A Worldwide Theoretical Comparison of Outdoor Potential for Various Silicon-Based Tandem Module Architecture

Silicon-based multi-junction (tandem) technology is one potential route to the next breakthrough for terrestrial photovoltaic conversion. Significant progress has been made in tandem solar cells. To move forward, development of tandem module technology is essential. Here, we theoretically compare five possible tandem module architectures with multiple material combinations by modeling their outdoor performance ratios around the globe. This framework aids in evaluating future module designs and technology pathways by relating lab-based efficiency to field performance and even project financing. We find that tandem performance ratios depend notably on climate conditions. In general, three-terminal and mechanically voltage-matched modules show exceptionally good outdoor performance. Furthermore, we investigate the implications of technical performance on manufacturing cost globally and find that tandems are promising in high-value markets in arid climates, where a three to five times increase in the current silicon module manufacturing cost is allowed under an optimistic scenario.