Advances in prognostic molecules of upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively rare tumor in western countries, accounting for 5% of urothelial carcinoma, while the incidence of UTUC in China is much higher than that in western countries. In recent years, great progress has been made in the study of prognostic molecular of UTUC, including Ki-67, P53 and HER-2, which are widely used in pathological practice, as well as many promising membrane receptors, signal transduction molecules, and some popular molecules, such as PD-1 and PD-L1.