate negatively regulated by PknB. Taken together, our findings add to the understanding of how PknB activity affects the mycobacterial MA biosynthesis pathway and reveal the essential role of protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in governing lipid metabolism, paving the way for novel antimycobacterial strategies.